Television Infrared Observation Satellite
"TIROS" redirects here. For the Brazilian municipality, see Tiros.
TIROS 6 satellite
RCA Astrospace
TIROS bus
Low Earth
First TV image of Earth from space
TIROS, or Television Infrared Observation Satellite, is a series of early weather satellites launched by the United States, beginning with TIROS-1 in 1960. TIROS was the first satellite that was capable of remote sensing of the Earth, enabling scientists to view the Earth from a new perspective: space.[1] The program, promoted by Harry Wexler, proved the usefulness of satellite weather observation, at a time when military reconnaissance satellites were secretly in development or use. TIROS demonstrated at that time that "the key to genius is often simplicity."[2] TIROS is an acronym of "Television InfraRed Observation Satellite" and is also the plural of "tiro" which means "a young soldier, a beginner".[3]
Participants in the TIROS project included the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), United States Army Signal Research and Development Laboratory, Radio Corporation of America, the United States Weather Bureau, the United States Naval Photographic Interpretation Center (NPIC), the Environmental Science Services Administration (ESSA), and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).[4]
2.1 TIROS Operational System
2.2 ITOS/TIROS-M
2.3 TIROS-N
2.4 Advanced TIROS-N
The 270 lb (122 kg) satellite was launched into a nearly circular low earth orbit by a Thor Able rocket. Drum-shaped with a 42-inch (1.1 m) diameter, and height of 19 inches (48 cm), the TIROS satellite carried two six-inch (15 cm) long television cameras. One of the cameras had a wide-angle lens with an f /1.6 aperture that could view an 800-mile-wide area of the Earth. The other camera had a telephoto lens with an f /1.8 aperture and 10- to 12-power magnification[citation needed] compared to the wide angle camera.
The satellite itself was stabilized in its orbit by spinning like a gyroscope. When it first separated from the rocket's third stage, it was spinning at about 136 revolutions per minute (rpm). To take unblurred photographs, a de-spin mechanism slowed the satellite down to 12 rpm after the orbit was accomplished.
The camera shutters made possible the series of still pictures which were stored and transmitted back to earth via 2-watt FM transmitters as the satellite approached one of its ground command points. After transmission, the tape was erased or cleaned and readied for more recording.
Series[edit]
Diagram showing progression of meteorological satellites from TIROS I to TIROS-N
TIROS continued as the more advanced TIROS Operational System (TOS), and eventually was succeeded by the Improved TIROS Operational System (ITOS) or TIROS-M, and then by the TIROS-N and Advanced TIROS-N series of satellites. NOAA-N Prime is the last in the TIROS series of NOAA satellites that observe Earth's weather and the environment.[5]
The naming of the satellites can become confusing because some of them use the same name as the over-seeing organization, such as "ESSA" for TOS satellites overseen by the Environmental Science Services Administration (for example, ESSA-1) and "NOAA" (for example, NOAA-M) for later TIROS-series satellites overseen by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.[5]
TIROS-1 (A): launched April 1, 1960, suffered electrical system failure on June 15, 1960
TIROS-2 (B): launched November 23, 1960, failed January 22, 1961
TIROS-3 (C): launched July 12, 1961, deactivated February 28, 1962
TIROS-4 (D): launched February 8, 1962, failed on June 30, 1962 (both cameras failed earlier)
TIROS-5 (E): launched June 19, 1962, failed on May 13, 1963
TIROS-6 (F): launched September 18, 1962, failed October 21, 1963
TIROS-7 (G): launched June 19, 1963, deactivated June 3, 1968
TIROS-8 (H): launched December 23, 1963, deactivated July 1, 1967
TIROS-9 (I): launched January 22, 1965, failed February 15, 1967. First Tiros satellite in near-polar orbit
TIROS-10 (OT-1): launched July 2, 1965, deactivated July 1, 1967.
As of June 2009, all TIROS satellites launched between 1960 and 1965 (with the exception of TIROS-7) were still in orbit.[6]
TIROS Operational System[edit]
ESSA-1 (OT-3)
ESSA-3 (TOS-A)
ESSA-4 (TOS-B)
ESSA-5 (TOS-C)
ESSA-6 (TOS-D)
ESSA-7 (TOS-E)
ESSA-8 (TOS-F)
ESSA-9 (TOS-G)
ITOS/TIROS-M[edit]
TIROS-M (ITOS-1): January 23, 1970 launch
NOAA-1 (ITOS-A): December 11, 1970 launch
ITOS-B October 21, 1971 launch; unusable orbit
ITOS-C
NOAA-2 (ITOS-D): October 15, 1972 launch
ITOS-E July 16, 1973 launch, failed to orbit
NOAA-3 (ITOS-F): November 6, 1973 launch
NOAA-4 (ITOS-G): November 15, 1974 launch
NOAA-5 (ITOS-H): July 29, 1976 launch
TIROS-N[edit]
Graphic of operational life of various satellites of the TIROS-N design
TIROS-N (Proto-flight)
Launched 13 October 1978 into a 470-nmi orbit; deactivated on 27 February 1981.[7]
NOAA-6 (NOAA-A prior to launch)
Launched 27 June 1979 into a 450-nmi orbit. The HIRS, a primary mission sensor, failed 19 September 1983. The satellite exceeded its two-year designed lifetime by almost six years when deactivated on 31 March 1987.[7][8]
NOAA-B
Launched 29 May 1980. It failed to achieve a usable orbit because of a booster engine anomaly.[5]
NOAA-7 (C)
Launched 23 June 1981 into a 470-nmi orbit; deactivated June 1986.[7]
NOAA-12 (D)
Launched 14 May 1991 into a 450-nmi AM orbit, out of sequence (see below). Placed in standby mode on 14 December 1998, when NOAA-15 became operational[7] and deactivated on 10 August 2007, setting an extended lifetime record of over sixteen years.[5]
Advanced TIROS-N[edit]
The Advanced TIROS-N (ATN) spacecraft were similar to the NOAA-A through -D satellites, apart from an enlarged Equipment Support Module to allow integration of additional payloads. A change from the TIROS-N through NOAA-D spacecraft was that spare word locations in the low bit rate data system TIROS Information Processor (TIP) was used for special instruments such as the Earth Radiation Budget Satellite (ERBE) and SBUV/2. The search and rescue (SAR) system became independent, utilizing a special frequency for transmission of data to the ground.[9]
NOAA-8 (E)
Launched 28 March 1983 into a 450-nautical-mile (830 km; 520 mi) orbit, out of sequence (before NOAA-D) to get the first SAR system on a US satellite operational.[5] Deactivated 29 December 1985, following a thermal runaway which destroyed a battery.[8]
NOAA-9 (F)
Launched 12 December 1984 into 470 nmi "afternoon" orbit and was the first satellite to carry an SBUV/2 instrument. It was deactivated on 1 August 1993 but was reactivated three weeks later, after the failure of NOAA-13. The SARR transmitter failed on 18 December 1997 and the satellite was permanently deactivated on 13 February 1998.[7][8]
NOAA-10 (G)
Launched 17 September 1986 into a 450 nmi "morning" orbit. Placed in standby mode on 17 September 1991 (when NOAA-12 became operational)[8] and deactivated on 30 August 2001.[7]
NOAA-11 (H)
Launched 24 September 1988 into a 470 nmi PM orbit. Placed in standby mode in March 1995 and was reactivated in May 1997 to provide soundings after an HIRS anomaly on NOAA-12.[8] Decommissioned 16 June 2004.[10]
NOAA-13 (I)
Launched 9 August 1993 into a 470 nmi PM orbit; two weeks after launch the spacecraft suffered a catastrophic power system anomaly. Attempts to contact or command the spacecraft were unsuccessful.[7]
NOAA-14 (J)
Launched 30 December 1994 into a 470 nmi PM orbit and decommissioned 23 May 2007 after more than twelve years of operation.[10]
NOAA-15 (K)
Launched 13 May 1998 into a 450 nmi morning orbit and replaced NOAA-12 on 14 December 1998, as the primary AM spacecraft. Now secondary, with MetOp-B as the AM primary.[11]
NOAA-16 (L)
Launched 21 September 2000 into a 470-nmi afternoon orbit; replaced NOAA-14 on 19 March 2001, as the primary AM spacecraft.[7] Decommissioned on 9 June 2014 due to major spacecraft anomaly.[12]
NOAA-17 (M)
Launched 24 June 2002 into a 450 nmi AM orbit and decommissioned 10 April 2013.[10]
NOAA-18 (N)
Launched 20 May 2005 into a 470 nmi afternoon orbit and replaced NOAA-16 as the PM primary spacecraft on 30 August 2005.[11][12]
NOAA-19 (N Prime)
Launched 6 February 2009 into a 470 nmi afternoon orbit[13] and replaced NOAA-18 as the PM primary spacecraft on 2 June 2009.[11][14]
^ "Space-Based Remote Sensing of the Earth: A Report to the Congress". NASA. NASA Technical Reports Server. Retrieved 4 October 2011.
^ Modern Mechanix: How Tiros Photographs the World
^ "tiro - Wiktionary". en.wiktionary.org. Retrieved 2017-04-19.
^ EXPLORES! (EXPloring and Learning the Operations and Resources of Environmental Satellites!) Archived 1997-07-24 at the Wayback Machine
^ a b c d e "NOAA-N Prime" (PDF). NP-2008-10-056-GSFC. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. 16 December 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 February 2013. Retrieved 8 October 2010.
^ "U.S. Space Objects Registry". Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs. Archived from the original on 2009-05-21. Retrieved 2009-06-25.
^ a b c d e f g h "History of NOAA's environmental satellites". Spaceflight Now. 22 June 2002. Retrieved 7 June 2015.
^ a b c d e NOAA-K (PDF) (Booklet), Greenbelt, Maryland: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 1998, p. 20, NP-1997-12-052-GSFC, retrieved 12 June 2015
^ Kidwell, Katherine B., ed. (November 1998). NOAA Polar Orbiter Data User's Guide (PDF). National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, NC: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. sec. 1.1. Retrieved 14 June 2015.
^ a b c "POES Decommissioned Satellites". Office of Satellite and Product Operations. NOAA. 30 September 2014. Retrieved 5 June 2015.
^ a b c "POES Operational Status". Office of Satellite and Product Operations. NOAA. Retrieved 5 June 2015.
^ a b "NOAA retires NOAA-16 polar satellite". NOAA News Archive. 9 June 2014. Retrieved 7 June 2015. NOAA exclusively operates afternoon polar orbit spacecraft, while its key international partner, the European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT), flies mid-morning orbit spacecraft.
^ Justin Ray (February 6, 2009). "History Abounds in Launch of Crucial Weather Satellite". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved 25 October 2010. A last-of-its-kind weather observatory...
^ Harrod, Emily D. (28 May 2009). "PSB - All POES, All Instruments, Switch to NOAA-19 as Operational Afternoon Satellite, 2 June 2009". Office of Satellite and Product Operations. NOAA. Retrieved 7 June 2015.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Television Infrared Observation Satellite.
NASA page on TIROS
NASA page on ESSA
NASA page on ITOS and NOAA
NASA page on TIROS-N
NASA Goddard POES Program - POES Home
NOAA Office of Satellite Operations - POES
TIROS-1 50th Anniversary & Resources on Satellite Meteorology
NASA's YouTube video of TIROS-1
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The ranch was established in Sonoma County in 1983 by Chris and Cecelia Brown and has since become a horse and rider training and horse boarding facility.
Chris has been training and showing cutting horses and training Non Pro riders for over 30 years. During this time, He has contributed to the success of the Sonoma County horse industry by focusing his efforts on local riders, their horses, and cutting associations. Chris has trained many local champion horses and riders. He was one of the original founders, past President, and a life time member of the Vintage Cutting Horse Association. He has been an approved NCHA AAA rated judge and judged many cutting competitions.
Chris is originally from Australia where he spent 8 years as a jackaroo (an agricultural intern) in the Outback learning ranch operations. In 1972, he came to the United States to expand his knowledge of the training and breeding of American Quarter Horses. During his travels in the U.S., he was bit by the "cutting bug" when he accepted employment and learned the cutting trade from Leon Harrel - one of the cutting industry's top trainers and showmen and a two time National Cutting Horse Association Futurity Champion. After a few years, Chris opened his own cutting horse training facility on a 16 acre ranch on Sonoma Mountain in Santa Rosa where he oversees ranch operations including training. Chris has won many championships and trained many champion riders and horses. Awards
In 2012, Chris received the Sonoma County Horse Council Equus Award for his dedication to teaching and advancing the discipline of Cutting in Sonoma County.
On June 9, 2016, Chris received the 2016 Best of Santa Rosa Award in the Horse Training category by the Santa Rosa Award Program. The award is given annually to honor the achievements and accomplishments of local businesses throughout the Santa Rosa area. Recognition is given to individuals or organizations that enhance the positive image of small business through service to their customers and the community. Winners are determined based on information gathered by the Santa Rosa Award Program and provided by third parties.
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Physics And Astronomy (27)
Materials Research (26)
MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive (26)
Journal of Biosocial Science (1)
Materials Research Society Internet Journal of Nitride Semiconductor Research (1)
Parasitology (1)
Materials Research Society (27)
Ferromagnetism and Near-infrared Luminescence in Neodymium and Erbium Doped Gallium Nitride via Diffusion
Melvyn Oliver Luen, Neeraj Nepal, Pavel Frajtag, John Zavada, Ei Brown, Uwe Hommerich, Salah M. Bedair, Nadia El-Masry
Journal: MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 1183 / 2009
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 31 January 2011, 1183-FF06-01
Print publication: 2009
In this study, we report on the diffusion of neodymium (Nd) and erbium (Er) into n-type and undoped GaN and subsequent measurements of the room-temperature (RT) magnetic and optical properties. The diffusion profile has been measured via secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) with rare-earth (RE) concentration yields of up to 1×1018/cm3. The ferromagnetic properties were measured using an alternating gradient magnetometer (AGM) giving a saturation magnetization (Ms) of up to 3.17emu/cm3 for the RE-diffused layer. The photoluminescence (PL) emission of the Nd-diffused and Er-diffused GaN is observable in the near-infrared (NIR) and infrared (IR) regions of the spectrum, respectively. The Nd-diffused GaN samples show NIR emission at 1064nm and 1350nm, while Er-diffused GaN samples have IR emission at 1546nm. This appears to be the first successful result of Nd diffusion doping into GaN crystals, and the first demonstration of above RT ferromagnetism involving GaN diffused with Nd. Details of our ferromagnetic and optical emission studies, related to the RE diffusion into GaN, are presented.
Characterization of Strained Layer Superlattice Solar Cells by X-ray Diffraction and Current-Voltage Measurements
Joshua P. Samberg, Conrad Zachary Carlin, Nadia A. El-Masry, Geoffrey K. Bradshaw, Peter C. Colter, Jeffrey L. Harmon, Salah M. Bedair, John R. Hauser
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 31 January 2011, 1211-R11-09
InGaAs can be used to enhance the response of solar cells past the 1.43 eV cutoff of GaAs. Strained-layer superlattice (SLS) structures with high indium and phosphorus compositions (up to 35% and 68% respectively) have been grown successfully. SLS solar cells with indium and high phosphorus compositions (up to 15% and 85% respectively) have been grown successfully. The spectral response of the solar cells has been extended to as low as 1.27 eV. This enhancement is also shown by an increase in the short circuit current, with a small reduction in the short circuit voltage as compared to standard GaAs p-n junction for AM1.5 and one sun.
Dark current curves show the extent of recombination in the superlattice. The reverse saturation current in the recombination region (0.2-0.8 V) was determined using a non-linear least squares fitting routine. An Arrhenius plot was generated by finding the reverse saturation current over a temperature range of 300-370 K. The low recombination devices show non-ideality constants of 1.7 with activation energies of 1.3-1.4 eV. The high recombination devices have non-ideality constants (˜2.3) and lower activation energies of 1.1 eV.
Correlations Between Optical Transmission and Magnetic Properties of Doped and Undoped GaMnN
Amr M. Mahros, M. O. Luen, A. Emara, E. A. Berkman, F. E. Arkun, X. Zhang, J. Muth, N. A. El-Masry, S. M. Bedair
Journal: MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 999 / 2007
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 01 February 2011, 0999-K06-06
Ferromagnetism (FM) in GaMnN was found to be related to the position of the Fermi level relative to the Mn deep-level band. The location of the Fermi level can be altered by doping GaMnN with Si (n-type) and Mg (p-type) dopants, resulting in a ferromagnetic to paramagnetic transformation. We have found that this manipulation of the Fermi level also can affect the optical properties of GaMnN, GaMnN: Mg and GaMnN: Si. The major optical absorption bands were found either to be enhanced or diminished depending on the level and nature of the doping elements. Therefore, a correlation between optical properties and saturation magnetization of GaMnN can be established.
Magnetic properties of Mn-doped GaN, InGaN, and AlGaN
M. L. Reed, E. A. Berkman, M. J. Reed, F. E. Arkun, T. Chikyow, S. M. Bedair, J. M. Zavada, N. A. El-Masry
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 01 February 2011, Y8.6
We report on the growth and magnetic properties of single crystal Mn-doped GaN, InGaN, and AlGaN films. The III-Nitride films were grown by MOCVD, while the Mn doping was performed by solid-state diffusion of a surface Mn layer deposited by pulsed laser ablation. Mn-doped In x Ga1-x N films were grown with x < 0.15, where the easy axis of magnetization rotates from in-plane to out-of-plane by changing the In x Ga1-x N thickness/strain-state of the film from compressively strained to relaxed. Mn-doped Al x Ga1-x N films were grown with x < 0.40 showing ferromagnetic behavior above room temperature. SQUID measurements ruled out superparamagnetism within these films. By optimizing the growth and annealing conditions of Mn-doped III-Nitrides, we have achieved Curie temperatures in the range of 228 to 500K. These ferromagnetic Mn-doped III-Nitride films exhibit hysteresis with a coercivity of 100–500 Oe. TEM analysis showed no secondary phases within these films.
Epitaxial CeO2 on Silicon Substrates and the Potential of Si/CeO2/Si for SOI Structures
A. H. Morshed, S. X. Liu, R. Leonard, F. G. Mcintosh, N. A. El-Masry, S. M. Bedair
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 15 February 2011, 339
CeO2 is nearly lattice matched to Si and has the CaF2 cubic structure thus it offers the potential for the epitaxial growth of an insulating film on Si. Laser ablation of a CeO2 target in an ultra high vacuum system was used for the deposition of single crystal CeO2. The effect of post growth thermal and rapid thermal annealing in O2, N2 and Ar atmosphere was found to have pronounced effects on the electrical properties measured by C-V and the optical properties measured by photoluminescence.
We report on our initial results for the growth of epitaxial Si on the deposited CeO2 using low pressure CVD. Both RHEED and TEM studies showed that single crystal epitaxial Si was deposited on CeO2. The details of the Si deposition on CeO2 films for potential of SOI (silicon on insulator) structures will be discussed.
Detection and Analysis of Phase Separation in Metalorganic Chemical Vapor Deposition InGaN
E. L. Piner, N. A. El-Masry, S. X. Liu, S. M. Bedair
InGaN films in the 0–50% InN composition range have been analyzed for the occurrence of phase separation. The ñ0.5 jum thick InGaN films were grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) in the 690 to 780°C temperature range and analyzed by θ−20 x-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and selected area diffraction (SAD). As-grown films with up to 21% InN were single phase. However, for films with 28% InN and higher, the samples showed a spinodally decomposed microstructure as confirmed by TEM and extra spots in SAD patterns that corresponded to multiphase InGaN. An explanation of the data based on the GaN-InN pseudo-binary phase diagram is discussed.
Growth and Characterization of In-Based Nitride Compounds and their Double Heterostructures
V. A. Joshkin, J. C Roberts, E. L. Piner, M. K. Behbehani, F. G. McIntosh, L. Wang, S. Lin, I. Shmagin, S. Krishnankutty, R. M. Kolbas, N. A. El-Masry, S. M. Bedair
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 10 February 2011, 13
We report on the growth and characterization of InGaN bulk films and AlGaN/InGaN/AlGaN double heterostructures (DHs). Good quality bulk InGaN films have been grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) with up to 40% InN as characterized by x-ray diffraction. The effect of hydrogen in the growth ambient on the lnN% incorporation in the InGaN films is presented. Photoluminescence (PL) spectra of AlGaN/InGaN/AlGaN DHs exhibit emission wavelengths from the violet through yellow depending on the growth conditions of the active InGaN layer. The PL spectra are fairly broad both at room temperature and 20 K, and could be a result of native defects or impurity related transitions. We also observed a linear dependence between the PL intensity and excitation power density in the 0.001 W/cm2 to 10 MW/cm2 range. Time resolved PL of one of these DHs suggest a recombination lifetime on the order of 520 ps.
MBE Growth of III-V Nitride Films and Quantum-Well Structures Using Multiple RF Plasma Sources
M. A. L. Johnson, Zhonghai Yu, C. Boney, W. H. Rowland, W. C. Hughes, J. W. Cook, J. F. Schetzina, N. A. El-Masry, M. T. Leonard, H. S. Kong, J. A. Edmond
MBE growth of III-V nitrides is being studied at NCSU using MOVPE grown GaN buffer layers on SiC as substrates. Rf plasma sources are being used for the generation of active nitrogen during MBE deposition. Through the use of multiple rf plasma sources, sufficient active nitrogen is generated in order to examine the properties of III-V nitride layers grown at higher substrate temperatures and growth rates. The resulting MBE-grown GaN films exhibit remarkably intense photoluminescence (PL) dominated by a sharp band-edge peak at 3.409 eV having a FWHM of 36 meV at 300K. No deep level emission is observed. AlGaN and InGaN films and quantum well structures have also been prepared using multiple sources. A modulated beam MBE approach is used in conjunction with the multiple rf plasma sources to grow InGaN. RHEED and TEM studies reveal flat 2D InGaN quantum well structures. Depending on the indium content, GaN/InGaN single-quantum-well structures exhibit electroluminescence at 300K peaked in the blue-violet to the green spectral region.
Stacked InGaN/AlGaN Double Heterostructures
J. C. Roberts, F. G. McIntosh, M. E. Aumer, E. L. Piner, V. A. Joshkin, S. Liu, N. A. El-Masry, S. M. Bedair
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 10 February 2011, 1161
InGaN ternary alloys can be the basis for light emission from the near UV to the red region of the electromagnetic spectrum. When InGaN/AIGaN double heterostructures emitting different colors are stacked in a single structure, simultaneous emission of different wavelengths will be achieved. If the color and the intensity of emission for each well are adjusted properly, tailored emission spectra, including white light, will be feasible. We demonstrate this concept with two wells emitting at different wavelengths that are stacked between AIGaN barrier layers. The emitted PL spectra for the stacked structure is found to be the superposition of the emission from the individual double heterostructures that were grown separately.
Growth and Properties of InGaN and AlInGaN Thin Films on (0001) Sapphire
E. L. Piner, F. G. McIntosh, J. C. Roberts, M. E. Aumer, V. A. Joshkin, S. M. Bedair, N. A. El-Masry
Journal: Materials Research Society Internet Journal of Nitride Semiconductor Research / Volume 1 / 1996
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 13 June 2014, e43
High quality InGaN films have led to the development of LEDs and blue lasers. The quaternary AlInGaN however, represents a more versatile material since the bandgap and lattice constant can be independently varied. We report on such films grown on (0001) sapphire substrates in an atmospheric pressure MOCVD reactor at 750-800°C. The ternary films have a composition of up to 40% InN and the quaternary films were grown in the composition range of 0 to 20% AlN and 0 to 20% InN. The quaternary compositions studied by EDS and the lattice constants from double crystal XRD followed Vegard's law indicating solid solubility for the range studied. Room temperature PL is dominated by band edge emission for InGaN and AlInGaN, at low AlN%. Higher AlN alloys of AlInGaN had PL dominated by deep levels. AlInGaN/InGaN and AlGaN/InGaN heterostructures were grown with abrupt interfaces. We emphasize the most important growth parameters for the growth of high quality ternary and quaternary thin films. The structural, electrical and optical properties of these In-based ternary and quaternary films and their lattice matched and strained heterostructures will also be presented.
Growth and Characterization of AllnGaN/InGaN Heterostructures
J. C. Roberts, F. G. Mcintosh, M. Aumer, V. Joshkin, K. S. Boutros, E. L. Piner, Y. W. He, N. A. El-Masry, S. M. Bedair
The emission wavelength of the InxGa1−xN ternary system can span from the near ultraviolet through red regions of the visible spectrum. High quality double heterostructures with these InxGa1−xN active layers are essential in the development of efficient optoelectronic devices such as high performance light emitting diodes and laser diodes. We will report on the MOCVD growth and characterization of thick and thin InGaN films. Thick InxGa1−xN films with values of x up to 0.40 have been deposited and their photoluminescence (PL) spectra measured. AlGaN/InGaN/AlGaN double heterostructures (DHs) have been grown that exhibit PL emission in the violet, blue, green and yellow spectral regions, depending on the growth conditions of the thin InGaN active layer. Preliminary results of an AllnGaN/InGaN/AllnGaN DH, with the potential of realizing a near-lattice matched structure, will also be presented.
Growth of High Quality InGaN Films by Metalorganic Chemical Vapor Deposition
J. C. Roberts, F. G. McIntosh, K. S. Boutros, S. M. Bedair, M. Moussa, E. L. Piner, Y. He, N. A. El-Masry
InGaN based optical devices can cover from the violet through orange regions of the visible spectrum. Difficulties in the growth of this alloy, which have impeded its applications, include problems such as the high vapor pressure of In, weak In-N bonds and lack of sufficient nitrogen during growth. We report on the MOCVD growth of InxGa1−xN (0 < x < 0.4) on sapphire substrates in the 750 - 800 °C temperature range. X-ray diffraction data show full width at half maximum line widths as narrow as 250 arcsec for low values of x, while films with higher lnN% exhibit broader line widths. Room temperature photoluminescence spectra exhibit band edge emission, with emission from deep levels increasing with x. Preliminary investigations of AlGaN/lnGaN/AlGaN double heterostructures have been conducted.
AlGaInN Quaternary Alloys by MOCVD
F.G. Mcintosh, E. Piner, K. Boutros, J.C. Roberts, Y. He, M. Moussa, N. El-Masry, S.M. Bedair
AlGaInN quaternary alloy based devices can cover the emission wavelength from deep UV to red. This Quaternary alloy also offers lattice matched heterostructures for both optical and microwave devices. We will report on the MOCVD growth of AlxGa1−x-yInyN (0<x<0.12), (0<y<0.15) at 750 °C on sapphire substrates, using TMG, EDMIn, TMAl and NH3 precursors. Chemical composition, lattice constants and bandgaps of the grown films were determined by EDS, X-ray diffraction and room temperature PL. Data indicates that the lattice constants can also be deduced using Vegard's law, indicating a solid solution of this alloy. PL showed band edge emission, however emission from deep levels was also observed. Optimized growth conditions and heterostructures using this quaternary alloy will be presented.
Microstructural and Magnetotransport (EHE) Properties of Epitaxial τ-MnAl on (100)GaAs Substrates by Pulsed Laser Deposition
T. M. Rosier, Y. He, N. A. El-Masry
We report on the crystal quality and magnetotransport properties (EHE) of epitaxial (001) τ-MnA1/GaAs(100) grown by the laser ablation deposition technique. Films (10–30 nm thick) were grown by two methods: (1) ablating a τ-MnAl target, prepared in-house; (2) alternate deposition of ultra thin layers of Mn and Al (˜6 periods) followed by annealing at different temperatures. For both deposition approaches ultrathin coherent epitaxial τ-MnAl films have been grown at temperatures in the range 250–420°C that is below the ε-phase transformation temperature. Reflection high energy electron diffraction (RHEED) and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) were used to characterize the crystalline quality of the deposited films. The Extraordinary Hall Effect measurements (EHE) indicate that the deposited films are perpendicularly magnetized showing coercivity up to 6 kOe at room temperature. The epitaxial growth of thin film ferromagnetic materials on lattice matching semiconductor substrates offers the possibility of integrating magnetic and semiconducting devices.
Electrical and Structural Properties of Annealed Epitaxial Ceo2 Films on Si(111) Substrates
A. H. Morshed, M. Tomita, N. El-Masry, P. Mclarty, N. P. Parikh, S. M. Bedair
Epitaxial CeO2 films were grown on Si(111) substrates by laser ablation of CeO2 targets under UHV conditions. The as-grown films were found to have poor electrical properties due to the presence of a large amount of defects near the oxide-silicon interface. Improved MOS electrical characteristics were obtained by annealing in an O2 environment. This however resulted in the growth of a SiO2 layer that can be 10 nm thick at the silicon interface which will thus reduce the capacitance of the grown structure. Annealing in argon and argon followed by oxygen environments were investigated as means to reduce the defects while minimizing the intermediate SiO2 layer thickness. The annealed films were compared based on their RBS yields, breakdown voltages and capacitance-voltage characteristics. Growth and annealing conditions were optimized to achieve device quality MOS structures.
Monitoring the efficacy of different doses of praziquantel by quantification of circulating antigens in serum and urine of schistosomiasis patients
L. van Lieshout, N. de Jonge, N. El-Masry, M. M. Mansour, S. Bassily, F. W. Krijger, A. M. Deelder
Journal: Parasitology / Volume 108 / Issue 5 / June 1994
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 06 April 2009, pp. 519-526
We evaluated the quantitation of two schistosome circulating antigens in serum and urine as a tool for the assessment of the efficacy of praziquantel dosage regimens (40 versus 60 mg/kgbw). In addition we compared the efficacy of two different brands of praziquantel (Biltricide® and Distocide®), given at the same dosage (40 mg/kgbw). Thirty five Egyptian hospitalized schistosomiasis mansoni patients participated in this study. Thirteen patients (Group 1) received 60 mg/kgbw Biltricide®, administered in 3 oral doses of 20 mg in one day; 22 individuals (Group 2) were treated with 40 mg/kgbw (12 Biltricide®, 10 Distocide®), given in one oral dose. Circulating anodic antigen (CAA) and circulating cathodic antigen (CCA) were quantitated by monoclonal antibody-based ELISA's before, and 1, 3 and 6 weeks after chemotherapy. Before treatment, all patients were positive for at least one of the circulating antigen assays. Three to six weeks after treatment significantly more patients were found to be negative in Group 1 compared to Group 2 (X2 = 7·13, P = 0·008, n = 35). Also the levels of CCA and CAA in serum and of CCA in urine were found to be significantly higher in Group 2 (Mann- Whitney U < 85, P < 0·05, n = 35). These results were confirmed by parasitological data. No differences were found between treatment with Biltricide® or Distocide®. Our results indicate that praziquantel treatment of schistosomiasis with 60 mg/kgbw divided in 3 doses results in a higher cure rate compared to 40 mg/kgbw as a single dose, and provide further evidence for the use of the CAA and CCA assays as a sensitive method to monitor the efficacy of chemotherapy, particularly when circulating antigen assays are combined by parallel testing.
Epitaxial CeO2 Growth on Si (111) for SOI
L. Tye, T. Chikyow, N. A. El-Masry, S. M. Bedair
Epitaxial growth of CeO2 was obtained on the Si(111) surface by laser ablation in UHV atmosphere. However, a dual amorphous layer formed at the interface, yielding a CeO2/α:-CeOx/α-SiO2/Si(111) structure. This structure is speculated to be caused by a reaction occurring between Ce oxide and Si. Post annealing in O2 ambient caused the regrowth of CeO2, eliminated the α-CeOx layer, and increased the thickness of the SiO2 layer. The new CeO2/SiO2/Si(111) structure shows improved breakdown voltage and fewer interfacial states as observed by C-V and I-V measurements. The SiO2 is expected to tie surface states with Si, whereas the single crystal CeO2 will allow the epitaxial growth of lattice-matched Si on this insulating film. The effect of growth conditions and O2 annealing on both the structural and the electrical properties of this epitaxial oxide will be presented.
The Role of Gas Phase Decomposition in the ALE Growth of III–V Compounds
K. G. Reid, H. M. Urdianyk, N. A. El-Masry, S. M. Bedair
The effects of the growth temperature and exposure time to TMGa for ALE of gallium arsenide was studied using TMGa and AsH3 in a modified, vertical, atmospheric, MOCVD reactor with a rotating susceptor. It was found that the temperature range for ALE growth could -be extended from 450°C to 700°C by adjustment of the exposure time to TMGa. The maximum exposure time to TMGa was found to decrease as growth temperature increased with high temperature growth limited to exposures of only fractions of a second. Beyond a critical exposure time to TMGa, gallium droplets form on the surface. It is known that premature decomposition of TMGa in the heated gaseous boundary layer causes the formation of the gallium droplets and the consequent loss of ALE growth.
Growth and Characterization of InP/GaAs on Soi by Mocvd
N.H. Karam, V. Haven, S.M. Vernon, F. Namavar, N. El-Masry, N. Haegel, M.M. Al-Jassim
Epitaxial InP films have been successfully deposited on GaAs coated silicon wafers with a buried oxide for the first time by MOCVD. The SOI wafers were prepared using the Separation by IMplantation of Oxygen (SIMOX) process. The quality of InP on SIMOX is comparable to the best of InP on Si deposited in the same reactor. Preliminary results on defect reduction techniques such as Thermal Cycle Growth (TCG) show an order of magnitude increase in the photoluminescence intensity and a factor of five reduction in the defect density. TCG has been found more effective than Thermal Cycle Annealing (TCA) in improving the crystalline perfection and optical properties of the deposited films.
High Quality GaAs on Si by Selective Area Epitaxy
N.H. Karam, V. Haven, S.M. Vernon, N. El-Masry, M. Lingunis, N. Haegel
Selective area Epitaxy (SE) of high quality GaAs on Si films has been achieved using conventional MOCVD and Atomic Layer Epitaxy (ALE) nucleation techniques. Epitaxial GaAs films were deposited inside windows etch patterned in the oxide coated Si wafers. SE was found to eliminate wafer warpage, reduce film cracking and reduce the tensile stresses for islands less than 200 µm/side. Complete stress relief has been achieved in 10 µm/side islands after oxide removal. Defect reduction techniques have been employed resulting in two orders of magnitude reduction in the dislocation density and excellent surface morphologies. This paper addresses the potential of SE, by the above techniques in improving the quality of the GaAs on Si films.


President Basescu concludes Mid-East visit: "I feel as on my first day of mandate"
In the last day of his three day official visit in Israel and Palestinian Territories, President Traian Basescu on Tuesday said, during a meeting in Tel Aviv with representatives of the Romanian community in Israel, that he did not feel tired at all after the ten years of mandate, but as energetic as on the first day of the mandate takeover and much more experienced than he was at that time, according to Agerpres.
'As far as I am concerned, I am at the end of the second mandate, but I will be President until the last day of mandate. There have been some who believed I may have grown tired over these ten years. No, I am not at all tired. I feel as on the first day in terms of energy, but much more experienced than on the first day of my first mandate,' Traian Basescu said.
Regarding the situation of the Romanian Justice, Basescu said that 'justice doesn't end according to one's will, regardless of how rich and powerful one is from a political viewpoint.' 'We are trying to be good Europeans. We are trying to convince all the politicians that justice doesn't function or doesn't stop from functioning according to one's will, regardless of how rich or powerful one is from a political viewpoint they are and if they will pay more attention to Israel they will see what does it really mean a solid state on its own feet and with institutions that function. It takes time until everybody will get to learn these things and especially until we learn that doing politics means pursuing a goal, a thought, in the name of a country or a nation, while it doesn't mean staying loyal to a political party or its corrupt members. However, with patience we will overcome everything," the head of the state said in Tel Aviv.
He pointed out that Romania remained a democratic state. What is certain is that Romania remained a democratic state, a rule of law state, even if we can't say that everything is perfect yet, but everything will be perfect,' said Basescu. Moreover, he appreciated that Romania had economic growth starting with 2011 – 'not a big growth, but a small yet constant growth, better than none anyhow, as it happened in other cases' – which in 2013 reached approximately 3 per cent. Traian Basescu showed that he hoped 2014 to be a better year from this viewpoint.
'As to Romania, things are not as bad as we like to complain they are, but it's true that there is still room for improvement,' said Basescu.
Calarasi commission: Stelian Fuia denies President's involvement
Air Commodore Galusca decorated by President Basescu
IRES survey: Price hikes worries Romanians the most, followed by fear of war
NINE O'CLOCK March 31, 2022 March 31, 2022
Surprise candidate to the Mayoralty of Bucharest
Antonescu: I'll run for Presidency without PSD support
Nine O' Clock September 12, 2013


Unearthing Primitive Treasures
Tough and sometimes strange and threatening, ancient Mexican art has inspired 20th-century artists and designers
A GREAT deal of archaeological work throughout Mesoamerica is not the only reason that the rest of the world has developed a liking and keen aesthetic appreciation of the art of ancient Mexico in our century. There has also been a persistent interest among many 20th-century artists in forms of artistic expression different from the Renaissance tradition so admired in the 19th century. These "other" forms offered fresh stimuli or even a jolt out of tired conventions. This interest started in the later 19t h century, with such instances as Gauguin's fascination with Tahiti.
Mexican art seems, naturally enough, to have held particular meaning for sculptors. British sculptor Henry Moore notably found direct inspiration from Mexican sculpture seen in books and the British Museum. As a young man in the mid 1920s, Moore won a traveling scholarship which took him - against his inclination - to Italy, and here he was exposed to the great figures of the Renaissance first hand. He found the experience unsettling because it set up a conflict between his already established devotion t o primitive art and the potency of the sophisticated Mediterranean tradition.
In time, Moore was able to turn this conflict to positive use. But after his return from Italy, for about six months, he was unable to work. "Then gradually," he recorded, "I began to find my way back to ... ancient Mexican art...."
Later, in 1960, looking back over his career, he wrote: "It seems to me now that this conflict between the excitement and great impression I got from Mexican sculpture and the love and sympathy I felt for Italian art represents two opposing sides in me, the `tough' and the `tender,' and that many other artists have had the same two conflicting sides in their natures." Certainly Moore believed Picasso to be one such artist.
The varied works shown on these pages come from a major traveling exhibition, "The Art of Ancient Mexico," that recently ended its tour in London after being seen in four other European cities and in Tokyo. These artifacts contain - as the whole exhibition did - the toughness Moore referred to, particularly the ferocious stone jaguar from the Gulf-Coast region and the urn representing the god Xipe from the Oaxaca area on the Pacific side of the Mexico. The latter was found in a tomb in Monte Alban, the c enter - the capital - of Zapotec culture. It was made in the Classic Period, AD 200-900.
In this remarkable clay sculpture can be seen vigorous decorativeness and a solidly based symmetry, which may at first mislead the viewer into not noticing the subject. Originally this work was polychrome, as hints of pigment still show, adding to the sense of exotic beauty.
ButUT the subject, which may be a priest rather than the god himself, has manifestly to do with savage religious beliefs and seems clearly intended to fill the onlooker with awe.
Sonia Lombardo de Ruiz writes in the catalog that the figure "grasps a baton in one hand while the other holds the head of the sacrificed victim whose skin he was to wear." She adds that the "crudity of the ritual ... is represented, to our eyes, with a lively ingenuity" and "... was the product of a deep religious conviction."
Martha Carmona Macias further writes that the mythical deity Xipe Totec was the patron of goldwork, "but was also associated with the process of natural renewal that occurs year after year with the arrival of spring." The skin of the poor victim symbolizes, according to the commentator, "the renewal of the face of the earth" and was used to make a mask for the main figure. Though such practices seem today utterly horrific, the sculpture itself seems surprisingly controlled and even abstract to a consider able degree. Fear and authority are epitomized by it, not suffering.
In contrast, it might be pointed out that much European art depicts acts of savagery: Crucifixion, for instance, is a frequent subject. The ancient Greek myth of the flaying of the satyr Marsyas, which comes close to the Zapotec sacrificial ceremony represented here, was drawn and painted throughout the Renaissance. Indeed, when it comes to savagery, there is a far greater emphasis on fleshly cruelty in, for example, Titian's most anguished paintings than in the hieratic character of this ancient Mexican
urn.
It is energy, however, quite as much as toughness or tenderness that seems to be the compelling motive behind much ancient Mexican sculpture. This is so even when it may, theoretically at least, have closer connections with everyday life than with mythological deities.
The terra-cotta animals frequently sculpted in the Western part of Mexico, partcularly in Colima, have great appeal, though doubtless they were not intended to be charming ornaments. They were among other objects found in burial chambers, and it has been speculated that either they embody some sort of deity, or they were supposed to accompany people in their passage through the underworld in the afterlife.
It is their realism that we are likely to relish. Dogs, particularly little fat ones that also serve as vessels to contain something, clearly come from their maker's familiarity with both their shape and behavior. They are stylized, certainly. But these animals are full of vigor and seem both attentive as they look up at us and ready to spring into action at any moment.
THIS particular one looks as though it might bite - but on the other hand its eagerness could be in the nature of a canine smile. Dog cognoscenti - and the Colima artists were unquestionably that - know that dogs show pleasure as well as aggression by baring their teeth. Either way, these dog ceramics have a rotund realism and a restrained forcefulness that is much stronger than mere charm.
The bottle in the shape of an armadillo comes from a different part of Mesoamerica and from a much earlier period. Whereas the Colima dog belongs to the Classic Period, AD 200-600, this clay piece is Middle Pre-Classic, which means it was made between 1200 and 800 BC. It comes from the Central Highlands area. This creature was part of the fauna that the villagers of that time and place hunted for meat.
Like the much-later dog, this animal must have been a familiar part of daily existence, and therefore suitable as a form on which to model a container. But it probably wasn't made simply for ornamental purposes, since it was the sort of ceramic to be found in burial places where it would have had a religious function. One speculation is that such sculptures represented animal spirits thought to have influence over a person's life.
Among the links forged in our time between European and American art and the art of ancient Mexico was the adaptation of decorative motifs of Aztec or Mayan origin for use in the consciously modernistic Art Deco style of the 1920s and '30s. It is strange that what we have called modern has, in fact, been directly inspired by art of great age, like that of ancient Mexico.
It is the cultural remoteness and unfamiliarity of it that appeals: The visual language is baffling, and the actual use and function of the objects are still largely mystery. But the effect on a sculptor like Henry Moore seems to have been as direct as if artist had spoken to artist over centuries. Moore chose from Mexican art what his own sensibility needed; the Art Deco designers chose a different aspect. This style can hardly be described as tough.
These two 20th-century plunderings suggest the balance in ancient Mexican art between expression and design. There lurks in it plenty that is strange and threatening, but a bold feel for sculptural mass and form controls and simplifies these forces so that they are still and monumental as well as disturbing and expressive. The massiveness and solidity are relieved, often, by vigorously carved or modeled surface decoration.
There is nothing half-hearted or tentative about the best of ancient Mexican sculpture. It is direct and assured - so much so that its energetic inventiveness seems a matter of inevitability.
Colossal human sculpture unearthed in Turkey
Archaeologists in Greece unearth magnificent 3,500-year-old tomb
Iraq says Islamic State militants 'bulldozed' ancient site


Exports to India: An Overview of Market Opportunities
When: April 10, 2014 at 9:00am – 12:00pm
People: Vinita Mehra, Ron Somers, Martha Gabrielse, Prem Behl
Where: Sheraton Columbus Hotel at Capitol Square
Kegler Brown, in conjunction with Ohio Development Services Agency, will present a seminar on Thursday, April 10, on business and export opportunities in India. The seminar will discuss market opportunities in India, key legal and tax issues to consider in exporting and importing goods and services internationally and information about the DSA's upcoming trade mission to India.
Ron Somers, president of the US-India Business Council
Martha Gabrielse, relationship executive - international banking at JPMorgan Chase
Vinita Mehra, Asia-Pacific team leader and global business attorney at Kegler Brown
Prem Behl, managing director of the Ohio India Office
A networking lunch of traditional Indian food will follow the presentation.
Please register by Thursday, April 3, by contacting Ashton Lahman, [email protected] or (614) 255-5515.
Sheraton Columbus Hotel at Capitol Square
Congressional Room
75 E. State Street
Parking is available at the Columbus Commons Underground Garage, located at 191 S. 3rd Street. Directions to parking garage.
Additional parking is available at the Sheraton Hotel, which valets on the corner of State Street and Third Street.
Kegler Brown is pleased to sponsor this seminar along with the following champions of global growth:
Cross-Border M+A
JVs + Strategic Alliances


Berkeley Old Time Music Convention
12th annual old time music jamboree
Friday, September 19, 2014, 8:00 pm (doors open at 7:00 pm)
featuring the Earl White Band, The Cliffhangers, and The Onlies
$16 advance / $18 door
Start: September 19 8:00 pm
The Berkeley Old Time Music Convention (BOTMC) is back for the 12th year, celebrating old time music from September 16-21, at locations all over town. This five-day festival offers concerts, square dancing, a string band contest, workshops, and activities especially for kids and families, all in intimate settings where the line between audience and performer is as thin as a guitar pick. Participants travel from across America for the chance to hang out, dance, and pick and sing alongside some of the top musicians and dancers in the old time fiddle and banjo world. Starting at 5:00 p.m., David Bragger will host a free jam session in the Freight lobby and, if weather permits, other BOTMC performers will host a jam in front of the building. The master of ceremonies for tonight's show will be Paul Brown.
Earl White is one of few Black Americans reviving the music that was once an important part of rural black communities and life on plantations in the American southeast. Earl is known for his extensive repertoire of unusual tunes, and his driving, energetic, heartfelt style. He started playing the fiddle in 1974 as a founding member of the Green Grass Cloggers. This was a group of young college students from North Carolina who brought clogging into the modern age by combining older flatfooting styles with the more modern "precision" clogging routines. A syncopated dance step that Earl White invented during that time came to be known as "the Earl" and is still taught at clogging workshops. During his time in North Carolina, Earl spent long periods collecting fiddle tunes in the mountains, mostly from white fiddlers who at times credited black sources for some tunes and stylistic elements..
The Cliffhangers formed in 2001 as a "campground band" at Clifftop and since then have won four ribbons in the festival's Traditional Band Contest. Mark Simos, an assistant professor of songwriting at Boston's Berklee College of Music and first place Clifftop fiddle winner in 2003, has written songs recorded by such luminaries as Allison Krauss, Del McCoury, and Laurie Lewis. Banjo player Brendan Doyle has been a mainstay of the Bay Area's old time scene for decades, and has made many pilgrimages to the South, visiting and recording important old time musicians including the Hammons family, Melvin Wine, Luther Davis, and Tommy Jarrell. Jody Platt, who lives in Ithaca, New York, took up the tenor guitar in the 1980s as a college student while working at Elderly Instruments in Michigan. Guitarist Rusty Neithammer made many visits in the 1970s and '80s to Surrey County, North Carolina, with his wife Nancy, becoming friends with Tommy Jarrell, Luther Davis, and other older-generation musicians. Rusty and Nancy live in Media, Pennsylvania. Karen Falkowski, from Huntsville, Alabama, has been playing bass for over 25 years. Mark Simos will lead a workshop on tunesmithing at the Freight on Sunday.
The Onlies are juniors at Seattle's Garfield High School who have been playing music together since they were two years old. Leo Shannon, Riley Calcagno, and Sami Braman sing and play fiddle, guitar, mandolin, banjo, and piano, writing original material, putting a new spin on tunes that need spinning, and keeping it trad when a tune is fine on its own. At the BOTMC they'll focus on old time music, but each of the Onlies – so-called because none of them has siblings – has a particular passion: old time for Riley, Irish for Leo, and Scottish and Cape Breton for Sami.
Visit the Berkeley Old Time Music Convention's website
BOTMC Workshops


Numbers 20:22-21:9
The boundary of the land of Edom, the Lord said to Moses and Aaron, "Let Aaron be gathered to his kin: he is not to enter the land that I have assigned to the Israelite people, because you disobeyed my command about the waters of Meribah. Take Aaron and his son Eleazar and bring them up on Mount Hor. Strip Aaron of his vestments and put them on his son Eleazar. There Aaron shall be gathered unto the dead." Moses did as the Lord had commanded. They ascended Mount Hor in the sight of the whole community. Moses stripped Aaron of his vestments and put them on his son Eleazar, and Aaron died there on the summit of the mountain. When Moses and Eleazar came down from the mountain, the whole community knew that Aaron had breathed his last. All the house of Israel bewailed Aaron thirty days. When the Canaanite, king of Arad, who dwelt in the Negeb, learned that Israel was coming by the way of Atharim, he engaged Israel in battle and took some of them captive. Then Israel made a vow to the Lord and said, "If You deliver this people into our hand, we will proscribe their towns." The Lord heeded Israel's plea and delivered up the Canaanites; and they and their cities were proscribed. So that place was named Hormah. They set out from Mount Hor by way of the Sea of Reeds to skirt the land of Edom. But the people grew restive on the journey, and the people spoke against God and against Moses, "Why did you make us leave Egypt to die in the wilderness? There is no bread and no water, and we have come to loathe this miserable food." The Lord sent seraph serpents against the people. They bit the people and many of the Israelites died. The people came to Moses and said, "We sinned by speaking against the Lord and against you. Intercede with the Lord to take away the serpents from us!" And Moses interceded for the people. Then the Lord said to Moses, "Make a seraph figure and mount it on a standard. And if anyone who is bitten looks at it, he shall recover." Moses made a copper serpent and mounted it on a standard; and when anyone was bitten by a serpent, he would look at the copper serpent and recover.
No human being who has been proscribed can be ransomed: he shall be put to death. All tithes from the land, whether seed from the ground or fruit from the tree, are the Lord's; they are holy to the Lord. If anyone wishes to redeem any of his tith...
The Lord spoke to Moses, saying: Speak to the Israelite people and say to them: When anyone explicitly vows to the Lord the equivalent for a human being, the following scale shall apply: If it is a male from twenty to sixty years of age, the equivale...
You shall faithfully observe My laws: I the Lord make you holy. If anyone insults his father or his mother, he shall be put to death; he has insulted his father and his mother--his bloodguilt is upon him. If a man commits adultery with a marri...
Leviticus 20:8 – 20:27
You shall not follow the practices of the nation that I am driving out before you. For it is because they did all these things that I abhorred them and said to you: You shall possess their land, for I will give it to you to possess, a land flowing wi...
If your offering is a meal offering in a pan, it shall be made of choice flour in oil. When you present to the Lord a meal offering that is made in any of these ways, it shall be brought to the priest who shall take it up to the altar. The priest sha...
Leviticus 2:7-16, from Parshat Vayikra.
You shall not subvert the rights of your needy in their disputes. Keep far from a false charge; do not bring death on those who are innocent and in the right, for I will not acquit the wrongdoer. Do not take bribes, for bribes blind the clear-sighted...
Exodus 23:6-23:19
I am sending an angel before you to guard you on the way and to bring you to the place that I have made ready. Pay heed to him and obey him. Do not defy him, for he will not pardon your offenses, since My Name is in him; but if you obey him and do al...
Exodus 23:20-23:25
You shall make a cover of pure gold, two and a half cubits long and a cubit and a half wide. Make two cherubim of gold--make them of hammered work--at the two ends of the cover. Make one cherub at one end and the other cherub at the other end; of ...
You shall further instruct the Israelites to bring you clear oil of beaten olives for lighting, for kindling lamps regularly. Aaron and his sons shall set them up in the Tent of Meeting, outside the curtain which is over [the Ark of] the Pact, [to bu...


Exclusive First-Look Pics from Omari Hardwick/Meagan Good Election Night Romance
His sophomore feature "Destined" continuing to travel the international film festival circuit (picking up trophies along the way), writer/director Qasim Basir is next tackling a romantic drama set against the backdrop of last year's election night titled "A Boy. A Girl. A Dream: Love on Election Night."
Omari Hardwick and Meagan Good both star in the film which is being produced by Datari Turner via his Datari Turner Productions. Basir is directing from his own script.
Filming is underway in Los Angeles with Jay Ellis, Dijon Talton, Wesley Jonathan and Affion Crockett round out the cast of a movie that will center on a Los Angeles club promoter named Cass (Hardwick), who meets a woman named Free (Good) on election night 2016, as Donald Trump pulls ahead of Hillary Clinton in the race for electoral votes to win the White House. In a series of events that occur through the evening, Free challenges Cass to revisit his broken dreams.
Datari Turner, who currently has a first-look deal with Entertainment One for unscripted television, is producing, while Good and Hardwick are executive producing along with Tim Weatherspoon, Louis Steyn, TJ Steyn, Phil Thornton, Jash'd Belcher and Jamal Childs.
Shadow and Act has been granted a first-look at the upcoming movie via a set of pics from the film, and behind-the-scenes of the ongoing shoot. Check them out below.


State atty. backs extraditing Jordanian suspects
The State Attorney's Office said Tuesday that Israel's decision to extradite Jordanian prisoners accused of killing two IDF reservists was a diplomatically significant one, Army Radio reported. The state attorney said that the extradition was important in order for Israel to comply with its end of international accords. The High Court of Justice has been petitioned by Almagor, a group that advocates for victims of terror, and the family of one of the murdered reservists to keep the prisoners in Israel. According to Army Radio, the state attorney asked the High Court to rule on the petition as quickly as possible, as the prisoners were due to be extradited Tuesday afternoon.


Flamebound by Tessa Adams #Review
Posted July 20, 2016 by Sophia Rose in Reviews / 10 Comments
Tags: Flamebound, Lone Star Witches, Tessa Adams, Urban Fantasy
I received this book for free from Publisher in exchange for an honest review.
Flamebound
by Tessa Adams
Series: Lone Star Witches #2
Published by Signet
Released on December 3, 2013
This book has been sitting on my shelf for a while though I originally picked it up because I was interested in the paranormal angle with witches and also the intrigue and romance. Mostly, this sat as long as it did because I discovered that it is the second in a series. Now, normally, this doesn't deter me, but it's an Urban Fantasy and those I tend to respect the series order a bit more.
But, I just never got around to the first book and decided to go for it.
And, how did that go you ask?
Surprisingly well. Got lucky again.
But I will say, it was quite obvious I was catching a story mid-way through. The author did enough groundwork that I didn't have trouble getting up to speed and into the current story. And truthfully, there were some points in favor of skipping what went before this one. I enjoyed the story, but I think my opinion going in might have been different had I gotten the previous book. More on that later.
The story opens with coven witch, Xandra, newly recovered from recent harrowing experiences at the hands of a surprising betrayer, the witches' governing council, the ACW. She was abused and tortured by a fiend because the ACW considers her a danger in the future when her formidable powers awakened and wanted her dead before that could happen. They also 'soulbound' her to a dark witch to restrain his powers because he, too, was considered a threat.
Xandra's witch magic came late after she had lived many years as a disappointment to herself and her magically gifted family. She left home and made a place for herself in the human world running her bakery and conjuring up sweets instead of potions. Her world is turned upside down when her first power unlocks to reveal a magic that compels her to find the bodies of people lost and killed which puts her in the crosshairs of killers and the enigmatic warlock, Declan, to whom she was soulbound since birth. Declan is now a part of her life after the experiences of being captured, raped, and tortured at the behest of the ACW council.
Xandra is convinced that Declan's dark warlock past and ways will always be between them. He smolders with the need for revenge against the ACW. She can't understand this dark need since it was her who was the one nearly killed and very much abused. He can't go up against all that power even though he swears it has to be done because the ACW will not quit until they gain what they want.
But soon, Xandra has more worries as a little girl goes missing and council members are being killed. Xandra's magic pulls her to the scenes and gives her a connection to the missing girl. Is Declan behind this? Either way, Declan and Xandra are the likely suspects and must figure things out quickly.
Alright, so I jumped in mid-stream, but I got a feel for the character, the previous books' events, and the current situation enough to appreciate the story. Overall, I liked it, but there were things that were disappointing. There are some good action sequences in this book and I'm always up for a good murder mystery. The potential of an interesting early relationship between a warlock and witch as investigative partners and lovers had strong appeal. However, I had issues with the heroine that made some of my enjoyment go flat.
I struggled early with the heroine and it had to do with how she was written. This was a heroine who had just been raped and tortured. She is described as still bearing the cuts and scars, in fact. And not only that, her attacker was sent by the government authority of her people with their full approval. But not once in this book did the heroine act like a survivor of such a thing.
However, the author did write the hero in such a way that he did feel like a man who was in a relationship with a rape and torture survivor. He is angry at having to helplessly be there and not have prevented it, he is murderously wrathful at those who were responsible and wants to take down that evil group, and he is careful and protective of her so that he needs to know where she is and what she is doing and he needs to be by her side when she knowingly faces danger.
And why is that important?
Because it felt off, for one. Those things should have more impact on the character if they are used in a story. And because they don't have impact, the heroine doesn't ring true for me. There is a lot of sex and so many times when there are some really bad stuff going down. The sex already didn't make sense since she is recovering from rape and abuse, but it really doesn't make sense when a little girl is in danger and when Xandra herself is in serious trouble because of the murders. Then, there is her issues with Declan. She spends the whole book upset because Declan wants revenge and how she can't be with a guy this dark when yeesh, she seems to be the only one who doesn't get what went down here. I'm five pages into the story and know that the situation isn't over and, evil, particularly with that sort of authority and power, can't go unchecked, so it was tough reading as she worked hard to excuse and cajole the bad guys when Declan had it right and she was punishing him for it with her attitude and doubt.
I was also disappointed in how the worldbuilding was not described or explained much at all. There is magic and witchery and it was all so vague. It was like a minor side element that I would have like to have seen richly described and a larger part of the story. The 'hows' and the 'why's were only vaguely addressed and left me dissatisfied. I think some was probably explained in the first book, but not all or there would have been more inclusion of the world of the witches in this one, too. The scenes with Declan meditating and practicing his fire magic in the beginning and with Xandra and her roommate doing the taro reading were the few moments witch magic was really used in the story and those were good.
So, this was an interesting venture that left me with a moderate liking for the story. I would direct this series toward those who enjoy passionate paranormals or Urban Fantasies involving witches and magic, but caution for the issues.
My thanks to Penguin Group for the opportunity to read this book in exchange for an honest review.
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Debbie Haupt
A new to me author who will stay that way. Thanks Sophia Rose!
Reply to Debbie Haupt
Yeah, sometimes trying a new book/author can work out fantastically, but other times, not so much.
I'm not familiar with this author. It doesn't sound like something I would be interested in. I agree that if you're going to use rape in a story, you need to ready make sure you handle it correctly and this doesn't sound like it is.
Melanie @ Hot Listens & Rabid Reads
Reply to Melanie Simmons
Exactly. If you go there, then you have to support it and not just use it for shock and sympathy votes.
I hadn't heard of the author, either, and I haven't noticed that she wrote many books.
Lekeisha
World building is really important in PNR/UF. I like my characters, but I also like to visualize the setting they're in. If there's none of that, the whole plot is moot.
Reply to Lekeisha
I agree, Lekeisha. I like to imagine the whole setting.
Christy LoveOfBooks
Hmmm. I couldn't jump into a series like that, especially in this genre. I need to have all the information that led up to this point. I sounds like a series worth looking into, though.
Reply to Christy LoveOfBooks
You're right. It's tough to jump into the middle of an Urban Fantasy. I tend to jump around, but this is one genre that I'm cautious about it b/c I need to get the world building.
Oh that's unfortunate. Very strange that the hero was well written in that regard but the heroine not so much so.
Yeah, that was what kept sticking out like a sore thumb for me the most. She breezed along as if she had a minor scare and he was the one reacting appropriately like she was tortured and raped. It just felt weird all the way through as a result.


The purpose of Middleton Village Community Hall Association is to maintain a village hall at North Middleton for the benefit of the local community. The previous hall was built in 1985-86 with the aid of a loan from the Local Regional Council, a grant from the Educational department and a lot of fundraising by the village and committee members.
Twenty years on, a new village hall has been built which will continue to serve the community whilst providing improved and more energy efficient facilities.
The Middleton Village Community Hall Association is a registered charity (Charity no: SC009253)
Committee meetings are usually First Thursday of the month, but please contact us to check.
Anyone wishing to join the committee is welcome to attend.
Please email carrie.bennett58@gmail.com


DISCLOSURES/POLICIES
Beauty Tech
All About Brushes
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Reviews, Tools
Review: Becca The One Perfecting Brush
As soon as I saw Becca's The One Perfecting Brush on the Sephora website, I knew I had to check it out. I haven't really seen any brushes in quite that shape before, and it's not too often that you see a full white goat brush except from specialized brush manufacturers. With that it mind, it made its way into my Sephora order.
The brush comes in a thick cardboard box that's similar to the packaging for other Becca products. Most other brushes I've gotten were only protected by cellophane sleeves and sometimes had the bristles bent out of shape on arrival, so I appreciated it having an extra layer to keep it safe during shipping.
The brush has white goat hair bristles and a wide, flat handle. The handle has a soft-touch coating that's similar to the texture of NARS blush compacts. It tends to show smudges and attract a little bit of lint, but it doesn't feel like it will slip out of your hands. From the front, it looks just like the product photos. In reality, it was much bigger than I expected it to be. To put things in concrete terms, here are the measurements:
Width across the widest part of the bristles: 85mm
Bristle length: 25mm
Brush thickness: 30mm
Total length including the handle: 93mm
Uhhh, wut?
Though keep in mind that I have a fairly small noggin and small facial features to go with it.
I had seen a few non-stock photos of the brush and I was still surprised at how thick it was. The stock photos look similar to the NARS Ita or Hakuhodo Itabake, but it's not, not really. The brush is thick, dense and very soft. The bristles are densely bundled at the base and widen out toward the tips.
The hair looks and feels like uncut hair tips, but there are few hairs that look like they have blunt ends, which makes me think it's made of sort of mid-quality hair. It's not quite as soft as Hakuhodo white goat brushes, but it's still very comfortable on the skin. The hair is evenly bundled throughout, with no sparse areas or clumps. Unfortunately, it did lose quite a lot of hair the first time I used it – about 10-15 hairs. That's not really a ton, considering the total amount of hair that's in there, but it's definitely more than average. It was also a lot more shedding than I expected or wanted to deal with at the time since I was getting ready for work (and running late, as usual). Since then it's lost a hair or two here and there, but nothing crazy.
This brush is advertised as a "bouquet of brushes in one" – a brush that can take the place of most or all of your face brushes. It comes with an insert that contains suggestions on how to use it for different products, which you can also find in the Related Links section on the Sephora page. Did it live up to the expectations?
Foundation – The brush has a good bristle length and density for foundation, but I find it a little bit awkward to use since the width doesn't conform to the contours of my face. It also soaked up a lot more product than the other white goat brushes I've tried for foundation – probably because it's four times the size of any of those brushes.
Contouring – The insert recommends using the flat top for contouring, which doesn't work for me at all. The brush is much too thick and too long for all that. I can get by with it if I use the corner of the long side, but it's still too long to be comfortable to use. It picks up and deposits the product easily, and blends it out well.
Highlight – Again, the flat top of the brush is recommended for highlighting. And once again, I call shenanigans, at least for my face. The brush is far too thick and long. It would be really easy to pick up too much product and overapply since the brush is so dense, but it could work as long as you're careful about using a light touch.
Blush – Becca recommends using the ends of the brush to apply and blend blush, and it does work beautifully for that. The perfect amount of blush is applied and it blends effortlessly in circular motions. However, I still find a smaller round brush much easier to hold and maneuver.
Aside from that, I don't like using the same brush for liquid and powder products at the same time since they get gunked up. The same goes for using the same brush for multiple powder products – it tends to muddy up the colors. As long as you use different sections of the brush for different colors it should be ok, though.
The size also presents a couple other issues. For one, it's too large for me to hold comfortably across the width, making it hard to use from certain angles. The brush also won't fit in the pan of any makeup products that I own, so it drags across the edges of the compacts – messy. Considering the size though, it washes easily and dries fairly quickly, and also keeps its shape very well.
In Short: This is a very nice brush and I want to love it, but the sheer size makes it unusable for me. If it were 2/3 the width and 1/2 the thickness I think I'd like it a lot. If the size of the brush matches up with the size of your face, it can probably deliver on its promises.
The Becca The One Perfecting Brush ($49) is available at sephora.com
beauty Becca brushes makeup reviews
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Reviews, Skincare
Branching Out: Murad Skincare Review
I'm so glad that you reviewed this! I've got the RM Radiance brush which I love but when I saw pictures of this I was really curious how similar it would be. I know a lot of people have complained about the Radiance shedding but I've not had any issue with it (even after multiple washes).
niccigilland
I've never tried the Rae Morris one! But if it's very similar in size to the Becca brush it may be one that I should skip :-)
I think since you found this one a little awkward to use the RM would likely be the same only bigger. I think the RM is softer but still nothing like Koyudo/Chikuhodo/Tanseido, etc. I think the softer, more ergonomic version is the Houkodou. It's crazy soft and efficient!
I STILL haven't gotten around to trying out more Japanese brushes. You and Sonia keep adding stuff to my wishlist!
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Indoor Activities in Bossier City, LA
TripBuzz found 30 things to do indoors in the Bossier City area. From Horseshoe Casino to Holiday Lanes, Bossier City offers a variety of rainy day activities and other fun things to do indoors — including 19 indoor attractions with ratings over 90%.
There are 20 different types of things to do inside in or near Bossier City, Louisiana. Some of the most popular types of these activities include: Casinos, Arcades, Movie Theaters and Bowling.
There are 12 indoor activities in Bossier City, and 18 indoor attractions in nearby cities within 25 miles, including: Shreveport.
Specialty Museums (4)
Arcades (2)
Movie Theaters (2)
Art Museum (2)
Scenic Railroads (1)
Dance Studios (1)
Wine Bars (1)
Music Museums (1)
Science Museums (1)
Shreveport (18)
Bossier City (12)
Jefferson (11)
30 Rainy Day Activities
Up to 49% Off Skate Rink Outing at Hot Wheels Skating Palace
Hot Wheels Skating Palace Shreveport / Bossier MoreLess Info
A snack-bar-equipped rink blares top-40 tunes as skaters glide around on provided skates
Historic Jefferson Railway
Scenic Railroads 400 E. Austin, Jefferson, TX 75657 MoreLess Info
Visitors can take a historic train ride on the Historic Jefferson Railway. The 40-minute ride on open coach cars includes a ride through the Big Cypress Bayou including the Boggy Creek.
Jefferson General Store
Gift Shops 113 E Austin St., Jefferson, TX 75657 MoreLess Info
Shoppers find a wide range of merchandise at the Jefferson General Store. Some of the items include pralines, candy, hats, caps, jams, jellies, Texas souvenirs, books, toys, and visitors can enjoy a treat from the old-fashioned ice cream fountain.
Jefferson Historical Museum
History Museums 223 West Austin Street, Jefferson, TX 75657 MoreLess Info
Visitors can explore the early history of northeast Texas at the Jefferson Historical Museum. The museum includes Civil War artifacts, Caddo Indian artifacts, implements used by early pioneers, and clothing from early Texans.
East Texas Performing Arts
Theaters 115 E Austin Street, Jefferson, TX 75657 MoreLess Info
As a community theater, East Texas Performing Arts offers visitors a variety of programs to attend, from plays to musicals. The theater has an annual event where local actors perform scenes from Shakespeare's body of work.
Atalanta Jay Gould's Railroad Car
History Museums W. Austin St., Jefferson, TX MoreLess Info
Visitors can view Atalanta Jay Gould's Railroad Car, even though Jefferson would not allow Gould to run his railroad through the town. The railroad magnate's car has four bedrooms, dining room, kitchen, butler's pantry, lounge, and bathroom.
Museum of Measurement & Time
History Museums 301 North Polk, Jefferson, TX 75657 MoreLess Info
At the Museum of Measurement and Time visitors can see antique land surveying equipment and clocks. Many of the items in the museum are from the private collection of Johnny and Edith Ingram.
Schluter House
Historic Homes Jefferson, TX MoreLess Info
Constructed in 1856 by one of the city's first settlers, the Schluter House is a historical home located in the historic area of the city. The house is built in a Greek Revival style indicative of the time period.
KnightLight Theater & Wine Tavern
Wine Bars 202 Walnut Street, Jefferson, TX 75657 MoreLess Info
Opened in 2013, the KnightLight Theater & Wine Tavern is a restaurant, wine bar, and theater popular located downtown. Visitors commonly enjoy eating a meal, having a wine or handcrafted beer, and watching a show or live musical performance.
Gone With the Wind Museum
Specialty Museums 408 Taylor Street, Jefferson, TX 75657 MoreLess Info
Paying tribute to the classic 1940 film, Scarlett O'Hardy's Gone With the Wind Museum has hundreds of artifacts related to the film. One of the most popular exhibits has a replica dress of Scarlet O'hara's iconic green dress.
The House of the Seasons
Historic Homes 409 South Alley Street, Jefferson, TX 75657 MoreLess Info
Jefferson was nicknamed the 'Riverport to the Southwest' when The House of Four Seasons was built in 1872. The house now serves as a bed and breakfast, can be toured, and often hosts weddings and special events.
HAVE SUGGESTIONS FOR COOL AND INTERESTING THINGS TO DO IN THE Bossier City AREA?


Radar Transmitter And Receiver Pdf
Random polarization returns usually indicate a fractal surface, such as rocks or soil, and are used by navigation radars. With the emergence of driverless vehicles, Radar is expected to assist the automated platform to monitor its environment, thus preventing unwanted incidents. To prevent this, liquid coolant with minimum pressure and flow rate is required, pdf markups and deionized water is normally used in most high power surface radar systems that utilize Doppler processing.
Pisgah Astronomical Research Institute. If the wavelength is much longer than the size of the target, the target may not be visible because of poor reflection.
Jammers have an added effect of affecting radars along other lines of sight through the radar receiver's sidelobes sidelobe jamming. The receiver's gain is automatically adjusted to maintain a constant level of overall visible clutter. In a typical scenario, an aircraft echo is reflected from the ground below, appearing to the receiver as an identical target below the correct one.
Britain shared the technology with the U. Other systems similar to radar make use of other parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. Such systems often combine two radar frequencies in the same antenna in order to allow automatic steering, or radar lock. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources.
There will also be flicker noise caused by electron transit through amplification devices, which is reduced using heterodyne amplification. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. These data are then further sorted by threat priority and displayed. This clutter type is especially bothersome since it appears to move and behave like other normal point targets of interest.
Phased array radars are valued for use in aircraft since they can track multiple targets. Radar engineering details.
The next year, he added a spark-gap transmitter. This can be adapted for systems that lack a coherent transmitter, such as time-domain pulse-amplitude radar. If the object is moving either toward or away from the transmitter, there is a slight equivalent change in the frequency of the radio waves, caused by the Doppler effect.
Radar of the type used for detection of aircraft. Clutter is detected and neutralized in several ways. Clutter moves with the wind or is stationary. This can degrade or enhance radar performance depending upon how it affects the detection process.
Distance may also be measured as a function of time. The magnetron stunned the Americans. As electronics have improved many radars now can change their pulse repetition frequency, thereby changing their range. Tracking algorithms provide the ability to predict future position of multiple moving objects based on the history of the individual positions being reported by sensor systems.
The multiple reflections are analyzed mathematically for pattern changes with multiple passes creating a computerized synthetic image. These improvements depend upon coherence. Historical information is accumulated and used to predict future position for use with air traffic control, threat estimation, combat system doctrine, gun aiming, and missile guidance. When the two length scales are comparable, there may be resonances.
In his report, Popov wrote that this phenomenon might be used for detecting objects, but he did nothing more with this observation. Interference wave propagation. Radar configurations and types. Coolanol silicate ester was used in several military radars in the s. Doppler radar and Pulse-Doppler radar.
Short radio waves reflect from curves and corners in a way similar to glint from a rounded piece of glass. This further reading section may contain inappropriate or excessive suggestions.
Most countries have additional regulations to control which parts of each band are available for civilian or military use. The propagation factor accounts for the effects of multipath and shadowing and depends on the details of the environment.
They are commonly used as radar reflectors to make otherwise difficult-to-detect objects easier to detect. This shows that the received power declines as the fourth power of the range, which means that the received power from distant targets is relatively very small.
The operator could determine the direction to a target by rotating the antenna so one display showed a maximum while the other showed a minimum. This feature is useful if target detection over a wide range of angles is more important than target location in three dimensions.
Radar warning receiver
This is because the short pulses needed for a good minimum range broadcast have less total energy, making the returns much smaller and the target harder to detect. These two effects tend to be at odds with each other, and it is not easy to combine both good short range and good long range in a single radar. The same magnetic focusing that guides the electron beam forces the plasma into the path of the electron beam but flowing in the opposite direction. Some clutter may also be caused by a long radar waveguide between the radar transceiver and the antenna. Their research was years off the pace.
This also allows small objects to be detected in an environment containing much larger nearby slow moving objects. This article needs additional citations for verification. Phased array antennas can be built to conform to specific shapes, like missiles, infantry support vehicles, ships, and aircraft. Through his lightning experiments, Watson-Watt became an expert on the use of radio direction finding before turning his inquiry to shortwave transmission. When Watson-Watt then asked what such a system might do, Wilkins recalled the earlier report about aircraft causing radio interference.
We see then that radar, like all macro-scale entities, is profoundly impacted by quantum theory. When these come into contact with an object they are usually reflected or scattered in many directions.
To do this one simply compresses all energy into an infinitesimal time slice. When the reflector is moving at right angle to the radar beam, it has no relative velocity. Radar is a detection system that uses radio waves to determine the range, angle, or velocity of objects. Such weather phenomena as fog, clouds, rain, falling snow, and sleet that block visible light are usually transparent to radio waves. Aircraft safety depends upon continuous access to accurate weather radar information that is used to prevent injuries and accidents.
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Greenline 48 Fly: A hybrid cruiser to make the big brands sit up and take note
Jack Haines August 28, 2019
The 48 Fly boasts the green technology that Greenline is known for but how does it stack up against its rivals as a cruising package? We head across the Solent to find out
Launched in 2015, the 48 Fly hit the water at a time when Greenline was transitioning from one parent company to another. The boat slipped through the net, which is a great shame because I remember climbing aboard at that year's Düsseldorf Boat Show and being struck by what a clever, practical thing it was.
Fast forward to this year and new UK dealer Clipper Marine has brought one to these shores. The timing is perfect because on first inspection it appears to be a boat very well suited to our waters.
The key thing about the Greenline 48 Fly is that despite having an LOA a whisker under 50ft (15.2m) it feels so much bigger than that on board.
The side decks for instance wouldn't feel out of place on a 65-footer, partly because they are covered by the flybridge overhangs, partly because of their width, which allows crew to walk up and down them one foot in front of the other, and partly because of the height of the guardrails, which come up to meet your hand all the way to the bow.
On the starboard side there is even a gate in the bulwark allowing the skipper to dash out quickly if single-handed.
The flybridge also extends a long way back over the cockpit and every inch of space is put to good use, with separate sunbathing and dining areas and a clever cantilevering double seat at the forward end of the dinette, which allows two or three passengers to sit facing forward and enjoy the ride. With high rails and tall backrests it feels enjoyably secure on the top deck.
Read the full review of the Greenline 48 Fly in the October 2019 edition of MBY, out September 5.
Prestige M48 sea trial review: The smartest multihull on the planet?


ACB nabs cop while accepting bribe, finds Rs 5 lakh in office
According to ACB officials, the accused, police inspector Raghunath Dalvi, was posted with the Malad police station in northern Mumbai.
By: Express News Service | Published: October 9, 2015 1:48:34 am
A police inspector with the Mumbai police, who was trapped and arrested by the Maharashtra Anti-Corruption Bureau (ACB) while allegedly accepting a bribe from a hotelier Thursday, was found to have close to Rs 5 lakh cash in his locker. The ACB has initiated further inquiries into the source of the money.
The ACB will now conduct a detailed evaluation of the value of Dalvi's assets and compare it against his income to check if there are enough grounds to register a disproportionate assets case against him.
"The complainant runs a hotel in Malad, which was raided by the Malad police earlier this week and some of his employees were charged under bailable sections of the Indian Penal Code. He approached us alleging that Dalvi was demanding Rs 25,000 in exchange for releasing them on bail. We verified his claims and then set about laying a trap. Dalvi was caught red handed at the police station while accepting the bribe from the complainant, with a civilian, Manohar Bhandari, acting as a mediator, and they were both placed under arrest," said an ACB officer.
The ACB then proceeded to conduct a search of Dalvi's office and residence, as is the normal procedure after any trap.
"In a cupboard in Dalvi's office, we found Rs 4,90,500 in cash. He was unable to account for this money, and we have taken it in our custody," added the officer.
"We have also found that he has two flats in the Thakur Complex in Kandivali. One of them is in his name, while the other is in his wife's name," he further said.
Meanwhile, in another trap, the Thane unit of the ACB arrested police sub-inspector Dnyaneshwar Awate for allegedly accepting Rs 20,000 from a businessman.
mumbai.newsline@expressindia.com
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Maharashtra ACB
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