Historical Bridges in MA Rebuilt with FRP Composites
Having reliable infrastructure is one of the key components that keeps people on the move.
Roads, bridges, overpasses, and other vital elements enable people and commercial transportation to move to and from desired destinations with ease. That's why it's important to maintain certain building structures such as bridges.
Conventional materials like steel, concrete, and wood can be worn down over time, and they require quite a bit of maintenance.
Luckily, with the help of advanced Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) composites, the lifespan of bridges can be extended. Let's look at some examples.
Rugg Bridge
Located in Sandisfield, MA on Route 57, the Rugg Bridge is a historical crossing point that was built back in 1938. Carrying travelers across the Clam River, this bridge has been a key part of the local infrastructure for decades.
In desperate need of repair, the Massachusetts Department of Transportation (MassDOT) undertook the task of rebuilding the decaying bridge. After receiving a $1 million grant to cover the cost of repairs, the decision was made to rebuild the bridge using FRP composites.
Originally built out of concrete that had been poured over a steel grid, the bridge deck weighed 60 lbs psf. While this was fine for foot travelers and horses, it has not been able to withstand heavy use. The deck itself was too heavy to hold up for much longer. A lightweight replacement was needed urgently.
Choosing to use a FiberSPAN bridge deck, construction began on the new Rugg Bridge. Steel stringers were spaced longitudinally along the 123-ft bridge and spaced precisely 6-ft-2-in apart along the center.
Next, the FiberSPAN deck was installed. FRP composite panels were used. Each panel measures 25-ft-11-in in width and 10-ft in length. They also all maintain a consistent thickness of 7-7/8-in. The fiberglass panels were then connected to the steel stringers via bolted shear studs.
The wear surface was made from black Matacryl also known as aluminum oxide. In total, the new FRP composite bridge deck weighs only 23 lbs psf. The finished bridge is now able to withstand loading conditions up to an 18-wheeler. This comes out to a wheel load of 16,000 lbs and an axle load of 32,000 lbs.
Other specifications include an environmental durability factor of 0.9 and a bending strain/shear strain maximum of 20% for a service load with a dead load. That is one very durable bridge.
Rocks Village Bridge
The Rugg Bridge isn't the first time FRP composites have been used to rebuild bridges. In fact, the folks over at MassDOT took inspiration from the Rocks Village Bridge rebuild in Haverhill, MA.
As the state's oldest moveable bridge, the Rocks Village Bridge was constructed in 1883. The original structure featured a six-span truss design that swung to allow barges and boats to pass underneath with no complications.
The restoration of this vital bridge not only replaced old materials with FRP composite profiles, but it also added an extra 18,800 sq ft of driving space. Since its rehabilitation in 2015, recent inspections have shown that the FRP composite surface, span joints, and panel-to-panel joints are still like new.
The original Rocks Village Bridge consisted of timber, which was not aging well. Due to exposure to elements, the wood was beginning to warp and rot. Moisture damage had set in, and it became apparent that replacing the old timber with new wood planks would just lead to more maintenance in the near future. That is why MassDOT turned to FRP composites.
As a connecting passageway over the Merrimac River, the Rocks Village Bridge also featured original steel truss latticework on the outside. By cleaning and coating the steel components, this section of the bridge was able to be saved. Additionally, six new steel beams were added to the interior portion of the bridge for reinforcement.
FRP composites came into play for the bridge deck. A lightweight material was needed to retain the bridge's ability to swing open to let boats pass underneath. This means that the deck needed to be as lightweight as possible.
The average concrete bridge deck weighs 100 lbs psf, and a steel grate is about 25 lbs psf. On the other hand, a FRP composite bridge deck weighs only 19 lbs psf. Since the FRP composite material is also immune to water and corrosion, it proved to be the best choice.
Because of the length of the bridge, the original engineers had used uneven trapezoidal shapes to create the latticework for the deck.
With one end of the bridge being narrower than the other, the new designers had to create new, correct dimensions. They also needed to come up with a design that would support loads transferred from the guardrails in the event of an impact. This led to the engineers attaching guardrails on three of the spans on the bridge deck and other guardrails to the sides of the deck for optimized flexibility.
The FRP composite panels weighed 5,000 lbs each and had to be installed sequentially because there was no extra space for a crane. Using light equipment, the construction team was able to place the panels with no problem. The FRP composite panels were connected by shear studs and welding steel edges instead of the usual adhesive bond.
Once the bridge deck was complete, a polymer-infused concrete overlay was placed over the top instead of conventional asphalt. This was done to minimize the total weight. The finished FRP composite bridge now measures 809-ft long with a total deck area of 18,776 sf.
There are currently 54,957 historical bridges across the United States that require restoration. At the present, steps to preserve the bridges have kept them in passable working order. However, by replacing the worn-out components with FRP composite profiles, the bridges can be made like new again. They will also last a lot longer.
If you are looking for a way to restore your city's local bridges, get in touch with our experts here at Tencom to learn more about FRP composite profiles.
Topics:General


Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR), and the closely related resting metabolic rate (RMR), is the amount of daily energy expended by humans and animals at rest. Rest is defined as existing in a neutrally temperate environment while in the post-absorptive state. In plants, different considerations apply.
The release of energy in this state is sufficient only for the functioning of the vital organs, the heart, lungs, nervous system, kidneys, liver, intestine, sex organs, muscles, and skin.
2 Nutrition and dietary considerations
3 Physiology
3.1 BMR estimation formulas
3.2 Animal BMR
4.1 Glucose
4.2 Fats
4.3 Proteins
4.4 Aerobic vs. anaerobic exercise
5 Longevity
5.1 Organism longevity and basal metabolic rate
6 Medical considerations
7 Cardiovascular implications
The body's generation of heat is known as thermogenesis and it can be measured to determine the amount of energy expended. BMR decreases with age generally (as people usually don't maintain lean body mass) and with the loss of lean body mass. Increasing muscle mass increases BMR. Aerobic fitness level, a product of cardiovascular exercise, while previously thought to have effect on BMR, has been shown in the 1990s not to correlate with BMR, when fat-free body mass was adjusted for.[citation needed] New research[citation needed] has however come to light which suggests anaerobic exercise does increase resting energy consumption (see "Aerobic vs. anaerobic exercise"). Illness, previously consumed food and beverages, environmental temperature, and stress levels can affect one's overall energy expenditure as well as one's BMR.
BMR is measured under very restrictive circumstances when a person is awake. An accurate BMR measurement requires that the person's sympathetic nervous system not be stimulated, a condition which requires complete rest. A more common and closely related measurement, used under less strict conditions, is resting metabolic rate (RMR).[1]
BMR and RMR are measured by gas analysis through either direct or indirect calorimetry, though a rough estimation can be acquired through an equation using age, sex, height, and weight. Studies of energy metabolism using both methods provide convincing evidence for the validity of the respiratory quotient (R.Q.), which measures the inherent composition and utilization of carbohydrates, fats and proteins as they are converted to energy substrate units that can be used by the body as energy. Studies conducted by Spennewyn in 1990 found strong correlations between lean mass and metabolism based on indirect calorimetry measurements. Spennewyn discovered that lean tissue in men and women required approximately 16 calories per pound per day[citation needed]. Thus, once a lean mass was known it could be multiplied by 16 to reveal daily caloric needs based on the activity level of the individual. This method has been used in many health club environments to determine daily caloric needs.
Nutrition and dietary considerations
Basal metabolism is usually by far the largest component of total caloric expenditure. However, the Harris-Benedict equations are only approximate and variation in BMR (reflecting varying body composition), in physical activity levels, and in energy expended in thermogenesis make it difficult to estimate the dietary consumption any particular individual needs in order to maintain body weight.
Both basal metabolic rate and resting metabolic rate are usually expressed in terms of daily rates of energy expenditure. The early work of the scientists J. Arthur Harris and Francis G. Benedict showed that approximate values could be derived using body surface area (computed from height and weight), age, and sex, along with the oxygen and carbon dioxide measures taken from calorimetry. Studies also showed that by eliminating the sex differences that occur with the accumulation of adipose tissue by expressing metabolic rate per unit of "fat-free" or lean body weight, the values between sexes for basal metabolism are essentially the same[citation needed]. Exercise physiology textbooks have tables to show the conversion of height and body surface area as they relate to weight and basal metabolic values.
The primary organ responsible for regulating metabolism is the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus is located on the diencephalon and forms the floor and part of the lateral walls of the third ventricle of the cerebrum. The chief functions of the hypothalamus are:
control and integration of activities of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)
The ANS regulates contraction of smooth muscle and cardiac muscle, along with secretions of many endocrine organs such as the thyroid gland (associated with many metabolic disorders).
Through the ANS, the hypothalamus is the main regulator of visceral activities, such as heart rate, movement of food through the gastrointestinal tract, and contraction of the urinary bladder.
production and regulation of feelings of rage and aggression
regulation of body temperature
regulation of food intake, through two centers:
The feeding center or hunger center is responsible for the sensations that cause us to seek food. When sufficient food or substrates have been received and leptin is high, then the satiety center is stimulated and sends impulses that inhibit the feeding center. When insufficient food is present in the stomach and ghrelin levels are high, receptors in the hypothalamus initiate the sense of hunger.
The thirst center operates similarly when certain cells in the hypothalamus are stimulated by the rising osmotic pressure of the extracellular fluid. If thirst is satisfied, osmotic pressure decreases.
All of these functions taken together form a survival mechanism that causes us to sustain the body processes that BMR and RMR measure.
BMR estimation formulas
Several prediction equations exist. Historically most notable was Harris-Benedict equation, which was created in 1919.
The original equations from Harris and Benedict are:
for men,
where P is total heat production at complete rest, m is the weight, h is the height, and a is the age, and with the difference in BMR for men and women being mainly due to differences in body weight.[2] For example, a 55 year old woman weighing 130 lb (59 kg) and 5 feet 6 inches (168 cm) tall would have a BMR of 1272 kcal per day or 53 kcal/h (61.3 watts).
It was the best prediction equation until 1990, when Mifflin et al. [3] introduced the equation:
, where s is +5 for males and −161 for females.
According to this formula, the woman in the example above has a BMR of 1204 kcal per day. During the last 100 years, lifestyles have changed and Frankenfield et al.[4] showed it to be about 5% more accurate.
These formulae are based on body weight, which does not take into account the difference in metabolic activity between lean body mass and body fat. Other formulas exist which take into account lean body mass, two of which are the Katch-McArdle formula, and Cunningham formula. It should be noted, however, that the Cunningham formula is used to predict RMR instead of BMR.
The Katch-McArdle Formula (BMR):
, where LBM is the lean body mass in kg.[5]
According to this formula, if the woman in the example has a body fat percentage of 30%, her BMR would be 1263 kcal per day.
The Cunningham Formula (RMR):
, where LBM is the lean body mass in kg
Since lean body mass is metabolically active vs. fat cells which need very few calories to be sustained, these formula tend to be more accurate, especially with athletes who have above average lean mass and little body fat.
To calculate daily calorie needs, the BMR value is multiplied by a factor with a value between 1.2 and 1.9, depending on the person's activity level.
Animal BMR
Kleiber's law relates the BMR for animals of different sizes and the observations indicate that the BMR is proportional to the 3/4 power of body mass. Warm blooded, cold blooded and unicellular organisms fit on different curves.
Energy expenditure breakdown
Liver 27%
Brain 19%
Heart 7%
Kidneys 10%
Skeletal muscle 18%
Other organs 19%
Postprandial thermogenesis increases in basal metabolic rate occur at different degrees depending on consumed food composition.
About 70% of a human's total energy expenditure is due to the basal life processes within the organs of the body (see table). About 20% of one's energy expenditure comes from physical activity and another 10% from thermogenesis, or digestion of food (postprandial thermogenesis).[6] All of these processes require an intake of oxygen along with coenzymes to provide energy for survival (usually from macronutrients like carbohydrates, fats, and proteins) and expel carbon dioxide, due to processing by the Krebs cycle.
For the BMR, most of the energy is consumed in maintaining fluid levels in tissues through osmosis, and only about one-tenth is consumed for mechanical work, such as digestion, heartbeat, and breathing.[7]
What enables the Krebs cycle to perform metabolic changes to fats, carbohydrates, and proteins is energy, which can be defined as the ability or capacity to do work. The breakdown of large molecules into smaller molecules--associated with release of energy--is catabolism. The building up process is termed anabolism. The breakdown of proteins into amino acids is an example of catabolism, while the formation of proteins from amino acids is an anabolic process.
Exergonic reactions are energy-releasing reactions and are generally catabolic. Endergonic reactions require energy and include anabolic reactions and the contraction of muscle. Metabolism is the total of all catabolic, exergonic, anabolic, endergonic reactions.
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) is the intermediate molecule that drives the exergonic transfer of energy to switch to endergonic anabolic reactions used in muscle contraction. This is what causes muscles to work which can require a breakdown, and also to build in the rest period, which occurs during the strengthening phase associated with muscular contraction. ATP is composed of adenine, a nitrogen containing base, ribose, a five carbon sugar (collectively called adenosine), and three phosphate groups. ATP is a high energy molecule because it stores large amounts of energy in the chemical bonds of the two terminal phosphate groups. The breaking of these chemical bonds in the Krebs Cycle provides the energy needed for muscular contraction.
Because the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen atoms in all carbohydrates is always the same as that in water — that is, 2 to 1 — all of the oxygen consumed by the cells is used to oxidize the carbon in the carbohydrate molecule to form carbon dioxide. Consequently, during the complete oxidation of a glucose molecule, six molecules of carbon dioxide are produced and six molecules of oxygen are consumed.
The overall equation for this reaction is:
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O
Because the gas exchange in this reaction is equal, the respiratory quotient for carbohydrate is unity or 1.0:
R.Q. = 6 CO2 / 6 O2
The chemical composition for fats differs from that of carbohydrates in that fats contain considerably fewer oxygen atoms in proportion to atoms of carbon and hydrogen. When listed on nutritional information tables, fats are generally divided into six categories: total fats, saturated fatty acid, polyunsaturated fatty acid, monounsaturated fatty acid, dietary cholesterol, and trans fatty acid. From a basal metabolic or resting metabolic perspective, more energy is needed to burn a saturated fatty acid than an unsaturated fatty acid. The fatty acid molecule is broken down and categorized based on the number of carbon atoms in its molecular structure. The chemical equation for metabolism of the twelve to sixteen carbon atoms in a saturated fatty acid molecule shows the difference between metabolism of carbohydrates and fatty acids. Palmitic acid is a commonly studied example of the saturated fatty acid molecule.
The overall equation for the substrate utilization of palmitic acid is:
C16H32O2 + 23 O2 → 16 CO2 + 16 H2O
Thus the R.Q. for palmitic acid is 0.696:
R.Q. = 16 CO2 / 23 O2 = 0.696
Proteins are composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen arranged in a variety of ways to form a large combination of amino acids. Unlike fat the body has no storage deposits of protein. All of it is contained in the body as important parts of tissues, blood hormones, and enzymes. The structural components of the body that contain these amino acids are continually undergoing a process of breakdown and replacement. The respiratory quotient for protein metabolism can be demonstrated by the chemical equation for oxidation of albumin:
C72H112N18O22S + 77 O2 → 63 CO2 + 38 H2O + SO3 + 9 CO(NH2)2
The R.Q. for albumin is 63 CO2/ 77 O2 = 0.818
The reason this is important in the process of understanding protein metabolism is that the body can blend the three macronutrients and based on the mitochondrial density, a preferred ratio can be established which determines how much fuel is utilized in which packets for work accomplished by the muscles. Protein catabolism (breakdown) has been estimated to supply 10% to 15% of the total energy requirement during a two hour training session. However, if a person's muscle glycogen supplies are low from previous exercise sessions, the amount of energy derived from protein catabolism could increase from 15% to 45%. This process could severely degrade the protein structures needed to maintain survival such as contractile properties of proteins in the heart, cellular mitochondria, myoglobin storage, and metabolic enzymes within muscles.
The oxidative system (aerobic) is the primary source of ATP supplied to the body at rest and during low intensity activities and uses primarily carbohydrates and fats as substrates. Protein is not normally metabolized significantly, except during long term starvation and long bouts of exercise (greater than 90 minutes.) At rest approximately 70% of the ATP produced is derived from fats and 30% from carbohydrates. Following the onset of activity, as the intensity of the exercise increases, there is a shift in substrate preference from fats to carbohydrates. During high intensity aerobic exercise, almost 100% of the energy is derived from carbohydrates, if an adequate supply is available.
Aerobic vs. anaerobic exercise
Studies published in 1992[8] and 1997[9] indicate that the level of aerobic fitness of an individual does not have any correlation with the level of resting metabolism. Both studies find that aerobic fitness levels do not improve the predictive power of fat free mass for resting metabolic rate.
Anaerobic exercise — such as weight lifting — builds additional muscle mass, which is fat-free mass. Additional fat-free mass will lead to a higher resting metabolic rate according to the above studies.[citation needed]
Also, while aerobic exercise is beneficial for cardiovascular reasons as well as direct calorie burning, recent studies seem to suggest that heavy endurance exercise also increases resting metabolism. However, it is unclear if light cardiovascular training has the same effect.[citation needed]
See also: heartbeat hypothesis
In 1926 Raymond Pearl proposed that longevity varies inversely with basal metabolic rate (the "rate of living hypothesis"). Support for this hypothesis comes from the fact that mammals with larger body size have longer maximum life spans and the fact that the longevity of fruit flies varies inversely with ambient temperature.[10] Additionally, the life span of houseflies can be extended by preventing physical activity.[11] This theory has been bolstered by several new studies linking lower basal metabolic rate to increased life expectancy, across the animal kingdom - including humans. [12][13][14][15]
But the ratio of total daily energy expenditure to resting metabolic rate can vary between 1.6 to 8.0 between species of mammals. Animals also vary in the degree of coupling between oxidative phosphorylation and ATP production, the amount of saturated fat in mitochondrial membranes, the amount of DNA repair, and many other factors that affect maximum life span.[16]
Organism longevity and basal metabolic rate
In allometric scaling, maximum potential life span (MPLS) is directly related to metabolic rate (MR), where MR is the recharge rate of a biomass made up of covalent bonds. That biomass (W) is subjected to deterioration over time from thermodynamic, entropic pressure. Metabolism is essentially understood as redox coupling, and has nothing to do with thermogenesis. Metabolic efficiency (ME) is then expressed as the efficiency of this coupling, a ratio of amperes[clarification needed] captured and used by biomass, to the amperes available for that purpose. MR is measured in watts, W is measured in grams. These factors are combined in a power law, an elaboration on Kleiber's law relating MR to W and MPLS, that appears as MR = W^ (4ME-1)/4ME.[clarification needed] When ME is 100%, MR = W^3/4, what is known popularly as quarter power scaling, a version of allometric scaling premised upon unreal estimations of biological efficiency.
The equation reveals that as ME drops below 20%, for W < one gram, MR/MPLS increases so dramatically as to endow W with virtual immortality by 16%. The smaller W is to begin with, the more dramatic is the increase in MR as ME diminishes. All of the cells of an organism fit into this range, i.e., less than one gram, and so this MR will be referred to as BMR.
But the equation reveals that as ME increases over 25%, BMR approaches zero. The equation also shows that for all W > one gram, where W is the organization of all of the BMRs of the organism's structure, but also includes the activity of the structure, as ME increases over 25%, MR/MPLS increases rather than decreases, as it does for BMR. An MR made up of an organization of BMRs will be referred to as an FMR[clarification needed]. As ME decreases below 25%, FMR diminishes rather than increases as it does for BMR.
The antagonism between FMR and BMR is what marks the process of aging of biomass W in energetic terms. The ME for the organism is the same as that for the cells, such that the success of the organism's ability to find food (and lower its ME), is key to maintaining the BMR of the cells driven, otherwise, by starvation, to approaching zero; while at the same time a lower ME diminishes the FMR/MPLS of the organism.[citation needed]
Medical considerations
Each person's metabolism is unique due to his or her unique physical makeup and physical behavior. Weight training can have a longer impact on metabolism than aerobic training, but there are no formulas currently written that can predict the length and duration of a raised metabolism from trophic changes with anabolic neuromuscular training. A decrease in food intake can lower the metabolic rate as the body tries to conserve energy. Researcher Gary Foster, Ph.D., estimates that a very low calorie diet of fewer than 800 calories a day would reduce the metabolic rate by more than 10 percent.[17] The metabolic rate can be affected by some drugs, such as antidepressants, which may produce weight gain in some individuals.[17] Antithyroid agents, drugs used to treat hyperthyroidism, such as propylthiouracil and methimazole, bring the metabolic rate down to normal and restore euthyroidism. Some research has focused on developing antiobesity drugs to raise the metabolic rate, such as drugs to stimulate thermogenesis in skeletal muscle. Studies of humans with 100+ year life spans have shown a link to decreased thyroid activity, their resulting lowered metabolic rate is thought to attribute to their increased life expectancy.[18]
Some conditions can be a factor in the metabolic rate. The metabolic rate may be elevated in stress, illness, and diabetes. Menopause affects metabolism but in different ways for different people; thus hormones are sometimes used to minimize the effects of menopause.
Cardiovascular implications
Heart rate is determined by the medulla oblongata and part of the pons, two organs located inferior to the hypothalamus on the brain stem. Heart rate is important for basal metabolic rate and resting metabolic rate because it drives the blood supply, stimulating the Krebs cycle[citation needed]. During exercise that achieves the anaerobic threshold, it is possible to deliver substrates that are desired for optimal energy utilization. The anaerobic threshold is defined as the energy utilization level of heart rate exertion that occurs without oxygen during a standardized test with a specific protocol for accuracy of measurement[citation needed], such as the Bruce Treadmill protocol (see Metabolic equivalent). With four to six weeks of targeted training the body systems can adapt to a higher perfusion of mitochondrial density for increased oxygen availability for the Krebs cycle, or tricarboxylic cycle, or the glycolitic cycle[citation needed]. This in turn leads to a lower resting heart rate, lower blood pressure, and increased resting or basal metabolic rate[citation needed].
By measuring heart rate we can then derive estimations of what level of substrate utilization is actually causing biochemical metabolism in our bodies at rest or in activity[citation needed]. This in turn can help a person to maintain an appropriate level of consumption and utilization by studying a graphical representation of the anaerobic threshold. This can be confirmed by blood tests and gas analysis using either direct or indirect calorimetry to show the effect of substrate utilization[citation needed]. The measures of basal metabolic rate and resting metabolic rate are becoming essential tools for maintaining a healthy body weight.
Food energy
Thermic effect of food
Harris-Benedict equation
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^ Harris J, Benedict F (1918). "A Biometric Study of Human Basal Metabolism". PNAS 4 (12): 370–3. Bibcode 1918PNAS....4..370H. doi:10.1073/pnas.4.12.370. PMC 1091498. PMID 16576330. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1091498.
^ Mifflin, St Jeor et al (1990Comparison of Predictive Equations for Resting Metabolic Rate in Healthy Nonobese and Obese Adults: A Systematic Review). "A new predictive equation for resting energy expenditure in healthy individuals". American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 51 (2): 241–247. PMID 2305711. http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/abstract/51/2/241.
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^ CE Broeder, KA Burrhus, LS Svanevik and JH Wilmore (1992) (1992). "The effects of aerobic fitness on resting metabolic rate". American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 55 (4): 795–801. PMID 1550061. http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/abstract/55/4/795. Retrieved 2007-11-23.
^ D. A. Smith, J. Dollman, R. T. Withers, M. Brinkman, J. P. Keeves, and D. G. Clark(1997) (1997). "Relationship between maximum aerobic power and resting metabolic rate in young adult women". Journal of Applied Physiology 82 (1): 156–63. PMID 9029211. http://jap.physiology.org/cgi/content/abstract/82/1/156. Retrieved 2007-11-23.
^ Miquel J, Lundgren PR, Bensch KG, Atlan H (1976). "The effects of temperature on the aging process have been investigated in approximately 3500 imagoes of male Drosophila melanogaster". Mechanisms of Aging and Development 5 (5): 347–370. doi:10.1016/0047-6374(76)90034-8. PMID 823384.
^ Ragland SS, Sohal RS (1975). "Ambient temperature, physical activity and aging in the housefly, Musca domestica". Experimental Gerontology 10 (5): 279–289. doi:10.1016/0531-5565(75)90005-4. PMID 1204688.
^ http://physrev.physiology.org/content/87/4/1175.full
^ http://www.discoverymedicine.com/S-J-Olshansky/2009/07/25/what-determines-longevity-metabolic-rate-or-stability
^ http://genesdev.cshlp.org/content/19/20/2399.full
^ http://www.asiaone.com/Health/News/Story/A1Story20090613-148261.html
^ Speakman JR, Selman C, McLaren JS, Harper EJ (1 June 2002). "Living fast, dying when? The link between aging and energetics". The Journal of Nutrition 132 (6, Supplement 2): 1583S–1597S. PMID 12042467. http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/full/132/6/1583S.
^ a b Whitman, Stacy "The Truth about Metabolism." Shape. September 2003.
Tsai, Adam Gilden, MD and Wadden, Thomas A. PhD. Systematic Review: An Evaluation of Major Commercial Weightloss Programs in the United States. Ann Intern Med. 2005, 142:56-66.
Gustafson, Deborah, PhD; Rothenburg, Elisabet, PhD; Blennow, Kaj, PhD; Steen, Bertil, MD,PhD; Skoog, Ingmar, MD, PhD. An 18-Year Follow-Up of Overweight and Risk of Alzheimer Disease. Arch Intern Med: Vol. 163, July 14, 2003, pgs 1524 through 1528.
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Segal, Arthur C. A Linear Diet Model. The College Mathematics Journal, January 1987.
Pike, R.L., and Brown, M. Nutrition: An Integrated Approach, 2nd edition New York: Wiley. 1975
Sahlin, K., Tonkonogy, and Soderlund, K. Energy Supply and muscle fatigue in humans. Acta Physiol. Scand. 162:261-266. 1998
Saltin, B, and Gollnick. Skeletal muscle adaptability: Significance for metabolism and performance. In Handbook of Physiology, L.D. Peachey, R.H. Adrian, and S.R. Geiger, eds. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins. 1983. pg 540 - 555.
Thorstensson, P. Muscle strength, fiber types and enzymes in man. Acta Physiol. Scand. 102: 443. 1976
Thorstensson, P., Sjodin, B. Actinomyosin ATPase, myokinase, CPK and LDH in human fast and slow twitch muscle fibers. Acta Physiol. Scand. 99: 225-229. 1975
VanHelder, W., Radomski, Goode, R. and Casey, K. Hormonal and metabolic response to three types of exercise of equal duration and external work output. Eur. J. of Appl. Physiol. 54:337-342. 1985
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The original 1918 Harris-Benedict article (free full text)
Harris-Benedict study. Detailed discussion of antecedents, data, measurements, statistics (Published by The Carnegie Institution of Washington 1919)
BMR as affected by alcohol
Alex Carrasquel
Basal metabolic rate — A measure of the rate of metabolism. For example, someone with an overly active thyroid will have an elevated basal metabolic rate. * * * basal metabolic rate n the rate at which heat is given off by an organism at complete rest * * * an… … Medical dictionary
basal metabolic rate — noun the rate at which heat is produced by an individual in a resting state • Syn: ↑BMR • Hypernyms: ↑metabolic rate … Useful english dictionary
basal metabolic rate — Physiol. the rate at which energy is expended in a basal condition, calculated as calories per hour per square meter of body surface and compared with a normal standard expressed as the percentage above or below the amount of oxygen normally used … Universalium
basal metabolic rate — noun the rate at which the body uses energy while at rest to maintain vital functions such as breathing and keeping warm. Derivatives basal metabolism noun … English new terms dictionary
basal metabolic rate — noun the rate of oxygen intake and heat discharge in an organism in a basal state. Abbrev.: BMR … Australian-English dictionary
basal metabolic rate — ba′sal metabol′ic rate′ n. the rate at which energy is expended while fasting and at rest, calculated as calories per hour per square meter of body surface • Etymology: 1920–25 … From formal English to slang
basal metabolic rate — noun Date: 1922 the rate at which heat is given off by an organism at complete rest … New Collegiate Dictionary
basal metabolic rate — noun The amount of energy expended while at rest in a neutrally temperate environment, in the post absorptive state … Wiktionary
Abnormal basal metabolic rate — SignSymptom infobox Name = Abnormal basal metabolic rate ICD10 = R94.8 ICD9 = ICD9|794.7 Abnormal basal metabolic rate refers to a high or low basal metabolic rate.Associated conditions (incomplete list)* Hypothyroidism * Hyperthyroidism *… … Wikipedia
metabolic rate — n metabolism per unit time esp. as estimated by food consumption, energy released as heat, or oxygen used in metabolic processes see BASAL METABOLIC RATE … Medical dictionary


Filed Under: Animal Rights Extremism
SPECIAL REPORT: The New 'Nonviolence'
Last weekend, a self-described "nonviolent" animal rights group known by the acronym SHAC held a series of demonstrations centered in New Jersey to mark the 50th birthday of medical testing laboratory Huntingdon Life Sciences. Actually, it was Huntingdon's 51st birthday — but we'll forgive the activists for this gaffe, as protest chanting ("1, 2, 3, 4…") seldom requires counting that high.
It was also World AIDS Day, a striking irony considering SHAC's virulent hatred for the very animal testing which could someday provide an AIDS cure.
Before the Sunday afternoon demonstration in front of Huntingdon, and the subsequent loud, threatening protests outside the homes of Huntingdon employees, SHAC held a Saturday evening lecture series of sorts. Invited guests included Rodney Coronado, a convicted felon who spent four years in jail for a Michigan State University arson (and recipient of over $70,000 from PETA); 1960s Black Panther icon Bobby Seale; and Robin Webb, a self-avowed leader of the terrorist Animal Liberation Front (ALF) in the UK. Webb was arrested during Sunday's organized mayhem.
While animal-rights activists and their "independent media" allies are going out of their way to insist that the protests were entirely peaceful, the SHAC and ALF ringleaders' rhetoric was anything but warm and fuzzy. We know. We were there.
The following are unedited quotes, taken directly from videotapes of the recent SHAC protests. Let it never be said again that SHAC and ALF are peaceful, nonviolent organizations.
"Animal liberation is not a campaign. It is not a struggle. It is a war! It is an all-out bloody war!"
– UK ALF spokesperson Robin Webb
"As long as we emptied the labs of animals, they were still easily replaced. So that's when the ALF in this country, and my cell, started engaging in arson."
– ALF-affiliated criminal (and PETA grantee) Rodney Coronado
"We're a new breed of activism. We're not your parents' Humane Society. We're not Friends of Animals. We're not Earthsave. We're not Greenpeace. We come with a new philosophy. We hold the radical line. We will not compromise! We will not apologize, and we will not relent! … Vivisection is not an abstract concept. It's a deed, done by individuals, who have weaknesses, who have breaking points, and who have home addresses!"
– SHAC ringleadaer and former ALF spokesperson Kevin Jonas
"We'll sweep the police aside. We'll sweep the government aside. We'll sweep Huntingdon Life Sciences aside, and we'll raze this evil place right to the ground"
– Robin Webb
More on "Animal Rights Extremism"
Washed-Up Actor James Cromwell Explains Deranged Vegan Milk Stunt
PostedMay 24, 2022 at8:00 am


WOODSTOCK AIR 2022
Deadline to Submit: Monday, March 7
By: Woodstock - Jan 28, 2022
The Center for Photography at Woodstock
info@cpw.org
Residencies can change lives and set careers on a path for success. CPW's renowned artist-in-residence program, Woodstock AIR, has supported artists such as LaToya Ruby Frazier, Daesha Devón Harris, Kei Ito, Paul Mpagi Sepuya, William Cordova, and Xaviera Simmons early in their careers, providing them with a reaffirming experience of technical, creative and critical support.
Woodstock AIR was created in 1999 to support photography-based artists of color, and to expand the dialogue around diversity, race, and identity in the context of social justice. Since then 146 artists, writers, and curators have come through the program. Support includes a $2,000 honorarium, access to CPW's digital lab, living space with a large studio equipped with a large format printer, Imacon scanner, editing setup, and ample workspace, as well as critical and technical support.
If you feel you could benefit from a 4-6 week creative period in a nurturing environment, please apply now. If you know of others who would benefit from the experience, please share this call with them. Anybody may apply, however, priority will be given to artists of color or those whose work engages with topics of diversity and race in the context of social justice.
Deadline to apply is Monday, March 7 at midnight EST.
The application fee for WOODSTOCK AIR 2022 has been waived due to the generous support of the Joy of Giving Something Foundation.
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Vietnamese businesses balk at raising minimum wage every year: commerce chamber
By Staff reporters &nbspDecember 27, 2017 | 06:04 pm GMT+7
Workers at a garment factory in Bac Giang Province, near Hanoi. Photo by Reuters.
Businesses claim that rapidly rising minimum wages have been causing them difficulties.
Representatives of businesses in Vietnam have proposed that the government should stop raising the country's minimum wage every year, according to the Vietnam Chamber of Commerce and Industry (VCCI).
Vietnam has been raising the minimum wage every year since 2007, forcing local businesses and foreign-invested firms to raise their wages by an average of 21.9 percent and 15.2 percent per year respectively. Meanwhile, between 2008 and 2016, Vietnam's GDP grew by an average of 5.96 percent per year, and annual CPI and productivity growth were just 8.77 percent and 3.65 percent.
At a meeting organized by the VCCI and the labor ministry, business representatives claimed that significant increases to the minimum wage in comparison to lower GDP, CPI and productivity growths were causing difficulties for many businesses. Additionally, several criteria currently used to determine the minimum wage were unreasonable and failed to precisely determine the living wage.
"Therefore we need to stop raising the minimum wage, or only raise it once every 2-3 years. Workers will only have jobs if businesses survive," said Nguyen Xuan Duong, chairman of Hung Yen Province's Business Association.
According to Nguyen Hoai Nam, deputy secretary general of the Vietnam Association of Seafood Exporters and Producers, raising the minimum wage while productivity and prices remained the same would put greater financial strain on companies.
Nam suggested that the labor ministry should amend the current law and submit it for the National Assembly's approval as soon as possible instead of waiting until 2019 as scheduled.
Agreeing with his peers, Truong Van Cam, vice chairman of the Vietnam Textile and Apparel Association, claimed that raising the minimum wage would lower businesses' profits and reduce competitiveness.
"Raising the minimum wage would also lower work opportunities, especially in remote regions, because if the minimum wage is too high businesses would be unable to pay their workers," Cam said.
Additionally, he argued that raising the minimum wage would lower foreign investment in labor intensive industries as FDI companies would move to regions with a lower minimum wage.
The prime minister earlier this month signed off on a decree raising the minimum wage for 2018 by 6.5 percent. This was the result of weeks of discussion last summer, which started with the VCCI proposing a low offer of 5 percent and the Vietnam General Confederation of Labor asking for 13.3 percent.
Not everyone was happy with the end result.
Mai Duc Chinh, vice chairman of the labor confederation which represents unions across the country, said in August that he had wanted an increase of at least as much as this year, which at 7.3 percent was already the lowest in a decade.
Chinh said that workers would not be able to sustain their basic needs on the latest pay rise.
In a survey conducted by Vietnam's Institute of Workers and Trade Unions in March, a third of the 2,600 workers questioned said their incomes were barely sufficient to live on, while 12 percent said their wages simply did not cover living expenses, forcing them to work extra hours.
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Reading: Vietnamese businesses balk at raising minimum wage every year: commerce chamber


ISSNAF - The 2020 awards recognize the excellence of Italian research in the U.S.
More research cooperation between the two sides of the Atlantic, new disciplines, and a strong female leadership component: ISSNAF, the foundation that brings together thousands of Italian scientists and academics working in laboratories, universities and research centers in North America, renews itself and takes stock of its activities during the...
Fight against Covid, Leukemia, Computer Science and Engineering: ISSNAF awards the best research projects of young Italian scientists in North America
Finalists include young scholars active in US universities and research centers. The ISSNAF Lifetime Achievement Award will go to Guido Calabresi, a federal judge in the United States, and professor emeritus at Yale University Law School. They have made discoveries about the immune response in Covid patients, study the effects of the virus on blood...
"From Venice to the edge of the Universe: thirty years of discoveries with the Hubble Space Telescope"
"From Venice to the edge of the Universe: thirty years of discoveries with the Hubble Space Telescope" is an event part of #weareISSNAF, a series of webinars organized by the Italian Scientists & Scholars in North America Foundation, ISSNAF, in partnership with the Italian Embassy in Washington DC, the network of Italian Consulates and Italian Cult...
Prende il via la serie di webinar #WeareISSNAF organizzata dall'Italian Scientists and Scholars in North America Foundation (ISSNAF) in collaborazione con l'Ambasciata e i Consolati negli USA
E' cominciata a Houston la serie di Webinar #weareISSNAF organizzati dalla Italian Scientists and Scholars in North America Foundation (ISSNAF) in collaborazione con l'Ambasciata e la rete diplomatico-consolare italiana negli USA. La nuova serie si prefigge di affrontare temi specifici ma importanti nel panorama scientifico odierno attraverso conve...
Leonardo Da Vinci Society & ISSNAF Bay Area Chapter Present Leonardo Awards 500′ Winners
The Leonardo da Vinci Society and the Italian Scientists and Scholars of North America Foundation (ISSNAF) Bay Area Chapter are proud to present the Leonardo Award 2020 . This award recognize the outstanding contributions of Italian/Italian American early career researchers/scholars working in the San Francisco Bay Area. Winners of the 2020 Leonard...
Cinzia Zuffada (President of ISSNAF)
Here at We the Italians we've been thinking that science and research are two fundamental and very delicate aspects of our lives way before the covid-19 virus hit the whole world: here at We the Italians we believe that science and research are extremely serious and complicated things, that require studies, talent and sweat, and we are therefore gr...
La campagna di raccolta fondi #Italystaystrong lanciata dall'Ambasciata e da ISSNAF supera la soglia del mezzo milione di dollari
La campagna di raccolta fondi #Italystaystrong lanciata dall'Ambasciata d'Italia a Washington e da Italian Scientists and Scholars in North America Foundation (ISSNAF, www.issnaf.org) e sostenuta da un'intensa azione di promozione della rete diplomatico-consolare negli USA, supera la soglia del mezzo milione di dollari. Oltre 600 donazioni – da stu...
Young Investigator Awards 2020
ISSNAF - Italian Scientists and Scholars in North America Foundation - annually awards the Young Investigator Awards in various disciplines to outstanding, early-career Italian researchers working in the United States or Canada, in recognition of their significant and innovative contributions to their field of research. ISSNAF is very pleased to a...
IIC Webinar series : Cinzia Zuffada : Reflections on the Earth Viewed from Space : May 5th at 4:30 PM PDT
Tuesday, May 5, 2020. 4:30 pm PDT. Register here. Presented by the Italian Cultural Institute of Los Angeles with the Italian Culture Institutes of New York, Washington D.C. and San Francisco. Journalist Maria Teresa Cometto in conversation with Dr. Cinzia Zuffada, Associate Chief Scientist at the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory: Reflections on the...
ISSNAF-BAC Talk Series - April 2020
Wednesday, April 29, 2020. 5:30 PM – 7:00 PM PDT. register here. Dear ISSNAF BAC members and friends, in these difficult times, the sense of community and familiar faces provide a feeling of comfort. In this spirit, we would like to continue bringing together the community of Italian scholars and scientists in the Bay Area. In the last two years, B...


Pedestrian struck in West Springfield 'expected to be okay'
WEST SPRINGFIELD, Mass (WWLP) – A man who was in critical condition after being struck by a car on Memorial Avenue in West Springfield Wednesday night is expected to be okay.
A 61-year-old man was hit by a car near 135 Memorial Avenue just after 6 p.m.
Man in critical condition after pedestrian accident in West Springfield
West Springfield Police Sgt. Joseph LaFrance told 22News, police received an update from Baystate Medical Center Thursday morning saying that the man is recovering and expected to be okay.
His name is not being released at this time.
LaFrance said the Traffic Bureau Reconstruction Team is waiting for an opportunity to interview him. The accident is still being investigated.
More Hampden County Stories
by Sy Becker / Jan 21, 2021
SPRINGFIELD, Mass. (WWLP) - Seniors living at home are just weeks away from receiving their COVID-19 vaccinations.
Mercy Medical Center's Chief Medical Officer Dr. Robert Roose told 22News, we're still in Phase 1, inoculating health care workers, first responders, and residents of long-term care facilities.
by Mike Masciadrelli / Jan 21, 2021
SPRINGFIELD, Mass. (WWLP)-Just over 4 percent of Americans have rolled up their arm and gotten at least the first dose of the covid-19 vaccine.
Immunity won't come until after the second shot, but even after that's done, there's a chance they can still give the virus to others.


IRB – Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Update to Response to Information Request AUT27178.E of 25 June 1997 on the significance of the stamps and dates the Austrian authorities insert into the last two pages of a foreigner's passport, and whether the stamps indicate that the passport holder was issued an Austrian visitor's visa [AUT27716.E]
A letter sent to the DIRB on 30 July 1997 by the Consul of the Embassy of the Republic of Austria in Ottawa states:
As far as the stamps in the passport according to your sample are concerned, they show that the person has applied for an Austrian visa. It cannot be determined whether or not the visa had been granted to the applicant unless the applicant's name will be given.
This Response was prepared after researching publicly accessible information currently available to the DIRB within time constraints. This Response is not, and does not purport to be, conclusive as to the merit of any particular claim to refugee status or asylum.
Embassy of the Republic of Austria, Ottawa. 30 July 1997. Facsimile sent to the DIRB.
Anfragebeantwortung
1126680 (frühere ID 169135)


The Golden Nuggets of Social Work The Role of Research in Social Work Practice Pass the Social Work Licensing Exam A Degree in Social Work Is Important for Career as Probation Officer COLCOA French Film Festival 2014: 'Stop-Over' Review
'Union Square' Review: Nancy Savoca's Indie Film Reaps Rewards
By Ruby White
Nancy Savoca's latest film, "Union Square" is one of those unique films where viewers think they have the film pegged, but then are surprised by a number of twists and character revelations. Humor is mixed with tension between two estranged sisters with quite a rewarding outcome.
The tale is simple enough, two feuding sisters, Lucy (Oscar winner Mira Sorvino) and Jenny (acclaimed Broadway actress Tammy Blanchard) unexpectedly reunite for the two days preceding Thanksgiving and then during the holiday itself. Lucy is bigger than life – a New York/New Jersey "Housewives" type springs to mind as she shops Filene's while publically having a devastatingly hurtful cell phone conversation with her lover. A few more heated calls are followed by a very messy meltdown in Union Square park.
Jenny on the other hand is extremely controlled, living in a spare modern loft overlooking Union Square. She and her fiancé Bill (Mike Doyle) operate a healthy Millstruck Natural Foods business from their loft. When Lucy shows up unannounced, looking through her door's peephole, a frustrated Jenny feels obliged to let her sister in. Awkwardness abounds as a short, unannounced visit turns into, "I need to stay a few days."
Of course the two women mix like oil and water. Lucy commits crimes against Jenny's wood floors and air with her high heels and cigarette smoke, while Jenny cops to not being entirely honest about her past. Director Savoca remarks in the film's production notes "…the characters fit a stereotype and you can quickly judge them. But by the end, you are in it and you are with them – for better or worse." It's true as the skilled director, script and actresses pull viewers into the sisters' emotional vortex.
Another striking element about "Union Square" is its streamlined production calendar. Savoca ("True Love," "Household Saints") and screenwriter Mary Tobler tailored a script to shoot in producer Neda Armian's Union Square loft. But the real kicker is that the film was scheduled to shoot for 10 days (it ended up twelve). That's all the budget allowed. Says producer Richard Guay in the production notes, "What the story may have lacked in expansive exteriors and varied locations, it more than made up for in depth of character and emotional punch."
Director of photography Lisa Leone worked closely with Savoca for "Union Square," their fourth film together (including "Dirt" and "Reno: Rebel Without a Pause"). They shot on the Canon 5D HD camera and averaged 9 script pages a day. Actor Doyle, in the film production notes, explains the short shooting schedule and slim crew, "… was great because everyone was prepared and working at their top game, so you had to make choices and commit."
Mira Sorvino adds, also from the film's notes, "Union Square" proves, "…that a terrific movie can be made in an unbelievably short amount of time, with no trailers, trucks, a skeleton crew, etc… It kind of proved that a great director, script and willing cast are all you really need to make a powerful piece of cinema."
Heed that statement filmmakers, less really can be more when a talented group of artists set their minds to it. Nancy Savoca's brisk (at 80 minutes) "Union Square" is a refreshing course in simple, but powerful cinema. Credit goes too, to her talented crew and cast including Sorvino, Blanchard, Doyle and Michael Rispoli, Daphne Rubin-Vega, and Patti LuPone.
"Union Square" is 80 minutes, Rated R, and opens in Los Angeles and New York, July 13.
For other film reviews by Lori Huck, check out:
L.A. Film Fest: World premiere of 'Seeking a Friend for the End of the World'
'The Invisible War' review: A must-see military documentary dissects dark secrets
COLCOA French Film Festival 2014: 'Stop-Over' Review
The Role of Research in Social Work Practice
A Degree in Social Work Is Important for Career as Probation Officer
The Golden Nuggets of Social Work
Arts & Entertainments 1
Family & Relationship 1
films 2
Legal & Law 2
Lifestyle & Fashion 1
Shopping & Product Reviews 4
Social Work 4
Travel & Tours 1
Pass the Social Work Licensing Exam
COLCOA French Film Festival 2014: 'Stop-Over' Review
Free Sheet Music – Twinkle Twinkle Little Star for Piano Solo
The fantastic thing about International Film Festivals is that they present a program of films that…
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People's Dream Cruise 2020 Locally Organic
Editors Note: Hmmm no carmaker promotions or events, the Chinese Wuhan Virus lurking in the shadows and the big collectors at home polishing their cars. Yet the people's Dream Cruise still attracted a crowd that was estimated at 50% of normal, tradition has trumped political correctness.
By Martha Hindes
Michigan Bureau
The Auto Channel
Detroit MI August 15, 2020; After a quarter century of annual Dream Cruises in August confirming the Detroit area as the self-proclaimed Motor City, a cancellaion because of the coronavirus wasn't about to deter diehard cruisers.
On Saturday, which would have been the 2020 Dream Cruise day, a lot of car people apparently missed the event cancellation notice.
It didn't matter that the Detroit 3 auto companies didn't have any vehicle reveals, or special event setups as they do every year. There wasn't a Mustang Alley from Ford or racing venue from Chrysler.
And many of the truly classic collector cars that in the past have arrived from as far away as Australia were missing. But that didn't keep the locals from celebrating a tradition that had its roots in hot rod racing down Woodward Avenue, the main drag, more than a half century earlier. Many of this year's unofficial cruisers appeareed to be customized pet cars rather than lhan costly classics.
Ronald Reed, of Warren, in suburban Detroit, with his partially restored 1950 Chevrolet DeLuxe on display, hasn't missed a Dream Cruise since he was a child. Now he's introducing the holy grail of collectors to his six-year-old son Ryan, a car guy in the making.
He estimated there were about half the usual number of vehicles inching along Woodward Avenue, the annual cruise route, as autophiles refused to let a nasty viral bug take another victim. "Normally they'd be at a standstill," he said.


'Sustainability as we know it must go'
In its journey towards minimizing waste, is the packaging industry losing sight of the crucial importance of making its energy consumption more sustainable? Robert Lilienfeld, founder and executive director of sustainable packaging think tank SPRING, tells us more.
I just came across a National Public Radio (NPR) story here in the U.S. that was entitled "Start Cleaning Your Home More Sustainably with These Tips." It included the use of lemon juice, baking soda, and reduced packaging.
I also recently read a "Ladder Approach" on LinkedIn that showed consumers how to start small (e.g., refilling water bottles), work up to eating plant-based, rather than animal-based proteins, and then finally switch to electric vehicles (EVs) as the ultimate environmental investment and planet saver.
You've heard all of these before, from the quaint and old-fashioned, to the cutting edge technical and modern. In fact, I started talking about these types of consumer suggestions in 1994, when I first began writing and publishing my waste prevention newsletter, The ULS (Use Less Stuff) Report. Back then, these ideas were cutting edge in terms of public awareness. Today, they're stale and, frankly, trite.
Every time someone decides that all they need to do to turn back the clock on climate change is to buy concentrated laundry detergent, we've rewarded them for doing something that frankly has little to no real value in the global fight to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
This is similar to the recycling mentality, whereby people feel it is OK to buy more of something simply because they toss the used packaging into the recycling bin, rather than the garbage bin.
Realistically, it's now too late to rely on small efforts and hope that vast percentages of the population will start to engage in them. It has not happened and will likely never happen: Unfortunately, we now appear to live in a divided world where the concept of "greater good" has largely been replaced with "personal liberty."
We urgently need governments to step in and ensure that two things happen: Eliminate the use of fossil fuels as energy sources, and reduce the total consumption of energy, regardless of the source. This goes for hydro, wind, solar, and nuclear power; along with coal, natural gas, wood, and waste to energy.
Remember, the Second Law of Thermodynamics is immutable: Consuming energy, no matter what its source, will generate entropy in the form of waste. Thus, the more efficient we are in terms of energy consumption, the more sustainable we are in terms of the environment, the economy, and societies.
What can you do as a brand owner, converter, or material producer to help in this effort? First, lobby for, use, and promote the use of, renewable energy resources and even nuclear energy. Second, help your company, your employees, and your customers to do the same. Then, help them to make their homes, automobiles and appliances more energy efficient and less reliant on fossil fuels.
Instead of simply promoting (and possibly greenwashing) the supposed sustainable value of your products and packages, spend your time and money on helping to increase the residential and commercial use of non-fossil fuel-based energy resources. Include your efforts in annual reports, sustainability reports, ESG filings, advertising and, yes, on your packaging.
Once the use of fossil fuels for energy is off the table, the use of fossil fuels for plastics production becomes almost irrelevant to the public. If we can alleviate the really big problems related to greenhouse gas generation, the small ones will fade away, as their existence will no longer be magnified.
In this manner, the real value of plastics, in terms of source reduction, cost reduction, and material efficiency, can once again become publicly acceptable.
The science behind packaging sustainability
We need more facts, not simply more faith, to move the needle on packaging sustainability. In this article, Robert M. Lilienfeld, executive director at SPRING, unpacks sustainability misconceptions and myths, and gives an introduction into the key forces that contribute to climate change.
'Is packaging circularity a false sustainability prophet?'
The idea of a circular economy is certainly promising, but how can we turn it into a reality? Robert Lilienfeld, founder and executive director of sustainable packaging think tank SPRING, looks into scientific theory and historical parallels in a bid to answer this question.
Looking beyond the carbon cycle
Are we missing the bigger picture when we talk about the sustainability performance of compostable packaging? Robert Lilienfeld, founder and executive director of sustainable packaging think tank SPRING, tells us more.
Ship goods, not air
The EU has set its sights on reducing empty space in packaging, with new rules on this issue forming a core part of its recently announced Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive revisions. How will all of this affect the industry, and how can companies get ahead of the curve? Jo Bradley, business development manager at Sparck Technologies, explores the options.
How to measure reusable packaging success
How can we accurately measure the environmental and economic success of reusable packaging models? The creation of a common language and set of metrics is essential, says Mike Newman, CEO of Returnity.
Is simplifying sorting the key to creating a circular economy for plastics?
In order for plastic packaging to become truly circular, it's crucial that the sorting of post-consumer packaging is as efficient and consistent as possible. How can the industry make this happen? Professor Edward Kosior, CEO and co-founder at Nextek and NEXTLOOPP, tells us more.


News: richard connell family
Dr. Connell is good and explains things in plain English and not medical terms. All Rights Reserved.
He won the O. Henry Memorial Prize twice for his short stories "A Friend of Napoleon" and "The Most Dangerous Game." He was also nominated for an Academy Award for best original story in 1942 for the film "Meet John Doe.". Nach seiner Rückkehr in die USA begann er Mitte der 1920er Jahre mit dem Schreiben von Kurzgeschichten wie Tropic of Capricorn, A Little Bit of Broadway, Isles of Romance, One Hundred Dollars, A Friend of Napoleon und If I Was Alone with You. He listen to all of my concerns and addressed them. See Photos.
Excellent! See Photos. Contact Us | Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Copyright, Celebrities Interesting Facts By Nationality, Celebrities Interesting Facts By Profession.
Connell was one of the most popular American short story writers of his time, and his stories were published in The Saturday Evening Post and Collier's magazines. We would like to express to you our deepest thanks for your contribution. His father was a newspaper reporter who later became a congressman. 09 309 0984.
His father's connections at the paper later proved useful for Connell, as by the age of 18 he secured a job as an editor. Richard Connell… When you walk into the office you are welcomed right away. 09 309 2136 Log In.
His father worked as an editor and reporter for the local paper before … Following in his father's footsteps, Connell began working as a reporter as a young man at the Poughkeepsie News … Richard, or "Dick" as he was more affectionately known, was raised in Pontiac, Mount Clemens… His father's connections at the paper later proved useful for Connell, as by the age of 18 he secured a job as an editor. Highly Recommended! Explore historical records and family tree profiles about Richard Connell on MyHeritage, the world's family history network. He subsequently worked on the city staff of The New York American and as a copy writer for J. Walter Thompson. The short story "The Most Dangerous Game" was originally published in Collier's Weekly on January 19, 1924. Große Bekanntheit erreichte er durch seine 1924 veröffentlichte Kurzgeschichte Das grausamste Spiel (The Most Dangerous Game), die zu den am häufigsten in Anthologien erschienenen Short Storys gehört, und mehrfach verfilmt wurde wie zum Beispiel Graf Zaroff – Genie des Bösen (The Most Dangerous Game, 1932), den Ernest B. Schoedsack und Irving Pichel mit Joel McCrea, Fay Wray und Leslie Banks insziert hatten. I was able to get my child's diagnosis so I can get him services. Idaho Falls, Idaho. Connell later attended Georgetown and, after the death of his father, Harvard. I have and will continue to recommend him to my friends. He died in Beverly Hills, CA at the age of 56. He is proud to have a son who is an electrical worker in the field of renewable energy, and a daughter who is pursuing a career in forensic psychology. Richard Nativadad Connell. Upon his return from the war, he married Louise Herrick Fox in 1919.
May Elizabeth (Connell) Nicholson 18 May 1885 Gainsborough, Lincolnshire, England - abt 13 Mar 1978 managed by Jutta Beer last edited 23 Aug 2020. I have seen him 3 times, for each of my children. Mary Connell abt 1861 managed by Patrick Holland last edited 24 Aug 2020. 3106 South W. S. Young, Suite B-202, Killeen, TX 76542, © Copyright 2019 Connell & Associates. Son of Samuel Connell and Jane Connell We found 12 records for Richard Connell in Shoreline, Seattle and 13 other cities in Washington. Richard Connell was born in on October 17th, 1893 in Poughkeepsie, New York. His father worked as an editor and reporter for the local paper before beginning his political career. Richard Connell, born in Poughkeepsie, New York in 1893, was a popular author and journalist whose short stories were regularly published in magazines such as The Saturday Evening Post and Collier's Weekly.His story, The Most Dangerous Game is his best remembered work, which we feature in our Mystery Stories. CEO at G-Fast.
"There's nothing more fascinating than the human mind," Dr. Connell said. Copyright © 1999 - 2020 GradeSaver LLC. Dr. Connell enjoys wood working and traveling overseas, of which he and his wife have done a significant amount recently, visiting multiple countries in western and central Europe. Richard Connell 04 Feb 1809 Barrington, Barrington, Shelburne, Nova Scotia, Canada - 1871 . My husband and I like how well he listens to our concerns and how we explain ourselves about our daughter. Some of his most notable works include: "Centenarian" (1916), "The Most Dangerous Game" (1924), "Heart of a Sloganeer" (1929), "Cross-Eyed South-Paw" (1929), "Black Chrysanthemums" (1927), "Brother Orchid" (1938), The Mad Lover (1927), Murder at Sea (1929), and Playboy (1936). This was an acutely difficult period for both she and I, as it was her first diagnosis and testing experience. Richard Connell: Birthdate: February 14, 1854: Death: July 04, 1924 (70) Immediate Family: Son of Samuel Connell and Jane Connell Husband of Cora Connell Father of Ruth Marion Johnson and Samuel B. Connell Brother of John A. Connell; Samuel Connell; Mary Jane Connell; Thomas Connell…
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Mohan Rana
Mohan Rana (b. 1964) is a Hindi poet who grew up and studied in Delhi and now lives in Bath, England. He writes poems exploring themes of identity, truth, memories and nature. He has published eight poetry collections in Hindi, Jagah (Dwelling, 1994), Jaise Janam Koi Darwaza (As If Life Were a Door, 1997), Subah ki Dak (Morning's Post, 2002), Is Chhor Par (On This Shore, 2003), Pathar Ho Jayegi Nadi (Stone-River, 2007) Dhoop Ke Andhere Mein (In the Darkness of the Sun, 2008), Ret ka Pul (Bridge of Sand, 2012) and Shesh Anek (Much Remains, 2016). His published bilingual chapbooks include Poems (2011) with translations by Bernard O'Donoghue and Lucy Rosenstein and Vivir (2016), a chapbook of Spanish translations.
With each book his reputation as a diaspora poet has grown. Brevity, clarity and precision are defining characteristics of Mohan Rana's poetry. The poet and critic, Nandkishore Acharya, has written that, 'Amongst the new generation of Hindi poets, the poetry of Mohan Rana stands alone; it defies any categorisation. However, its refusal to fit any ideology doesn't mean that Mohan Rana's poetry shies away from thinking - but that it knows the difference between thinking in verse and thinking about poetry. For Mohan Rana the poetic process in itself is also a thought process.'
He has given poetry readings in India, UK and Europe. He has participated in the Ledbury Poetry Festival (2011), Stanza International Poetry Festival (2014), New Delhi World Book Fair (2014), Slovenian Book Fair Ljubljana (2016), English Pen Literary Salon at London Book Fair (2017) and Odisha Art & Literature Festival, Bhubaneswar; India (2018).
His poems have been translated into Belarusian, Spanish, Italian, Norwegian, German, Croatian, Slovenian, Marathi and Nepali.
Poems by Mohan Rana
The Cartographer
An Obsessive Tune
The Colour of Water
The Washerman
Another Word for It
The Morning Post
Did You Hear It Too?
A Standard Shirt
The Blue-Eyed Blackbird
The Poet's Fate
In Your Own Words
The Evening News and the Roof of the World
As the Past Approaches
To the Lost Children
Not What the Words…
Other poets writing in Hindi
Other poets from India