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526202 | PCOGR: Phylogenetic COG ranking as an online tool to judge the specificity of COGs with respect to freely definable groups of organisms | Background The rapidly increasing number of completely sequenced genomes led to the establishment of the COG-database which, based on sequence homologies, assigns similar proteins from different organisms to clusters of orthologous groups (COGs). There are several bioinformatic studies that made use of this database to... | Background The COG-database has become a powerful tool in the field of comparative genomics. The construction of this data base is based on sequence homologies of proteins from different completely sequenced genomes. Highly homologous proteins are assigned to clusters of orthologous groups (COGs) [ 1 , 2 ]. Each of the... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC526202.xml |
524373 | The fallacy of enrolling only high-risk subjects in cancer prevention trials: Is there a "free lunch"? | Background There is a common belief that most cancer prevention trials should be restricted to high-risk subjects in order to increase statistical power. This strategy is appropriate if the ultimate target population is subjects at the same high-risk. However if the target population is the general population, three as... | Background Some prevention trials are restricted to high-risk subjects. If the investigators are only interested in the effects of the intervention on subjects at increased risk [ 1 ] or if the study is designed to be a preliminary investigation in preparation for a definitive study in the general population, we think ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC524373.xml |
545955 | Antitumor effects of two bisdioxopiperazines against two experimental lung cancer models in vivo | Background Probimane (Pro), an anti-cancer agent originating in China, was derived from razoxane (ICRF-159, Raz), a drug created in Britain, specifically targeting at cancer metastasis and as a cardioprotectant of anthrocyclines. Pro and Raz are bisdioxopiperazine compounds. In this work, we evaluated the anti-tumor an... | Background Razoxane (ICRF-159) ( Raz ), first developed in UK, was the earliest agent against spontaneous metastasis for the murine model (Lewis lung carcinoma) in 1969 [ 1 ]. A large volume of papers and projects have been published in the utilities and mechanisms of Raz for anticancer actions, like assisting radiothe... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC545955.xml |
524367 | Perceived personal, social and environmental barriers to weight maintenance among young women: A community survey | Background Young women are a group at high risk of weight gain. This study examined a range of perceived personal, social and environmental barriers to physical activity and healthy eating for weight maintenance among young women, and how these varied by socioeconomic status (SES), overweight status and domestic situat... | Introduction In many developed countries, overweight and obesity have reached epidemic proportions [ 1 - 8 ]. One group at particular risk of weight gain and the development of obesity is young women[ 2 , 9 , 10 ]. In the US, for example, one study that tracked weight in a large population sample over a 10-year period ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC524367.xml |
526216 | Imbalance in the health workforce | Imbalance in the health workforce is a major concern in both developed and developing countries. It is a complex issue that encompasses a wide range of possible situations. This paper aims to contribute not only to a better understanding of the issues related to imbalance through a critical review of its definition and... | Introduction Imbalance in the health workforce is a major challenge for health policy-makers, since human resources – the different kinds of clinical and non-clinical staff who make each individual and public health intervention happen – are the most important of the health system's inputs [ 1 ]. Imbalance is not a new... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC526216.xml |
517949 | Comparison of the NEI-VFQ and OSDI questionnaires in patients with Sjögren's syndrome-related dry eye | Background To examine the associations between vision-targeted health-related quality of life (VT-HRQ) and ocular surface parameters in patients with Sjögren's syndrome, a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by dry eye and dry mouth. Methods Forty-two patients fulfilling European / American diagnostic criteria fo... | Background Dry eye is a common disorder of the ocular surface and tear film and is estimated to affect from 2% to over 15% of persons in surveyed populations, depending on the definition used [ 1 - 6 ]. Symptoms of dry eye are a major reason to seek ophthalmic care: a study by Nelson and co-workers found that 1.3% of M... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC517949.xml |
527875 | Statistical design considerations for pilot studies transitioning therapies from the bench to the bedside | Pilot studies are often used to transition therapies developed using animal models to a clinical setting. Frequently, the focus of such trials is on estimating the safety in terms of the occurrence of certain adverse events. With relatively small sample sizes, the probability of observing even relatively common events ... | Introduction In the translational research setting, statisticians often assist in the planning and analysis of pilot studies. While pilot studies may vary in the fundamental objectives, many are designed to explore the safety profile of a drug or a procedure [ 1 , 2 ]. Often before applying a new therapy to large group... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC527875.xml |
548295 | Expression pattern and regulation of genes differ between fibroblasts of adhesion and normal human peritoneum | Background Injury to the peritoneum during surgery is followed by a healing process that frequently results in the attachment of adjacent organs by a fibrous mass, referred commonly as adhesions. Because injuries to the peritoneum during surgery are inevitable, it is imperative that we understand the mechanisms of adhe... | Background Peritoneal adhesions resulting from surgical injury are often associated with pelvic pain, bowel obstruction and infertility [ 1 ]. Epidemiological studies conclude that 30 to 35% of all hospital readmissions are associated with adhesion associated complications, of which 4.5 to 5.1% are directly related to ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC548295.xml |
535530 | A trial design for evaluation of empiric programming of implantable cardioverter defibrillators to improve patient management | The delivery of implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) therapy is sophisticated and requires the programming of over 100 settings. Physicians tailor these settings with the intention of optimizing ICD therapeutic efficacy, but the usefulness of this approach has not been studied and is unknown. Empiric programmin... | Background Over the past decade ICD implantation has become increasingly straightforward, yet ICD programming and follow up has become more complex due to device feature and capability enhancements. While sophisticated algorithms provide high sensitivity and improved specificity of arrhythmia detection, allowing delive... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC535530.xml |
545941 | Differential regulation of Aβ42-induced neuronal C1q synthesis and microglial activation | Expression of C1q, an early component of the classical complement pathway, has been shown to be induced in neurons in hippocampal slices, following accumulation of exogenous Aβ42. Microglial activation was also detected by surface marker expression and cytokine production. To determine whether C1q induction was correla... | Introduction Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia in the elderly. Its main pathological features include extracellular amyloid beta (Aβ) deposition in plaques, neurofibrillary tangles (composed of hyperphosphorylated tau protein) in neurons, progressive loss of synapses and cortical/hippocampal ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC545941.xml |
545969 | Receptor and secreted targets of Wnt-1/β-catenin signalling in mouse mammary epithelial cells | Background Deregulation of the Wnt/ β-catenin signal transduction pathway has been implicated in the pathogenesis of tumours in the mammary gland, colon and other tissues. Mutations in components of this pathway result in β-catenin stabilization and accumulation, and the aberrant modulation of β-catenin/TCF target gene... | Background The Wnt/β-catenin signal transduction pathway plays a central role in metazoan development, controlling such diverse processes as cell growth, proliferation and organogenesis [ 1 ]. Wnt-1 is the prototypic member of this large family of secreted glycoproteins and was originally identified as a gene insertion... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC545969.xml |
548281 | PCR cloning of a histone H1 gene from Anopheles stephensi mosquito cells: comparison of the protein sequence with histone H1-like, C-terminal extensions on mosquito ribosomal protein S6 | Background In Aedes and Anopheles mosquitoes, ribosomal protein RPS6 has an unusual C-terminal extension that resembles histone H1 proteins. To explore homology between a mosquito H1 histone and the RPS6 tail, we took advantage of the Anopheles gambiae genome database to clone a histone H1 gene from an Anopheles stephe... | Background Ribosomal protein (RP) S6 is a phosphorylated protein that resides on the small subunit of eukaryotic ribosomes. Phosphorylation occurs on a cluster of five serine residues near the C-terminal end of the protein. Although details remain unclear, the phosphorylation state of RPS6 is believed to influence tran... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC548281.xml |
545799 | A Drosophila protein-interaction map centered on cell-cycle regulators | A Drosophila protein-protein interaction map was constructed using the LexA system, complementing a previous map using the GAL4 system and adding many new interactions. | Background Protein-protein interactions have an essential role in a wide variety of biological processes. A wealth of data has emerged to show that most proteins function within networks of interacting proteins, and that many of these networks have been conserved throughout evolution. Although some of these networks co... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC545799.xml |
434148 | DNA Display I. Sequence-Encoded Routing of DNA Populations | Recently reported technologies for DNA-directed organic synthesis and for DNA computing rely on routing DNA populations through complex networks. The reduction of these ideas to practice has been limited by a lack of practical experimental tools. Here we describe a modular design for DNA routing genes, and routing mach... | Introduction Subsequent to the discovery of DNA as the information-carrying blueprint for biopolymer assembly, the possibility has existed for its utilization to program molecular processes devised by man. DNA is an attractive material for several reasons. It provides very high information density: a micromolar solutio... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC434148.xml |
539322 | Disentangling Sub-Millisecond Processes within an Auditory Transduction Chain | Every sensation begins with the conversion of a sensory stimulus into the response of a receptor neuron. Typically, this involves a sequence of multiple biophysical processes that cannot all be monitored directly. In this work, we present an approach that is based on analyzing different stimuli that cause the same fina... | Introduction Animals and human beings rely on accurate information about their external environment and internal state for proper behavioral reactions. This vital requirement has led to a large variety of highly sophisticated sensory systems [ 1 ]. A common feature, though, is the step-by-step conversion of the incomin... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC539322.xml |
545996 | The association between clinical integration of care and transfer of veterans with acute coronary syndromes from primary care VHA hospitals | Background Few studies report on the effect of organizational factors facilitating transfer between primary and tertiary care hospitals either within an integrated health care system or outside it. In this paper, we report on the relationship between degree of clinical integration of cardiology services and transfer ra... | Background Coronary artery disease is the leading cause of death among Americans [ 1 ]. Hospitalization for acute coronary syndromes (ACS), which includes both acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and unstable angina, is common and costly. Many patients admitted with ACS to primary hospitals (i.e. those without on-site ca... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC545996.xml |
548518 | "Harnessing genomics to improve health in Africa" – an executive course to support genomics policy | Background Africa in the twenty-first century is faced with a heavy burden of disease, combined with ill-equipped medical systems and underdeveloped technological capacity. A major challenge for the international community is to bring scientific and technological advances like genomics to bear on the health priorities ... | Background Inequities in global health continue to be among the major challenges facing the international community [ 1 ]. Despite tremendous advances in medicine, the benefits of science and technology have yet to make a major impact on the health and quality of life of majority of the world's population. Recognizing ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC548518.xml |
509236 | Improving the scaling normalization for high-density oligonucleotide GeneChip expression microarrays | Background Normalization is an important step for microarray data analysis to minimize biological and technical variations. Choosing a suitable approach can be critical. The default method in GeneChip expression microarray uses a constant factor, the scaling factor ( SF ), for every gene on an array. The SF is obtained... | Background The high-density oligonucleotide microarray, also known as GeneChip ® , made by Affymetrix Inc (Santa Clara, CA), has been widely used in both academic institutions and industrial companies, and is considered as the "standard" of gene expression microarrays among several platforms. A single GeneChip ® can ho... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC509236.xml |
543459 | Relationship among Dexamethasone Suppression Test, personality disorders and stressful life events in clinical subtypes of major depression: An exploratory study | Background The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between dexamethasone suppression test, personality disorder, stressful life events and depression. Material Fifty patients (15 males and 35 females) aged 41.0 ± 11.4 years, suffering from Major Depression according to DSM-IV criteria entered the study.... | Background Life events and environmental stressful factors may relate to the development of depression [ 1 - 4 ]. However, biological theories suggest that the cause of depression rely on a biochemical disturbance of the functioning of the central nervous system (CNS). The Dexamethasone Suppression Test (DST) [ 5 ] is ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC543459.xml |
519025 | Protein-polymer nano-machines. Towards synthetic control of biological processes | The exploitation of nature's machinery at length scales below the dimensions of a cell is an exciting challenge for biologists, chemists and physicists, while advances in our understanding of these biological motifs are now providing an opportunity to develop real single molecule devices for technological applications.... | 1. Type I Restriction-Modification enzymes Type I R-M enzymes are multifunctional, multisubunit enzymes that provide bacteria with protection against infection by DNA-based bacteriophage [ 5 ] They accomplish this through a complex restriction activity that cuts the DNA at random locations, which can be extremely dista... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC519025.xml |
543465 | Modeling the HIV Epidemic in Africa | null | The HIV epidemic is continuing to grow, year by year. According to the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), in 2004 there were more people living with the virus than ever before, and in the same year more people than ever before died of it. So, although in the developed world HIV/AIDS is a controllable ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC543465.xml |
519031 | Potential cellular conformations of the CCN3(NOV) protein | Aim To study the cellular distribution of CCN3(NOV) and to determine if the carboxyterminus of CCN3 is hidden or masked due to high affinity interactions with other partners. CCN3 was detected using affinity purified antibodies (anti-K19M-AF) as well as a Protein A purified anti-K19M antibodies (anti-K19M IgG) against ... | Introduction The CCN3 protein belongs to an emerging family of growth regulators referred under the CCN acronym (cysteine-rich protein, Cyr61, connective tissue growth factor, CTGF, and the nephroblastoma overexpressed gene, nov; CCN 1–3 respectively) [ 1 - 3 ]. The CCN family now comprises six identified members with ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC519031.xml |
514529 | Early endothelial dysfunction in cholesterol-fed rabbits: a non-invasive in vivo ultrasound study. | Background Endothelial function in hypercholesterolemic rabbits is usually evaluated ex vivo on isolated aortic rings. In vivo evaluation requires invasive imaging procedures that cannot be repeated serially. Aim We evaluated a non-invasive ultrasound technique to assess early endothelial function in rabbits and compar... | Background Endothelial dysfunction occurs early in the development of atherosclerosis. Historically, evaluation of endothelial function in small animals has been performed on isolated vessel segments, or vessels exposed by surgical procedures. Very few attempts were made to develop a method of analysis of endothelium-d... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC514529.xml |
449821 | Hairy Transcriptional Repression Targets and Cofactor Recruitment in Drosophila | Members of the widely conserved Hairy/Enhancer of split family of basic Helix-Loop-Helix repressors are essential for proper Drosophila and vertebrate development and are misregulated in many cancers. While a major step forward in understanding the molecular mechanism(s) surrounding Hairy-mediated repression was made w... | Introduction Transcriptional repression is an important feature of developmental processes, where it is necessary for establishing intricate patterns of gene expression (reviewed in Herschbach and Johnson 1993 ; Gray and Levine 1996 ; Hanna-Rose and Hansen 1996 ; Courey and Jia 2001 ; Gaston and Jayaraman 2003 ). Droso... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC449821.xml |
549606 | Acquired Resistance of Lung Adenocarcinomas to Gefitinib or Erlotinib Is Associated with a Second Mutation in the EGFR Kinase Domain | Background Lung adenocarcinomas from patients who respond to the tyrosine kinase inhibitors gefitinib (Iressa) or erlotinib (Tarceva) usually harbor somatic gain-of-function mutations in exons encoding the kinase domain of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Despite initial responses, patients eventually progr... | Introduction Somatic gain-of-function mutations in exons encoding the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase domain are found in about 10% of non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) from the United States [ 1 , 2 , 3 ], with higher percentages observed in east Asia [ 2 , 4 , 5 , 6 ]. Some 90% of NSCLC-ass... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC549606.xml |
515179 | The use of retroviral vectors for gene therapy-what are the risks? A review of retroviral pathogenesis and its relevance to retroviral vector-mediated gene delivery | Retroviral vector-mediated gene transfer has been central to the development of gene therapy. Retroviruses have several distinct advantages over other vectors, especially when permanent gene transfer is the preferred outcome. The most important advantage that retroviral vectors offer is their ability to transform their... | Background Retroviruses Retroviruses are viruses that are found throughout the animal kingdom, including in chickens, mice, cats, sheep, goats, cattle, primates, fish and humans. The first retro viruses were identified as cell free oncogenic factors in chickens. Subsequently, many of the oncogenic retroviruses have bee... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC515179.xml |
555549 | Secondary structure in the target as a confounding factor in synthetic oligomer microarray design | Background Secondary structure in the target is a property not usually considered in software applications for design of optimal custom oligonucleotide probes. It is frequently assumed that eliminating self-complementarity, or screening for secondary structure in the probe, is sufficient to avoid interference with hybr... | Background Sequence-specific hybridization of a long single-stranded labeled DNA or RNA target molecule to shorter oligonucleotide probes is the basis of the gene expression microarray experiment. In this type of microarray experiment, gene specific probe molecules are either synthesized in situ or are printed to the m... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC555549.xml |
534809 | Algorithmic Self-Assembly of DNA Sierpinski Triangles | Algorithms and information, fundamental to technological and biological organization, are also an essential aspect of many elementary physical phenomena, such as molecular self-assembly. Here we report the molecular realization, using two-dimensional self-assembly of DNA tiles, of a cellular automaton whose update rule... | Introduction How is complex organization produced and maintained by physical processes? One may look to biology, where we find the most sophisticated organization of matter, often spanning more than 24 orders of magnitude from component molecules (0.1 attograms) to entire organism (100 kilograms). This organization is ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC534809.xml |
555561 | Wearable Conductive Fiber Sensors for Multi-Axis Human Joint Angle Measurements | Background The practice of continuous, long-term monitoring of human joint motion is one that finds many applications, especially in the medical and rehabilitation fields. There is a lack of acceptable devices available to perform such measurements in the field in a reliable and non-intrusive way over a long period of ... | Background Long-term measurement of human movement in the field is an important need today [ 1 ]. For many types of rehabilitation treatment, it is desirable to monitor a patient's activities of daily life continuously in the home environment, outside the artificial environment of a laboratory or doctor's office [ 2 ].... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC555561.xml |
543471 | Nodular osteochondrogenic activity in soft tissue surrounding osteoma in neurogenic para osteo-arthropathy: morphological and immunohistochemical study | Background Neurogenic Para-Osteo-Arthropathy (NPOA) occurs as a consequence of central nervous system injuries or some systemic conditions. They are characterized by bone formation around the main joints. Methods In order to define some biological features of NPOAs, histological and immunohistological studies of the so... | Background Neurogenic Para Osteo-Arthropathies (NPOA) occurs in patients with brain or spinal cord injury, hemiplegias, various encephalopathies, tetanus [ 1 ] or neurological disregulation [ 2 ]. In this process, new bone named "osteoma" forms in extraskeletal areas which in normal condition do not ossify. NPOA were f... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC543471.xml |
526772 | An evaluation of UV protection imparted by cotton fabrics dyed with natural colorants | Background The ultraviolet properties of textiles dyed with synthetic dyes have been widely reported in literature. However, no study has investigated the ultraviolet properties of natural fabrics dyed with natural colorants. This study reports the Ultraviolet Protection Factor (UPF) of cotton fabrics dyed with coloran... | Background High, short-term exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) from the sun causes sunburns and long-term exposure leads to skin cancer. The National Toxicology Program, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services has classified UVR as a known human carcinogen [ 1 ]. The American Cancer Society estimates that mor... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC526772.xml |
529441 | Real-time PCR quantitation of glucocorticoid receptor alpha isoform | Background The expression of glucocorticoid-receptor (GR) seems to be a key mechanism in the regulation of glucocorticoid (GC) sensitivity and is potentially involved in cases of GC resistance or hypersensitivity. The aim of this study is to describe a method for quantitation of GR alpha isoform (GRα) expression using ... | Background Glucocorticoids (GC) are a vital class of steroidal hormones that mediate profound and diverse physiological effects in vertebrates. GC are key hormones in the regulation of glucose homeostasis, but other essential functions are assigned to GC as well, such as regulatory roles in development and other metabo... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC529441.xml |
555944 | A Taxonomic Search Engine: Federating taxonomic databases using web services | Background The taxonomic name of an organism is a key link between different databases that store information on that organism. However, in the absence of a single, comprehensive database of organism names, individual databases lack an easy means of checking the correctness of a name. Furthermore, the same organism may... | Background Biological taxonomy provides the central link between diverse items of information about an organism. Given the scientific name of an organism, a researcher can query a wide range of databases for information on that organism's genome, development, morphology, geographic distribution, behaviour, phylogeny, a... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC555944.xml |
548524 | Substituting abacavir for hyperlipidemia-associated protease inhibitors in HAART regimens improves fasting lipid profiles, maintains virologic suppression, and simplifies treatment | Background Hyperlipidemia secondary to protease inhibitors (PI) may abate by switching to anti-HIV medications without lipid effects. Method An open-label, randomized pilot study compared changes in fasting lipids and HIV-1 RNA in 104 HIV-infected adults with PI-associated hyperlipidemia (fasting serum total cholestero... | Background Protease inhibitors (PIs) used as components of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) have been well documented to reduce both the morbidity and mortality associated with HIV infection [ 1 , 2 ]. However, many PI-based HAART regimens incur treatment-limiting side effects, interactions with concomitant... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC548524.xml |
524165 | Evolution of sexual asymmetry | Background The clear dominance of two-gender sex in recent species is a notorious puzzle of evolutionary theory. It has at least two layers: besides the most fundamental and challenging question why sex exists at all, the other part of the problem is equally perplexing but much less studied. Why do most sexual organism... | Background One of the most general rules in biology seems to be that sex involves the fusion of gametes (sometimes of other specialised structures) of different type. In most taxa this sexual asymmetry is reflected in the male / female distinction between mating partners and/or between mating sex cells. This paper aims... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC524165.xml |
544849 | Clinical significance of BRAF mutations in metastatic melanoma | Forty to eighty percent of melanoma tumors have activating mutations in BRAF although the clinical importance of these mutations is not clear. We previously reported an analysis of BRAF mutations in metastatic melanoma samples from 68 patients. In this study, we correlated patient baseline characteristics, prognostic f... | Introduction The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway mediates cellular responses to growth signals and activation of this pathway has been shown to be critical in tumor formation, particularly in melanoma [ 1 - 3 ]. Recently, activating BRAF mutations were found with high frequency in malignant melanomas, i... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544849.xml |
529455 | Clinical education of ethicists: the role of a clinical ethics fellowship | Background Although clinical ethicists are becoming more prevalent in healthcare settings, their required training and education have not been clearly delineated. Most agree that training and education are important, but their nature and delivery remain topics of debate. One option is through completion of a clinical e... | Background Bioethics is being integrated into healthcare settings more widely and systematically than ever before. In Canada, clinical ethicists are employed in many teaching hospitals and their presence is increasing in community hospitals and long-term care facilities. Although individuals who work in the field come ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC529455.xml |
423150 | A Voice for Research, a Voice for Patients | In response to the Blackburn and Rowley essay on the President's Council on Bioethics, several thought-provoking opinions on ethical challenges in biomedical research are expressed by prominent stakeholders | In the very thoughtful essay “Reason as Our Guide” by Drs. Elizabeth Blackburn and Janet Rowley (2004) , the authors highlight a key concern with the reports published by the President's Council on Bioethics—the lack of credible scientific information being passed on to policy makers. Blackburn and Rowley point out man... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC423150.xml |
423144 | Ethics as Our Guide | In response to the Blackburn and Rowley essay on the President's Council on Bioethics, several thought-provoking opinions on ethical challenges in biomedical research are expressed by prominent stakeholders | Blackburn and Rowley's (2004) criticism of a report on embryonic stem cell research from the President's Council on Bioethics (2004) is puzzling. Where is the bioethics? The nub of their complaint is that some details of the report have been partisan and have distorted ‘the potential of biomedical research and the moti... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC423144.xml |
544861 | Review of "Methods for testing and evaluating survey questionnaires" by S. Presser, et al | null | Questionnaires are, by far, the most common method of data collection in the world. There is hardly anyone who has not been asked to answer questions from one form of questionnaire or another. Familiarity with the method may, on the other hand, give the impression that they are easy to develop and that their findings a... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544861.xml |
555950 | Bacillus subtilis actin-like protein MreB influences the positioning of the replication machinery and requires membrane proteins MreC/D and other actin-like proteins for proper localization | Background Bacterial actin-like proteins have been shown to perform essential functions in several aspects of cellular physiology. They affect cell growth, cell shape, chromosome segregation and polar localization of proteins, and localize as helical filaments underneath the cell membrane. Bacillus subtilis MreB and Mb... | Background Actin provides vital functions as a cytoskeletal component in eukaryotic and in prokaryotic cells. In eukaryotes, actin filaments give mechanical strength to cells in form of a dynamic cytoskeleton, and are structural fibers in muscle contraction. Additionally, actin proteins have motor like functions [ 1 - ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC555950.xml |
526766 | Identification and utilization of inter-species conserved (ISC) probesets on Affymetrix human GeneChip® platforms for the optimization of the assessment of expression patterns in non human primate (NHP) samples | Background While researchers have utilized versions of the Affymetrix human GeneChip ® for the assessment of expression patterns in non human primate (NHP) samples, there has been no comprehensive sequence analysis study undertaken to demonstrate that the probe sequences designed to detect human transcripts are reliabl... | Background Microarray studies on non human primates (NHP) have been used to address viral pathogenesis [ 1 , 2 ], neurological disorders [ 3 ], development [ 4 ] and phylogenetic studies [ 5 - 7 ]. Due to the lack of species-specific microarray platforms for NHP, researchers have used GeneChip ® platforms built using h... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC526766.xml |
555575 | Local therapy with CpG motifs in a murine model of allergic airway inflammation in IFN-β knock-out mice | Background CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG-ODN) are capable of inducing high amounts of type I IFNs with many immunomodulatory properties. Furthermore, type-I IFNs have been proposed to play a key role in mediating effects of CpG-ODN. The precise role of IFN-β in the immunomodulatory effects of CpG-ODN is not known. Obj... | Introduction Allergic diseases are characterized by elevated serum IgE, an inflammatory reaction with increased number of eosinophils, mast cells and an adaptative immune responses orchestrated by Th2-like CD4+ memory T cells secreting an array of cytokines such as IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13. Thus, there are major efforts fo... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC555575.xml |
545216 | Authors' Reply | null | We are pleased that Dr. Maitland and colleagues consider our data on volume status (intra- and extracellular) of Gabonese children to be important. We did not consider our children with severe malaria to have intravascular volume depletion for the following reasons. When we measured central venous pressures in a propor... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC545216.xml |
535929 | Pharmacokinetics of quinacrine in the treatment of prion disease | Background Prion diseases are caused by the accumulation of an aberrantly folded isoform of the prion protein, designated PrP Sc . In a cell-based assay, quinacrine inhibits the conversion of normal host prion protein (PrP C ) to PrP Sc at a half-maximal concentration of 300 nM. While these data suggest that quinacrine... | Background Prion diseases, while rare, invariably result in fatal neurodegeneration. At present, no therapy has been proven to be useful in the treatment of prion disease. However, acridine and phenothiazine derivatives have been evaluated [ 1 , 2 ] using an in vitro model, and quinacrine and chlorpromazine inhibit PrP... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC535929.xml |
535901 | Evaluation of an inter-professional workshop to develop a psychosocial assessment and child-centred communication training programme for paediatricians in training | Background The quality of psychosocial assessment of children in consultations varies widely. One reason for this difference is the variability in effective mental health and communication training at undergraduate and post-qualification levels. In recognition of this problem, the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child... | Background Childhood mental health disorders are common. A Department of Health survey of 5 to 15 year-olds in England and Wales, 5% had conduct disorder, 4% had emotional disorders and 1% rated as hyperactive [ 1 ]. However, during consultations the psychosocial assessment of children is sometimes compromised. The rea... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC535901.xml |
529469 | Symptomatic hypogammaglobulinemia in infancy and childhood – clinical outcome and in vitro immune responses | Background Symptomatic hypogammaglobulinemia in infancy and childhood (SHIC), may be an early manifestation of a primary immunodeficiency or a maturational delay in the normal production of immunoglobulins (Ig). We aimed to evaluate the natural course of SHIC and correlate in vitro lymphoproliferative and secretory res... | Background Pediatric patients with "recurrent infections" within our area are referred to the pediatric immunology clinic in the Kaplan Medical Center. Few fulfill the clinical criteria of the immune deficiency "red flags", Table 1 , and only in a small minority, quantitative or qualitative defects in immunological fun... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC529469.xml |
545202 | Should an Institution That Has Commercial Rights in a New Drug or Device Be Allowed to Evaluate the Technology? | Background to the debate: In the United States, the passage of the Bayh–Dole Act in 1980 encouraged universities to license inventions for commercial development. Although this financial incentive can stimulate academic researchers to discover new drugs and devices, there is concern that the possibility of monetary rew... | Ross McKinney's Viewpoint: Universities Should Be Allowed, Provided the Trial Is Approved by an External Review Board One of the principal missions of an academic health center is to advance the understanding and treatment of disease through clinical research. In this pursuit, there is a need for checks and balances. W... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC545202.xml |
523839 | Characterization of T Lymphocytes in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease | A new study adds to the mounting evidence implicating T cells as an important component of the inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a global epidemic of major proportions that is predicted to become the third most common cause of death and fifth most frequent cause of chronic disability by 2020. In developed countries it is mainly caused by cigarette smoking, but the reasons why only a proportion (10%... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC523839.xml |
212698 | Candidate Gene Association Study in Type 2 Diabetes Indicates a Role for Genes Involved in β-Cell Function as Well as Insulin Action | Type 2 diabetes is an increasingly common, serious metabolic disorder with a substantial inherited component. It is characterised by defects in both insulin secretion and action. Progress in identification of specific genetic variants predisposing to the disease has been limited. To complement ongoing positional clonin... | Introduction Type 2 diabetes is a serious metabolic disease associated with an increased risk of premature death and substantial disability, largely mediated through its adverse effects on the vasculature. The prevalence of the disease is increasing, and the World Health Organisation estimates suggest that by 2025 ther... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC212698.xml |
555763 | Inhibition of breathing after surfactant depletion is achieved at a higher arterial PCO2 during ventilation with liquid than with gas | Background Inhibition of phrenic nerve activity (PNA) can be achieved when alveolar ventilation is adequate and when stretching of lung tissue stimulates mechanoreceptors to inhibit inspiratory activity. During mechanical ventilation under different lung conditions, inhibition of PNA can provide a physiological setting... | Background Partial liquid ventilation (PLV) combines liquid ventilation and gas ventilation (GV). Perfluorocarbon is administered to the trachea in a volume equivalent to the pulmonary functional residual capacity, and ventilation is maintained with conventional gas ventilation of the liquid-filled lung [ 1 ]. The impr... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC555763.xml |
524171 | Characterization and phylogenetic epitope mapping of CD38 ADPR cyclase in the cynomolgus macaque | Background The CD38 transmembrane glycoprotein is an ADP-ribosyl cyclase that moonlights as a receptor in cells of the immune system. Both functions are independently implicated in numerous areas related to human health. This study originated from an inherent interest in studying CD38 in the cynomolgus monkey ( Macaca ... | Background Just over a decade after being identified as a leukocyte surface antigen with receptorial activity [ 1 , 2 ], CD38 was re-classified among the ADP-ribosyl (ADPR) cyclases [ 3 , 4 ]. These are a group of related membrane-bound or soluble enzymes, comprising CD157 and Aplysia ADPR cyclase [ 5 , 6 ], which have... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC524171.xml |
539054 | Cancer in Families | null | The Icelandic population is now a part of a unique epidemiological study, which has involved investigating the genetic heritage of many of them. The reason that this experiment can be done is because of the remarkable records that exist in Iceland. Not only is there almost complete genealogical information dating back ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC539054.xml |
551539 | A universal method for automated gene mapping | A high-throughput method for genotyping by mapping InDels. This method has been used to create fragment-length polymorphism maps for Drosophila and C. elegans . | Background For humans and model organisms, such as worms and flies, the availability of high-density sequence polymorphism maps greatly facilitates the rapid mapping and cloning of genes [ 1 - 3 ]. Key advantages of most molecular polymorphisms are the fact that they are codominant and in general phenotypically neutral... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC551539.xml |
514717 | Scavenger properties of cultivated pig liver endothelial cells | Background The liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSEC) and Kupffer cells constitute the most powerful scavenger system in the body. Various waste macromolecules, continuously released from tissues in large quantities as a consequence of normal catabolic processes are cleared by the LSEC. In spite of the fact that pig... | Background Livers of pig are used in a wide range of experimental settings related to problems encountered in human medicine such as fulminant hepatic failure [ 1 , 2 ] and graft survival in liver transplantation [ 3 ]. Bioartificial liver support systems, which combine living cells of the liver in an extracorporeal ci... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC514717.xml |
387287 | Yeast Prions: Protein Aggregation Is Not Enough | Although many proteins -- both damaged and normal -- have a tendency to aggregate, only some are capable of dividing and propagating. What does it take to turn a protein aggregate into an infectious prion? | Many damaged and mutant polypeptides, as well as some normal proteins, have a tendency to aggregate in cells. Some protein aggregates are capable of “dividing” and propagating in cells, leading to formation of similar aggregates in daughter cells or even in neighboring cells due to “infection.” These self-propagating p... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC387287.xml |
548685 | A conditional-lethal vaccinia virus mutant demonstrates that the I7L gene product is required for virion morphogenesis | A conditional-lethal recombinant virus was constructed in which the expression of the vaccinia virus I7L gene is under the control of the tetracycline operator/repressor system. In the absence of I7L expression, processing of the major VV core proteins is inhibited and electron microscopy reveals defects in virion morp... | Proteolytic cleavage of precursor proteins is an essential process in the life cycle of many viruses, including vaccinia virus (VV). The cysteine proteinase encoded by the VV I7L gene, was originally identified based on a sequence comparison with the African Swine Fever virus proteinase and an ubiquitin-like proteinase... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC548685.xml |
529253 | Neural stem cells express melatonin receptors and neurotrophic factors: colocalization of the MT1 receptor with neuronal and glial markers | Background In order to optimize the potential benefits of neural stem cell (NSC) transplantation for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders, it is necessary to understand their biological characteristics. Although neurotrophin transduction strategies are promising, alternative approaches such as the modulation of... | Background Neural stem cells are multipotent cells which are capable of self-replication and differentiation into neurons, astrocytes or oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system [ 1 ]. Because of their intrinsic plasticity and multipotency, there are great expectations that NSC transplantation will ultimately pro... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC529253.xml |
521182 | A New Cell Model for Parkinson's Disease | null | Clinical descriptions of Parkinson's disease remain remarkably similar to those first described by James Parkinson nearly 200 years ago. Patients with “shaking palsy” experience a progressive loss of muscle control, increased muscle rigidity, inhibited movement, and tremors. These symptoms, it was later discovered, res... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC521182.xml |
549558 | Hospital use of systemic antifungal drugs | Background Sales data indicate a major increase in the prescription of antifungal drugs in the last two decades. Many new agents for systemic use that only recently have become available are likely to be prescribed intensively in acute care hospitals. Sales data do not adequately describe the developments of drug use d... | Background There has been a major increase in the prescription of antifungal drugs after the introduction of fluconazole into the market in the late 1980s, and again in the late 1990s. The systemic antifungal market has continued to experience growth since 1999, increasing in value from $2.1 billion to $3.3 billion in ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC549558.xml |
514703 | Function and evolution of the serotonin-synthetic bas-1 gene and other aromatic amino acid decarboxylase genes in Caenorhabditis | Background Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) enzymes catalyze the synthesis of biogenic amines, including the neurotransmitters serotonin and dopamine, throughout the animal kingdom. These neurotransmitters typically perform important functions in both the nervous system and other tissues, as illustrated by th... | Background Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (E.C. 4.1.1.28, AADC) catalyzes the second enzymatic step in synthesis of the neurotransmitters dopamine and serotonin, which are found in neurons of all animals (Figure 1 ). Alteration in the normal expression of these transmitters is associated with human neurological di... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC514703.xml |
549202 | Graph-representation of oxidative folding pathways | Background The process of oxidative folding combines the formation of native disulfide bond with conformational folding resulting in the native three-dimensional fold. Oxidative folding pathways can be described in terms of disulfide intermediate species (DIS) which can also be isolated and characterized. Each DIS corr... | Background The process of protein folding whereby a linear polypeptide chain reaches its native structure has been one of the most intensely studied biomolecular problems over the past 50 years (for current reviews see [ 1 - 3 ]). Folding of a protein is usually pictured as a search for the native conformation within t... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC549202.xml |
549216 | Simplicity within complexity: Seasonality and predictability of hospital admissions in the province of Ontario 1988–2001, a population-based analysis | Background Seasonality is a common feature of communicable diseases. Less well understood is whether seasonal patterns occur for non-communicable diseases. The overall effect of seasonal fluctuations on hospital admissions has not been systematically evaluated. Methods This study employed time series methods on a popul... | Background Health care is a complex human endeavor constituted by the interaction of multiple professions, organizations, industries, technologies and the public. Health itself is also a complex concept, with multiple determinants including genetic, socio-cultural, economic and environmental influences [ 1 ]. At the ce... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC549216.xml |
544929 | Evidence for Widespread Degradation of Gene Control Regions in Hominid Genomes | Although sequences containing regulatory elements located close to protein-coding genes are often only weakly conserved during evolution, comparisons of rodent genomes have implied that these sequences are subject to some selective constraints. Evolutionary conservation is particularly apparent upstream of coding seque... | Introduction Functionally important sequences are expected to evolve more slowly than neutrally evolving sequences. This is because long periods of selection for functional efficiency lead to sequences in which most advantageous mutations have already become fixed. The majority of new mutations in a sequence are then d... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544929.xml |
544875 | Computation of elementary modes: a unifying framework and the new binary approach | Background Metabolic pathway analysis has been recognized as a central approach to the structural analysis of metabolic networks. The concept of elementary (flux) modes provides a rigorous formalism to describe and assess pathways and has proven to be valuable for many applications. However, computing elementary modes ... | Background The background section presents the importance of computing elementary modes for metabolic system analysis, its computational difficulties and the existence of various known algorithms. A theoretical section brings these algorithms into a unified framework. In a following section we introduce a new approach,... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC544875.xml |
514887 | Submission of Microarray Data to Public Repositories | The Microarray Gene Expression Data Society believe that the time is right for journals to require that microarray data be deposited in public repositories, as a condition for publication | A fundamental principle guiding the publication of scientific results is that the data supporting any scholarly work must be made fully available to the research community, in a form that allows the basic conclusions to be evaluated independently. In the context of molecular biology, this has typically meant that autho... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC514887.xml |
523232 | Slime Mold Myosin Thick Filament Assembly Dissected | null | The movements needed to read this synopsis—turning the page, tracking along the lines, sitting, breathing—all require myosin, a molecular motor in muscle that transforms chemical energy into small but deliberate motions. But beyond these macro-movements, myosin is also required for the micro-movements of individual cel... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC523232.xml |
387278 | Troubled Waters: The Future of Global Fisheries | Scientists debating how to assess global fisheries are now including studies of long-term ecosystem effects and options for recovery efforts. But is it possible to both conserve and farm the sea? | It is becoming increasingly apparent that the vast blue expanse of ocean—the last frontier—is not as inexhaustible as it once seemed. While we have yet to fully explore the reaches of the sea, technology has granted humans the ability to harvest its wealth. We can now fish anywhere, at any depth, for any species. Like ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC387278.xml |
517829 | Open Access As Public Policy | Governments around the world have turned their attention to the issue of taxpayer access to primary research literature stemming from publicly funded investigations | The global debate over access to primary research literature heated up this summer, fueled by a slew of congressional and parliamentary recommendations, claims of political victory by critics and proponents of open access, and redoubled lobbying efforts on every side of the issue. After months of often dizzying rhetori... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC517829.xml |
548691 | Construction of a radiation hybrid map of chicken chromosome 2 and alignment to the chicken draft sequence | Background The ChickRH6 whole chicken genome radiation hybrid (RH) panel recently produced has already been used to build radiation hybrid maps for several chromosomes, generating comparative maps with the human and mouse genomes and suggesting improvements to the chicken draft sequence assembly. Here we present the co... | Background Chicken is a model organism in various fields of biology, such as embryology or immunology. It is also the only bird species for which the genome has been studied in detail and a lot is expected from its use in comparative genome analyses. This will help to detect sequences conserved between species, which s... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC548691.xml |
546333 | An HIV Protein Plays a Surprising Role in Gene Activation | null | Retroviruses are expert manipulators when it comes to co-opting their host's cellular resources. A great deal of human complexity stems from the vast repertoire of proteins and mechanisms dedicated to the business of regulating gene expression, and retroviruses like HIV have evolved myriad ways of redirecting that mach... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC546333.xml |
539242 | The apolipoprotein E polymorphism and the cholesterol-raising effect of coffee | Background The response of serum cholesterol to diet may be affected by the apolipoprotein E ( APOE ) ε2/ε3/ε4 polymorphism, which also is a significant predictor of variation in the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) and CHD death. Here, we test the hypothesis that the APOE polymorphism may modulate the cholesterol-... | Introduction Apolipoprotein E (apoE) is a structural component of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, chylomicrons, very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), and high-density-lipoproteins (HDL) [ 1 ]. Variation in the APOE gene sequence results in the 3 common alleles ( ε2, ε3 and ε4 ), which can produce 6 different genotypes ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC539242.xml |
548134 | The impact of diabetes mellitus and other chronic medical conditions on health-related Quality of Life: Is the whole greater than the sum of its parts? | Background Diabetes mellitus (DM) is an important public health concern, the impact of which is increased by the high prevalence of co-existing chronic medical conditions among subjects with DM. The aims of this study were therefore to (1) evaluate the impact of DM and co-existing chronic medical conditions on health-r... | Background Diabetes mellitus, the prevalence of which is reaching epidemic proportions in many parts of the world, is an increasingly important public health concern. In the United States, diabetes is present in 8% of the adult population, and is associated with a two-fold increase in age-adjusted mortality [ 1 , 2 ]. ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC548134.xml |
514893 | Identification of genes differentially expressed in T cells following stimulation with the chemokines CXCL12 and CXCL10 | Background Chemokines are involved in many biological activities ranging from leukocyte differentiation to neuronal morphogenesis. Despite numerous reports describing chemokine function, little is known about the molecular changes induced by cytokines. Methods We have isolated and identified by differential display ana... | Background CXC and CC chemokines are small soluble proteins expressed and secreted by a number of cell types during the initial host response to injury, allergens, antigens, or invading microorganisms [ 1 ]. These ligands selectively attract leukocytes to inflammatory foci via facilitation of cellular adhesion, transen... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC514893.xml |
493283 | Endometrial glands as a source of nutrients, growth factors and cytokines during the first trimester of human pregnancy: A morphological and immunohistochemical study | Background The maternal circulation to the human placenta is not fully established until 10–12 weeks of pregnancy. During the first trimester the intervillous space is filled by a clear fluid, in part derived from secretions from the endometrial glands via openings in the basal plate. The aim was to determine the activ... | Background The realisation that the maternal circulation to the human placenta is extremely limited prior to 10–12 weeks of pregnancy prompted us to investigate other potential sources of fetal nutrition during the first trimester [ 1 - 4 ]. During the evolution of ovoviviparity and viviparity secretions from the uteru... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC493283.xml |
509424 | The STATs in cell stress-type responses | In the early 1990's, a new cell signaling pathway was described. This new paradigm, now known as the JAK/STAT pathway, has been extensively investigated in immune-type cells in response to interferons and interleukins. However, recent evidence suggests that the JAK/STAT pathway also mediates diverse cellular responses ... | Review In multicellular organisms, every cell comprising every tissue, organ, or organ system constantly strives to maintain homeostasis in the face of destabilizing influences. Whether it is external stimuli such as toxic chemical exposure or changes in oxygen tension, or natural alterations in pH or osmolarity due to... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC509424.xml |
554092 | Opisthobranchia (Mollusca, Gastropoda) – more than just slimy slugs. Shell reduction and its implications on defence and foraging | Background In general shell-less slugs are considered to be slimy animals with a rather dull appearance and a pest to garden plants. But marine slugs usually are beautifully coloured animals belonging to the less-known Opisthobranchia. They are characterized by a large array of interesting biological phenomena, usually... | Background Very often, non-shelled gastropods are considered to be slimy and non-attractive. This connotation usually refers to terrestrial species of the Stylommatophora belonging to the well-known Limacidae or Arionidae and in particular to garden snails, which do have negative effects on our horticulture. However, t... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC554092.xml |
539281 | Can somatostatin control acute bleeding from oesophageal varices in Schistosoma mansoni patients?[ISRCTN63456799] | Background Management of patients with bleeding oesophageal varices comprises of mainly diagnostic endoscopy, sclerotherapy and band ligation. One of the major problems to do any of the above is the active bleeding which makes any intervention difficult. The neuropeptide hormone somatostatin administered exogenously ha... | Background Complications due to severe schistosomiasis include fibrosis, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, haematemesis, varices, portal hypertension, ascites formation and death [ 1 ]. Complications resulting from hepatic fibrosis (such as portal hypertension and variceal bleeding) are the principal cause of death in S. man... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC539281.xml |
539256 | A sugar beet chlorophyll a/b binding protein promoter void of G-box like elements confers strong and leaf specific reporter gene expression in transgenic sugar beet | Background Modification of leaf traits in sugar beet requires a strong leaf specific promoter. With such a promoter, expression in taproots can be avoided which may otherwise take away available energy resources for sugar accumulation. Results Suppression Subtractive Hybridization (SSH) was utilized to generate an enri... | Background Sugar beet ( Beta vulgaris L.) is a biennial plant, a member of the Chenopodiaceae family [ 1 ]. In the first year after germination, a rosette of leaves develops while the taproot swells and accumulates sucrose. In the second year, flower initiation is induced after vernalization in the preceding winter. Be... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC539256.xml |
526376 | Convergent Evolution of Chromosomal Sex-Determining Regions in the Animal and Fungal Kingdoms | Sexual identity is governed by sex chromosomes in plants and animals, and by mating type (MAT) loci in fungi. Comparative analysis of the MAT locus from a species cluster of the human fungal pathogen Cryptococcus revealed sequential evolutionary events that fashioned this large, highly unusual region. We hypothesize th... | Introduction Elucidating mechanisms by which sex chromosomes evolved from autosomes has been accelerated by the revolution in genomic sciences. In humans, the male-specific approximately 50–60 Mb Y chromosome evolved via chromosomal rearrangement, gene conversion, duplication, and degeneration over approximately 300 mi... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC526376.xml |
493268 | Effects of chemokines on proliferation and apoptosis of human mesangial cells | Background Proliferation and apoptosis of mesangial cells (MC) are important mechanisms during nephrogenesis, for the maintenance of glomerular homeostasis as well as in renal disease and glomerular regeneration. Expression of chemokines and chemokine receptors by intrinsic renal cells, e.g. SLC/CCL21 on podocytes and ... | Background Originally chemokines ( chemo tactic cyto kines ) were described as key mediators for the selective migration of leukocytes into sites of tissue injury [ 1 ]. Later on chemokines and chemokine receptors have also been described as important mediators in noninflammatory processes, including normal cellular tr... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC493268.xml |
554086 | Kaposi's sarcoma associated herpes virus-encoded viral FLICE inhibitory protein activates transcription from HIV-1 Long Terminal Repeat via the classical NF-κB pathway and functionally cooperates with Tat | Background The nuclear transcription factor NF-κB binds to the HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR) and is a key regulator of HIV-1 gene expression in cells latently infected with this virus. In this report, we have analyzed the ability of Kaposi's sarcoma associate herpes virus (KSHV, also known as Human Herpes virus 8)-e... | Background The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) establishes latent infection following integration into the host genome [ 1 ]. The expression of integrated HIV-1 provirus in cells latently infected with this virus is controlled at the level of transcription by an interplay between distinct cellular and viral... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC554086.xml |
539295 | Ultrasound imaging versus morphopathology in cardiovascular diseases. Coronary atherosclerotic plaque | This review article is aimed at comparing the results of histopathological and clinical imaging studies to assess coronary atherosclerotic plaques in humans. In particular, the gap between the two techniques and its effect on the understanding of the pathophysiological basis of coronary artery disease is critically dis... | Introduction Amongst the clinical approaches ultrasound imaging is one of the more promising technique to understand dysfunction. The need is to compare morphopathological counterpart to have a correct pathophysiological interpretation. In four reviews, morphopathology of the main cardiovascular disorders, in relation ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC539295.xml |
526389 | Factors influencing quality of life in patients with active tuberculosis | Background With effective treatment strategies, the focus of tuberculosis (TB) management has shifted from the prevention of mortality to the avoidance of morbidity. As such, there should be an increased focus on quality of life (QoL) experienced by individuals being treated for TB. The objective of our study was to id... | Introduction Globally, tuberculosis (TB) is a major public health problem [ 1 ]. In 1997, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that 32% of the world's population was infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis [ 2 ]. Tuberculosis was a major cause of morbidity and mortality in Canada early in the 20 th Century. H... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC526389.xml |
549029 | Evaluation of genome-wide chromatin library of Stat5 binding sites in human breast cancer | Background There is considerable interest in identifying target genes and chromatin binding sites for transcription factors in a genome-wide manner. Such information may become useful in diagnosis and treatment of disease, drug target identification, and for prognostication. In cancer diagnosis, patterns of transcripti... | Background Transcription factors function uniquely at the interface of the genome and the proteome. A significant portion of transcription factors serve not only as executors of gene transcription programs, but also as biochemical sensors of extracellular stimuli. For instance, members of the nuclear receptor family ar... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC549029.xml |
509419 | P2 receptor mRNA expression profiles in human lymphocytes, monocytes and CD34+ stem and progenitor cells | Background Extracellular nucleotides (ATP, ADP, UTP and UDP) exert a wide range of biological effects in blood cells mediated by multiple ionotropic P2X receptors and G protein-coupled P2Y receptors. Although pharmacological experiments have suggested the presence of several P2 receptor subtypes on monocytes and lympho... | Background Extracellular nucleotides (ATP, ADP, UTP and UDP) exert a wide range of biological effects in blood cells mediated by multiple ionotropic P2X receptors and G protein-coupled P2Y receptors [ 1 - 3 ]. So far, the P2Y family is composed of eight cloned and functionally distinct subtypes (P2Y 1 , P2Y 2 , P2Y 4 ,... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC509419.xml |
300883 | Multiple Apoptotic Caspase Cascades Are Required in Nonapoptotic Roles for Drosophila Spermatid Individualization | Spermatozoa are generated and mature within a germline syncytium. Differentiation of haploid syncytial spermatids into single motile sperm requires the encapsulation of each spermatid by an independent plasma membrane and the elimination of most sperm cytoplasm, a process known as individualization. Apoptosis is mediat... | Introduction Most, if not all, cells have the potential to carry out the apoptotic cell death program ( Jacobson et al. 1997 ). Key players in this process are caspase family proteases. Apical caspases are activated through interactions with adapter molecules in response to death signals arising from cellular compartme... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC300883.xml |
534799 | The bag or the spindle: the cell factory at the time of systems' biology | Genome programs changed our view of bacteria as cell factories, by making them amenable to systematic rational improvement. As a first step, isolated genes (including those of the metagenome), or small gene clusters are improved and expressed in a variety of hosts. New techniques derived from functional genomics (trans... | Review Genomes in the thousands At the date of October 30 th , 2004 the GOLD ( ) site provided links to 1205 ongoing or completed genome programmes, most of which from prokaryotic organisms. More than 40,000 pages are indexed in the WWW Browser Engine Google for the keyword "cell factory". Early in 1999 the European Un... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC534799.xml |
546332 | DNA Recombination and Repair—A New Twist to RecA Function | null | Molecular motors harness the energy of ATP (or GTP, a related energy currency) and transform it into mechanical force. Well-known examples of motors include myosin and dynein, proteins that use ATP to ferry intracellular cargo along fibers made of actin or tubulin proteins. The ATP-dependent assembly of actin or tubuli... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC546332.xml |
549028 | Prolastin, a pharmaceutical preparation of purified human α1-antitrypsin, blocks endotoxin-mediated cytokine release | Background α1-antitrypsin (AAT) serves primarily as an inhibitor of the elastin degrading proteases, neutrophil elastase and proteinase 3. There is ample clinical evidence that inherited severe AAT deficiency predisposes to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Augmentation therapy for AAT deficiency has been availabl... | Background α1-antitrypsin (AAT) is a glycoprotein, which is the major inhibitor of neutrophil elastase and proteinase 3 [ 1 , 2 ]. AAT is mainly produced in liver cells, but also in extrahepatic cells, such as monocytes, macrophages and pulmonary alveolar cells [ 3 , 4 ]. The average concentration of AAT in plasma in h... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC549028.xml |
522879 | Large-scale exploration of growth inhibition caused by overexpression of genomic fragments in Saccharomyces cerevisiae | A screen of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome for fragments conferring a growth-impairment phenotype identified 714 fragments in about 84,000 clones tested. | Background The complete genome sequences of various eukaryotic model organisms such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae , Caenorhabditis elegans , Drosophila melanogaster , Arabidopsis thaliana and Schizosaccharomyces pombe , have revealed a large number of novel genes of unknown functions. In S. cerevisiae , for example, arou... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC522879.xml |
523233 | BMP Signaling Maintains Healthy Joint Cartilage | null | The alarm clock rings and you jump straight out of bed, rattling downstairs to start the day. Or maybe you creak downstairs, each step a struggle because of stiffness and pain in your knees and other joints. If the second description fits the start of your day, then maybe, like 70 million Americans, you have arthritis,... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC523233.xml |
517828 | Key to Cholesterol's Role in Nematode Development | null | Cholesterol has a bad rap for its association with human heart disease. But actually cholesterol and other sterols are essential for a wide variety of organisms. For most eukaryotes—organisms whose cells have nuclei—sterols reside in the cell membrane and play major structural roles. Sterols keep cell membranes flexibl... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC517828.xml |
534798 | Dietary effect of pomegranate seed oil rich in 9cis, 11trans, 13cis conjugated linolenic acid on lipid metabolism in obese, hyperlipidemic OLETF Rats | Conjugated fatty acid, the general term of positional and geometric isomers of polyunsaturated fatty acids with conjugated double bonds, has attracted considerable attention because of its potentially beneficial biological effects. In the present study, dietary effect of pomegranate seed oil rich in punicic acid (9 cis... | Background Conjugated fatty acid (CFA) is the general term of positional and geometric isomers of polyunsaturated fatty acids with conjugated double bonds. It has been reported that conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), the CFA form of linoleic acid, has favorable physiological effects, such as anti-atherosclerosis, anti-obe... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC534798.xml |
526377 | Fungus Holds Clues to the Evolution of Sex Chromosomes | null | It's a basic biological principle that living things share certain fundamental traits. That's why understanding the mechanisms of cell division in single-celled yeast, say, can offer insight into cell division in humans. Now Joseph Heitman and colleagues report that the evolutionary events that spawned sex chromosomes ... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC526377.xml |
522878 | A catalog of human cDNA expression clones and its application to structural genomics | A systematic approach for identifying human proteins and protein fragments that can be expressed as soluble proteins in Escherichia coli is described. | Background Structural genomics and structural proteomics involve the systematic structural analysis of large sets of proteins [ 1 , 2 ]. Structural analysis requires protein samples of high quality and reasonable quantity [ 3 ]. Bacterial protein-expression systems, namely Escherichia coli , are well suited for prepari... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC522878.xml |
539294 | Expression of the Tpl2/Cot oncogene in human T-cell neoplasias | Background Tpl2/Cot oncogene has been identified in murine T-cell lymphomas as a target of MoMuLV insertion. Animal and tissue culture studies have shown that Tpl2/Cot is involved in interleukin-2 (IL-2) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) production by T-cells contributing to T-cell proliferation. In the present repor... | Background Cells may transform to a malignant phenotype following accumulation of distinct genetic events that result in altered protein expression pattern, thus facilitating uncontrolled proliferation. Such genetic events target specific oncogenes that act in concert to provide the malignant phenotype. Tpl2/Cot oncoge... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC539294.xml |
539257 | Endodontic flare-ups: comparison of incidence between single and multiple visit procedures in patients attending a Nigerian teaching hospital | Background Until recently the most accepted technique of doing root canal treatment stresses multiple visit procedure. Most schools also concentrated upon teaching the multi-visit concept. However, it has now been reported that the procedure of single visit treatment is advocated by at least 70% of schools in all geogr... | Background Until recently the most accepted technique of doing endodontic treatment stresses multiple visit procedures. Most schools also concentrated upon teaching the multi-visit concept. However, it has now been reported that the procedure of single visit treatment is advocated by at least 70% of schools in all geog... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC539257.xml |
509418 | From biomedicine to natural history research: EST resources for ambystomatid salamanders | Background Establishing genomic resources for closely related species will provide comparative insights that are crucial for understanding diversity and variability at multiple levels of biological organization. We developed ESTs for Mexican axolotl ( Ambystoma mexicanum ) and Eastern tiger salamander ( A. tigrinum tig... | Background Establishing genomic resources for closely related species will provide comparative insights that are crucial for understanding diversity and variability at multiple levels of biological organization. Expressed sequence tags (EST) are particularly useful genomic resources because they enable multiple lines o... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC509418.xml |
521183 | High Affinity: Making Up for Being Male | null | Because males and females possess different numbers of the two sex chromosomes (for instance, in mammals, XX in females versus XY in males), the potential “dose” of each gene differs. Without some compensating mechanism, female mammals would express twice the quantity of an X-linked gene as males. The same holds true i... | /Users/keerthanasridhar/biomedlm/data/PMC000xxxxxx/PMC521183.xml |
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