Politician's WarTam Dalyell
Vol. 5 No. 4 · 3 March 1983
Politician's War
The Battle for the Falklands
by Max Hastings and Simon Jenkins.
Joseph, 384 pp., £10.95, February 1983, 0 7181 2228 3Show More
In the opening paragraph of their important book on the Falklands War, Max Hastings and Simon Jenkins write: 'So extraordinary an event was it that, even after men began to die, many of those taking part felt as if they had been swept away into fantasy, that the ships sinking and the guns firing round them had somehow escaped from a television screen in the living-room.' In their final paragraph the authors say that had Britain left the Falklanders to their fate on 2 April, the British people's respect for themselves and their confidence in their political and military leadership would have experienced a severe blow. They concede that colonial wars can have dangerous side-effects on the nations which fight them. A people can turn to jingoism as they watch a distant game, played on their behalf by professionals safely out of reach of homes and loved ones. Hastings and Jenkins conclude by opining that the British people were reassured by the way the services performed, and were pleased that a job that had to be done was done so well. National pride and self-confidence were renewed.
I find this conclusion no less extraordinary than I found the concluding paragraphs of the Franks Committee Report, which altogether failed to engage with the substance of what had preceded them. Hastings and Jenkins produce devastatingly critical facts, and then proceed to exonerate the Prime Minister. How can the British people be expected to show a renewed national pride and self-confidence when we now realise that the so-called military solution in the South Atlantic was no solution at all? That we are back to square one, that Argentina may carry out bee-sting attacks on our unhappy forces, stationed in the Falklands, if there are no negotiations? That negotiations which do not cover sovereignty will never be entered into by any Argentine government, left, right or centre? That at various stages in the campaign the problems which military victory was to bring could have been avoided, by securing an honourable peace, involving a complete withdrawal of troops by both sides?
In reverse order of chronology, I shall use material from this book – far from being ephemeral, it will serve for many years as a prime source – to highlight the extent to which domestic political considerations, rather than the real or perceived interests of the Falkland Islanders, or the military requirements of the campaign, dominated the decision-making of the Prime Minister. And, from mid-April, it was Margaret Hilda Thatcher – supported by a troika consisting of Admiral Sir Terence Lewin, Chief of Defence Staff, Cecil Parkinson, Chairman of the Conservative Party, and Ian Gow, her ever-present Parliamentary Private Secretary, who had been to the Falklands in the autumn of 1978 – who dominated the London end.
The figure of Margaret Thatcher towers over the Falklands drama from its inception to the euphoria of the final triumph. Her personality matched its often eccentric sense of proportion. Her single-mindedness, her belief in the futility of negotiation, even her arch phraseology at moments of crisis, all seemed to armour her against any suspicion that this might be a dangerous, even absurd adventure. 'Defeat – I do not recognise the meaning of the word!' and 'Rejoice – just rejoice' passed into the Falklands lexicon. In a world that was accustomed to brand war as an ugly obscenity, the Prime Minister was determined that the Falklands Conflict should be seen as a noble and principled crusade. Her longing undoubtedly matched the mood of the nation, and captivated those working around her.
Hastings and Jenkins recall that each of the participants they interviewed made similar remarks.
It was Mrs Thatcher's War She held us to it. She never seemed to flinch from her conviction about its course. She took the risks on her shoulders and she won. She emerged as a remarkable war leader.
Yet, ten pages earlier, Hastings and Jenkins quote the remark of Perez de Cuellar, the United Nations Secretary-General, after the collapse of his peace initiative in May 1982: 'It was the sort of problem which would take ten minutes to solve if both sides were willing.' Friends of mine at the UN were firmly of the view that the Argentinians wanted the sovereignty of the islands, not to recolonise them, and that the British leadership did not care about the islands or the islanders, but wanted a fight. This view is supported by Hastings and Jenkins, whose verdict is that after four days of almost unbroken bad news in the last week in May London needed a tangible victory. 'If ever there was a politicians' battle, then Goose Green was to be it.' Brigadier Julian Thompson, the senior officer ashore at the time, found himself summoned to the satellite terminal at Ajax Bay. The headquarters at Northwood told the Brigadier exactly what to do. The command in Britain considered it essential that the landing force should engage the Argentinians at the first opportunity. Thompson said that he regarded Goose Green as strategically irrelevant: once Stanley fell, Goose Green must also go, which was scarcely true the other way round. He had planned to leave a small force to cover any possible Argentinian sally from Goose Green, and to concentrate on taking Mount Kent, the vital ground above Stanley. Other than politicking at home, what possible explanation can there be of this overriding of the local commander?
During their discussion of Goose Green, Hastings and Jenkins make reference to one of the unsolved mysteries of the war. They say that Argentine defenders fought back fiercely until a white flag suddenly appeared from an enemy position. One of the subalterns of D Company of the Second Para moved forward to accept the surrender. He was instantly shot dead. Hastings and Jenkins say that it was almost certainly a mishap in the fog of war, rather than a deliberate act of treachery: but the infuriated paras unleashed 66 mm rockets, Carl Gustav rounds and machine-gun fire into the building. 'It was quickly ablaze. No enemy survivors emerged.' So many rumours are circulating in South America about the British Paratroops burning young peasant boys alive that the facts of the situation ought to be established. I would hesitate to blame the Paras for this act. But I do blame politicians in Argentina and Britain who unleashed the conditions for such horror, without making any effort to achieve the sine qua non of any 'Just War': the taking of all possible diplomatic steps to avoid war and to prevent unnecessary escalation.
As it proved, the politicians escaped the main burden of the horror by the delay which ensued, in contradistinction to the Vietnam experience, over the arrival of pictures at home. If the Galahad episode reminded ministers and service chiefs of the hazards of fighting a war under the public glare, the pictures in question did not reach the British viewing public until after the event. Who can forget the television image of a survivor being rushed from Galahad on a stretcher, the stump of one leg projecting bloodily into the sky? Such graphic pictures only reached London after hostilities had ended. Had the pictures reached London within 24 hours, there would, in my judgment, have been an overwhelming recognition that the objects to be achieved in the Falklands were out of all proportion to the horrors involved, followed by a demand for a negotiated peace.
At an earlier point, in the view of various Argentinians, Peruvians and Americans, had it not been for the sinking of the Belgrano, the old USS Phoenix, survivor of Pearl Harbour, a negotiated peace would have been achieved. Elsewhere I have deployed the as yet unanswered case that Mrs Thatcher ordered the sinking of the Belgrano to create an incident and scupper the Peruvian-American-UN peace plan. Hastings and Jenkins implicitly support this argument by producing a number of little-known facts. For example, they say that on the afternoon of 1 May, Captain Christopher Wreford Brown DSO of Conqueror reported that he had sighted the General Belgrano and two escorting Exocet destroyers. The Government's White Paper claims that Conqueror sighted Belgrano on 2 May. I know from talking to members of the crew of Conqueror that the authors are right and the While Paper wrong. This timing is all-important. It helps demonstrate that, at the time she was torpedoed, Belgrano was no longer any threat to the task force – if she and her escorts ever were. The difference between Saturday 1 May and Sunday 2 May was that by the Sunday morning Margaret Thatcher knew full well that the Argentine Army Council and Navy had agreed to withdraw from what they saw as the Malvinas, and that the world would expect her to do the same. Mrs Jeane Kirkpatrick, the US Ambassador at the UN, with many Latin American contacts, and a Spanish-speaking deputy, Jose Sorzano, had had many meetings with the Argentinians. But, as Hastings and Jenkins point out, 'it was politically unthinkable for the Government to consider abandoning operations in the South Atlantic.'
Equally, the attack on South Georgia had been geared to political timing. Hastings and Jenkins produce a devastating account of how the troops were sent into the most appalling weather conditions, losing their helicopters: this was later to be described by Lord Lewin as his worst moment of the conflict. 'The decision to press ahead against South Georgia,' say Hastings and Jenkins, 'like so many others of the campaign, was primarily political.' 'Rejoice, just rejoice' on Sunday evening, 26 April, at the entrance to Downing Street, was timed to frustrate the peace initiative of the Organisation of American States, due to meet the next day.
Earlier still, we find evidence of Mrs Thatcher's determination to have a military solution. Of Haig's first Peace Shuttle, Hastings and Jenkins write that the British were by no means pleased to see him. American treachery was already being whispered in Whitehall, and 'even-handed' negotiators on a matter of clear principle were viewed with suspicion. Haig's mission had received the prompt support of Costa Mendez, but Mrs Thatcher would only agree to it on the understanding that Resolution 502 would be honoured before any negotiations and that Haig would be 'supporting efforts to this end'. To ram home this point, the Cabinet announced a 200-mile maritime exclusion zone round the Falklands from the following Monday – the estimated date of the arrival in the area of the submarine Spartan. The zone was declared while the American Peace Mission was actually mid-air. Mrs Thatcher could not even hold her horses until she had heard what the US Government, whose hemispheric relations were involved, actually had to say.
No one who wanted peace would have behaved as Mrs Thatcher did. That is why Michael Foot was temporarily out of his mind, in an excess of misplaced chivalry, to tell the Commons on Monday, 14 June, after 10 o'clock in the evening: 'I can well understand the anxieties and pressures that must have been upon her during these weeks, and I can understand at this moment those pressures and anxieties may be relieved. And I congratulate her.' Sitting just behind Michael, my heart sank. Unlike my Leader, I believe there should be a major inquiry into the conduct of the Falklands conflict, like that which followed the Crimean War or the Jameson Raid during the Boer War. I believe that such an inquiry might reveal Mrs Thatcher in her true colours – as a leader who spurned many chances of peace, in favour of personal and political domestic objectives. Jenkins and Hastings have provided much raw material for such an inquiry.
Tam Dalyell is Labour MP for West Lothian. His book, A Science Policy for Britain, was reviewed by John Ziman (LRB, Vol. 6, No 15).
Easter Island Revisited
Tam Dalyell gives reasons for postponing a Te Deum
Diary: Questions for Mrs Thatcher
More by Tam Dalyell
Vol. 5 No. 6 · 1 April 1983
SIR: Thank you for Tam Dalyell's review of The Battle for the Falklands (LRB, 3 March), but surely the time has come to stop his constant confusion of history with political vendetta. Max Hastings and I most certainly do not 'exonerate the Prime Minister' of responsibility either for the outbreak of the war or for its conduct. No one reading the political sections of our book – or for that matter the military ones – could possibly draw that conclusion. Mrs Thatcher must bear her full share of blame for Britain's lack of preparedness in March, despite Franks's absurd exculpation, but Mr Dalyell's thesis that she welcomed the invasion to gain political salvation at home in defeating it is preposterous.
This oft-repeated claim forces him to attempt to rewrite whole passages of the Falklands conflict. For instance, there is no shred of evidence that any of the negotiating packages produced in April or May would have secured a 'complete withdrawal of troops' by the Argentinians, as Mr Dalyell maintains. The Junta, even Brigadier Lami Dozo, persistently thought it would win, right through to the eve of the final battle. Whatever one's view of the war, it is a perversion of history to ignore the fact that it was Buenos Aires which picked the quarrel. Once the confrontation had been commenced, the Argentinian regime was simply too weak to back off.
More serious still, our book should not be used by Mr Dalyell to support his claim that the cruiser Belgrano was deliberately sunk by Mrs Thatcher to scupper Francis Pym's peace negotiations. Whether or not it had this effect – and Admiral Anaya was not remotely in a mood to accept the Peruvian peace plan that week or any other – it is simply not true that this is why the cruiser was sunk. The torpedoing followed an urgent request from the task force commanders, desperate to eliminate what were then regarded as the two major threats to the planned landing: the cruiser and aircraft-carrier groups. Since the fleet subsequently fled to port, it is hard now to realise how much these ships were dreaded by Admiral Woodward. In addition, Belgrano carried a mass of radar equipment apparently intended to assist in directing air attacks into the exclusion zone. It was politically most unfortunate (potentially disastrous) that the ship was outside the exclusion zone when she was sunk, but the reason was military. The most mystifying aspect of the incident is not the motive but the inability of ministers to provide a convincing justification for it in public. The price they pay for their secrecy is Mr Dalyell's damaging accusations.
Mrs Thatcher's undeniable lack of enthusiasm towards the various Falklands peace initiatives in April and May was not the result of any instinctive war lust. Virtually alone among her ministers, she was convinced from the start that the Junta would not leave the islands or acknowledge the principle of self-determination for the islanders unless compelled to do so by force of arms. Given her objectives, I believe that her judgment in meeting them was correct. This in no way diminishes the other criticisms of her and her government made in our book.
London NW1


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Why most states recognize Daylight Saving Time: a history
Even though this means losing one hour of sleep this weekend, you'll actually be gaining an extra hour of daylight in the evening.
Author: Maria Antonieta Valery Gill
Published: 5:37 PM EST March 4, 2020
Updated: 8:21 AM EST March 5, 2020
At 2 a.m. Sunday clocks in most parts of the country will spring forward one hour as daylight saving time (DST) begins. It will run until Sunday, Nov. 1, 2020. Even though this means losing one hour of sleep this weekend, you'll actually be gaining an extra hour of daylight in the evening.
The first person to hint at this idea was American politician and scientist Benjamin Franklin in 1784. While working in Paris as an ambassador to the U.S. he wrote an essay titled "An Economical Project" to the editor of the Journal de Paris stating that Parisians would save a lot of money on candles if they woke up at the time of sunrise and went to bed as the sun set.
However, the concept of DST wasn't fully conceived until over a century later. In 1895, New Zealand entomologist George Vernon Hudson wrote a paper to the Wellington Philosophical Society proposing a two-hour shift forward in October and a two-hour shift backwards in March. Unfortunately, he was criticized and mocked for his proposal, as it was said to be confusing.
It wasn't until 1916, two years into the First World War, when DST was first implemented. Germany, one of the most powerful European countries at the time, decided to turn every clock in the country one hour ahead. Their goal was to minimize the use of artificial lighting so that fuel could be saved for war efforts. Soon after, other European countries -- including Austria, France and the United Kingdom -- followed suit.
In the U.S., however, this change took longer to arrive. In 1918, toward the end of the war, Pittsburgh-native Robert Garland introduced the idea after his visit to the U.K. After presenting the idea, it was signed and approved by President Wilson on March 8 of that same year.
Only seven months later, as the war came to a close, DST was repealed and wouldn't make a return until the Second World War, when it was reintroduced.
From the end of the war in 1945 up until 1966, there was no uniformity in the use of DST in the country, which caused quite a bit of confusion. Some major cities, like New York City, decided to keep DST while others stopped its use after the war.
This confusion came to an end in 1966, when the Uniform Time Act of 1966 was implemented by the U.S. Department of Transportation. This Act mandates the official start and end dates of DST in the country as March through November, and divides the country into different time zones.
Some states were not in favor of this law. Arizona -- with the exception of the Navajo territory -- and Hawaii opted out of DST.
Not all states see DST in a negative light. Florida Senator Marco Rubio has introduced a bill, The Sunshine Protection Act, in attempts to make DST permanent.
"Studies have shown many benefits of a year-round daylight saving time, which is why multiple states have followed Florida's lead in voting to make it permanent," Rubio said. "I will not let daylight fade on my Sunshine Protection Act."
The advantages of making DST permanent, according to a press release on Rubio's site, include a decrease in car crashes, a reduction in cardiac issues and seasonal depression, a reduction in the number of robberies by 27%, among several other benefits.
States that have joined Florida in seeking to make DST permanent include Alabama, Arkansas, Nevada, Oregon, Tennessee and Washington.
Related video: These U.S. states don't observe DST


david herrera(chair)
David, a devoted father of Hunter and Cole, and loving husband to Lauren, came to faith in Christ in the High Life ministry of Parkway. David serves the community as a CHP officer and loves his job. David enjoys playing music in the worship band and has a heart to serve in any way he can.
dan deckard
Pastor of Teaching & Preaching
Dan originates from Newcastle, California. He served a tour of duty in the Marine Corps, during which time he was converted to Christ. It was this initial experience of conversion and the newly awakened hunger for the Scripture that compelled him to seek a formal education in the Bible. He earned a Bachelor of Arts in theology from The Master's College, a Masters of Divinity and a Doctorate of Ministry from Trinity Evangelical Divinity School in Deerfield, IL. Dan was called to Parkway Community Church in 1997, where he served as pastor of preaching and teaching. On April 1st, 2001, upon the retirement of John Hanson, Dan assumed his current role as lead pastor. Dan and his wife Deanna reside in the city of Fairfield and have three children - two boys; Daniel and Isaac, and a girl; Allie.
rob lanflisi
Rob and Kay have lived all over. They have 3 grown children and several grandchildren. Rob is a practicing surgeon and looking forward to retiring in the near future to spend more time with family and tinkering with planes and motorcycles.
GUY BORGES
Guy was born in Walnut Creek and became a Christian in his second year of college. He says that same year God gave him a message that Phyllis, the beautiful young lady who had witnessed to him in high school, was the one to be his wife. He pursued her until God gave her the same message. They were married in 1978, had the first of their three kids during his initial year of law school, and returned to Walnut Creek to set down roots and start his career. They moved to Fairfield in 1986, where they had their other two children. They began attending Parkway in around 1997 and their kids participated in the youth programs and camps. Their children are now married and they have 8 grandkids. Guy finally retired in early 2021 and he is learning to embrace God's new plans for Phyllis' and his future.
Mark was born and raised in California and runs a construction business. He is married to Leslie and they have three grown children.


Pasay Explained
Pasay should not be confused with Paoay.
Seal Size: 100x80px
Image Map1:
Pushpin Map: Philippines
Pushpin Label Position: left
Pushpin Map Caption: Location within the
Subdivision Type: Country
Subdivision Name: Philippines
Subdivision Type1: Region
Subdivision Type2: Province
Subdivision Name2: none
Nickname: The Travel City
Motto: Aim High Pasay!
Anthem: Pasay, Mabuhay Ka!
Subdivision Type3: District
Subdivision Name3: Lone district
Established Title: Founded
Established Date: December 2, 1863
Established Title1: Cityhood
Established Date1: June 21, 1947 (city)
Established Title2: Highly urbanized city
Established Date2: December 22, 1979
Parts Type: Barangays
Parts Style: para
P1: 201 (see Barangays)
Leader Name: Imelda Calixto-Rubiano
Leader Title1: Vice Mayor
Leader Name1: Noel del Rosario
Leader Title2: Congressman
Leader Name2: Antonino Calixto
Leader Title3: Councilors
Leader Title4: Electorate
Leader Name4: voters (electorate_point_in_time}}|)
Population Density Km2: auto
Population Demonym: Pasayeño
Timezone: PST
Utc Offset: +8
Postal Code Type: ZIP code
Blank2 Name Sec1: Revenue (₱)
Blank3 Name Sec1: Poverty incidence
Blank4 Name Sec1: Inflation rate
Blank5 Name Sec1: Minimum wage rate (₱)
Blank6 Name Sec1: Sister localities
Blank Name Sec2: Native languages
Blank1 Name Sec2: Major religions
Blank2 Name Sec2: Feast date
Blank3 Name Sec2: Catholic diocese
Blank4 Name Sec2: Patron saint
, officially the , (Tagalog: Lungsod ng {{PH wikidata|name), or simply known as City, is a settlement_text}} of the Philippines| in, . According to the, it has a population of people.
Due to its location just south of the City of Manila, Pasay quickly became an urban town during the American colonial period.
See also: Namayan and Rajahnate of Maynila.
In local folk history about the period before the arrival of Spanish colonizers, Pasay is said to have been part of Namayan (sometimes also called Sapa), a confederation of barangays which supposedly controlled territory stretching from Manila Bay to Laguna de Bay, and which, upon the arrival of the Spanish, eventually became known as Sta. Ana de Sapa (modern day Santa Ana, Manila).[1] According to these legends, the ruler of Namayan bequeathed his territories in what is now Culi-culi, Pasay, and Baclaran to one of his sons, named Pasay, explaining the origin of the name.[1]
In another version of the legend, it was Rajah Sulayman of Maynila who bequeathed the territory to his child - also named Pasay, but this time a daughter with the title of Dayang-dayang.[1]
Spanish era
On May 19, 1571, Miguel López de Legazpi took formal possession of the Rajahnate of Maynila and its surrounding polities in the name of the Spanish crown.
Of the many religious orders that came, it was the Augustinian Order who would figure predominantly in the evangelisation of Pasay. The parish of Pasay was governed from the old Namayan capital, since renamed Sta. Ana de Sapa, which was under the jurisdiction of the Franciscans. The promise of space in Heaven prompted early native converts to donate their possessions to the Church, with folklore recounting how a baptized Pasay on her deathbed donated her vast estate to the Augustinians. Most of Pasay went to friar's hands either via donation or by purchase; many natives were also forced to divest of their properties to cope with stringent colonial impositions. In 1727, the Augustinians formally took over Pasay and attached it to the Parish of Nuestra Señora de los Remedios in Malate. In that year, Pasay was renamed "Pineda" in honour of Don Cornelio Pineda, a Spanish horticulturist.
In 1862, a number of prominent citizens of Pasay sent a petition to the civil and ecclesiastical authorities asking that they be allowed to manage their own political and religious affairs. On December 2, 1863, Pasay became a pueblo upon the recommendation of the Archbishop of Manila, Gregorio Melitón Martínez Santa Cruz.
Revolution and the Spanish–American War
Pasay produced numerous heroes during the Philippine Revolution. The Katipunan, the organization founded by Andrés Bonifacio that spearheaded the revolution, had a chapter in Pineda organized by Pascual Villanueva, Jacinto Ignacio, and Valentin Ignacio. Several women also fought for the cause of the Katipunan including Marcela Marcelo. The execution of José Rizal, who authored the novels Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo (considered seditious by the colonial government) on December 30, 1896, fanned the flames of the Revolution.
General Emilio Aguinaldo meanwhile declared the independence of the First Philippine Republic on June 12, 1898, and issued decrees providing political reorganization in the country. With this, Don Catalino became Pasay's first Presidente municipal (equivalent to today's Mayor).
Pineda was made the command outpost of the Primera Zona de Manila under Gen. Mariano Noriel, but Gen. Merritt appealed that the Pineda outpost turned over to the Americans so that they could be closer to the Spanish lines. Thinking Americans were allies, Noriel left Pineda on July 29, allowing American General Greene to transfer. When Intramuros was finally captured, the Filipinos were denied entry to the walled city. Since then, tension simmered between Filipino and American troops, with both sides assigned respective zones but neither observed boundary lines. On the night of February 4, 1899, four Filipinos crossed the American line in Santa Mesa, Manila, and shots were exchanged, triggering the Philippine–American War.
On May 19, 1899, General Noriel was given command again of Pineda. In June, Noriel together with General Ricarte almost defeated the American forces had they exploited the exhaustion of the enemy in the Battle of Las Piñas. Instead, their forces were attacked by American reinforcements and bombarded by warships. The assault forced them to abandon Pineda to occupation by American forces.
American period
On June 1, 1901, Pineda was incorporated into the Province of Rizal. Antonio Dancel was appointed a provincial governor and Pascual Villanueva as municipal president. On August 4, 1901, a resolution was passed petitioning that the original name of Pasay be returned. On September 6, 1901, the Philippine Commission, acting on the request of the townsfolk, passed Act No. 227 renaming Pineda back to Pasay.[2] Two years later, on October 12, 1903, Act No. 942 merged Pasay with the southern municipality of Malibay, expanding its territory.[3] With a population of 8,100 in 1903, Pasay was placed under the fourth-class category together with 9 other municipalities.
Friar lands, then nationalized, were turned into subdivisions. Soon the Pasay Real Estate Company offered friar lands as residential lots for sale or for lease to foreign investors. Postal, telegraph, and telephone lines were installed and branches of Philippine Savings Bank were established. In 1907 a first-class road from Pasay to Camp Nichols was completed. Others were repaired including the old Avenida Mexico now called the Taft Avenue extension. Transportation services improved. Among the first buses plying routes to Pasay were Pasay Transportation, Raymundo Transportation, Try-tran, and Halili Transit.By 1908, Meralco tranvia (electric tram car) lines linked Pasay to Intramuros, Escolta, San Miguel, San Sebastian, and San Juan. Automobiles took to the streets, testing their maximum 20 km/h speed on Taft Avenue. Marvel after marvel continued to fascinate the Pasayeños. On April 11, 1914, Pasay entered the Aviation Age, when Ms. Cora Wong, a nurse at the Chinese General Hospital, became the first woman in the Philippines to fly as a passenger on a flight with Tom Gunn in a Curtiss seaplane off Pasay Beach. Real estate was cheap. Much of the bayside area beyond Luneta was swamp but American ex-soldiers were quick to seize the opportunity to develop it for residential purposes. By 1918, Pasay had a population of 18,697 because of the exodus of prominent Filipino families and government officials to this seaside town including future president Manuel L. Quezon. By the 1930s, the former rural town had become a suburb of the capital city.
Japanese occupation and the Second Republic
World War II came and on December 26, 1941, McArthur issued a proclamation declaring Manila and its suburbs (Caloocan, Quezon City, San Juan, Mandaluyong, Makati, and Pasay) an open city. On New Year's Day, 1942 Quezon, while in Corregidor, called his secretary Jorge Vargas and appointed him by executive order "the Mayor of Greater Manila" which included Pasay. The mayor of Pasay was then Rufino Mateo, governing a town of more than 55,161. During the WWII many Pasayeños joined in the fight against the Japanese. Jose P. Maibag, born and bred in Pasay, laid out underground networking. Carlos Mendoza, a resident of Barrio San Roque, together with 14 others, formed a mobile broadcasting station called "The Voice of Juan dela Cruz." Unfortunately on July 11, 1942, Japanese military police pounced the group. Carling Mendoza, alias Juan de la Cruz" and other members of the group were brought to the old Bilibid Prison and suffered the kind of torture they talked about on the radio.
Pasay had to redo the signs all over town, with Filipino was ordered to prevail over English. The national language became a core subject in the secondary school curriculum, while Japanese was taught as well at all levels of education. On October 14, 1943, Japan proclaimed the Second Philippine Republic. Meantime, food had become so scarce that prices soared. Pasay residents began to move away from the city to the provinces outside. In the middle of February up to early March 1945, as the combined Allied forces began to converge on the way to the Manila area northwards from the south, Pasay suffered enormous damage during the month-long Battle of Manila, and many residents perished either by the Japanese or friendly fire from the combined Filipino and American forces.
Third Republic and the conversion to city status
On February 27, 1945, General MacArthur turned over the government to President Sergio Osmeña. One of Osmeña's first acts was to dissolve the Greater Manila Complex. Caloocan, San Juan, Mandaluyong, Makati, Pasay, and Paranaque were returned to their original province of Rizal. He then appointed Juan S. Salcedo, born in Pasay in 1904, as Director of Philippine Health, and then as executive officer of the Philippine Rehabilitation Administration in charge of national recovery from the devastation wrought by the Japanese occupation. Osmeña appointed Adolfo Santos as prewar vice mayor of Pasay, in place of incumbent Moises San Juan who died during the war.
Ignacio Santos Diaz, a congressman from the first district of Pasay, pushed for the conversion of the town into a city and it to be named after Rizal. Republic Act No. 183 was signed into law by President Roxas on June 21, 1947, officially establishing Rizal City,[4] with Mateo Rufino as Mayor and a population of 88,738. As of June 1948, the city had revenues of P472,835. There was just one hitch; the residents could not get themselves to call their city by its new name. After two years, eight months, and twelve days of trying, the force of habit continued to prevail. Pasay Congressman Eulogio Rodriguez, Jr. filed a bill returning the city to its original name. On May 3, 1950, President Elpidio Quirino, once a resident of Pasay himself, signed into law Republic Act No. 437, which changed the name of Rizal City to Pasay City.[5]
It was also in the 1940s when houses of faith started rising in different parts of Pasay to help people heal their bruised souls. Among them was the Church of Our Lady of Sorrows, the Libreria de San Pablo Catholic Women's League, Caritas, the nutrition center, and the grotto of Our Lady of Lourdes. In 1951, two parishes were established -the Parish of San Isidro Labrador and the Parish of San Rafael. On June 14, 1955, Pasay City regained its power to choose its leader. Pablo Cuneta ran against one-time Mayor Adolfo Santos and became the city's first elected mayor. In 1959, he campaigned again and won against his former vice mayor, Ruperto Galvez. On December 30, 1965, Ferdinand E. Marcos occupied Malacañang Palace as the new President of the Philippines, with Fernando Lopez, a resident of Pasay, as Vice-President. From that moment Imelda Romualdez Marcos became involved in national affairs. On the northern boundary of Pasay, she started filling the waterfront on Manila Bay to build the Cultural Center which was a world-class arts complex. She would add three more architectural showpieces on reclaimed land in Pasay: the Folk Arts, Film Center, and the Convention Center.
In 1967, Jovito Claudio won for the mayoralty race against Pablo Cuneta. In the following year, an assassination attempt occurred in Pasay when a Bolivian surrealist painter lunged at Pope Paul VI, with a knife grazing his chest. In 1971, Cuneta was re-elected as mayor.
New Society
On December 7, 1972, almost two months after martial law was declared, an assassin tried to kill Imelda Marcos. The event took place in Pasay, on live television, while Mrs. Marcos was distributing prizes to the winners of the National Beautification and Cleanliness contest. She suffered some wounds and broken nails but on the whole, she emerged unscathed from that close encounter. On the second anniversary of martial law, Marcos issued Presidential Decree No. 557, returning to every barrio in the country the barangays. Not long after the decree had been put into effect, the Metropolitan Manila Commission and the Department of Local Government instructed Pasay to create its own barangays. Mayor Cuneta, in response, ordered the creation of 487 barangays. Upon the firm suggestion of Secretary Jose Roño of the Department of Local Government, the number of barangays was cut down to two hundred.
On November 7, 1975, Marcos appointed the First Lady, Imelda, as governor of Metro Manila. The federation consolidated 13 towns and 4 cities including Pasay, which was removed from Rizal Province.
Pasay was the host city of Miss Universe 1974, the first time this event had been held in the morning and in the Asia Pacific, and thus was in the international spotlight in the leadup to the pageant day.[6]
People Power and contemporary period
The situation changed in the city in the immediate aftermath of the People Power Revolution. Cuneta left his post to be replaced by two acting mayors, Eduardo Calixto and Norman Urbina, only to be reelected in 1988 and serving for three more terms, before handing over to Jovito O. Claudio in 1998. Upon the end of his term, he was the city's longest ever city mayor. Claudio, himself replaced by the then vice mayor Wenceslao "Peewee" Trinidad in 2000, saw the building of the Manila Metro Rail Transit System Line 3 southern terminus in the city, and the Pasay City General Hospital and NAIA Terminal 2 were both opened to the public. All these and other projects spurred a new era of massive growth in the city that continues to this day. One end result is that even today, the EDSA Entertainment Complex, located just to the city's west along EDSA, just miles from the Baclaran district of Paranaque, is known for adult entertainment, including prostitution.[7] [8]
In 2006 the SM Mall of Asia, the 4th biggest overall in the country, was opened, and the area around this mall began to grow into the city's business center in the years that followed. 2 years later, the NAIA Terminal 3 opened its doors in July 2008.
See also: Barangays of Pasay City.
Pasay City covers a total land area of,[9] [10] making it the third smallest political subdivision in the National Capital Region and fourth in the whole country. It borders City of Manila to the north, Parañaque to the south, Makati and Taguig to the northeast, and Manila Bay to the west. The city can be divided into three distinct areas: the city's urban area with an area of ; the Civil Aeronautics Administration (CAA) complex, which includes the Ninoy Aquino International Airport (NAIA) and the Villamor Airbase, with an area of ; and the reclaimed land from Manila Bay with an area of .[11]
Pasay is composed of seven districts, subdivided into 20 zones, with a total of 201 barangays. The barangays do not have names but are only designated with sequential numbers. The largest zone, with an area of, is Zone 19, which covers barangays 178 and 191. The smallest zone with an area of is Zone 1, covering Barangays 1 to 3 and 14 to 17.[11]
Populated places / barangays in Pasay:
Under the Köppen climate classification system, Pasay features a tropical savanna climate (Köppen climate classification Aw).
Philippine Airlines is headquartered in the Philippine National Bank Financial Center beside the World Trade Center Manila in Pasay City.[12] Spirit of Manila Airlines has its headquarters in Roxas Sea Front Garden in Pasay City.[13] PAL Express, Cebu Pacific, Air Juan, Interisland Airlines have their headquarters on the grounds of Ninoy Aquino International Airport and in Pasay City.[14] [15] Oishi (Liwayway), a snack company, also has its headquarters in Pasay.[16]
National government offices found in Pasay include: Office of the Vice-President of the Philippines, Senate of the Philippines, Department of Foreign Affairs (DFA), Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines, Civil Aeronautics Board, Manila International Airport Authority, the Philippine Department of Trade and Industry's export promotions agency – the Center for International Trade Expositions and Missions (CITEM) – located in the International Trade Complex's Golden Shell Pavilion, and the Overseas Workers Welfare Administration (OWWA), Office for Transportation Security (OTS). The main office of the Philippine National Bank is located in the city.
LBC Express headquarters is located at the Star Cruises Centre in the Newport Cybertourism Zone of Pasay City.
See also: Cities of the Philippines. Pasay is governed primarily by the city mayor, the vice mayor and the city councilors. The mayor acts as the chief executive of the city while the city councilors act as its legislative body. The vice mayor, besides taking on mayoral responsibilities in case of a temporary vacancy, acts as the presiding officer of the city legislature. The legislative body is composed of 12 regular members (6 per district) and representatives from the barangay and the youth council.[17]
City Government of Pasay
Antonio G. Calixto
Imelda Calixto-Rubiano
Vice Mayor
Noel del Rosario
Sangguniang Panlungsod Members
1st District 2nd District
Mark Anthony Calixto Allan Panaligan
Grace Santos Donnabel Vendivel
Ma. Antonia Cuneta Arnel Regio Arceo Jr.
Abraham Albert Alvina Jose Calixto Isidro Jr.
Marlon Pesebere Editha Manguerra
Ricardo Santos Aileen Padua-Lopez
ABC President
Julie G. Gonzales
SK Federation President
Pasay will host some matches in the 2023 FIBA Basketball World Cup at the Mall of Asia Arena.
The city is one of the two cities Ninoy Aquino International Airport is located in, along with Parañaque City. Terminals 2, 3 and 4 are located in Pasay City. Villamor Airbase of the Philippine Air Force is also located here.
Highways and main thoroughfares
Pasay City is served by several highways and major thoroughfares. Epifanio delos Santos Avenue (EDSA), Roxas Boulevard, Gil Puyat Avenue (Buendia Avenue) and Taft Avenue function as the city's main thoroughfares. Secondary thoroughfares include Andrews Avenue, Antonio Arnaiz Avenue (formerly known as Libertad Street within Pasay), Diosdado Macapagal Boulevard, Ninoy Aquino Avenue and NAIA Road (MIA Road).
Three expressways serve Pasay and other parts of Metro Manila and Calabarzon; Metro Manila Skyway, an elevated expressway which is a component of Radial Road 3 (R-3) and Asian Highway 26 (AH26), passes on and serves as the Pasay-Taguig boundary. South Luzon Expressway, commonly called as SLEX and also components of Radial Road 3 and Asian Highway 26, follows a similar route with the Metro Manila Skyway, but runs directly below it, on tbe ground. NAIA Expressway, an elevated tolled expressway, serves Terminals 2 and 3 of the Ninoy Aquino International Airport, and fully opened in December 2016.
Jeepneys
Jeepneys ply the city's arterial roads, and serve the city's populated areas and nearby cities.
Buses provide city (commuter) and provincial (intercity) operation on Pasay. Provincial bus terminals are mostly found near the Gil Puyat Station, and a new terminal, the Southwest Provincial Bus Terminal, is found in HK Sun Plaza, on Macapagal Boulevard.
This city is served by two railway lines, the Line 1 and Line 3. Line 1 has four stations in Pasay, namely Gil Puyat (Buendia), Libertad, EDSA, Baclaran, and its depot is located along Airport Road. Line 3 has only one station, named Taft Avenue, which serves as an interchange with Line 1.
Tricycles and pedicabs serves the barangays. Multicab services connect SM Mall of Asia with Baclaran in Parañaque, Pasay Rotonda, and Cash N' Carry in Makati. Vans also provide service throughout the city and to other destinations in Metro Manila.
Unity Run
On the list of largest running events in the world, based on the number of participants a record 209,000 registered running enthusiasts participated in 2012 Kahit Isang Araw Lang: Unity Run which started and ended at the SM Mall of Asia grounds in Pasay City.
The second edition of the race surpassed the Guinness World record of 116,086 participants posted in the Run for Pasig River on Oct 10, 2010.[18]
The Department of Education (DepEd) Division of City Schools – Pasay operates 18 public elementary schools and 8 high schools, and operations are divided into four districts: Pasay North, Pasay East, Pasay South, and Pasay West. Special education is provided by the Philippine School for the Deaf and Philippine National School for the Blind, Pasay City SPED Center, and one Alternative Learning System (ALS) center. Numerous private schools, including Catholic and parochial schools, also operate in the city, like the St. Mary's Academy, operated by nuns of the Religious of the Virgin Mary.
Countries that have set up permanent diplomatic offices or embassies in the city include:
Twin towns and sister cities
Union City, California, United States
Jecheon, South Korea
Tainan, Taiwan
Las Piñas, Metro Manila
Parañaque, Metro Manila
Francisco Coching, Filipino comic book illustrator and writer
Pablo Cuneta, former Pasay mayor; father of Sharon Cuneta
Sharon Cuneta, Filipino singer, actress and television host
King Girado, Filipino singer, musician, model and actor
Nina Girado, pop/R&B singer, occasional songwriter, record producer, TV and radio personality at ABS-CBN
Carl Guevara, actor and model
Maricel Laxa, Filipino comedian and actress
Anita Linda, Filipino film actress
Fernando Lopez, former 3rd and 7th Vice President of the Philippines
Lisa Macuja-Elizalde, Filipino prima ballerina; in 1984, became the first Filipino and the first foreign soloist to join the Kirov Ballet Vhong Navarro, comedian, dancer, member of Streetboys
Chariz Solomon, Filipina actress and television personality
Darwin Ramos, Servant of God, Filipino teenager.
Bay City, Metro Manila
Pasay City West High School
Official website of Pasay City
Pasay beach, Manila, by Fabian de la Rosa
Book: Dery, Luis Camara . A History of the Inarticulate . New Day Publishers . 2001 . Quezon City . 978-971-10-1069-0 .
Web site: Act No. 227 . December 2, 2017. Lawyerly.ph.
Web site: Republic Act No. 183 - An Act Creating The Rizal City . www.chanrobles.com . Philippine Laws, Statutes And Codes - Chan Robles Virtual Law Library . 3 April 2018 . en . June 21, 1947.
Web site: Republic Act No. 437 - An Act Changing the Name of Rizal City to Pasay City . www.chanrobles.com . Philippine Laws, Statutes And Codes - Chan Robles Virtual Law Library . 3 April 2018 . en . June 7, 1950.
News: Requintina. Robert. PH eyes MOA or Philippine Arena as venue for Miss Universe 2016. Tempo. 2 August 2016. English, Filipino. 2 August 2016.
Web site: Coorlim . Leif . Undercover journalists trawl Manila's seedy red light district . CNN . 31 January 2019 . 16 May 2013.
Web site: Starter Guide To Manila Red Light District . A Farang Abroad . 31 January 2019.
Web site: Commission on Audit – Cities – NCR – Pasay City . . September 22, 2017 .
Web site: Enhancing Risk Analysis Capacities for Flood, Tropical Cyclone Severe Wind and Earthquake for the Greater Metro Manila Area Component 5 – Earthquake Risk Analysis . . May 16, 2016.
Web site: City Profile. asay City Government. 5 December 2012.
"About PAL." Philippine Airlines. Retrieved May 19, 2009.
"Contact Us." Spirit of Manila Airlines. Retrieved September 13, 2010.
"Call Center / Guest Services / Product Ideas ." Cebu Pacific. Retrieved March 31, 2010.
"Contact Information ." Interisland Airlines. Retrieved August 11, 2010.
"Privacy Policy ." Oishi. Retrieved on April 5, 2014. "Liwayway Marketing Corporation 2225 Tolentino St. Brgy. 129, Pasay City"
Web site: Philippine Republic Act No. 7926, Articles III, IV, V. Chan Robles Virtual Law Library. 11 Dec 2008.
News: Calapre. Frank. Unity Run sets record participants. 6 June 2012. Manila Times. 23 January 2012. yes. https://web.archive.org/web/20120429213620/http://www.manilatimes.net/index.php/sports/top-sports-news/15628-unity-run-sets-record-participants. April 29, 2012. mdy-all.
This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Pasay".


The Park for All – Services
Guidelines for a safe and enjoyable visit
Areas and Monuments
The Palatine
Arch of Constantine and Meta Sudans
The Domus Aurea
Hadrian's Auditoria
The Museums
The Palatine Museum
The Colosseum Museum
PArCo Green: the Green side of the ParCo
Support and participate
Excavation permits
The Catalogue Service
Restoration Office
"Conversations in the Curia" – Digital storytelling and the art of engagement
"Conversations in the Curia"
20 May, 16:30
Digital storytelling and the art of engagement
To follow the conference: connect to https://facebook.com/parcocolosseo on Thursday, 20 May at 16:30; the conference will be broadcast in the first available post on the page (no Facebook account necessary to participate).
The sixth date in our "Conversations in the Curia" series is entirely dedicated to the topic of digital storytelling and the art of engagement.
In the interests of making the most of our time after this past year of pandemic, we're looking at two different books this week.
I Musei e le forme dello storytelling digitale (Museums and Forms of Digital Storytelling), published at the heart of the pandemic in June 2020, is the latest work of Elisa Bonacini, archaeologist specialized in cultural communication with new technologies and regional coordinator for Sicily for the annual event Invasioni Digitali. In her book, the author illustrates the host of different experiences adopted by museums and throughout the cultural world, examining the following 14 types of storytelling: oral, written, video, visual, animated, interactive, immersive, social media storytelling, participatory, generative, geo-storytelling, multimedia mobile storytelling, cross-media and transmedia.
L'Arte del coinvolgimento (The art of engagement), published in 2017, is practically required reading for anyone wishing to enter into the world of gamification. Fabio Viola, scientific director of area gaming at Florence's Scuola Internazione di Comics, considered one of the most influential gamification designers in the world, and Vincenzo Idone Cassone, professor of social semiotics of design at Turin's IAAD (Istituto d'arte applicata e design), have foreseen the next frontier of the concept of engagement, identifying video games as a primary source of entertainment. The authors explore the intersection between game design, behavioral science and innovation to provide the tools necessary to implement the mechanics and dynamics of engagement in a wide variety of contexts: finance, health, education, work, shopping, urban planning and much more.
Speaking about the latest digital frontiers and how best to "engage" the public in a museum setting, the PArCo is pleased to welcome:
Ludovico Solima, professor of economics and business management and head of the cultural industries management department at "L. Vanvitelli" University of Campania and professor of museum management at Suor Orsola Benincasa University in Naples. In one of his most recent publications, Management per le imprese culturali (Management for Cultural Industries), professor Solima focuses on the impact of technology on management of the cultural sector, considering the role played by social media, virtual and augmented reality, gaming, 3D printing and much more.
Stefano Borghini, Parco archeologico del Colosseo architect, project manager for multimedia development and virtual reconstruction of the Domus Aurea, Domus Tranistoria, House of Augustus and Livia, Santa Maria Antiqua.
Official hashtag #parcocolosseo


from (1026) + -
dancer (1194) + -
collect (6) + -
pictur (4) + -
powerpoint (3) + -
still (x)
manuscript (x)
paper (x)
Oral history interview with Cadoc (Tsolo) Kobus [Part 2 of 2]
Oral history, Political activists-- South Africa--Interviews, Non-European Unity Movement, Government, Resistance to--South Africa
This is a series of unrelated interviews from the period 1985-1990 with people involved in different spheres of political life in Africa, with particular reference to the politics of South Africa, Namibia, Kenya, Zambia and the Congo. Interviewees include, Jane Gool, Hassan Howa, Hosea Jaffe, I.B. Tabata, Jack Cope and Otillie Abrahams. Themes include: African National Congress (ANC) training camps, anti-discrimination in sport, life in exile in Botswana and Namibia, gender empowerment , the history of St. Francis, Langa in the Western Cape, Non-European Unity Movement (NUEM), political upheaval in Kenya, rural life and work and the South West African Peoples Organisation (SWAPO), Pin4.27b.mp3: Part 2 of 2 ; 31:59 min. ; interview 27 of 52
Minister of Bantu Administration, Westbrook, Cape Town
Cape Town (South Africa), Western Cape (South Africa), Apartheid, Politics, Cabinet ministers, National Party (South Africa), Governments
The swearing-in of the new Deputy Minister of Bantu Administration by the State President (Mr. J. J. Fouche), Development (Mr A. J . Raubenheimer) took place today. Shown in the garden of Westbrook, the State President's official residence in Rondebosch after the ceremony are, from left, Dr. P. Koornhof, Deputy Minister of Bantu Administration, the Prime Minister (M.r. B. J. Vorster), Mr. Fouche, Mr. M. C. Botha, Minister of Bantu Administration and Mr. Raubenheimer.


The Review Garage
Rating the best and worst in cars, SUVs, trucks, motorcycles, tools and accessories.
Frank A. Aukofer
Jason Fogelson, Founder and Editor
Tod Mesirow
2017 Hyundai Elantra: A DriveWays Review…
by Frank A. Aukofer
In Kenny Rogers' poker playing song "The Gambler," you've got to know when to hold 'em. That's the plan for the 2017 Hyundai Elantra sedan.
The previous-generation Elantra surprised some when it was redesigned and won the 2012 North American Car of the Year title, voted on by an independent 50-member panel of automotive journalists. It beat the Volkswagen Passat and Ford Focus.
The Elantra was a fresh, youthful face in the competitive compact class with flowing body lines that Hyundai called "fluidic sculpture." That and a long list of amenities propelled total sales to 913,042 from 2012 through 2015.
Now Hyundai looks to consolidate its winnings by offering a more mature-looking, even mainstream design. Most striking, and seeming to follow an industry wide trend toward ever bigger maws, the new Elantra features a large, bold hexagonal grille, along with LED taillights and running lights.
However, it maintains its compact dimensions. It is less than an inch longer than its predecessor and exactly an inch wider. But clever packaging results in a total of more than 110 cubic feet of interior volume, with 96 cubic feet for passengers and 14 cubic feet of trunk space. That classifies it as a mid-size car according to the EPA, though it is marketed as a compact.
2017 ELANTRA SEDAN
The interior room becomes apparent as soon as you get inside. There's decent head- and knee-room in back for two six-footers without infringing on the driver and front passenger. However, despite a nearly flat floor, the center-rear passenger is relegated to a hard, high and uncomfortable cushion.
Despite its intended audience of buyers with modest incomes, the 2017 Elantra delivers a host of available features usually associated with premium and even luxury cars. Among them:
Automatic emergency braking from up to 50 miles an hour with pedestrian detection.
Adaptive cruise control that maintains a preset distance from the car ahead.
Trunk lid that opens automatically when it detects a nearby key fob.
Lane departure mitigation with steering assist.
Blind spot detection and rear cross traffic alert.
The base Elantra SE has a starting price of $17,995, including the destination charge. That model is the only one that offers a six-speed manual gearbox. There was no opportunity at the introduction to drive that version, but if the stick-shift is similar to the one on the previous Elantra, it's a sweetheart.
The model tested for this review was the top-of-the-line Limited with a starting price of $23,185. With optional Tech and Ultimate packages, the tester topped out at $27,710. But the level of equipment was not unlike that of a premium-priced car.
It included all of the aforementioned safety and convenience equipment, plus leather upholstery, navigation system, Harman/Kardon audio system with satellite and HD radio, Pandora, Bluetooth telephone, Android and Apple car play, motorized sunroof, heated front and rear seats, lighted outside door handles, and memory settings for the power driver's seat and outside mirrors.
The Elantra engine delivers 147 hp and 132 lb-ft of torque from 2.0 liters of displacement. Power travels to the front wheels through an easy-shifting six-speed automatic transmission. With a slippery .27 coefficient of drag, the city/highway/combined fuel consumption is rated at 28/37/32 mpg.
Unusual in this car class are economy, normal and sport driving modes. In the normal and Eco modes, the Elantra delivers a comfortable ride. Eco maximizes fuel economy, and the Sport mode tightens the steering and adjusts transmission shifting to provide more power at low engine revolutions, as well as delivering more rapid acceleration.
Even in the Sport mode, however, the acceleration is not snappy, but adequate for stoplight sprints and passing on two lane roads. However, the Sport mode delivers tighter and more responsive performance on twisting mountain roads. The six-speed automatic also can be shifted manually.
Later, Hyundai plans to introduce two other Elantra models: Eco with a new, 128-hp, turbocharged 1.4-liter four-cylinder engine mated to a seven-speed twin clutch automatic transmission. A brief drive in a pre-production model demonstrated quicker mid-range throttle response than with the 2.0-liter engine.
There's also an upcoming Sport model that will feature a 200 hp, 1.6-liter engine with the seven-speed dual-clutch automatic.
With cars like the 2017 Hyundai Elantra and the 2016 Honda Civic, it's easy to understand why the compact class is holding its own while larger mid-size cars falter in the face of an onslaught from compact crossover utility vehicles.
Model: 2017 Hyundai Elantra Limited four door sedan.
Engine:0-liter four cylinder, 147 hp, 132 lb-ft torque.
Transmission: Six-speed automatic with manual shift mode and front wheel drive.
Overall length: 15 feet.
EPA passenger/trunk volume: 96/14 cubic feet.
Weight: 2,976 pounds.
EPA city/highway/combined fuel consumption: 28/37/32 mpg.
Base price, including destination charge: $23,185.
Price as tested: $27,710.
Photos (c) Hyundai
Car Reviews, Frank A. Aukofer, Hyundai, Uncategorized
2017 Hyundai Elantra, Economy Cars, new for 2017
Scroll to the bottom of the page, and you'll discover links to stories, reviews and rants from the writers who bring you The Review Garage:
Jason Fogelson
2022 MINI Cooper S Hardtop 2 Door: A DriveWays Review…
2022 North American Car, Truck, and Utility of the Year Awards: A DriveWays Report…
2022 Hyundai Santa Cruz and 2022 Nissan Frontier: A DriveWays Review…
2022 Honda Civic 1.5T Touring: A DriveWays Review…
2022 Kia Carnival SX Prestige MPV: A DriveWays Review…
2022 Genesis G70 RWD 3.3T Sport Prestige: A DriveWays Review…
2022 Hyundai Tucson Limited Hybrid: A DriveWays Review…
2022 Mitsubishi Outlander SEL 2.5 S-AWC: A DriveWays Review…
2021 Audi RS 7: A DriveWays Review…
2021 Infiniti Q50 Signature Edition: A DriveWays Review…
Coupe Love Affair with the 2020 Lexus RC F
Drive After Drive in the 2020 Acura MDX
Driving at a Social Distance in the 2020 Audi Q3
What Would 1986 Think of the 2020 Hyundai Elantra?
2020 Toyota Prius is the Proto-Hybrid
Don't Ignore the 2020 Acura RDX
Avalon Hybrid Generates Grins
Attracting Xennials in the 2020 Lexus UX 250h
Palisade: The New Three-Row SUV from Hyundai
2020 Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV is the Underdog Hybrid
2020 Land Rover Range Rover Sport HST
Movie Review: 'Ford v Ferrari'
2019 Jaguar I-PACE: Driving the Future
2018 Cadillac XT5 Test Drive and Review: Holiday Road
2017 Nissan Titan XD Cummins V8 Turbo Diesel PRO-4X 4WD
2017 Land Rover Range Rover Evoque Convertible
The Porsche Experience
The Grand Tour, Episode One – A Review
2016 Dodge Challenger SRT 392 Test Drive and Review
Rolex Monterey Motorsports Reunion
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Unscripted Moments: A Podcast About Propagandhi
I Am A Rifle (EP 19)
Play • 1 hr 17 min
I Am A Rifle is track 2 from the Four Songs About Freedom EP by The Rebel Spell. The Propagandhi version is a cover of a Rebel Spell song done as a memorial for Todd "Serious" Jenkins, a true punk with a true heart, who shuffled off this mortal coil far too soon. His spirit lives! Proceeds of the Propagandhi version go to Wildlife Defence League and/ or Unistoten Defence Fund.
Introduction: 0:00:00-0:11:00
Erin Rebel Spell interview: 11:42-35:30
Keith and Greg track breakdown: 35:50-1:16:00
Buy the Propagandhi version: https://propagandhi.bandcamp.com/track/i-am-a-rifle
Purchase merch and music from The Rebel Spell here: https://www.therebelspell.com/shop/
More episodes from Unscripted Moments: A Podcast About Propagandhi
Night Letters (EP 69)
Introduction: 0:00-13:30 Parker Molloy interview: 13:40-45:15 Night Letters cover by Steven I: 46:49-50:30 David "Beave" Guillas interview: 54:50-1:11:25 Sulynn Hago interview: 1:14:10-1:30:10 Keith and Greg: 1:33:07-END
Tertium Non Datur (Part Two)
David Tkach played bass in the Winnipeg instrumental trio, Giant Sons, with Robbie Richardson and David Guillas. They wrote "Repairing the Damaged Beard," which went on to be adapted as Propagandhi's "Tertium Non Datur." Tkach currently plays in Fulfilment and Zeta II Reticuli. Listen to "Repairing the Damaged Beard," here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eBB0ZhHcdvk Listen to Fulfilment: https://fulfilment.bandcamp.com/ Listen to Zeta II Reticuli: https://zetaiireticuli.bandcamp.com/album/voyager
Hidden Curriculum (EP 68)
Josh Robbins Cover: 3:44-5:51 Huck Ricardo Cover: 20:18-22:58 Eric Emmons Cover: 47:15-50:44 Guest host on this episode is Scott Robertson. You can visit Scott on Instagram at: https://www.instagram.com/propagandhiphd/


BourbonAndVinyl
Rock 'n Roll, drinking and sometimes both at the same time
B&V's Favorite "Comeback" LPs
September 19, 2021 ~ kcorsini
"Don't call it a comeback, I've been here for years, rockin' my peers, puttin' suckers in fear" – LL Cool J, "Mama Said Knock You Out"
Everybody loves the drama of a good comeback. If you think about Hollywood there's really only two story lines. There's the story where our hero struggles, but all good things come to him in the end. I don't know about y'all but "happily ever after" doesn't usually happen in real life, at least to me…with the exception of the Rock Chick of course. The other story line that Hollywood loves is the comeback. Our hero gains fame or fortune but somehow, usually through some personality flaw or the machinations of some villain, our hero falls. It's how the hero handles that adversity that fuels the drama. He struggles and then finally rights the ship and makes, yes, the comeback. That's certainly the formula they used for the Freddy Mercury and Queen movie, 'Bohemian Rhapsody.' In that case, I'm not sure how historically accurate it was.
All of that said, there have been some great comebacks in rock n roll. There are many cases where a band or artist makes it big but then… loses it. Whether they succumb to drug abuse or the pressure of fame gets to them, the artist drifts creatively. The Rock Chick continually marvels at these bands/artists who work all their young lives to get famous and sell records, who finally "make it" only to lose their shit. I kinda understand that whole thing. I don't think anybody has any conception of what real, big fame is like. The artist perhaps feels isolated, turns to drugs or some other self-destructive behavior. Or maybe just freaked out by their fame, the artist changes their musical approach or fires the band. Certainly hubris plays a big part in all of this… I'm thinking specifically of Axl Rose who thought he was Guns N Roses. Never underestimate band chemistry, Axl.
There are many cases of big stars who eventually faded. For some odd reason I'm thinking of Sly Stone when I type these words. But for every star who eventually faded, against all odds, there are artists who have made the improbable comeback. They have somehow been able to summon the creative fire of their early success and create an album or a series of LPs that solidify their legacy and place in the rock n roll pantheon. There are many of these "comeback" albums that I just love. As I was thinking about this concept, I thought I'd share our favorites with you. There's something about an artist with their back against the wall who comes out swinging that I've always loved… but then I've always been the underdog.
Elvis Presley, From Elvis In Memphis – The greatest comeback ever belongs to the King. His evil manager Colonel Tom Parker had Elvis stuck on a treadmill of making basically the same movie over and over again. The King wasn't even doing concerts anymore. The Colonel had rendered the King irrelevant. The one time in his career Elvis bucked the Colonel was when he decided to do a television special at the end of '68. Longtime fans were nervous… did Elvis still "have it?" Indeed he did. He mesmerized on the Comeback Special. But how to follow it up? Elvis went back home to Memphis and recorded one of his strongest albums, From Elvis In Memphis. "Stranger In My Own Home Town" still brings chills up and down my spine. Had he not come out with a strong LP after the TV show the comeback would have fizzled… The Memphis album as it came to be known solidified the comeback… Alas Colonel Parker took over again and put Elvis on the Vegas concert treadmill but that's another story.
Muddy Waters, Hard Again – The 70s saw a bunch of new musical trends and they all led away from the blues and blues rock that had dominated in the late 60s, early 70s. Muddy kept putting out LPs in the early 70s with diminishing returns. One might describe his 70s output as disappointing. Muddy acolyte, blues master Johnny Winter approached Muddy about producing an LP. Muddy agreed. They assembled a topnotch backing band and the alchemy struck gold. The version of "Mannish Boy" on this album is definitive for me…
Johnny Cash, American Recordings – Johnny Cash was washed up and left for dead by the Country Music establishment. He was doing dinner clubs with an ensemble of musicians. Uber producer Rick Rubin attended one of those dinner club shows and approached the Man In Black about doing a stripped down album. American Recordings, his first of several LPs with Rubin, was stark and fierce. The liner notes were a copy of something Johnny wrote on lined notebook paper. It was a staggeringly successful return. "Delia's Gone" was my favorite but there's a lot to like. He does everybody from Nick Lowe to Danzig. It was the beginning of one of Johnny's most fertile periods.
Bob Dylan, Time Out of Mind – Even a diehard Dylan fan like me had given up on Bob by the late '90s. The last LP I'd bought of his was Oh Mercy! almost a decade prior. Dylan had holed up and done a couple of albums of folk covers. I ignored them at the time – although I love them now – but those records recharged something in Dylan. Time Out of Mind feels like mortality itself reaching out to deliver a message It's a late career masterpiece. It led to a series of great LPs in what can only be called a late career renaissance.
Paul McCartney, Flaming Pie – McCartney's late 80s/early 90s losing streak was the thing of legend. I don't think anybody was paying attention to him any more. It verged on being embarrassing. After he collaborated with the remaining Beatles on the Anthology Series, McCartney was able to reconnect with his creative spark. Flaming Pie was an amazing record and McCartney has been on a winning streak ever since, culminating in McCartney III last year.
George Harrison, Cloud Nine – Odd that there are a couple of ex-Beatles on this list… After his early solo success with All Things Must Pass, Harrison's career had stagnated. The last thing I expected in the late 80s, driving around Ft Smith, Arkansas was to hear a great Harrison song, "Got My Mind Set On You." Harrison had brought in Jeff Lynn of ELO fame to produce. Clapton and Ringo show up to help out. Cloud Nine led to the Traveling Wilburys and nice little late career surge for George, an underrated Beatle.
Warren Zevon, Sentimental Hygiene – Zevon had so many career collapses and comebacks I struggled to pick just one record here… I picked Sentimental Hygiene because it's one of his greatest records. The title track features a blistering Neil Young guitar solo – recorded in one or maybe two takes. Everyone should be listening to Warren Zevon and for God's sake if any of you have any pull – get him into the Rock Hall of Fame, please.
Neil Young, Freedom – Speaking of Neil Young… the 80s were a terrible decade for him. He was actually sued by his record company for "Purposely making uncommercial music." Sigh. While many of the songs on Freedom had been around for a while, the album hung together as a whole. "Rockin' In the Free World" in both its acoustic and electric versions is an iconic Young tune. It was a real return to form and set Neil up for a very creative decade in the 90s. Neil's always got something left in the tank.
The Allman Brothers, Seven Turns – You could perhaps describe this as a reunion album more so than a comeback album, but I love it and it was so good to hear the Allman Brothers make new music in 1990. They had a great three or four LP run after this. "Good Clean Fun" and the title track remain amongst my favorites.
Aerosmith, Permanent Vacation – I had loved 70s Aerosmith but then they just fizzled into a morass of heroin and stupidity. I thought Done With Mirrors was a better album but it was this LP that brought Aerosmith back to center stage. While "Angel" bothers me, I loved "Dude Looks Like A Lady," and "Ragdoll" with his greasy slide guitar. The world is always better off when Aerosmith is rocking.
Metallica, Death Magnetic – The Load and Reload albums sold well for Metallica but man, they left me cold. St Anger was to these ears, unlistenable. But then in 2008 Metallica dropped this gem of a record and everything clicked for me in terms of Metallica. This comeback LP got me on their bandwagon for good… I went back and purchased all their first four LPs and they are amazing.
Red Hot Chili Peppers, Californication – In the video for the first single from this album, the amazing "Scar Tissue," the Chilis look like someone beat the shit out of them. They'd certainly had a rough go of it. Lead guitarist John Frusciante had quit. Dave Navarro of Jane's Addiction fame had joined and left. They were considering doing an electronica based record. But Flea reached out to Frusciante who was fresh out of rehab – his heroin addiction can only be described as harrowing – and John decided to return to the fold. The results were proof Frusciante is the only person who should be playing lead guitar for the RHCPs. I saw this tour, still a very dark vibe from these guys but it was a great show. They went on to even greater heights until Frusciante quit again after Stadium Arcadium… only to return again. Fingers crossed for a new album from these guys.
Bruce Springsteen & the E Street Band, The Rising – Bruce had disbanded the E Street Band, his longstanding back up band and wandered in the wilderness through the 90s. He'd gotten them back together for a reunion tour but wasn't sure he could still write rock songs. When the tragic events of 911 unfolded, Springsteen was inspired. He was walking down the street and a fan had yelled to him, "We need you now, man." He responded with one of his greatest sets of songs ever. The Rising was a measured and inspired response to a horrible tragedy. It's truly one of his finest hours.
If you're feeling like a little rock n roll comeback drama, I highly recommend every LP on this list. I've been cranking Cloud Nine all day. I do so love the title track. Hopefully rock n roll drama is the only thing you're facing out there today and everything is going well. Take care of each other out there!
Posted in alternative rock, Blues, classic rock, Music, rock and roll, rock music, vinyl #JohnnyCash#MuddyWaters#rocknroll@Aerosmith@AllmanBrothers@BobDylan@chilipeppers@ElvisPresley@GeorgeHarrison@Metallica@NeilYoung@officialWZevon@PaulMcCartney@Springsteen
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Peter Paul Rubens and Hélène Fourment
Rubens, His Wife Helena Fourment and Their Son Frans by Rubens (c.1636)
This superb portrait by Rubens of his wife Hélène and their three year old son, Frans can be seen at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York. Frans is the only one of their children featured which makes us think that Rubens did not see this work as a family portrait but had more to do with his desire to show off the beauty of his second wife. Look how Rubens has depicted himself and his son in this work. They both look lovingly at Hélène. She is the wife to one and the mother to the other. This in a way is Rubens' intimate tribute to his wife. In the background we see a caryatid, (the sculpted female figure which is serving as an architectural support taking the place of a column or a pillar), which along with the fountain in the right background, symbolise fecundity
In my last blog I had reached the year 1626, a distressing time in Peter-Paul Rubens' life for this was the year his first wife and true love, Isabella Brandt died. Rubens was left alone with his three children, Clara Serena, Nikolas and Albertus. He was still employed as court painter at the court of Archduke Albert VII, the Archduke of Austria and Governor General of the Habsburg Netherlands and his wife and consort, the Archduchess Isabella Clara Eugenia. It was in 1621, when her husband, Albert, died that the Archduchess Isabella Clara Eugenia, became the Governor of the Netherlands on behalf of the King of Spain. She was also keen to use Rubens' ambassadorial skills and she sent him on a number of diplomatic missions to the Spanish and English courts to see if a solution could be found for the troubles besetting the Spanish Netherlands with the breakaway of the Seven United Provinces. His skill as a diplomat was well appreciated by both sides and he was knighted by King Philip IV of Spain in 1624 and six years later received a similar honour from Charles I of England. Notwithstanding his diplomatic brief, he continued to paint and received a number of royal commissions.
Hélène Fourment with a Carriage by Rubens (c.1639)
In this 1639 painting Hélène Fourment with a Carriage by Rubens, which is housed in the Louvre, we see his wife Hélène leaving their palatial home in Antwerp followed by her six year-old son Frans, who was born in 1633. We view the scene from a low level which affords Hélène a more regal and majestic stance as she awaits her carriage. Hélène, dressed like a lady of high society. She is dressed in a long black satin gown, in the wealthy and lavish Spanish style. She wears a small headdress with the pom-poms attached to large veil of black gauze. Rubens has contrasted the black of the dress with the bright white satin which form the puffed sleeves which are in turn accentuated by the gold braid. More colour is then added as we note the rosy pink of her cheeks and the purple sleeve bows and silk belt at her waist. She waits in front of a porch of their home with its columns and pilasters. The building had been designed by her husband, imitating an Italian palazzo. Hélène'sleft hand lies by her side whilst her right hand is raised in a gesture of modesty which belies her sumptuous clothes. Frans follows his mother, dressed in a red suit with a flat white collar. One must remember that Rubens at this time in his life was extremely affluent having been court painter at the Habsburg court and was also head of a thriving studio which was inundated with commissions from all over Europe. At the bottom left of the painting we see a two-horsed carriage awaiting mother and son. Besides a mode of transport the two-horsed carriage symbolised conjugal harmony. This is probably the last known portrait of Hélène by Rubens.
In 1630, at the age of 53, and four years after the death of his first wife, Isabella, Rubens married the 17 year-old daughter of his friend and tapestry merchant, Daniel 'Le Jeune' Fourment. His new wife, Hélène Fourment, went on to give him 5 children, two daughters, Clara Johanna and Isabella Helena and two sons, Frans and Peter-Paul. A fifth child, a third daughter Constance Albertine, was born eight months after Rubens died. My blog today looks at some of the many paintings by Rubens which featured his second wife, Hélène, many of which were portraits but she also featured in some of his allegorical and classical works.
Finally in August 1634, Rubens managed to relinquish his diplomatic work for the Habsburgs and in 1635 he bought himself a country estate, Het Steen, which was situated between Antwerp and Brussels. It was here that he spent much of the latter part of his life. Around 1636 Rubens completed a work entitled The Rainbow Landscape which was an imaginary artistic reconstruction of his own estate. It was a maginificent estate which included a castle, draw-bridge, tower, moats, a lake and a farm and gave him the right to be known as Lord of Het Steen. One can just imagine the joy it must have brought Rubens to spend his last quiet and tranquil years with his family at this idyllic place. At Het Steen, Rubens finally managed to enjoy the fruits of his long and hard-working career, and it was during these last years that he spent time painting landscapes.
In his later years, Rubens was increasingly troubled by arthritis which caused a swelling of the joints in his hands, which forced him to reluctantly give up painting altogether. Rubens died from heart failure on May 30th 1640, a month short of his sixty-third birthday. He was buried in Saint Jacob's church, Antwerp. The artist left behind eight children, three with Isabella and five with Hélène.
Het Pelsken (the little fur) by Peter Paul Rubens (c.1638)
The final painting I am showing you by Rubens, featuring his wife Hélène Fourment, is probably one of the strangest depictions a man could make of his beloved. The work was completed around 1638 when Rubens was 61 and Hélène was just 27. It is a life size painting of his wife, entitled Het Pelsken (The Little Fur), which is the title given to it by Rubens in his will. It is also sometimes referred to as Hélène Fourment in a Fur Coat. In the painting, Hélène is depicted nude except for a fur coat, which could well have belonged to her husband. This was a private work by Rubens. It was one of his favourite works and he would neither give it away, nor sell it nor exhibit it.
Venus de Medici
It was simply done by him for his own pleasure. It is an outstanding painted depiction of nakedness. It could well be that Rubens modelled his depiction on the Venus Pudica (modest Venus) of the life-size Venus de Medici, the Hellenistic marble sculpture which depicts the Greek goddess of love, Aphrodite, and which is housed in the Uffizi Gallery in Florence.
Hélène stands before us on a red cloth, almost naked. She is portrayed with curly dishevelled hair. She just about holds on to the wrap which seems to be about to fall from her body and leave her completely naked. She clutches at it in a manner that both of her arms are wrapped around the front of her. Her left hand covers her pelvic region whilst her right hand holds the fur coat in position on her left shoulder and by doing so her right arm cradles and uplifts her breasts. Her nipples seem to have hardened and her face has a rosy glow to it which may indicate the pleasure she is experiencing as her husband stares out at her. There is a look of defiance about her expression. Is this look intended to be one of provocation as she exposes her body to her husband or is it that she is fed up with standing in such a pose and becoming cold? In some ways we are fascinated by what we see before us and yet in other ways, because of the personal nature of the painting we feel as if we are intruding into a private husband/wife moment and we feel we should look away. It is a truthful portrayal of his wife. He has not tried to idealise his wife's body. She is a woman with a womanly figure and Rubens' depiction of her is an honest portrayal of her and there can be no doubt that he found what he saw, very pleasurable.
In his will he left the painting to his wife with the stipulation that it should never be sold to pay for death duties. Hélène carried out his wish and it was not sold until after she died in 1658. The painting is currently housed in the Kunsthistoriches Museum in Vienna.
Author jonathan5485Posted on May 14, 2013 Categories Art, Art Blog, Flemish painters, Portraiture, RubensTags Art, Art Blog, Art History, Flemish painter, Hélène Fourment, Het Pelsken by Rubens, Nude portraiture, Portraiture, Rubens
3 thoughts on "Peter Paul Rubens and Hélène Fourment"
Raisa Tarasova says:
I was so fascinated by art since I remember myself. My mum used to collect magazine pages with artworks by famous painters of all styles, we also had albums from Hermitage, Louvre, Metropolitan, Uffizi. Rubens was one of the 1st painter I discovered. He is far not my favourite painter, but I remember marvelling at the portrait of 15 y.o. Helene in her wedding dress – so playful, young and curious.
old master pictures says:
The womanly shapes were so much larger back in the 1600's, not like some of the skin and bone women around today. There is a saying in the art world, that if everyone in the paintings has enormous asses, then it's Rubens. How true!
Truly a genius artist though.
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Mahsan Ghazianzad Portfolio
Mahsan Ghazianzad was born in Tehran, the capital city of Iran. She pursued her Bachelor of Fine Art in painting, drawing and printmaking from Soore university in Tehran, Iran and her terminal degree (MFA) in studio art, Painting and drawing at the University of Nevada, Reno and has been working as an artist and art instructor for many years. Primarily interested in works that convey personal meaning, Mahsan works to capture the essence of her experiences through her paintings. She uses color, line, and shape in harmonies and abstract compositions to express emotions, thoughts, and sensations. A wide variety of sources influence Mahsan's artwork including personal history, poetry, philosophy, music, and also the works of artists that she admires. Mahsan has participated in numerous exhibitions and artist talks nationally and internationally. Since emigrating to the US, her works has been exhibited at the National Law Immigration Center Los Angeles; Folsom History Museum, California; California Museum, Sacramento; Women's Muse World Conference, Oregon; University of Nevada-Reno symposium; University of Nevada, Las Vegas; Lake Tahoe Community College; American River College, Sacramento; Sierra College, Rocklin-California; Truckee Meadow Community College, Reno; CCAI Courthouse gallery, Carson City; Metro Gallery at City Hall, Reno; Maturango Museum, California; Crocker Art Museum, California; the Board of Chambers, Sacramento Metropolitan Art Commission and others.
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As an activist, Tsui believes that witnessing environmental degradation first-hand exacerbates her mental health struggles, which she openly says—both in her writing and the activism she began devoting herself to in 2019, which she collaborated with Stella McCartney and co-founded initiatives including Bad Activist Collective and Pass the Mic. "I've been diagnosed with everything under the sun, so I'm definitely a madman," she laughs. Tsui explores this complex topic at its fullest form in the pages of her ambitious new book, It's Not Just You, to be published this summer. In it, she explains how systemic oppression has given rise to not only the climate crisis but also a mental health crisis that affects not only her generation but those above. that generation. And as the climate crisis worsens—or, in the words of the United Nations Secretary-General at this year's COP27 conference, as humanity continues "on the path to climate hell with the gas pedal on. "—no wonder 6 out of 10 young people are either very or extremely worried about it.
Terms like 'ecological anxiety' have entered the public consciousness, however, much of the advice is available or pathologically rationalizes the response to live through the mass extinction event or tell people to focus on individual solutions, like more recycling. "My understanding of mental health is that I am completely at the mercy of people who want to label me mentally ill, even though I am reacting to the symptoms of an unhealthy society," explains Tsui. Tsui's book supports the idea that climate anxiety exists in a vacuum, seeing it instead as a symptom of something deeper—a frustration and fatigue not solely caused by uncertainty. global equality faced by Tsui's generation, but also at a more local level, austerity. shameful measures and actions on the climate crisis by Britain's Conservatives, who have been in power for 12 years and continue. This winter, the cost-of-living crisis has seen thousands die from fuel poverty and malnutrition, but the damage and mistrust caused by the Conservative Party go deeper. "It is easy for us to say that I worry about the environment, but it goes much deeper than that," says Tsui. "That's what it means to live in a society that doesn't prioritize people's health, treats people like disposables— treats our planet like disposables."
How does Tsui plan to solve this problem? Adopting climate justice: an approach that treats social justice and environmental activism as one and the same. "There is no quick fix for anything, but we have to start restoring community care and living with less individualism and collectivism," said Tsui. For her, community is at the core of fighting social disparities and an answer to many of the mental health struggles people face as a result of the climate crisis. "Part of that also acknowledges that there are marginalized communities that have experienced profound, existential crises and that we can learn from them in a way that honors those who came before us and build the resilience they've cultivated," she explains.
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Greenberg Traurig Earns "A" in Diversity
The Austin office of global law firm Greenberg Traurig, LLP received an "A" in the just-released 2016 Austin Law Firm Diversity Report Card.
"Our firm's leadership promotes and welcomes diversity from the top down," said Sandra D. Gonzalez, Austin shareholder.
Austin, TX (PRWEB) August 30, 2017
"I'm particularly proud of this achievement for our office, especially with the increased difficulty of the new standards," said Austin Administrative Shareholder, Gregory J. Casas. "Each year, Sandra Gonzalez spearheads our participation, and we appreciate her dedication to showcasing our efforts to reflect the Austin community in our office."
"Our firm's leadership promotes and welcomes diversity from the top down," said Sandra D. Gonzalez, Austin shareholder. "We in the Austin office are fortunate to have a unique and multifarious group of attorneys that continues to grow and evolve, which makes for a truly enjoyable and collaborative work environment."
The committee coordinating the report consists of representatives from the Hispanic Bar Association of Austin, the Austin Black Lawyers Association, the Austin Asian American Bar Association, the South Asian Bar Association of Austin, the Austin LGBT Bar Association, and the Travis County Women Lawyers' Association.
Greenberg Traurig was among 29 of the largest law firms in Austin requested to participate in the report card survey, of which 25 submitted responses and were then evaluated and provided a grade. This year, 13 firms earned "A" grades. Grading is determined by both percentage of minority attorneys and percentage of minority partners in each firm, acknowledging firms who retain and promote minority attorneys.
About Greenberg Traurig, LLP – Texas
Greenberg Traurig has more than 125 attorneys in Texas, serving clients from offices in Austin, Dallas, and Houston.
About Greenberg Traurig's Diversity Initiative
As a leader among Am Law 100 firms, Greenberg Traurig, LLP has developed a workforce that welcomes, supports, and reflects the communities we represent. On the 2017 ALM Diversity Scorecard, the firm has the most African American partners and Hispanic American attorneys and is among the top 10 for number of minority attorneys. The firm is among the top five for number of female partners on the 2017 ALM Women's Scorecard and has a score of 100% on the 2017 Corporate Equality Index. Diversity is in Greenberg Traurig's DNA.
About Greenberg Traurig, LLP
Greenberg Traurig, LLP (GTLaw) has more than 2,000 attorneys in 38 offices in the United States, Latin America, Europe, Asia and the Middle East and is celebrating its 50th anniversary. One firm worldwide, GTLaw has been recognized for its philanthropic giving, was named the second largest firm in the U.S. by Law360 in 2016, and among the Top 20 on the 2016 Am Law Global 100. Web: http://www.gtlaw.com Twitter: @GT_Law.
Lourdes Brezo-Martinez
@GT_Law