Did Edison refuse to pay Tesla, saying "You don't understand our American humor"?
The story that Edison scammed Tesla out of his payment for services he was hired for is widely spread on the Internet. The story was featured on this The Oatmeal webcomic, which is excerpted below:
The Wikipedia citations cannot easily be checked (since they are all in hard copy books).
However, I managed to access one of the citations (Tesla: Man Out of Time) via its Google Books preview. It also makes a far weaker version of the claim, since it also quotes Edison's supporters denying that he had made that statement, instead saying that the payment was in exchange for purchasing one of Tesla's patents. The citation given (Citation 10) was inaccessible through the Google Books preview.
This unsourced Reddit comment also asserts that he could not find citations that Edison actually scammed Tesla while making that quote.
There is no mention of Edison uttering 'you dont understand american humor', or at least I cant find any. It should be important to note that Edison, while being an inventor, ran a business. Most of his actions (that have polarized views right now) as a result, need to take this into account.
A later comment in the same thread claims that it was not Edison, but a manager at the company who made that statement.
Again, this ascription was never made by Tesla himself in any recorded medium. He names only "The Manager," whom people took to be Edison. But Edison wasn't the manager; as I point out every time this comes up, Samuel Insull was in fact though Charles Batchelor had the title. Insull really, really disliked Tesla, and such a thing was within his personality; Edison expressed no such animus.
Did Edison refuse to pay Tesla, and did he make that statement (or any other similar comments)?
quotes thomas-edison
Andrew Grimm
March HoMarch Ho
Downvote because of Comic Sans.
– Martin Schröder
@MartinSchröder As someone who greatly dislikes misused Comic Sans, 1: the font used is obviously not Comic Sans, and 2: even if it were, it is being used in an appropriate context.
– March Ho
The question currently doesn't have any downvotes - maybe Martin was joking, unless he downvoted and then retracted.
The source of the quote is John J. O'Neill's Prodigal Genius: The Life of Nikola Tesla (1944). The story essentially claims what The Oatmeal says: that Tesla went so far as to see machines built with his improved parts before Edison denied him his money.
There, I am afraid, the trail ends. O'Neill was a Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist, but he did not explain where he heard this particular quote.
This is what Tesla himself had to say:
For nearly a year my regular hours were from 10:30 a.m. until 5:00 a.m. the next morning without a day's exception. Edison said to me, "I have had many hard-working assistants but you take the cake." During this period I designed twenty-four different types of standard machines with short cores and of uniform pattern which replaced the old ones. The Manager had promised me $50,000 on the completion of this task but it turned out to be a practical joke. This gave me a painful shock and I resigned my position.
The footnoted counterpoint that you offer in the question is apparently dubious. (see following source) But it should be noted as well that there is evidence Tesla was embellishing his own autobiography. He worked for Edison for six months, which is not "nearly a year," and the direct cause for Tesla's resignation was not this incident but rather when Edison tabled another invention of his, in favor of making a mutually beneficial business deal with another company instead. (source and details)
So this boils down to precisely what Reddit says it does. It's Tesla's word against the word of Edison's supporters, and O'Neill's biography is responsible for making Edison himself the villain. We can no longer know today what actually happened between Tesla and "the manager" or who "the manager" really was.
I think it is plausible to say that O'Neill took Tesla's story and misread it in a way beneficial to imagining Tesla and Edison as direct rivals. Samuel Insull is a likely better candidate for the manager.
AveryAvery
Interesting! Of course converting the claimed working hours into regular working weeks (of the time) we would get much closer to 'nearly a year'.
– TaW
+1, but the last paragraph seems a bit dubious — "In the 1940s it was entirely common to embellish on stories you read elsewhere, even when writing non-fiction biographies." Really? My impression is that standards of scholarship in popular non-fiction then were much like today: some authors were careful, many others were sloppy or sensationalist. Is what you write based on anything more specific, or similarly just a general individual impression?
– PLL
I deleted that aside since you did get 2 upvotes, but it is my individual impression that this sort of thing was more acceptable in that time period.
– Avery
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Did Thomas Edison steal inventions?
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Internal Affairs Policies in New Jersey
Internal affairs policies and procedures in New Jersey are policies which assist the state law enforcement agencies to investigate, receive and resolve all complains from citizen in regards to the police misconduct. This policy is intended to improve the services offered by the police service to the Ney Jersey citizens. These policies and procedures were published in
1991 and updated in 1992.This section of the internal affairs in New Jersey has become a very sensitive area that is under the watchful eyes of the media, courts and the residents in
New Jersey. These policies and procedures have been adopted in the courts particularly in the federal courts in New Jersey. The statute states that ''every law enforcement agency shall adopt and implement guidelines which shall be consistent with the guidelines governing the internal affairs policies and procedures of the police management manual promulgated by the police bureau of the division of criminal justice in the department of law and public safety, and shall be consistent with tenure or civil service law, and shall not supersede any excising contractual agreement.''
Policies and Procedures in Ney Jersey
The policies and procedures in New Jersey are designed to assist and help the police and the other law enforcement agencies through the necessary steps in their efforts to work with the laws and functions that govern the internal affairs in New Jersey. These policies and procedures are very essential in New Jersey and require that all the counties and law enforcement agencies recognize that as they conduct investigations in the internal affairs of New Jersey, they are under the supervision of the Attorney General in New Jersey. (Walker, 2005)
According to N.J.S.A 52: 17B- 98, the Attorney general is the overall supervisor and is responsible for the supervision of the state laws enforcement agencies. The police from the county and municipals have a responsibility to cooperate with the Attorney general's office in order to adhere to the policies and procedures. County and municipal law agencies must also follow the instructions given by the prosecutor on the critical points in the investigation process. These policies many laws and mandates which at the direction of the Attorney General, are implemented by the law enforcement agencies. However, these laws can only be implemented on a decision by a particular law enforcement agency. The decisions by these agencies are based on the characteristics of the jurisdiction of those specific law enforcement agencies. This simply means that every agency has its own internal affairs function. (Kenneth, 2005)
Hiring requirements of Policies in New Jersey
Internal affairs policies and procedure are determined by the Attorney General if they are critical in nature. In case they are critical, they are enforced by every law enforcement agency. The requirements of these policies and procedures are;-
All law enforcement agencies from all counties and municipalities must establish their own written policies in regards to the internal affairs function of the individual law enforcement agencies. This is because not all law enforcement agencies have the same internal affairs function. Note that the internal affairs function differ from county to county and from municipality to municipality.
The other policy requirement is that all enforcement agencies must accept without any complains the reports of any officer misconduct from any person form New Jersey without compromise and complains on the same.
The other requirement is that the prosecutor must be notified if the initial investigation indicates the slightest possibility of any criminal act on the part of the specific officer who is accused. It is important to note that at this point no action should be taken against the specific officer until directed otherwise by the prosecutor.
The prosecutor must always be updated on the different levels of investigations. The prosecutor must also be notified immediately excess force that leads to death or injury is used against a suspect of any citizen or resident in New Jersey.
The investigations on the specific officer, who is being accused, must be done thoroughly and completely.
The other requirement of these policies is that the officer and the officer in question must be notified of complains made against them or against one of them.
The other requirement is that the complainant must be notified of the outcome of the investigations. The complainant must also be updated on the progress of the investigations and not kept in the dark concerning the same.
An internal affairs record is very important. It must be kept by all law enforcement agencies. This is because the record system will help in the filing and record keeping of all documents and records in an organized manner.
These policy requirements represent a very important performance standard which should be implemented by municipal and counties law enforcement agencies in New Jersey. These requirements also ensure that the law enforcement officers will be accountable for all their actions to the agency, community and country at large. Therefore, every law enforcement agency should make the internal affairs function a priority if the policies are to be successful. If this system fails it will cost the law enforcement agencies, states criminal justice system their reputation, respect and support from the community. Many procedures are set forth in the policies. These procedures are aimed or intended for the implementation by the municipalities and the counties in New Jersey. (Mckinney, 2003)
Hiring requirements in Procedures in New Jersey
An informed decision can only be made after thorough investigations have been carried out. This will help to support and boost the credibility of the law enforcement agencies in the community and in New Jersey. The law procedures are used in the gathering of all the necessary information in regards to the case at hand. This is very important since it helps to create a clear way for the procedures to be followed. Inadmissible information can cause improper results in the investigations of the cases, it may also cause poor management of the case by the investigators thus tempering with the investigation and the results of the information. Failure to follow these procedures can result to gathering of inadmissible information. These lawful procedures require that; all complains should be investigated professional, objectively and completely. This will ensure that the information gathered will be of a proper disposition with no falsified information. This will also ensure that the information will be used in the court procedures against the misconduct of the law enforcement officer. The lawful procedures also require that the entire internal affairs investigator should only use lawful investigative techniques to question witnesses, inspect the public records, interview the officer in question and question any agency employee or any other witness. This is to ensure that the investigation process and management is put on check and is fairly and justly done.
These procedures recommend that any complainant ant the witness should be interviewed before the agency members are interviewed. This help in avoiding reputation of interviews with the witness and the agency member. It will also ensure a clean and transparent procedure by the law enforcement investigators. (Pierce, 2003)
Duties and Responsibilities of the Internal Affairs Unit
The Internal Affairs unit is established and designed for receiving complains, carrying out investigations on complains and resolving complains of the officer's misconduct. The reason why the Internal Affairs unit carries out these duties and responsibility is to maintain the integrity of the department in question and the state criminal law as well. It is also to ensure that justice is done in fairness. The Internal affairs unit conducts the investigations on its members from allegations of misconduct made against them. However, the main question has always been if the investigations will be just and fair. This is in consideration of the fact that the Law enforcement agencies will be investigating one of their own. This has however been answered by the law enforcement agencies who suggest that the rules and regulations govern and ensure that the investigations are carried out in a just and fair process. The internal affairs unit also coordinates administrative investigations, which involves the non training of the discharge of firearms by the personnel and the use of excessive force or other misconducts by the law enforcement officers. This unit has a mandate and obligation to carry out investigations and review all allegations of misconduct by the employees. This is because such allegations are a serious violation of the rules put down by the agencies. The internal investigations could also be carried out by the internal affairs unit on their own initiative as permitted by the departments' policies and procedures. These investigations are as important as any other criminal investigations and must be deemed recognized as important by the involved parties. It is important to note that the law enforcement accused for the corruption complains canonly be charged after the investigations have been completed and it has been proven that the officer in question is guilty as charged. The members of the internal affairs unit must have the authority to question and interview every member of the agencies with no exclusions. The rank of the officer or law enforcement officer should not determine the level or the extent of the investigations to be carried out. They must also have the authority to independently review the records and the reports of the agency. It is important to note that the internal Affairs unit acts on behalf of the executive in all the investigations and affairs of the same. The professional commitment and the personal loyalties must be balanced appropriately by the internal affairs unit investigators. The investigations must be carried out in an open way. The investigations should be imposed for the sole reason of imposing discipline amongst the officers. (Rao, 2003)
It can also be carried out for initiating an investigation for ac criminal prosecution. In this regard the internal affairs unit investigator should be trained in all the areas of criminal law, in all the rules of evidence, in the use of technical equipments, court procedures and administrative procedures. The investigators must also be trained on disciplinary procedures among many other areas.
Who do the Internal Affairs Unit Investigators work under?
The criminal justice act of 1970 designated the Attorney general as the enforcer officer of the state of the state law. This simply means that the Attorney general is responsible for the supervision of all the state laws including the law enforcement agencies. The county and municipal agencies report to the prosecutor and must inform the county prosecutors of any misconduct or any potential criminal conduct. All policy requirements which the Attorney General has determined to be critical are implemented by the law enforcement agencies.
The law enforcement executive must focus on the practices of the organization of policies. The executive is responsible for the defining of the objectives and goals of the internal agency units. The executive must also establish and monitor the performance of the internal unit agencies. This will allow for and effective and efficient system that will be fair and just. It will also help to clearly define the duties and responsibilities of the subordinates. However, these policies, rules and regulations must be workable and achievable. The executive must not define and establish goals and objectives that that are impossible to reach or achieve. This management system services as the foundational system for the internal affairs agencies. This is because it ensures that the system is designed in an organized manner and it ensures that the goals are set in a high standard which can allow the achievement of the same. Therefore, the management system should have rules and regulations. These rules and regulations help to govern the acceptable b behavior and conduct. It is important to note these rules and regulations are issued by or from the appropriate authorities and delegated or designated according the management system. (Rao, 2003) The procedures or the standard operating procedures are very essential and therefore should be incorporated in to the management system. These procedures provide guidance and direction to the different performing law enforcement agencies. The management system should be clear to the entire employee. This will ensure that the environment and the management of the activities of the law enforcement agencies will be workable.
Many court orders have involved internal affairs corrupt police officers. These cases include the charges against the ex Brunswick internal affairs cops. The other case was the ACLA whines cases. This case involved the local justice police force. More than 100,000 complaints were made about the police misconduct. According to the ACLA report, the internal affairs help to protect the rights and safety of the citizens of New Jersey. This report also states that 63 percent of the local law enforcement agencies do not accept anonymous complains. This complains are never investigated at all. The report also states that 79 percent of the law enforcement agencies have violated the rules and regulations of the internal affairs units. It is important to note that the New Brunswick city is known for its activities of reaching out for the community. The purpose for this is to connect of aid the communication between the citizen and the police force. This was because of the arrest of a police officer who was charged with including false documentation into the internal affairs records. The process in New Brunswick is to aid the people who feel that their complains were not listened to or acted upon. Rowe was accused of tampering with public records and obstructing the administration of justice. This is because he made the false entire knowingly with the intention of covering up specific information and replacing the information with false information. This case was awake up call for the internal police. This is because after the hearing of this case the police changed their internal system and management of records. (Mckinney, 2003)
On May 19th 2011 a case was filed against the internal affairs of the complaint of states Trooper Scot Sanders. These complain were as result of the decision by the superior court in New Jersey which found Sanders guilty of conducting an improper and warrantless search of a motor vehicle. This was despite the fact that the search was found by an appellate court to have been illegal. Thus it was a violation a person's right. However, the state police captain asserted that there was no violation on Saunders part, citing that Sanders did not in any way violate the internal laws of the state of New Jersey. This led to the perfunctory dismissal of the NJLP internal affairs complain. In the matter of Michael Sottilare, on 1st June 2010.Michael went through corrections for over 10 years. He also received four preliminary notice of disciplinary action from his superior. The finals incident resulted to the dismissal of the officer. After the dismissal, Michael made a call to the police local association to help him with the case. In this case the termination of the officer who disclosed pending investigations was affirmed. There are many other cases that arise from complains made by the public that have been investigated and tried. This proves that the internal affairs management system is a success and will continue to improve as time goes by and as revisions on the policies continue to be made.
How the Internal Affairs Policies and Procedures are recently updated
The internal policies and procedures were originally published in 1991.It was then updated in 1992. This was the updated version of the original internal affairs policies and procedures. The main purpose of this policy was mainly to oversee the state office enforcement agencies in the receiving of complains, investigations of complains and the cases plus making resolutions to complains made about the misconduct of the police. This process has however come under a lot of scrutiny since the year 1992.This is because it helps to govern the internal affairs of the law enforcement agencies. The New Jersey has and will always recognize the internal policies and procedures of this policy which was enacted in 1996.It is important to note that this policy focuses on the internal affairs of the courts especially in the federal courts. In regards to the entire attributes concerning this policy, the Attorney General issued a revised version of the internal affairs policy and procedure .The Attorney General did this through the division of criminal justice. The revisions were aimed at helping and assisting the law enforcement agencies to fully and completely comply with the all the emerging legal procedures in the management of the internal agencies activities and functions. All the counties and law enforcement agencies, carry out the internal investigations under the supervision of an executive. This executive is the Attorney General. The criminal justice Act of 1970 designates the executive, who is the Attorney General as the general supervisor. This simply means that the Attorney general supervises all the functions, policies and procedures of the internal functions of the state office. The newly revised policy contains several rules and regulations that govern it. These rules and regulations must be enforced by all law enforcement agencies. However, in order to achieve the fundamental results of the internal affairs function, there needs to be discipline in the same. Instilling discipline in the law enforcement agencies is a very challenging function and responsibility of the executive but is a very positive step to the achievement of the desired results. The policy management process must have directive order which is documents with outlined details of the performance and basic methods of operations for the internal affairs of the law enforcement agencies. It should also have written statements to give directions to the law enforcement agencies performance and activities. The other requirements are the rules and regulation which govern the activities and functions of the internal affairs of the law enforcement agencies. The rules and regulations are designed to investigate different types or kinds of misconducts. These categories can be classified as; crimes, use of excessive force by the law enforcement officer, unlawful and improper arrest, improper entry into a building by use of excessive force, improper search without a search warrant and use of inappropriate language among many other categories. Itt is important to note that instilling discipline to the law enforcement officers can be done in stages.
These stages may include; Counseling, transferring the officers, monetary fines, suspension without pay, officers can loose a promotion, demotion, performance notice, written warning among many others. This will help the executive to instill discipline on the law enforcement officers. This will also help to ensure that all the policies and procedures are adhered to by the law enforcement agencies and police officers. The statutes in relation to the '' substantially identical' which refers to the provision of the states assault fire arms law was updated in August 1996.On the other hand the bias incident investigation standard was enacted in 2002.The guidelines that were revised for negotiating the cases under the N.J.S.A were effective for the offences committed from 15th September 2004.The guidelines for the enforcement of out of state restraining order of protection in domestic violence cases was updated on September 2000.Guidance for investigating all the domestic violence was updated in the year 2009.Drug enforcement narcotics action plan was updated in March 1993.Law enforcement drug testing policy was updated on the updated and revised in May 2003.The graves Act was enacted following the Attorney Generals directives on 23rd October 2008.The guidelines on immigration , according to the Attorney generals directions ( AG directives 2007 – 3 guidelines to establish the manner in which local counties and state law enforcement agencies shall interact with the federal immigration authorities.)Was updated in 2007.The executive order Number 11 was updated in November 1974.This executive order entails the records of the police department. (Kenneth, 2006) The directive number 2002 -2 entails the approval of the search warrant applications, the execution of the search warrants , and all the procedures used to coordinate all the law enforcement agencies. (Mckinney, 2003)
This Act was updated on 8th August 2002.The directive number 2002 – 2 on Memo and form, entails search warrants application forms and was updated on 3rd August 2002. The Attorney general has helped to substantially strengthen the states internal affairs policies by updating these Acts and policies. This will ensure that all the complains against the police officers in New Jersey will be not only be handled properly but will also be monitored and reported. The revised policies provide stricter mandates and requirements for the law enforcement agencies. These policies require the law enforcement agencies to regularly report to the county prosecutors and the residents or citizens in New Jersey. The law enforcement agencies should report all complains received about the misconduct of the police officers in the agencies. They should also report to the county prosecutor and the citizens of New Jersey regarding the nature of all the allegations and the disposition of all the cases there in.
It is important to note that the Attorney Generals internal affairs policy was updated and revised in November 2004.The Attorney General also formed and internal affairs policy group that made up the law enforcement leaders to scrutinize and make effective changes to the older draft of the same in order to strengthen it. (Kenneth, 2006) This lead to the identification of priority items such as the enhancing of the internal prosecutors and monitoring the internal affairs cases. However, the Attorney General stated that the police needed to be trusted in order to perform their work efficiently and effectively. He asserted that the police often put their lives on the line to serve the public and therefore should be given the benefit over the doubts. The revised and updated versions of the policies had many mandates and requirements. These requirements included;-
All the police officers who were assigned to the internal affairs function or agencies had to complete training as required or mandated by the Division of criminal justice in New Jersey.
The other requirement was that each law enforcement agencies were required to track the number of complaints filed with the agencies and with the individual police officers in the agencies. The revision of these policies has made the tracking and monitoring of all complains a mandate or a requirement for each agency in New Jersey.
The other requirement is that every law enforcement agency must evaluate all complains they have received. This is in order to determine if the practices of misconduct are increasing in the law enforcement agencies.
These revised policies also require the county prosecutors to establish and maintain a schedule for the law enforcement agencies.
The law enforcement agencies are required to regularly make public all complains against the police officers and the results of the investigation. They are also required to make public the penalty the individual officers have been accorded.
The revised policies also require all complains made against the law enforcement officers not to be sustained. However, this should be done in writing with an explanation on why it was not sustained. The other requirement is that the entire internal affairs unit should investigate all the cases in the municipal and the Supreme Court.
All the law enforcement agencies must notify the prosecutor's office of any reason to questions an officer's credibility. This can be based upon a false report, a pending court complain, a pending court conviction or a judicial finding.
According to the revised citizens rights for internal affairs investigations, every law enforcement agency must accept the reports of the misconduct of officers at all times regardless of the day , the time or the situation surrounding the accusations. The revised citizen's right for internal affairs also requires that every law enforcement agency must have a policy which is consistent with the Attorney generals internal affairs policies and procedures. The Attorney General's internal affairs policies provide that all complains that involve the misconduct of the police are accepted and fully investigated. It is important to note that the police have a duty and a mandate to completely investigate all the cases brought forward to them. However, the citizens in New
Jersey who is filing for complains should do so in a courteous and professional manner. The police forces must also be courteous and professional while handling all the cases.
The revised citizen's right for internal affairs investigations stipulates that the public has the right to make complains at any time of the day. It also stipulates that if the complainant cannot come to the police station reasons, the police should meet the complainant at his home, office or the area specified by the complainant. This simply means that the police must take the necessary steps to ensure that they receive complains and investigate the same. This Act also stipulates that a member of the public has a right to make complains anonymously. The identification of the complainant can be concealed if the complainant wants it to be concealed. (New Jersey. Division of Criminal Justice, 2000)
This simply means that the wishes of the complainant should be respected at all times. The Act also stipulates that juveniles also have a right to make complains against the misconduct of the police officers. These complaints can be made in the presence of their parents or in the absence of the same. This is to ensure that the citizen feel free to make complains at the police station without fear or duress.
The Internal Affairs Unit
The internal affairs unit is charged with many responsibilities. These responsibilities include the conducting of each and every internal investigation in regards to complains made against individual officers in the law enforcement agencies. The internal affairs unit ensures that the internal affairs and procedures are followed to the later. This unit also ensures that the internal policies and procedures are followed by the law enforcement agencies in each county. It is important to note that all the law enforcement agencies maintain separate internal affairs section. This is determined by the particular law enforcement agencies. Therefore all complains against the officers are made to the specific section of the agencies. For effective work performance in the internal affairs unit, the policies and procedures must be followed and adhered to. The internal affairs unit must also be dedicated and committed to carrying out their duties and responsibilities as stipulated in the revised policies and procedures. This is the only way that the internal affairs unit can be successful in their mandate.
This paper has studied in depth the internal affairs in policies and procedures in New Jersey. It has touched on the hiring requirements in the internal affairs unit. The paper has widely covered who the law enforcement agencies work under citing a few cases that involved internal affairs corrupt police. It has also touched on the information on why and how the internal affairs policies were recently updated. In conclusion these management policies can achieve good results other countries that are challenged in the internal affairs policies and procedures.
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Galileo Wills
What Makes a Will Valid?
In a world of digital communication, South African law has been playing catchup to keep current with new technologies. Only as recently as 2002, under the Electronic Communications and Transaction Act, has electronic signatures been recognised. Unfortunately, the law of succession has lagged behind and the requirements for a valid Will have remained relatively unchanged since the Wills Act 7 of 1953 as amended from time to time ('the Wills Act"). Further, the Master of the High Court still requires an original valid Will when reporting the estate.
A Will is valid only when it complies with the formalities set out in the Wills Act. If Will does not follow the formalities, there is a 'rescue provision' which enables the High Court to find that document to be a valid Will. The court, however, applies a strict and narrow approach to what is allowed. All the requirements for a valid Will shall not be worked through here, rather three requirements will be briefly focus on prevents an email, electronic document, voice note or instant message from being accepted as a valid Will. Further the need for an original physical Will to be kept in storage will be stated.
The Will must be a written document
The Wills Act does not expressly require that the document be written and in physical form, it is however, implied from the requirements that the document must be signed in certain places by the testator and witnesses together with the reference to pages. Further at the time of the drafting of the Wills Act electronic written documents did not exist. This unfortunately results in a narrowing of what will be normally be considered a valid Will to a written document in physical form.
The Will must be signed and witnessed
The Wills Act requires that a document purporting to be a Will must be signed[1] first by the testator and then by two witnesses who are all present at the same time. Each page of the Will must be sign by the person executing the Will together with the two witnesses. Furthermore, the Will must be signed at the end by the testator and two witnesses to be valid. This has the result of precluding voice notes, instant messages, and emails from being accepted by the Master of the High Court, as they cannot be executed and witnessed in the require way.
The Will must be original
If the original version of your Will cannot be located it will be presumed that you died without a valid Will. This means that the laws of intestate succession shall apply. This precludes an electronic copy of your Will from being accepted by the Master. If there is an electronic copy of the original Will, the High Court must be convinced that the document is in fact a true copy your latest valid Will. Therefore, the storage of your original Will is important, and you loved ones should know where it is located. For this reason, GalileoWills securely stores your original Will once the courier delivers it to our offices.
In conclusion, the requirements for a valid Will as set out in the Wills Act does not make provision for an email, electronic document, voice note or instance message to be accepted as a Will or to give direction to how your estate is to be administered. The requirement for an original physical Will by the Master means that your Will, after being executed, will need to be kept in safe storage.
[1] The use of a mark or fingerprint has its own requirements alongside the general requirements for a signature.


Zoo celebrates the new births of 12 critically endangered red wolf pups
Home » Zoo celebrates the new births of 12 critically endangered red wolf pups
For a zoo, the birth of any new animal is a special occasion. There's nothing sweeter than seeing an adorable baby animal enter the world.
But it's even more special when that animal is part of an endangered species. Many zoos are part of programs to repopulate species in danger of extinction, and every new birth is an exciting step forward.
And recently, the North Carolina Zoo got great news when a litter of 12 red wolf pups, a critically endangered species, were born.
Posted by North Carolina Zoo on Monday, May 17, 2021
The zoo announced their births on Facebook yesterday, saying that three litters were born over three days in late April.
It's a big deal because the red wolf is the rarest member of the dog family in the world, listed as "critically endangered" by the IUCN Red List. The once-populous species was driven nearly to extinction by the 1960s before receiving protection status.
There are now fewer than 20 red wolves left in the wild. The North Carolina Zoo is part of a program to breed and repopulate the struggling species.
The new litters brings their total number of red wolves to 36, according to WRAL, making them the second-biggest red wolf pack in the country. They have successfully bred 48 wolves since 1994.
"Congratulations to the North Carolina Zoo for playing an essential part in the survival of this critically endangered species," Secretary Reid Wilson of the N.C. Department of Natural and Cultural Resources said in a press release, according to WRAL.
"These births are important because many of our wolves, once matured, have been moved to other breeding packs to continue to help bring this species back from near extinction. Our hope is that more and more red wolves can soon be placed into the wild."
In a rare moment, the zoo says one of the litters arrived in the public red wolf habitat, giving visitors a chance to see the newborns.
The young wolves are currently in their den, but will start to venture out sometime in June, and will be available for viewing.
The pups are currently unnamed, but the zoo will hold a poll to name them next month.
These newborns are a great sign of hope for this critically endangered species, and they're adorable, too! Congrats to the North Carolina Zoo on this amazing achievement!
Share this incredible news!


Bosnia's Last Best Hope
How an Unlikely Peacekeeping Duo Can Hold the Balkans Together
By Kurt Bassuener
KURT BASSUENER is co-founder of the Democratization Policy Council, a Berlin-based think tank. A Fulbright scholar, he is currently completing his Ph.D. at the University of St. Andrews.
Read more by Kurt Bassuener
A woman prays near the grave of her family members near Srebenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina, March 2019 Dado Ruvic / Reuters
It's been almost a quarter century since the Dayton peace accords ended the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina, in which approximately 100,000 people were killed. The agreement mandated that a "safe and secure environment" be maintained in the country. NATO first shouldered that responsibility; later, at the end of 2004, the European Union took it on. Over the next decade and a half, implementation of the peace accords stalled. Yet the EU's force, initially 7,000 strong, withered to an institutional fig leaf of 600 troops, a shockingly small presence that advertises the EU's lack of resolve. This force can't defend itself against mounting security threats, much less fulfill the mandate of the Dayton accords.
Weakness invites challenge, particularly in the Balkans. Illiberal actors such as China, the Gulf states, Turkey, and Russia have all rushed in to fill the vacuum left by Western listlessness. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Serb-majority entity, Republika Srpska (RS), has fallen under Moscow's influence to an even greater extent than neighboring Serbia, reinvigorating the Bosnian Serb secessionist movement. Without a liberal, countervailing force to restrain them, Bosnia's unaccountable leaders grow ever bolder in their ethnic brinkmanship, making renewed conflict more likely and the potential consequences more dire. Bosnia is experiencing a failure of deterrence that only liberal democratic powers have the ability to redress.
DERELICTION OF DUTY
Bosnian Serb leader Milorad Dodik, now chairing Bosnia and Herzegovina's tripartite presidency, has long advocated for the country's dissolution so the RS can either become an independent state or unify with Serbia. Bosnian Croat leaders openly support him, and NATO-member Croatia does so tacitly, since its ruling party expects to benefit politically from renewed ethnonational strife. Russia's deepening engagement in the region has only strengthened Dodik's hand. After he applauded Russia's annexation of Crimea in 2014 as an expression of "self-determination," the Russian ambassador rewarded him with a visit. Later, he told Serbia's then prime minister and now President Aleksandar Vucic that he had Russian
How America Lost Faith in Expertise
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Cyber Week in Review: July 19, 2019
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Child removal: The Stolen Generations continue…
In light of current practices, it is possible that the Stolen Generation may span across multiple generations, affecting the children of today. Tiarne Shutt writes about the lack of knowledge surrounding incidences of the removal of Indigenous children from their families.
by Tiarne Shutt
One of Rudd's first actions in office under the Labor government was to formally apologise to the members of the Stolen Generation and to all who were affected. Prime Minister Rudd made his historic 'Sorry' speech on the 13th of February 2008 stating that "the injustices of the past must never, never happen again". These powerful words instilled hope within the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander community, however they were but empty meanings. It is time that the atrocities still occurring throughout Australia today are exposed, the current rate of child removal soaring higher than at the time of the Stolen Generation, with numbers continually climbing.
Australia's racist foundations have infected our country's entire history. The paternalism evident in the 'protection-era' saw thousands of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander families ripped apart, cultures erased, kinship ties destroyed, languages molded, merged or altogether dissipated and countless individuals robbed of their sense of identity.
The 1997 'Bringing Them Home' report revealed that as many as 50,000 Aboriginal children and families experienced child removal. These children were taken from their families and placed on missions, rural stations (where they worked as slaves) and in out-of-home care, where many were abused. The report identified this process of removal as genocide.
As a nation, we appeared to have moved on from this dark era of our history. However, this is not the case. As of 30 June 2013, 14,267 Indigenous children had been removed from their families. This figure places the current rate of removal five times higher than the rate at the time 'Bringing Them Home' was published.
NSW tops the rate of removal, with 8% of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children already taken from their families. This has prompted a comparison of Australia's current situation to the Stolen Generation. Nationally, 55.1 in every 1000 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children are in out-of-home care, compared to 5.4 per 1000 non-Indigenous children, according to the Australian Bureau of Statistics. Indigenous children are 8 times more likely than non-Indigenous children to be placed in out-of-home care, representing more than a third of all children in this situation. However, Indigenous children comprise just 3% of this population, indicating a gross over representation in these figures.
The 2013 Secretariat of National Aboriginal and Islander Child Care ('SNAICC') conducted a forum, discussing the alarming rates of Indigenous child removal. They urged the government to reduce these figures by 2018, describing this as "our national shame".
When asked about the current incidence of child removal, Aunty Lorraine Peeters, founder of Marumali Healing and member of the Stolen Generation laments "I feel really sick in the stomach every time I look at the stats''.
However, positive steps have been made by the government to ensure a smoother transition for Indigenous children subjected to removal, also identifying removal as a last resort. The Aboriginal Child Placement Principle, an instructive guide for the government, recommends that Indigenous children should be placed with Indigenous families/caregivers. This recommendation was prompted by reports of the 217 of the 271 Indigenous children removed in Victoria in 2002 being placed in non-Indigenous homes. While there have been improvements, the SNAICC forum in 2013 found that 31% of Indigenous children were still not placed with their kin.
The Northern Territory Chief Minister, Mr Adam Gillies took the view that policies regarding Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander child removal should move towards permanent adoption situations where the reason for removal is neglect. However, the term 'neglect' is ambiguous. History has shown us that failing to understand Indigenous cultures and their sense of community has created a one-way dialogue, in which only the government can speak and make decisions. In many Aboriginal communities, for example, it is the responsibility of the community as a whole to raise children and support them. This can mean that birth parents move their children to other members of the family. This is not seen as creating an inconsistency within the child's upbringing, but gives that child a sense of community and kinship that their culture values. Unfortunately, this can be viewed as 'neglect' through the eyes of the government, exposing a disregard for Indigenous culture and values.
SNAICC held the government accountable for looking to child removal in the first instance, rather then a last resort, as recommended by the Aboriginal Child Placement Principle. They found that views like Mr. Gillies' exhibit a misunderstanding of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities. SNAICC reported that the government's role should be focused towards removing the source of harm, instead of removing the child.
Indigenous Australians have continually been blamed for the conditions in which they live. Poverty and social disintegration is an evident factor in many rural Indigenous communities, the cause of these elements often attributed to the communities themselves. This leads to poor circumstances for Indigenous children, therefore leading to abuse. SNAICC contends that support is key and that a lack of available resources is a disservice to remote Indigenous communities who would otherwise be able to care for children adequately.
In 2012, the Northern Territory coordinator for remote services, Olga Havern released a report stating that almost $80m was spent on the surveillance and removal of Indigenous children, with only $500,000 dedicated to supporting impoverished families. "The primary reasons for removing children are welfare issues directly related to poverty and inequality. The impact is just horrendous because if they are not reunited within six months, it's likely they won't see each other again. If South Africa was doing this, there'd be an international outcry," she stated.
A tape recently came to light, exposing footage of a child removal. It featured a mother witnessing her infant being taken away. "There is nothing wrong with my baby! Why are you doing this to us?" She cried. "I would've been hung years ago, wouldn't I? Because [as an Aboriginal Australian] you're guilty before you're found innocent…their stealing of our kids is happening all over again!" The mother is then met by a welfare official, who offers only this: "I'm gonna take him, mate."
The video features an official claiming to be conducting a mere "assessment".
However, prior to the arrival of the official, two police officers warned two mothers, including the lady concerned to "get out of here quick". The women fled, with both children eventually being seized and both mothers unaware of the location of their children.
Forced adoption and 'guardianship' will soon be an issue to be debated in the New South Wales parliament. It is possible that infants removed from their family for more than six months will soon be adopted into new families. Greens MP David Shoebridge commented on the proposal, acknowleded that "it's setting up Aboriginal families to fail".
In Indigenous affairs, wilful ignorance seems to be acceptable even when it 'kicks a person when they're down'. Perhaps it is time that we as a nation take action to help that person up off the ground and give our Indigenous people a little support.
NOTE: This article in no way suggests that Indigenous children should remain with caretakers/families/guardians in circumstances of factual neglect or abuse, but merely contends that more emphasis should be placed on supporting Indigenous communities and providing them with the tools to overcome barriers to optimal child rearing. The focus should be placed on providing children with support, with a view to achieving positive and just outcomes for all.
child removal
indigenous honi


Predictive Assessments
Restorativ Tools
Restorativ is opening its Coltswold, UK office
Chris Twyman·– May 29th, 2021
The Restorative team is opening its UK office right in the middle of the UK in the gorgeous Cotswolds.
We are very excited to locate our UK Headquarters close to some very important Restorative Justice organisations:
Restorative Gloucestershire is committed to promoting the use of Restorative Practices through facilitation, advice and by supporting others to use and develop restorative skills. Restorative Gloucestershire is a group of statutory, non statutory and voluntary sector partners that have joined with the aim of offering all people who come into contact with the criminal justice system (CJS) or who come into conflict in the community an opportunity to participate in a restorative intervention.
http://www.restorativegloucestershire.co.uk/
Restorative Justice (RJ) gives victims of crime the opportunity to have a voice.
RJ facilitates some form of communication between a victim and offender to hopefully address the feelings and consequences that have arisen from the offence.
Victims of crime include family members, witnesses and anyone else affected by the crime.
RJ is designed to allow victims to have their harm or loss acknowledged, their questions answered and some amends made if that is what they wish.
Offenders have the opportunity to take responsibility, acknowledge the impact of their actions and to try and make amends.
Together, they can work towards some form of understanding and find a positive way forward to allow the victim some sense of closure to allow them to move on.
http://tvrjs.org.uk/index.html
Restorative Justice is about victims and offenders communicating in a supported environment to discuss the harm that has been caused and how to find a way to repair that harm.
For victims, meeting the person who has harmed them can be a huge step in moving forward and recovering from the crime.
For offenders, the experience can be very challenging as it confronts them with the personal impact of their crime.
https://restorativejustice.org.uk/service-providers/10258
© Restorativ


Home English Somali Inter-state football tourney shifted to Mogadishu
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Somali Inter-state football tourney shifted to Mogadishu
The 2nd edition of Somali Inter-State football tournament has been shifted from would-be hosts, The Jubba land state to the capital Mogadishu, Somali Football Federation confirmed.
Following a letter from the southern Jubba Land State dated on 29th of November which stated that the regional state was unable to host this year's event due to lack of adequate resources, Somali minister for youth and sports, Honorable Khadija Mohamed Diriye, SFF president Abdiqani Said Arab and sports ministers from the federal states convened at a lengthy meeting on the evening of Wednesday November 29 and finally agreed that the tournament be hosted at the FIFA-refurbished Stadium Banadir in the capital Mogadishu.
Somali Football Federation president, Abdiqani Said Arab, said in a statement on Thursday that it has been agreed that the opening festival for the tournament be held on December 7 and the first match of the competition will be played on December 10 2017.
"The competition will gather six states and all teams are expected to be ready in Mogadishu on December 3. The inaugural edition of the competition was held in July last year and this will be the second year running we are organizing this very interesting football event" SFF president, Abdiqani Said Arab, said in his statement.
"The organization of such tournament is not an easy thing. We are getting a full help from the ministry for youth and sport. The cooperation between the SFF and the ministry for youth and sport makes a huge sense for us. Thanks to our minister Honorable Khadija Mohamed Diriye, who is giving us the assistance we need, because she is fully satisfied with the work we are doing in the country" Somali Football Federation president, Abdiqani Said Arab, said in his statement on Thursday.
The president explained why it was important for the SFF to organize the tournament. He said that hunting talented players from the participating teams, peace building, football development across the country and encouraging nationwide youth integration, are some of the main objectives for the organization of the competition.
On her side, Somali minister for youth and Sport, Honorable Khadija Mohamed Diriye, said that her ministry has done everything possible to have a beautiful competition done.
"As a minister, I am here to play a key role in the development of our sport. The leader of the country, President Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed and Prime Minister Hassan Ali Kheyre are passionate about the game and are always on our side in all our endeavors towards the development of sport and youth empowerment in Somalia" Honorable minister Khadija Mohamed Diriye, said in anther release. "I would like to thank TIS+ for its full support" the minister said.
However, so far it has been confirmed that this year's edition of the tournament will be shown live on the Somali National Television (SNTV) and two privately-owned sports news broadcasters: Astaan Sports and Mogadishu Cable TV.
By Shafi'i Mohyaddin Abokar
CECAFA Media Committee
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Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)
Home > Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)
THC Editorial Team December 29, 2020
Charles Warren Eaton, Woods in Winter, 1886, Courtesy National Gallery of Art, Washington
Symptoms of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)
Causes and Risk Factors of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)
How Is Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) Diagnosed?
Treatments for Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)
What Is Major Depressive Disorder?
According to the American Psychiatric Association, major depressive disorder (MDD) is a serious illness that is common and treatable. Major depression negatively impacts how someone thinks, feels, and acts and is characterized by feelings of sadness or loss of interest in activities that they once enjoyed.1,2
Depression affects hundreds of millions of people around the world. It occurs along a continuum of severity that ranges from relatively mild episodic states of depressed mood to serious, long-term depressive symptoms that can greatly impact the quality of a person's life. When someone experiences chronic, severe symptoms that require professional treatment, their disorder will typically be referred to as major depressive disorder or clinical depression.
Major depressive disorder is a prevalent condition. According to the National Institute of Mental Health, approximately 17.3 million adults in the United States experienced an episode of major depressive disorder in 2017 alone. Furthermore, 13.1% of people between the ages of 18 and 25 experienced an episode of major depressive disorder, a higher percentage than in any other age group. Women were likelier than men to have experienced an episode (8.7% versus 5.3%).1
Major depressive disorder can affect people of all ages. Also known as unipolar depression, it is one of several types of depression defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th edition; DSM-5). Another disorder defined in the DSM-5 is bipolar disorder, in which one criterion is the occurrence of a major depressive episode.
What Are the Symptoms of Major Depressive Disorder?
According to Harvard Medical School, the symptoms of major depressive disorder are much more severe than simply feeling sad or having a bad day; they are chronic and serious, and they last for 2 weeks or longer.3 In many cases, people who suffer from major depressive disorder experience symptoms for years. Although symptoms vary from person to person, most people experience some combination of the following:
mood that is distinctly depressed or irritable
loss of the ability to experience pleasure or loss of interest
decreases or increases in weight or appetite
increases or decreases in sleep
noticeable agitation or slowness
fatigue, tiredness, and loss of energy
feelings of worthlessness or guilt
inability to concentrate or difficulty making decisions
suicidal thoughts, persistent thoughts of death, or suicidal plans and attempts
Causes and Risk Factors of Major Depressive Disorder
Several risk factors for major depressive disorder have been identified. The National Institute of Mental Health reports that research indicates depression may be caused by environmental, genetic, biological, and psychological factors.4
For example, research published in the Canadian Medical Association Journal looked at the neurobiological basis of major depression and the role of monoamines—types of neurotransmitters including norepinephrine and serotonin—in the etiology of the disease. Although many people have low levels of norepinephrine and serotonin in their systems, the researchers found that lower levels of these monoamines do not result in depression in all people. The researchers believe that genetic variations responsible for how monoamines are metabolized, combined with other factors, might play a role in the development of depression.5 Other research published in the Journal of the American Medical Association found that a biochemical imbalance of neurotransmitters in the brain may be a risk factor for depression.6
Additional identified risk factors for the development of major depressive disorder include having a chronic illness, having a personal or family history of depression, or undergoing major life changes, stress, or trauma.
How Is Major Depressive Disorder Diagnosed?
Major depressive disorder is normally diagnosed by a mental health professional or a medical doctor through a clinical interview. In this process, the doctor or mental health professional may ask about the patient's symptoms and medical history and then use the information to check the diagnostic criteria as outlined in the DSM-5.
The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration reports that medical professionals may diagnose major depressive disorder according to the DSM-5 if a patient has experienced associated symptoms every day for 2 weeks or longer and meets five or more of the listed criteria—which must include either a persistent, depressed mood or a loss of interest in previously enjoyed activities.7 Although the symptoms previously listed can be indicators of major depressive disorder, the individual must meet specific criteria for major depressive disorder to be officially diagnosed. These criteria include the following:
an unintentional and significant weight loss or weight gain of at least 5% in the past month or a loss of or increase in appetite
disturbance of sleep, including insomnia or hypersomnia
severe, observable psychomotor changes
fatigue, loss of energy, tiredness, or reduced efficiency during routine tasks
feelings of worthlessness or excessive and inappropriate guilt
difficulty concentrating, thinking, or making decisions
suicidal ideations, persistent thoughts of death, or suicide attempts
significant impairment or distress in work-related, social, or other important areas of functioning as a result of the symptoms
lack of a previous manic or hypomanic episode
A medical doctor should evaluate a person who is suspected of having major depressive disorder to ensure that the symptoms are not the result of a different psychiatric condition (e.g., a psychotic disorder or schizophrenia), a medical condition, or a medication.
Treatments for Major Depressive Disorder
Major depressive disorder is common; many people experience at least one episode of depression during their lives. Fortunately, depression responds well to treatment, which allows patients to move forward and to enjoy happier, healthier lives.2
Harvard Medical School reports that the most effective treatment approach for major depressive disorder is a combination of psychotherapy and medication. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, or SSRIs, are often prescribed and take 2–6 weeks for patients to begin experiencing improvements. Several psychotherapeutic approaches may be used, including cognitive behavioral therapy or psychodynamic therapy. In severe cases in which people do not respond to other treatment, electroconvulsive therapy may be used.3
American Psychiatric Association. (2020). What is depression?
https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/depression/what-is-depression
National Institute of Mental Health. (2019). Major depression. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health.
https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/major-depression.shtml#:~:text=Prevalence%20of%20Major%20Depressive%20Episode%20Among%20Adults,-Figure%201%20shows&text=An%20estimated%2017.3%20million%20adults,compared%20to%20males%20(5.3%25)
Harvard Health Publishing, Harvard Medical School. (2018, December). Major depression.
https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/major-depression-a-to-z
National Institute of Mental Health. (2018). Depression. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health.
https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/depression/index.shtml#part_145396
aan het Rot, M., Mathew, S. J., & Charney, D. S. (2009). Neurobiological mechanisms in major depressive disorder. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 180(3), 305–313.
https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.080697
Weissman, M. M., Berry, O. O., Warner, V., Gameroff, M. J., Skipper, J., Talati, A., Pilowsky, D. J., &Wickramaratne, P. (2016). A 30-year study of 3 generations at high risk and low risk for depression. JAMA Psychiatry, 73(9), 970–977.
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.1586
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2016). DSM-5 changes: Implications for child serious emotional disturbance.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519712/table/ch3.t5/
Recurrent Depressive Disorder
Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD)
"Depression and anxiety are downward spirals: patterns of negative, unhealthy activity and reactivity that the brain ends up stuck in… Recent research has uncovered the power of the upward spiral: the fact that small positive life changes lead to positive brain changes in its electrical activity, its chemical composition, and even its ability to grow new neurons… Upward spirals can reverse the downward patterns of depression and anxiety…"
— Alex Korb
"Depression hurts. It's the "black dog" of the night that robs you of joy, the unquiet mind that keeps you awake. It's a noonday demon that only you can see, the darkness visible only to you."
— Mark Williams, John Teasdale, Zindel V. Segal, and Jon Kabat-Zinn
"… by making small changes in your thoughts, actions, interactions, and environment, it's possible to change the activity and chemistry of the key brain circuits underlying depression and anxiety."
Related Books & Audios
by Mark Williams, John Teasdale, Zindel V. Segal, and Jon Kabat-Zinn
Lifting Depression
by Kelly Lambert
The Depths
by Jonathan Rottenberg
by Alex Korb
The Complete Adult Psychotherapy Treatment Planner
by Arthur E. Jongsma Jr., L. Mark Peterson, Timothy J. Bruce
The Resilience Workbook
by Glenn R. Schiraldi
Anxiety and Depression Association of America (ADAA)
National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI)
American Psychology Association
American Addiction Centers
Sadness, Grief and Despair
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)


Sun. Aug 15th, 2021
Uproar over newborn's death in TMC: Relatives allege – there was a cut mark on the child's head with tools
Aug 15, 2021 dainikbhaskar
Kangra3 hours ago
The newborn child died in Dr Rajendra Prasad Tanda Medical College (TMC). The attendants allege that no senior doctor even came to the labor room to see his wife and child. Thakur Neeraj Rana told that he admitted his wife for delivery at Tanda Hospital on 5 August. At 11 pm, his wife started having labor pains. After this his wife was taken twice in the night for delivery in the labor room.
The staff kept his wife there and sent it to the rest of the family members and said – they are not feeling the pain right now. His wife was in pain. The nurses took his wife to the labor room again at 9.30 the next day due to severe pain. At 1.30, her husband was called inside and his wife was vaccinated. At 4 pm again a woman from his family was called.
He asked the pregnant woman to insist. While the woman was not feeling pain due to the vaccination. After that the child was pulled out by the trainee doctor with the help of tools. He had a boy. Then in the ICU ward, the doctor told him that the condition of the child is very bad and it is difficult to survive. He saw that a big cut mark was seen on the child's head. A lot of blood had also come out. Then the doctor put about 7-8 stitches on the child's head. His child did not survive.
Principal Dr Bhanu Awasthi said that on the basis of the complaint, orders have been issued for investigation to MS Tanda. Investigation is going on. Now it is to be ascertained from where and from whom the negligence in this matter has happened.
Car fell uncontrollably in BBMB canal in Mandi: Car driver came out as soon as he got the chance, saved his life by swimming
Corporation strike: Due to the strike of the garbage collectors, door-to-door garbage was not picked up in the city for the second day
Aug 15, 2021 gyan24hrs
CM inaugurated development works: Inaugurated and laid the foundation stone of 14 development projects worth 84 crores in Banjar; Jal Shakti Subdivision transferred from Shamshi to Bajaura
India of my dreams: Chief Minister Jai Ram Thakur said that our participation should be in all major institutions including knowledge, science, defence, environment protection, sports
Latest Updates Select Month August 2021 (896) July 2021 (3483) June 2021 (15691) May 2021 (8229) April 2021 (1816) March 2021 (1) August 2019 (2)
Corona Update: 1 in the city, two cases came in the rural, four were cured
Complaint: Mother-in-law accused in-laws of killing married woman
Mining in Swan River: After the rain, the committee will check the mining leases in Swan river


You are at:Home»Category: "War on Terror"
Browsing: War on Terror
Navy Times' front page for beginning of war in Iraq
By Jacqueline Klimas on	 March 19, 2013 Carriers, Combat, Historical, Iraq, Navy, War on Terror
Earlier today, BuzzFeed posted a snapshot of the front page of 51 newspapers around the country ten years ago on March 20, 2003, the first day of the Iraq War. As a weekly publication, Navy Times didn't publish the first day of the war, but the following Monday, this was our front page: We had a special 12-page section, titled the "War on Iraq." The collection of six articles told the stories of the first missiles launched from ships in the Persian Gulf and Red Sea, oil well fires started by Iraqis and airstrikes taking off from the flight decks…
Navy SEAL and Bin Laden's 'shooter' telling his story?
By Gidget Fuentes on	 February 11, 2013 Afghanistan, Navy, Navy SEALs, SEALs, War on Terror
[HTML1] The March issue of Esquire magazine – it's due to hit the newsstands Feb. 19 – has a lengthy story about the plight of the Navy SEAL who claims he fired the three shots that killed terrorist mastermind Osama bin Laden. The former SEAL, whose identity the magazine did not reveal, is referred to as "The Shooter" in an article written by San Francisco-based investigative journalist Phil Bronstein. The magazine's cover image screams "The Man Who Killed Osama Bin Laden…Is Screwed." Bronstein took to NBC's "Today" show earlier today to talk about the article and the SEAL who…


SMALL ESTATE AFFIDAVITS
Cary A. Lind, P.C.
The Estate Department
Breach Of Fiduciary Duty
Client Central
By Cary A. Lind
True or false: If a decedent's estate is less than $100,000, you can use a small estate affidavit to avoid Probate? Answer: Not necessarily.
Situations in which you cannot avoid Probate.
If the "Probate assets" are greater than $100,000.00, you must go through Probate.
The small estate affidavit can only be used to transfer personal property. There are some ways to transfer real estate without Probate. Those techniques will be addressed in a future article. In most cases, however, "If you have real estate, you must Probate."
If any interested party, including a creditor, petitions for Probate, the court will appoint a representative. A Probate proceeding is not like a lawsuit which the court can readily dismiss. The mere fact that a small estate affidavit can be used does not mean it may be used. Every interested party is entitled to his or her day in court.
If there is a dispute as to almost anything, Probate is necessary, even if the amount in issue or in the estate is relatively small.
The small estate affidavit.
§25-1 of the Probate Act sets out the form for the small estate affidavit. While much of the information is basic and factual, there are some particular issues.
Paragraph 9 states the surviving spouse and dependent child awards. The minimums are easy to determine from the statute. What if more than the minimums are sought? If everyone agrees, that is fine. If not, Probate may be required.
Where the decedent did not leave a will, Paragraph 10(a) requires the name, address, and the "portion of the estate" of each heir. Considering the frequent errors that are made in heirships in court, that may not be an easy task. Issues of adoption, illegitimacy, relationships by the half-blood, etc., can complicate determination of the "heirs" and each heir's share of the estate.
If there is a will, Paragraph 10(b) requires that the affiant swear that the decedent's will is filed with the clerk of an appropriate court and that a certified copy of the will is attached to the affidavit. I have never had any third party actually require a copy of the will, let alone a certified copy. However, the original will must in fact be filed with the court.
Paragraph 11 – Payment.
Paragraph 11 of the small estate affidavit directs the third party how to pay the assets held. If all of the assets are held by one third party, it may be easy to direct separate payments for spouse and child awards, expenses, and distributions. However, what if you do not know the precise amount to be received from each third party? What if there are several third parties? How can you handle the logistics?
The statute provides a mechanism. §25-1(a) allows payment of the assets to an appointed agent. §25-1(c) gives the agent "power, without court approval, to gain access to, sell, and distribute the property for the benefit of all persons named in paragraph 11 of the affidavit." For the protection of everyone and to comply with the statute, the authorizations must be given by everyone named in paragraph 11 and must be in writing. The statute does not authorize designation of an agent to pay estate bills. However, some parties and attorneys do directly specify payment of bills in the small estate affidavit. In a recent posting to the ISBA Online Discussion Group, an officer of a bank who frequently deals with small estate affidavits said that his bank is often asked in Paragraph 11 to pay bills directly. The bank issues separate checks for the requested expenses.
Paragraph 8 – Claims.
Paragraph 8 states that "[t]here is no known unpaid claimant or contested claim against the Decedent, except as stated in Paragraph 7." Paragraph 7 deals only with the decedent's funeral expenses. If there are any other claims, then what?
"Contested" claims are relatively easy to spot. If there are any, there will be Probate. However, virtually no estate will have no "known unpaid claims." Who dies without at least one unpaid bill? Does a $15.00 ComEd bill mean that a small estate affidavit cannot be used? Even if claims are paid or settled before preparation of a small estate affidavit, those who paid them are entitled to reimbursement, and those rights are also "claims." Looking at the literal language of the statute, no one could ever sign a small estate affidavit without potentially running afoul of Paragraph 8. In the end, if the "claims" will be paid, no one will be left to complain, and a small estate claim can be used (see below).
Practical suggestions:
In order to use the small estate affidavit, you may have to "ignore" the requirement of Paragraph 8 that there are no "known unpaid claimants." If you cannot or will not do that, then you cannot use the procedure.
In general, where there are a limited number of interested parties who are working together and limited other issues, the small estate affidavit can work well. As the number of parties, third parties, complications, and difficulties increase, use of the small estate affidavit becomes more problematical.
Apart from the Paragraph 8 issue, in dealing with the small estate affidavit, I ask myself who can complain if the small estate affidavit rules or requirements are "bent." I realize that the affidavit is sworn to under penalties of perjury. As much as clients would like to avoid Probate, perjury is not a viable alternative. However, if the only issue is claims, if all claims will be paid, and if there is no one to complain, then why not avoid Probate? You cannot do so if Probate cannot be avoided for other reasons (see above). However, I consider cutting corners where all interested parties have consented in writing and where there is no one to complain against my client or me.
The apparently simple small estate procedure can in fact be potentially complicated, and there is no meaningful case law on its use. As attorneys, we are left to figure things out on our own and to fill in the blanks. If we choose to be literal and strict in interpreting the statute, we may find that we can never use a small estate affidavit. In the alternative, if we interpret the statute too liberally and go too far afield, we and our clients can be exposed to liability. It would be helpful if the Illinois legislature would clarify or modify the claims issue. The statute should provide that all known or reasonably ascertainable claims will be paid pursuant to the Probate Act and before any distribution is made. That language would track the requirements of the Probate Act itself and would make the end result the same with or without Probate. It would also allow us to use the small estate affidavit in more situations rather than less and as a truer "alternative" to Probate.
© 2002 by Cary A. Lind, all rights reserved
1655 N. Arlington Hts. Rd.
Suite 100-East
Cary A. Lind, P.C., is in Arlington Heights, Illinois, and serves clients in places including Arlington Heights, Prospect Heights, Schaumburg, Park Ridge, Rolling Meadows, Barrington, Buffalo Grove, Mount Prospect, Palatine, Wheeling, Elk Grove Village, Cook County, Lake County and DuPage County.
© 2023 Cary A. Lind, P.C. • All Rights Reserved


Home Local WHO denounces rush of rich countries for Covid vaccine recalls – .
WHO denounces rush of rich countries for Covid vaccine recalls – .
Geneva (AFP)
The World Health Organization on Wednesday condemned the rush by rich countries to provide COVID vaccine boosters, when millions of people around the world have yet to receive a single dose.
Speaking before U.S. officials announced that all vaccinated Americans would soon be eligible for additional doses, WHO experts insisted there was not enough scientific evidence that reminders were needed.
Providing them while so many people were still waiting to be vaccinated was immoral, they argued.
"We plan to distribute additional life jackets to people who already have life jackets, while we let others drown without a single life jacket," the emergency director of the WHO, Mike Ryan, speaking from UN agency headquarters in Geneva. .
"The basic ethical reality is that we are handing out life jackets while leaving millions and millions of people with nothing to protect them. "
Earlier this month, the WHO called for a moratorium on booster injections of the Covid vaccine to help alleviate the drastic inequality in the distribution of doses between rich and poor countries.
That hasn't stopped a number of countries from moving forward with plans to add a third jab, as they struggle to thwart the Delta variant.
– First 'critical' hit –
U.S. officials, warning that the effectiveness of the Covid-19 vaccination worsened over time, said on Wednesday that they had authorized vaccine boosters for all Americans starting September 20. They will start eight months after an individual has been fully vaccinated.
While vaccines remain "remarkably effective" in reducing the risk of serious illness, officials said, hospitalizations and deaths from the effects of Covid, protection could wane in the coming months without enhanced vaccination.
Washington had already authorized an additional dose for people with weakened immune systems.
Israel has also started giving third doses to Israelis aged 50 and over.
But WHO experts insisted the science was still on the boosters and stressed that it is much more important to ensure that people in low-income countries where immunizations are late receive vaccines.
"What is clear is that it is essential to fire the first shots and protect the most vulnerable before the deployment of boosters," WHO chief Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus said on Wednesday in a statement. press conference.
"The gap between the haves and have-nots will only widen if manufacturers and policymakers prioritize booster injections over sourcing low and middle income countries," he said. .
– "Shame on all mankind" –
Tedros expressed outrage at reports that the single-dose J&J vaccine currently being finalized in South Africa was being shipped for use in Europe "where virtually all adults have been offered vaccines at this point".
"We urge J&J to urgently prioritize the distribution of their vaccines in Africa before considering supplies to rich countries that already have sufficient access," he said.
"The injustice of vaccines is a disgrace to all mankind and if we do not tackle it together we will prolong the acute phase of this pandemic for years when it could be over in a matter of months. "
South African NGOs have denounced the shipments from South Africa as "vaccine apartheid" when less than two percent of the 1.3 billion Africans have been fully immunized so far.
"Millions of doses" produced there have been exported since March to Europe and the United States, several NGOs said in a statement on Tuesday.
"J&J are complicit in vaccine apartheid, diverting doses from those who really need them to the richest countries on the planet," Fatima Hassan, from the South African NGO Health Justice Initiative, told AFP. .
"It's colonialist extraction, plain and simple," Hassan said.
Doses are assembled and packaged in South Africa by pharmaceutical giant Aspen in Gqeberha, formerly known as Port Elizabeth.
"Global vaccine allocation is currently not done by public health officials but rather by a handful of business leaders, who consistently prioritize Europeans and North Americans over Africans," he said. said Dr Matthew Kavanagh of the Health Law Institute at Georgetown University.
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A History of the First Iowa Caucus (and why winning in Iowa may not matter)
By Kaleena Fraga
And they're off! After years (years) of political posturing by the Democrats, the campaign of 2020 will begin in earnest today, in Iowa.
What did the first Iowa caucus look like? And does winning in Iowa even matter in the general election?
Iowa Caucus of 1972: The Players
Participating in primaries became newly important after the chaotic campaign of 1968. In 1972 the Democrats gathered in Iowa to give this form of politicking a serious try.
Their goal? To excise the ghosts of 1968 and to make Richard Nixon a one-term president. (They would fail—Nixon's sweeping reelection victory gave him every state but Massachusetts.)
And in fact the election of 1972 contained significant echoes of 1968. Three of the '68 candidates, Eugene McCarthy, Hubert Humphrey, and George McGovern, had decided to run again. "Run" is a tricky word here. Of the three, only Eugene McCarthy had participated in the '68 primaries. Humphrey joined the race in April, too late to participate, and McGovern didn't join the campaign until after the assassination of Bobby Kennedy.
(This time, there would be no Kennedy in the race. In July of 1969, Ted Kennedy had driven his car off a bridge, killing his passenger, 28-year-old Mary Jo Kopechne. Kennedy would run for president in 1980, unsuccessfully.)
Humphrey had won the nomination in 1968. It was a tough victory, marred by Kennedy's assassination in June, the riots at the Chicago Democratic Convention, and Humphrey's association with an unpopular president, Lyndon Johnson. Still, he'd lost the general election by less than 1% of the vote and wanted another go.
In 1972, the alums of the 1968 election were joined by Edmund Muskie, a Senator from Maine.
Who won the Iowa caucus in 1972?
As to who would win the day in Iowa? Drumroll, please—
Technically, Muskie won with 35.5% of the vote. But 35.8% of Iowa voters signaled that they were uncommitted.
Muskie had a healthy lead over the runner up, George McGovern, who earned 22.6% of the vote. Fascinatingly, Muskie fell into a common pitfall of Iowa victors: The win wasn't enough. In fact, it was a bad sign. The New York Times noted:
But the victory of the Maine Democrat, widely considered the front‐runner for his party's Presidential nomination, was clouded by the unexpectedly strong showing of Senator George McGovern of South Dakota.
The real victory, wrote the Times belonged to McGovern:
For Mr. McGovern, who has struggled since January, 1970, to convince the press and the public that he is something more than a fringe candidate, the Iowa results provided a lift in the final weeks before the New Hampshire primary on March 7.
McGovern's campaign manager, Gary Hart, called McGovern's victory a "moral" one.
All of this goes to show how tricky Iowa can be. A victory is not a victory; a defeat is not a defeat. Beating expectations is often more powerful than an outright win.
Of course, losing can be tricky, too. Just ask Howard Dean.
What does a victory in Iowa mean? Not much
In fact, many candidates who win in Iowa find defeat further down the trail. Muskie's campaign would fall apart in New Hampshire, when he was accused of crying in front of the press. (Muskie blamed snow on his face.)
Gerald Ford won the Republican's first Iowa caucus in 1976, but lost in the general election to Jimmy Carter. The trend started by Ford and Muskie, of winning in Iowa only to lose later on, was continued by Jimmy Carter, George H.W. Bush, Walter Mondale, Dick Gephardt, Bob Dole, Tom Harkin (the eventual nominee, Bill Clinton, got less than 3% of the vote), Al Gore, John Kerry, Mike Huckabee, Rick Santorum, Hillary Clinton, and Ted Cruz. In Iowa, victory is often-short lived.
Those who won Iowa and then the presidency are a smaller group: Jimmy Carter, George W. Bush, and Barack Obama won both in Iowa and in the general election.
So what does the Iowa caucus really mean? Nothing—and everything. Since 1972, we've certainly seen that anything can happen. And anything can mean anything, depending on how you can spin your results.
Author kaleenafragaPosted on February 3, 2020 February 3, 2020 Categories Campaigns, On this dayTags Iowa caucus
2 thoughts on "A History of the First Iowa Caucus (and why winning in Iowa may not matter)"
pfhwhidbey says:
And now with the precinct reporting meltdown last night, they mean even less.
Tippy Gnu says:
Heh-heh. With all the money, time, and effort they put into this debacle, your post is a cheeful ray of sunshine. Very interesting info, though.
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Safe Schools Passes Senate
By: Elizabeth McKinley
State Capital Bureau
JEFFERSON CITY - The Missouri Senate has restored to the "Safe Schools" bill the governor's proposal to create a special crime of assaulting a teacher.
The criminal penalty was one of 37 amendments the Senate stuck onto the House-passed bill that is designed to keep disruptive students from bothering others in their classrooms, despite a plethora of amendments.
The measure now goes back to the House for review of the Senate changes.
The bill's sponsor expressed confidence the differences could be worked out before the May 17 adjournment - despite the long list of Senate amendments.
"I think the Senate changes have been improvements that don't change the content of the bill," said Steve McLuckie, D-Kansas City.
Among several provisions of the safe schools bill are measures mandating communication between the school and juvenile authorities, records following the student who transfers, state-wide expulsions and state funding for alternative schools. Alternative schools are for students who do not function well in a traditional classroom.
Missouri Digital News is produced by Missouri Digital News, Inc. -- a non profit organization of current and former journalists.


Study Identifies Predictors of Poor Outcome in Patients with SSc at Risk for Pulmonary Hypertension
by Janet Stewart, MSc | October 16, 2018
A study identified predictors for hospitalization due to lung and heart problems and mortality in systemic sclerosis (SSc) patients at risk for pulmonary hypertension (PH).
Being a man, having a reduced capacity to clear carbon monoxide in the lungs, and having pericardial effusions (accumulation of fluids around the heart) were among the predictors found.
The results were described in the article "Risk Factors for Mortality and Cardiopulmonary Hospitalization in Systemic Sclerosis Patients At Risk for Pulmonary Hypertension, in the PHAROS Registry," published in the Journal of Rheumatology.
SSc patients may develop several types of lung disease. In fact, pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and interstitial lung disease (ILD) are the leading causes of death among SSc patients.
In order to better understand disease progression and mortality among SSc patients at risk of PH, researchers analyzed data from the Pulmonary Hypertension Assessment and Recognition of Outcomes in Scleroderma registry (PHAROS, NCT00377949). The multicenter study assesses SSc patients in the United States who are at high risk of developing PH, as well as those with newly diagnosed PH.
Medical records from 236 patients at risk for PH were analyzed. Of these, 35 patients developed PH.
Results showed that being a man increased the risk of overall mortality 4.72 times.
Having low %DLCO (reduced capacity to clear carbon monoxide in the lungs; a measure of lung function) and exercise oxygen desaturation (a drop in the blood's oxygen level during exercise) also increased the mortality risk 2.07 and 5.39 times, respectively, in SSc patients at risk for PH.
Anemia and pericardial effusion were associated with a 3.76 and 5.32 times increased risk of death, respectively.
The risk of hospitalization due to lung and heart problems was found to be associated with an increase in dyspnea (shortness of breath) and pericardial effusions, although PH patients with a DLCO score of less than 50% had the highest risk of hospitalization.
Results also showed that SSc patients at risk for PH had similar risk factors of poorer outcomes as those already diagnosed with PH or PAH.
"Risk factors for worse outcome in those patients with SSc at risk for PH were similar to others with confirmed SSc-PH and SSc-PAH. Male sex, %DLCO less than 50%, exercise oxygen desaturation, and the presence of pericardial effusions in those at risk for PH were independently associated with higher mortality," the team concluded.
According to the team, "patients with these risk factors should undergo RHC [right heart catheterization] and receive appropriate intervention if PH is confirmed." RHC can provide a definite diagnosis of PH.
Janet Stewart, MSc Janet Stewart is a life sciences writer and editor, who completed both PhD course work and oral examinations in the Department of Microbiology and Immunology at McGill University, and holds an M.Sc. in Virology and Immunology.
hospitalization, mortality, PH, PHAROS, pulmonary hypertension, risk