source_code/SegMamba/monai/networks/nets/efficientnet.py

# Copyright (c) MONAI Consortium
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.

from __future__ import annotations

import math
import operator
import re
from functools import reduce
from typing import NamedTuple

import torch
from torch import nn
from torch.utils import model_zoo

from monai.networks.blocks import BaseEncoder
from monai.networks.layers.factories import Act, Conv, Pad, Pool
from monai.networks.layers.utils import get_norm_layer
from monai.utils.module import look_up_option

__all__ = [
    "EfficientNet",
    "EfficientNetBN",
    "get_efficientnet_image_size",
    "drop_connect",
    "EfficientNetBNFeatures",
    "BlockArgs",
    "EfficientNetEncoder",
]

efficientnet_params = {
    # model_name: (width_mult, depth_mult, image_size, dropout_rate, dropconnect_rate)
    "efficientnet-b0": (1.0, 1.0, 224, 0.2, 0.2),
    "efficientnet-b1": (1.0, 1.1, 240, 0.2, 0.2),
    "efficientnet-b2": (1.1, 1.2, 260, 0.3, 0.2),
    "efficientnet-b3": (1.2, 1.4, 300, 0.3, 0.2),
    "efficientnet-b4": (1.4, 1.8, 380, 0.4, 0.2),
    "efficientnet-b5": (1.6, 2.2, 456, 0.4, 0.2),
    "efficientnet-b6": (1.8, 2.6, 528, 0.5, 0.2),
    "efficientnet-b7": (2.0, 3.1, 600, 0.5, 0.2),
    "efficientnet-b8": (2.2, 3.6, 672, 0.5, 0.2),
    "efficientnet-l2": (4.3, 5.3, 800, 0.5, 0.2),
}

url_map = {
    "efficientnet-b0": "https://github.com/lukemelas/EfficientNet-PyTorch/releases/download/1.0/efficientnet-b0-355c32eb.pth",
    "efficientnet-b1": "https://github.com/lukemelas/EfficientNet-PyTorch/releases/download/1.0/efficientnet-b1-f1951068.pth",
    "efficientnet-b2": "https://github.com/lukemelas/EfficientNet-PyTorch/releases/download/1.0/efficientnet-b2-8bb594d6.pth",
    "efficientnet-b3": "https://github.com/lukemelas/EfficientNet-PyTorch/releases/download/1.0/efficientnet-b3-5fb5a3c3.pth",
    "efficientnet-b4": "https://github.com/lukemelas/EfficientNet-PyTorch/releases/download/1.0/efficientnet-b4-6ed6700e.pth",
    "efficientnet-b5": "https://github.com/lukemelas/EfficientNet-PyTorch/releases/download/1.0/efficientnet-b5-b6417697.pth",
    "efficientnet-b6": "https://github.com/lukemelas/EfficientNet-PyTorch/releases/download/1.0/efficientnet-b6-c76e70fd.pth",
    "efficientnet-b7": "https://github.com/lukemelas/EfficientNet-PyTorch/releases/download/1.0/efficientnet-b7-dcc49843.pth",
    # trained with adversarial examples, simplify the name to decrease string length
    "b0-ap": "https://github.com/lukemelas/EfficientNet-PyTorch/releases/download/1.0/adv-efficientnet-b0-b64d5a18.pth",
    "b1-ap": "https://github.com/lukemelas/EfficientNet-PyTorch/releases/download/1.0/adv-efficientnet-b1-0f3ce85a.pth",
    "b2-ap": "https://github.com/lukemelas/EfficientNet-PyTorch/releases/download/1.0/adv-efficientnet-b2-6e9d97e5.pth",
    "b3-ap": "https://github.com/lukemelas/EfficientNet-PyTorch/releases/download/1.0/adv-efficientnet-b3-cdd7c0f4.pth",
    "b4-ap": "https://github.com/lukemelas/EfficientNet-PyTorch/releases/download/1.0/adv-efficientnet-b4-44fb3a87.pth",
    "b5-ap": "https://github.com/lukemelas/EfficientNet-PyTorch/releases/download/1.0/adv-efficientnet-b5-86493f6b.pth",
    "b6-ap": "https://github.com/lukemelas/EfficientNet-PyTorch/releases/download/1.0/adv-efficientnet-b6-ac80338e.pth",
    "b7-ap": "https://github.com/lukemelas/EfficientNet-PyTorch/releases/download/1.0/adv-efficientnet-b7-4652b6dd.pth",
    "b8-ap": "https://github.com/lukemelas/EfficientNet-PyTorch/releases/download/1.0/adv-efficientnet-b8-22a8fe65.pth",
}


class MBConvBlock(nn.Module):

    def __init__(
        self,
        spatial_dims: int,
        in_channels: int,
        out_channels: int,
        kernel_size: int,
        stride: int,
        image_size: list[int],
        expand_ratio: int,
        se_ratio: float | None,
        id_skip: bool | None = True,
        norm: str | tuple = ("batch", {"eps": 1e-3, "momentum": 0.01}),
        drop_connect_rate: float | None = 0.2,
    ) -> None:
        """
        Mobile Inverted Residual Bottleneck Block.

        Args:
            spatial_dims: number of spatial dimensions.
            in_channels: number of input channels.
            out_channels: number of output channels.
            kernel_size: size of the kernel for conv ops.
            stride: stride to use for conv ops.
            image_size: input image resolution.
            expand_ratio: expansion ratio for inverted bottleneck.
            se_ratio: squeeze-excitation ratio for se layers.
            id_skip: whether to use skip connection.
            norm: feature normalization type and arguments. Defaults to batch norm.
            drop_connect_rate: dropconnect rate for drop connection (individual weights) layers.

        References:
            [1] https://arxiv.org/abs/1704.04861 (MobileNet v1)
            [2] https://arxiv.org/abs/1801.04381 (MobileNet v2)
            [3] https://arxiv.org/abs/1905.02244 (MobileNet v3)
        """
        super().__init__()

        # select the type of N-Dimensional layers to use
        # these are based on spatial dims and selected from MONAI factories
        conv_type = Conv["conv", spatial_dims]
        adaptivepool_type = Pool["adaptiveavg", spatial_dims]

        self.in_channels = in_channels
        self.out_channels = out_channels
        self.id_skip = id_skip
        self.stride = stride
        self.expand_ratio = expand_ratio
        self.drop_connect_rate = drop_connect_rate

        if (se_ratio is not None) and (0.0 < se_ratio <= 1.0):
            self.has_se = True
            self.se_ratio = se_ratio
        else:
            self.has_se = False

        # Expansion phase (Inverted Bottleneck)
        inp = in_channels  # number of input channels
        oup = in_channels * expand_ratio  # number of output channels
        if self.expand_ratio != 1:
            self._expand_conv = conv_type(in_channels=inp, out_channels=oup, kernel_size=1, bias=False)
            self._expand_conv_padding = _make_same_padder(self._expand_conv, image_size)

            self._bn0 = get_norm_layer(name=norm, spatial_dims=spatial_dims, channels=oup)
        else:
            # need to have the following to fix JIT error:
            #   "Module 'MBConvBlock' has no attribute '_expand_conv'"

            # FIXME: find a better way to bypass JIT error
            self._expand_conv = nn.Identity()
            self._expand_conv_padding = nn.Identity()
            self._bn0 = nn.Identity()

        # Depthwise convolution phase
        self._depthwise_conv = conv_type(
            in_channels=oup,
            out_channels=oup,
            groups=oup,  # groups makes it depthwise
            kernel_size=kernel_size,
            stride=self.stride,
            bias=False,
        )
        self._depthwise_conv_padding = _make_same_padder(self._depthwise_conv, image_size)
        self._bn1 = get_norm_layer(name=norm, spatial_dims=spatial_dims, channels=oup)
        image_size = _calculate_output_image_size(image_size, self.stride)

        # Squeeze and Excitation layer, if desired
        if self.has_se:
            self._se_adaptpool = adaptivepool_type(1)
            num_squeezed_channels = max(1, int(in_channels * self.se_ratio))
            self._se_reduce = conv_type(in_channels=oup, out_channels=num_squeezed_channels, kernel_size=1)
            self._se_reduce_padding = _make_same_padder(self._se_reduce, [1] * spatial_dims)
            self._se_expand = conv_type(in_channels=num_squeezed_channels, out_channels=oup, kernel_size=1)
            self._se_expand_padding = _make_same_padder(self._se_expand, [1] * spatial_dims)

        # Pointwise convolution phase
        final_oup = out_channels
        self._project_conv = conv_type(in_channels=oup, out_channels=final_oup, kernel_size=1, bias=False)
        self._project_conv_padding = _make_same_padder(self._project_conv, image_size)
        self._bn2 = get_norm_layer(name=norm, spatial_dims=spatial_dims, channels=final_oup)

        # swish activation to use - using memory efficient swish by default
        # can be switched to normal swish using self.set_swish() function call
        self._swish = Act["memswish"](inplace=True)

    def forward(self, inputs: torch.Tensor):
        """MBConvBlock"s forward function.

        Args:
            inputs: Input tensor.

        Returns:
            Output of this block after processing.
        """
        # Expansion and Depthwise Convolution
        x = inputs
        if self.expand_ratio != 1:
            x = self._expand_conv(self._expand_conv_padding(x))
            x = self._bn0(x)
            x = self._swish(x)

        x = self._depthwise_conv(self._depthwise_conv_padding(x))
        x = self._bn1(x)
        x = self._swish(x)

        # Squeeze and Excitation
        if self.has_se:
            x_squeezed = self._se_adaptpool(x)
            x_squeezed = self._se_reduce(self._se_reduce_padding(x_squeezed))
            x_squeezed = self._swish(x_squeezed)
            x_squeezed = self._se_expand(self._se_expand_padding(x_squeezed))
            x = torch.sigmoid(x_squeezed) * x

        # Pointwise Convolution
        x = self._project_conv(self._project_conv_padding(x))
        x = self._bn2(x)

        # Skip connection and drop connect
        if self.id_skip and self.stride == 1 and self.in_channels == self.out_channels:
            # the combination of skip connection and drop connect brings about stochastic depth.
            if self.drop_connect_rate:
                x = drop_connect(x, p=self.drop_connect_rate, training=self.training)
            x = x + inputs  # skip connection
        return x

    def set_swish(self, memory_efficient: bool = True) -> None:
        """Sets swish function as memory efficient (for training) or standard (for export).

        Args:
            memory_efficient (bool): Whether to use memory-efficient version of swish.
        """
        self._swish = Act["memswish"](inplace=True) if memory_efficient else Act["swish"](alpha=1.0)


class EfficientNet(nn.Module):

    def __init__(
        self,
        blocks_args_str: list[str],
        spatial_dims: int = 2,
        in_channels: int = 3,
        num_classes: int = 1000,
        width_coefficient: float = 1.0,
        depth_coefficient: float = 1.0,
        dropout_rate: float = 0.2,
        image_size: int = 224,
        norm: str | tuple = ("batch", {"eps": 1e-3, "momentum": 0.01}),
        drop_connect_rate: float = 0.2,
        depth_divisor: int = 8,
    ) -> None:
        """
        EfficientNet based on `Rethinking Model Scaling for Convolutional Neural Networks <https://arxiv.org/pdf/1905.11946.pdf>`_.
        Adapted from `EfficientNet-PyTorch <https://github.com/lukemelas/EfficientNet-PyTorch>`_.

        Args:
            blocks_args_str: block definitions.
            spatial_dims: number of spatial dimensions.
            in_channels: number of input channels.
            num_classes: number of output classes.
            width_coefficient: width multiplier coefficient (w in paper).
            depth_coefficient: depth multiplier coefficient (d in paper).
            dropout_rate: dropout rate for dropout layers.
            image_size: input image resolution.
            norm: feature normalization type and arguments.
            drop_connect_rate: dropconnect rate for drop connection (individual weights) layers.
            depth_divisor: depth divisor for channel rounding.

        """
        super().__init__()

        if spatial_dims not in (1, 2, 3):
            raise ValueError("spatial_dims can only be 1, 2 or 3.")

        # select the type of N-Dimensional layers to use
        # these are based on spatial dims and selected from MONAI factories
        conv_type: type[nn.Conv1d | nn.Conv2d | nn.Conv3d] = Conv["conv", spatial_dims]
        adaptivepool_type: type[nn.AdaptiveAvgPool1d | nn.AdaptiveAvgPool2d | nn.AdaptiveAvgPool3d] = Pool[
            "adaptiveavg", spatial_dims
        ]

        # decode blocks args into arguments for MBConvBlock
        blocks_args = [BlockArgs.from_string(s) for s in blocks_args_str]

        # checks for successful decoding of blocks_args_str
        if not isinstance(blocks_args, list):
            raise ValueError("blocks_args must be a list")

        if blocks_args == []:
            raise ValueError("block_args must be non-empty")

        self._blocks_args = blocks_args
        self.num_classes = num_classes
        self.in_channels = in_channels
        self.drop_connect_rate = drop_connect_rate

        # expand input image dimensions to list
        current_image_size = [image_size] * spatial_dims

        # Stem
        stride = 2
        out_channels = _round_filters(32, width_coefficient, depth_divisor)  # number of output channels
        self._conv_stem = conv_type(self.in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size=3, stride=stride, bias=False)
        self._conv_stem_padding = _make_same_padder(self._conv_stem, current_image_size)
        self._bn0 = get_norm_layer(name=norm, spatial_dims=spatial_dims, channels=out_channels)
        current_image_size = _calculate_output_image_size(current_image_size, stride)

        # build MBConv blocks
        num_blocks = 0
        self._blocks = nn.Sequential()

        self.extract_stacks = []

        # update baseline blocks to input/output filters and number of repeats based on width and depth multipliers.
        for idx, block_args in enumerate(self._blocks_args):
            block_args = block_args._replace(
                input_filters=_round_filters(block_args.input_filters, width_coefficient, depth_divisor),
                output_filters=_round_filters(block_args.output_filters, width_coefficient, depth_divisor),
                num_repeat=_round_repeats(block_args.num_repeat, depth_coefficient),
            )
            self._blocks_args[idx] = block_args

            # calculate the total number of blocks - needed for drop_connect estimation
            num_blocks += block_args.num_repeat

            if block_args.stride > 1:
                self.extract_stacks.append(idx)

        self.extract_stacks.append(len(self._blocks_args))

        # create and add MBConvBlocks to self._blocks
        idx = 0  # block index counter
        for stack_idx, block_args in enumerate(self._blocks_args):
            blk_drop_connect_rate = self.drop_connect_rate

            # scale drop connect_rate
            if blk_drop_connect_rate:
                blk_drop_connect_rate *= float(idx) / num_blocks

            sub_stack = nn.Sequential()
            # the first block needs to take care of stride and filter size increase.
            sub_stack.add_module(
                str(idx),
                MBConvBlock(
                    spatial_dims=spatial_dims,
                    in_channels=block_args.input_filters,
                    out_channels=block_args.output_filters,
                    kernel_size=block_args.kernel_size,
                    stride=block_args.stride,
                    image_size=current_image_size,
                    expand_ratio=block_args.expand_ratio,
                    se_ratio=block_args.se_ratio,
                    id_skip=block_args.id_skip,
                    norm=norm,
                    drop_connect_rate=blk_drop_connect_rate,
                ),
            )
            idx += 1  # increment blocks index counter

            current_image_size = _calculate_output_image_size(current_image_size, block_args.stride)
            if block_args.num_repeat > 1:  # modify block_args to keep same output size
                block_args = block_args._replace(input_filters=block_args.output_filters, stride=1)

            # add remaining block repeated num_repeat times
            for _ in range(block_args.num_repeat - 1):
                blk_drop_connect_rate = self.drop_connect_rate

                # scale drop connect_rate
                if blk_drop_connect_rate:
                    blk_drop_connect_rate *= float(idx) / num_blocks

                # add blocks
                sub_stack.add_module(
                    str(idx),
                    MBConvBlock(
                        spatial_dims=spatial_dims,
                        in_channels=block_args.input_filters,
                        out_channels=block_args.output_filters,
                        kernel_size=block_args.kernel_size,
                        stride=block_args.stride,
                        image_size=current_image_size,
                        expand_ratio=block_args.expand_ratio,
                        se_ratio=block_args.se_ratio,
                        id_skip=block_args.id_skip,
                        norm=norm,
                        drop_connect_rate=blk_drop_connect_rate,
                    ),
                )
                idx += 1  # increment blocks index counter

            self._blocks.add_module(str(stack_idx), sub_stack)

        # sanity check to see if len(self._blocks) equal expected num_blocks
        if idx != num_blocks:
            raise ValueError("total number of blocks created != num_blocks")

        # Head
        head_in_channels = block_args.output_filters
        out_channels = _round_filters(1280, width_coefficient, depth_divisor)
        self._conv_head = conv_type(head_in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size=1, bias=False)
        self._conv_head_padding = _make_same_padder(self._conv_head, current_image_size)
        self._bn1 = get_norm_layer(name=norm, spatial_dims=spatial_dims, channels=out_channels)

        # final linear layer
        self._avg_pooling = adaptivepool_type(1)
        self._dropout = nn.Dropout(dropout_rate)
        self._fc = nn.Linear(out_channels, self.num_classes)

        # swish activation to use - using memory efficient swish by default
        # can be switched to normal swish using self.set_swish() function call
        self._swish = Act["memswish"]()

        # initialize weights using Tensorflow's init method from official impl.
        self._initialize_weights()

    def set_swish(self, memory_efficient: bool = True) -> None:
        """
        Sets swish function as memory efficient (for training) or standard (for JIT export).

        Args:
            memory_efficient: whether to use memory-efficient version of swish.

        """
        self._swish = Act["memswish"]() if memory_efficient else Act["swish"](alpha=1.0)
        for sub_stack in self._blocks:
            for block in sub_stack:
                block.set_swish(memory_efficient)

    def forward(self, inputs: torch.Tensor):
        """
        Args:
            inputs: input should have spatially N dimensions
            ``(Batch, in_channels, dim_0[, dim_1, ..., dim_N])``, N is defined by `dimensions`.

        Returns:
            a torch Tensor of classification prediction in shape ``(Batch, num_classes)``.
        """
        # Stem
        x = self._conv_stem(self._conv_stem_padding(inputs))
        x = self._swish(self._bn0(x))
        # Blocks
        x = self._blocks(x)
        # Head
        x = self._conv_head(self._conv_head_padding(x))
        x = self._swish(self._bn1(x))

        # Pooling and final linear layer
        x = self._avg_pooling(x)

        x = x.flatten(start_dim=1)
        x = self._dropout(x)
        x = self._fc(x)
        return x

    def _initialize_weights(self) -> None:
        """
        Args:
            None, initializes weights for conv/linear/batchnorm layers
            following weight init methods from
            `official Tensorflow EfficientNet implementation
            <https://github.com/tensorflow/tpu/blob/master/models/official/efficientnet/efficientnet_model.py#L61>`_.
            Adapted from `EfficientNet-PyTorch's init method
            <https://github.com/rwightman/gen-efficientnet-pytorch/blob/master/geffnet/efficientnet_builder.py>`_.
        """
        for _, m in self.named_modules():
            if isinstance(m, (nn.Conv1d, nn.Conv2d, nn.Conv3d)):
                fan_out = reduce(operator.mul, m.kernel_size, 1) * m.out_channels
                m.weight.data.normal_(0, math.sqrt(2.0 / fan_out))
                if m.bias is not None:
                    m.bias.data.zero_()
            elif isinstance(m, (nn.BatchNorm1d, nn.BatchNorm2d, nn.BatchNorm3d)):
                m.weight.data.fill_(1.0)
                m.bias.data.zero_()
            elif isinstance(m, nn.Linear):
                fan_out = m.weight.size(0)
                fan_in = 0
                init_range = 1.0 / math.sqrt(fan_in + fan_out)
                m.weight.data.uniform_(-init_range, init_range)
                m.bias.data.zero_()


class EfficientNetBN(EfficientNet):

    def __init__(
        self,
        model_name: str,
        pretrained: bool = True,
        progress: bool = True,
        spatial_dims: int = 2,
        in_channels: int = 3,
        num_classes: int = 1000,
        norm: str | tuple = ("batch", {"eps": 1e-3, "momentum": 0.01}),
        adv_prop: bool = False,
    ) -> None:
        """
        Generic wrapper around EfficientNet, used to initialize EfficientNet-B0 to EfficientNet-B7 models
        model_name is mandatory argument as there is no EfficientNetBN itself,
        it needs the N in [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8] to be a model

        Args:
            model_name: name of model to initialize, can be from [efficientnet-b0, ..., efficientnet-b8, efficientnet-l2].
            pretrained: whether to initialize pretrained ImageNet weights, only available for spatial_dims=2 and batch
                norm is used.
            progress: whether to show download progress for pretrained weights download.
            spatial_dims: number of spatial dimensions.
            in_channels: number of input channels.
            num_classes: number of output classes.
            norm: feature normalization type and arguments.
            adv_prop: whether to use weights trained with adversarial examples.
                This argument only works when `pretrained` is `True`.

        Examples::

            # for pretrained spatial 2D ImageNet
            >>> image_size = get_efficientnet_image_size("efficientnet-b0")
            >>> inputs = torch.rand(1, 3, image_size, image_size)
            >>> model = EfficientNetBN("efficientnet-b0", pretrained=True)
            >>> model.eval()
            >>> outputs = model(inputs)

            # create spatial 2D
            >>> model = EfficientNetBN("efficientnet-b0", spatial_dims=2)

            # create spatial 3D
            >>> model = EfficientNetBN("efficientnet-b0", spatial_dims=3)

            # create EfficientNetB7 for spatial 2D
            >>> model = EfficientNetBN("efficientnet-b7", spatial_dims=2)

        """
        # block args
        blocks_args_str = [
            "r1_k3_s11_e1_i32_o16_se0.25",
            "r2_k3_s22_e6_i16_o24_se0.25",
            "r2_k5_s22_e6_i24_o40_se0.25",
            "r3_k3_s22_e6_i40_o80_se0.25",
            "r3_k5_s11_e6_i80_o112_se0.25",
            "r4_k5_s22_e6_i112_o192_se0.25",
            "r1_k3_s11_e6_i192_o320_se0.25",
        ]

        # check if model_name is valid model
        if model_name not in efficientnet_params:
            model_name_string = ", ".join(efficientnet_params.keys())
            raise ValueError(f"invalid model_name {model_name} found, must be one of {model_name_string} ")

        # get network parameters
        weight_coeff, depth_coeff, image_size, dropout_rate, dropconnect_rate = efficientnet_params[model_name]

        # create model and initialize random weights
        super().__init__(
            blocks_args_str=blocks_args_str,
            spatial_dims=spatial_dims,
            in_channels=in_channels,
            num_classes=num_classes,
            width_coefficient=weight_coeff,
            depth_coefficient=depth_coeff,
            dropout_rate=dropout_rate,
            image_size=image_size,
            drop_connect_rate=dropconnect_rate,
            norm=norm,
        )

        # only pretrained for when `spatial_dims` is 2
        if pretrained and (spatial_dims == 2):
            _load_state_dict(self, model_name, progress, adv_prop)


class EfficientNetBNFeatures(EfficientNet):

    def __init__(
        self,
        model_name: str,
        pretrained: bool = True,
        progress: bool = True,
        spatial_dims: int = 2,
        in_channels: int = 3,
        num_classes: int = 1000,
        norm: str | tuple = ("batch", {"eps": 1e-3, "momentum": 0.01}),
        adv_prop: bool = False,
    ) -> None:
        """
        Initialize EfficientNet-B0 to EfficientNet-B7 models as a backbone, the backbone can
        be used as an encoder for segmentation and objection models.
        Compared with the class `EfficientNetBN`, the only different place is the forward function.

        This class refers to `PyTorch image models <https://github.com/rwightman/pytorch-image-models>`_.

        """
        blocks_args_str = [
            "r1_k3_s11_e1_i32_o16_se0.25",
            "r2_k3_s22_e6_i16_o24_se0.25",
            "r2_k5_s22_e6_i24_o40_se0.25",
            "r3_k3_s22_e6_i40_o80_se0.25",
            "r3_k5_s11_e6_i80_o112_se0.25",
            "r4_k5_s22_e6_i112_o192_se0.25",
            "r1_k3_s11_e6_i192_o320_se0.25",
        ]

        # check if model_name is valid model
        if model_name not in efficientnet_params:
            model_name_string = ", ".join(efficientnet_params.keys())
            raise ValueError(f"invalid model_name {model_name} found, must be one of {model_name_string} ")

        # get network parameters
        weight_coeff, depth_coeff, image_size, dropout_rate, dropconnect_rate = efficientnet_params[model_name]

        # create model and initialize random weights
        super().__init__(
            blocks_args_str=blocks_args_str,
            spatial_dims=spatial_dims,
            in_channels=in_channels,
            num_classes=num_classes,
            width_coefficient=weight_coeff,
            depth_coefficient=depth_coeff,
            dropout_rate=dropout_rate,
            image_size=image_size,
            drop_connect_rate=dropconnect_rate,
            norm=norm,
        )

        # only pretrained for when `spatial_dims` is 2
        if pretrained and (spatial_dims == 2):
            _load_state_dict(self, model_name, progress, adv_prop)

    def forward(self, inputs: torch.Tensor):
        """
        Args:
            inputs: input should have spatially N dimensions
            ``(Batch, in_channels, dim_0[, dim_1, ..., dim_N])``, N is defined by `dimensions`.

        Returns:
            a list of torch Tensors.
        """
        # Stem
        x = self._conv_stem(self._conv_stem_padding(inputs))
        x = self._swish(self._bn0(x))

        features = []
        if 0 in self.extract_stacks:
            features.append(x)
        for i, block in enumerate(self._blocks):
            x = block(x)
            if i + 1 in self.extract_stacks:
                features.append(x)
        return features


class EfficientNetEncoder(EfficientNetBNFeatures, BaseEncoder):
    """
    Wrap the original efficientnet to an encoder for flexible-unet.
    """

    backbone_names = [
        "efficientnet-b0",
        "efficientnet-b1",
        "efficientnet-b2",
        "efficientnet-b3",
        "efficientnet-b4",
        "efficientnet-b5",
        "efficientnet-b6",
        "efficientnet-b7",
        "efficientnet-b8",
        "efficientnet-l2",
    ]

    @classmethod
    def get_encoder_parameters(cls) -> list[dict]:
        """
        Get the initialization parameter for efficientnet backbones.
        """
        parameter_list = []
        for backbone_name in cls.backbone_names:
            parameter_list.append(
                {
                    "model_name": backbone_name,
                    "pretrained": True,
                    "progress": True,
                    "spatial_dims": 2,
                    "in_channels": 3,
                    "num_classes": 1000,
                    "norm": ("batch", {"eps": 1e-3, "momentum": 0.01}),
                    "adv_prop": "ap" in backbone_name,
                }
            )
        return parameter_list

    @classmethod
    def num_channels_per_output(cls) -> list[tuple[int, ...]]:
        """
        Get number of efficientnet backbone output feature maps' channel.
        """
        return [
            (16, 24, 40, 112, 320),
            (16, 24, 40, 112, 320),
            (16, 24, 48, 120, 352),
            (24, 32, 48, 136, 384),
            (24, 32, 56, 160, 448),
            (24, 40, 64, 176, 512),
            (32, 40, 72, 200, 576),
            (32, 48, 80, 224, 640),
            (32, 56, 88, 248, 704),
            (72, 104, 176, 480, 1376),
        ]

    @classmethod
    def num_outputs(cls) -> list[int]:
        """
        Get number of efficientnet backbone output feature maps.
        Since every backbone contains the same 5 output feature maps,
        the number list should be `[5] * 10`.
        """
        return [5] * 10

    @classmethod
    def get_encoder_names(cls) -> list[str]:
        """
        Get names of efficient backbone.
        """
        return cls.backbone_names


def get_efficientnet_image_size(model_name: str) -> int:
    """
    Get the input image size for a given efficientnet model.

    Args:
        model_name: name of model to initialize, can be from [efficientnet-b0, ..., efficientnet-b7].

    Returns:
        Image size for single spatial dimension as integer.

    """
    # check if model_name is valid model
    if model_name not in efficientnet_params:
        model_name_string = ", ".join(efficientnet_params.keys())
        raise ValueError(f"invalid model_name {model_name} found, must be one of {model_name_string} ")

    # return input image size (all dims equal so only need to return for one dim)
    _, _, res, _, _ = efficientnet_params[model_name]
    return res


def drop_connect(inputs: torch.Tensor, p: float, training: bool) -> torch.Tensor:
    """
    Drop connect layer that drops individual connections.
    Differs from dropout as dropconnect drops connections instead of whole neurons as in dropout.

    Based on `Deep Networks with Stochastic Depth <https://arxiv.org/pdf/1603.09382.pdf>`_.
    Adapted from `Official Tensorflow EfficientNet utils
    <https://github.com/tensorflow/tpu/blob/master/models/official/efficientnet/utils.py>`_.

    This function is generalized for MONAI's N-Dimensional spatial activations
    e.g. 1D activations [B, C, H], 2D activations [B, C, H, W] and 3D activations [B, C, H, W, D]

    Args:
        inputs: input tensor with [B, C, dim_1, dim_2, ..., dim_N] where N=spatial_dims.
        p: probability to use for dropping connections.
        training: whether in training or evaluation mode.

    Returns:
        output: output tensor after applying drop connection.
    """
    if p < 0.0 or p > 1.0:
        raise ValueError(f"p must be in range of [0, 1], found {p}")

    # eval mode: drop_connect is switched off - so return input without modifying
    if not training:
        return inputs

    # train mode: calculate and apply drop_connect
    batch_size: int = inputs.shape[0]
    keep_prob: float = 1 - p
    num_dims: int = len(inputs.shape) - 2

    # build dimensions for random tensor, use num_dims to populate appropriate spatial dims
    random_tensor_shape: list[int] = [batch_size, 1] + [1] * num_dims

    # generate binary_tensor mask according to probability (p for 0, 1-p for 1)
    random_tensor: torch.Tensor = torch.rand(random_tensor_shape, dtype=inputs.dtype, device=inputs.device)
    random_tensor += keep_prob

    # round to form binary tensor
    binary_tensor: torch.Tensor = torch.floor(random_tensor)

    # drop connect using binary tensor
    output: torch.Tensor = inputs / keep_prob * binary_tensor
    return output


def _load_state_dict(model: nn.Module, arch: str, progress: bool, adv_prop: bool) -> None:
    if adv_prop:
        arch = arch.split("efficientnet-")[-1] + "-ap"
    model_url = look_up_option(arch, url_map, None)
    if model_url is None:
        print(f"pretrained weights of {arch} is not provided")
    else:
        # load state dict from url
        model_url = url_map[arch]
        pretrain_state_dict = model_zoo.load_url(model_url, progress=progress)
        model_state_dict = model.state_dict()

        pattern = re.compile(r"(.+)\.\d+(\.\d+\..+)")
        for key, value in model_state_dict.items():
            pretrain_key = re.sub(pattern, r"\1\2", key)
            if pretrain_key in pretrain_state_dict and value.shape == pretrain_state_dict[pretrain_key].shape:
                model_state_dict[key] = pretrain_state_dict[pretrain_key]

        model.load_state_dict(model_state_dict)


def _get_same_padding_conv_nd(
    image_size: list[int], kernel_size: tuple[int, ...], dilation: tuple[int, ...], stride: tuple[int, ...]
) -> list[int]:
    """
    Helper for getting padding (nn.ConstantPadNd) to be used to get SAME padding
    conv operations similar to Tensorflow's SAME padding.

    This function is generalized for MONAI's N-Dimensional spatial operations (e.g. Conv1D, Conv2D, Conv3D)

    Args:
        image_size: input image/feature spatial size.
        kernel_size: conv kernel's spatial size.
        dilation: conv dilation rate for Atrous conv.
        stride: stride for conv operation.

    Returns:
        paddings for ConstantPadNd padder to be used on input tensor to conv op.
    """
    # get number of spatial dimensions, corresponds to kernel size length
    num_dims = len(kernel_size)

    # additional checks to populate dilation and stride (in case they are single entry tuples)
    if len(dilation) == 1:
        dilation = dilation * num_dims

    if len(stride) == 1:
        stride = stride * num_dims

    # equation to calculate (pad^+ + pad^-) size
    _pad_size: list[int] = [
        max((math.ceil(_i_s / _s) - 1) * _s + (_k_s - 1) * _d + 1 - _i_s, 0)
        for _i_s, _k_s, _d, _s in zip(image_size, kernel_size, dilation, stride)
    ]
    # distribute paddings into pad^+ and pad^- following Tensorflow's same padding strategy
    _paddings: list[tuple[int, int]] = [(_p // 2, _p - _p // 2) for _p in _pad_size]

    # unroll list of tuples to tuples, and then to list
    # reversed as nn.ConstantPadNd expects paddings starting with last dimension
    _paddings_ret: list[int] = [outer for inner in reversed(_paddings) for outer in inner]
    return _paddings_ret


def _make_same_padder(conv_op: nn.Conv1d | nn.Conv2d | nn.Conv3d, image_size: list[int]):
    """
    Helper for initializing ConstantPadNd with SAME padding similar to Tensorflow.
    Uses output of _get_same_padding_conv_nd() to get the padding size.

    This function is generalized for MONAI's N-Dimensional spatial operations (e.g. Conv1D, Conv2D, Conv3D)

    Args:
        conv_op: nn.ConvNd operation to extract parameters for op from
        image_size: input image/feature spatial size

    Returns:
        If padding required then nn.ConstandNd() padder initialized to paddings otherwise nn.Identity()
    """
    # calculate padding required
    padding: list[int] = _get_same_padding_conv_nd(image_size, conv_op.kernel_size, conv_op.dilation, conv_op.stride)

    # initialize and return padder
    padder = Pad["constantpad", len(padding) // 2]
    if sum(padding) > 0:
        return padder(padding=padding, value=0.0)
    return nn.Identity()


def _round_filters(filters: int, width_coefficient: float | None, depth_divisor: float) -> int:
    """
    Calculate and round number of filters based on width coefficient multiplier and depth divisor.

    Args:
        filters: number of input filters.
        width_coefficient: width coefficient for model.
        depth_divisor: depth divisor to use.

    Returns:
        new_filters: new number of filters after calculation.
    """

    if not width_coefficient:
        return filters

    multiplier: float = width_coefficient
    divisor: float = depth_divisor
    filters_float: float = filters * multiplier

    # follow the formula transferred from official TensorFlow implementation
    new_filters: float = max(divisor, int(filters_float + divisor / 2) // divisor * divisor)
    if new_filters < 0.9 * filters_float:  # prevent rounding by more than 10%
        new_filters += divisor
    return int(new_filters)


def _round_repeats(repeats: int, depth_coefficient: float | None) -> int:
    """
    Re-calculate module's repeat number of a block based on depth coefficient multiplier.

    Args:
        repeats: number of original repeats.
        depth_coefficient: depth coefficient for model.

    Returns:
        new repeat: new number of repeat after calculating.
    """
    if not depth_coefficient:
        return repeats

    # follow the formula transferred from official TensorFlow impl.
    return int(math.ceil(depth_coefficient * repeats))


def _calculate_output_image_size(input_image_size: list[int], stride: int | tuple[int]):
    """
    Calculates the output image size when using _make_same_padder with a stride.
    Required for static padding.

    Args:
        input_image_size: input image/feature spatial size.
        stride: Conv2d operation"s stride.

    Returns:
        output_image_size: output image/feature spatial size.
    """

    # checks to extract integer stride in case tuple was received
    if isinstance(stride, tuple):
        all_strides_equal = all(stride[0] == s for s in stride)
        if not all_strides_equal:
            raise ValueError(f"unequal strides are not possible, got {stride}")

        stride = stride[0]

    # return output image size
    return [int(math.ceil(im_sz / stride)) for im_sz in input_image_size]


class BlockArgs(NamedTuple):
    """
    BlockArgs object to assist in decoding string notation
        of arguments for MBConvBlock definition.
    """

    num_repeat: int
    kernel_size: int
    stride: int
    expand_ratio: int
    input_filters: int
    output_filters: int
    id_skip: bool
    se_ratio: float | None = None

    @staticmethod
    def from_string(block_string: str):
        """
        Get a BlockArgs object from a string notation of arguments.

        Args:
            block_string (str): A string notation of arguments.
                                Examples: "r1_k3_s11_e1_i32_o16_se0.25".

        Returns:
            BlockArgs: namedtuple defined at the top of this function.
        """
        ops = block_string.split("_")
        options = {}
        for op in ops:
            splits = re.split(r"(\d.*)", op)
            if len(splits) >= 2:
                key, value = splits[:2]
                options[key] = value

        # check stride
        stride_check = (
            ("s" in options and len(options["s"]) == 1)
            or (len(options["s"]) == 2 and options["s"][0] == options["s"][1])
            or (len(options["s"]) == 3 and options["s"][0] == options["s"][1] and options["s"][0] == options["s"][2])
        )
        if not stride_check:
            raise ValueError("invalid stride option received")

        return BlockArgs(
            num_repeat=int(options["r"]),
            kernel_size=int(options["k"]),
            stride=int(options["s"][0]),
            expand_ratio=int(options["e"]),
            input_filters=int(options["i"]),
            output_filters=int(options["o"]),
            id_skip=("noskip" not in block_string),
            se_ratio=float(options["se"]) if "se" in options else None,
        )

    def to_string(self):
        """
        Return a block string notation for current BlockArgs object

        Returns:
            A string notation of BlockArgs object arguments.
                Example: "r1_k3_s11_e1_i32_o16_se0.25_noskip".
        """
        string = (
            f"r{self.num_repeat}_k{self.kernel_size}_s{self.stride}{self.stride}"
            f"_e{self.expand_ratio}_i{self.input_filters}_o{self.output_filters}"
            f"_se{self.se_ratio}"
        )

        if not self.id_skip:
            string += "_noskip"
        return string