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Randy J | [
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Larsen Washington University in s t | [
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LoUis David M | [
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Buss University of texas at aUstin David B | [
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King University of British CoLUmBia Carolyn E | [
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Ensley WiLfrid La Urier Universitysecond Canadian edition indd 1 PMPersonality Domains of Knowle Dge about human na ture s econd c anadian e dition Copyright 2020 2017 by Ryerson Limited | [
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Copyright 2018 2014 2010 2008 2005 by Education LLC | [
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All rights reserved | [
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No part of this publication may be reproduced or tr ansmitted in any form or by any means or stored in a data base or retrieval system without the prior writ ten permission of Ryerson Limited or in the case of photocopying or other reprographic copying a license from The Canadian Copyright Licensing Agency | [
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For an Access Copyright license visit www accesscopyright ca or call toll free to The Internet addresses listed in the text were accurate at the time of publication | [
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The inclusion of a website does not indicate an endorsement by the authors or Ryerson and Ryerson does not guarantee the accuracy of information presented at these sites 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 | [
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M 23 22 21 20 Print ed and bound in Canada Care has been taken to trace ownership of copyright material contained in this however the publisher will welcome any information that enables them to rectify any reference or credit for subsequent editions Product Rhondda McNabb Portfolio Alex CampbellMarketing Patti RozakosContent Melissa HudsonPortfolio Tatiana SevciucSenior Supervising Jessica Marnie LambCopy Margaret HendersonPlant Production Heitor MouraManufacturing Production Jason StubnerCover Lightbox Visual Communications Inc Interior Liz HarasymczukCover Panther Media MPS Marquis indd 2 PMiiidedication to tommy and ana rL to my father and first personality teacher arnold h | [
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Buss dB to Chris whose personality is the best part of my and to atticus and London whose spirits are greatly missed dK to my husband henry my best friend and greatest supporter Ce indd 3 PMivBrief Contents introduction 1 introduction to Personality Psychology 1 2 | [
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Personality assessment measurement and r esearch design 21 Part i the dispositional domain 3 traits and trait taxonomies 55 4 theoretical and measurement issues in trait Psychology 88 5 | [
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Personality dispositions over stability Coherence and Change 123 Part ii the Biological domain 6 genetics and Personality 158 7 | [
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Physiological approaches to Personality 189 8 evolutionary Perspectives on Personality 227 Part iii the intrapsychic domain 9 | [
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Psychoanalytic approaches to Personality 263 10 | [
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Psychoanalytic Contemporary issues 300 11 motives and Personality 331 Part iv the domain 12 | [
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Cognitive topics in Personality 371 13 emotion and Personality 402 14 approaches to the self 438 Part v the social and Cultural domain 15 | [
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Personality and social interaction 470 16 sex gender and Personality 500 17 | [
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Culture and Personality 534 Part vi the a djustment domain 18 stress Coping a djustment and health 568 19 disorders of Personality 602 Conclusion 20 summary and future directions 644 indd 4 PMvContents About the Authors xi Preface xiii introduction Chapter 1 introduction to Personality Psychology 1 Personality defined 3 Personality is the set of Psychological traits 3 and mechanisms 4 Within the individual 5 that are organized and r elatively enduring 5 and that influence 6 the interactions with 6 and a daptations to 7 the environment 7 three Levels of Personality analysis 9 human n ature 9 individual and group differences 9 individual Uniqueness 10 a fissure in the field 11 grand theories of Personality 11 Contemporary r esearch in Personality 11 six domains of Knowledge about human nature 12 dispositional domain 13 Biological domain 14 intrapsychic domain 14 domain 15 social and Cultural domain 15 adjustment domain 16 the r ole of Personality theory 17 standards for e valuating Personality theories 18 is there a grand Ultimate and true theory of 19 Key terms 20 Chapter 2 Personality assessment measurement and research design 21 sources of Personality data 22 eport data eport data 26 test data 28 outcome data 33 issues in Personality assessment 35 evaluation of Personality measures 36 reliability 36 validity 41 generalizability 42 research designs in Personality 43 experimental methods 43 Correlational studies 46 Case studies 49 When to Use experimental Correlational and Case study designs 51 summary and e valuation 52 Key terms 53 Part i the dispositional domain Chapter 3 traits and trait taxonomies 55 What is a two Basic f ormulations 57 traits as internal Causal Properties 57 traits as Purely descriptive summaries 58 the a ct frequency f ormulation of an illustration of the descriptive summary formulation 58 act frequency r esearch Program 59 evaluation of the a ct frequency formulation 60 identification of the most important traits 62 Lexical approach 62 statistical approach 63 theoretical approach 64 evaluating the approaches for identifying important traits 66 taxonomies of Personality 66 hierarchical model of Personality 67 Circumplex taxonomies of Personality 71 the actor model 73 the hexa Co model 83 indd 5 PMContentsvisummary and e valuation 85 Key terms 86 Chapter 4 theoretical and measurement issues in trait Psychology 88 theoretical issues 90 meaningful differences among individuals 90 Consistency over time 91 Consistency a cross situations 92 situation interaction 95 aggregation 99 measurement issues 103 Carelessness 103 faking on Questionnaires 104 Beware of Barnum statements in Personality test interpretations 105 Personality and Prediction 106 applications of Personality testing in the Workplace 107 Legal issues in Personality testing in employment settings 108 Personnel the right Person for the Job 112 selection in Business the Briggs type indicator 114 selection in Business the hogan Personality inventory 118 summary and e valuation 121 Key terms 122 Chapter 5 Personality dispositions over stability Coherence and Change 123 Conceptual Personality development stability Coherence and Change 124 What is Personality 125 rank order stability 125 mean Level stability 125 Personality Coherence 126 Personality Change 128 three Levels of analysis 128 Population Level 129 group differences Level 129 individual differences Level 130Personality stability over time 130 stability of temperament during infancy 130 stability during Childhood 132 rank order stability in a dulthood 135 mean Level stability in a dulthood 137 Personality Change 141 Changes in from a dolescence to adulthood 142 autonomy dominance Leadership and ambition 144 sensation seeking and impulsivity 144 increasing openness and Creativity 145 Personality Changes a cross assertiveness and n arcissism 147 volitional Personality is it 148 Personality Coherence over Prediction of socially r elevant outcomes 149 marital stability marital satisfaction and divorce 149 alcoholism drug Use and emotional disturbance 150 religiousness and spirituality 150 education a cademic a chievement and dropping out 151 health and Longevity 151 Predicting Personality Change 153 summary and e valuation 154 Key terms 155 Part ii the Biological domain Chapter 6 genetics and Personality 158 the human genome 159 Controversy about genes and Personality 160 goals of Behavioural genetics 161 What is 163 misconceptions about heritability 164 debate Clarified 164 Behavioural genetic methods 165 selective studies of Best friend 165 family studies 166 indd 6 PMContentsviitwin studies 167 adoption studies 170 major findings from Behavioural genetic research 171 Personality traits 171 attitudes and Preferences 174 drinking and smoking 177 marriage 177 shared versus n onshared environmental a riddle 178 genes and the environment 180 interaction 180 Correlation 181 molecular genetics 183 Behavioural genetics science Politics and values 185 summary and e valuation 186 Key terms 188 Chapter 7 Physiological approaches to Personality 189 a Physiological approach to Personality 195 Physiological measures Commonly Used in Personality r esearch 196 electrodermal a ctivity 197 Cardiovascular a ctivity 197 Brain a ctivity 198 other measures 200 Physiologically Based theories of Personality 201 201 sensitivity to r eward and Punishment 206 sensation seeking 210 neurotransmitters and Personality 215 veningness 217 Brain asymmetry and affective style 220 summary and e valuation 224 Key terms 226 Chapter 8 evolutionary Perspectives on Personality 227 evolution and n atural selection 228 natural selection 229sexual selection 229 genes and inclusive fitness 230 Products of the e volutionary Process 231 evolutionary Psychology 233 Premises of e volutionary Psychology 233 empirical testing of e volutionary hypotheses 234 human n ature 236 need to Belong 236 helping and altruism 238 Universal emotions 240 sex differences 241 sex differences in aggression 242 sex differences in Jealousy 244 sex differences in mate Preferences 246 individual differences 247 environmental triggers of individual differences 249 heritable individual differences Contingent on other traits 250 strategic individual differences 252 the Big five motivation and e volutionarily relevant a daptive Problems 255 Limitations of e volutionary Psychology 257 summary and e valuation 258 Key terms 260 Part iii the intrapsychic domain Chapter 9 Psychoanalytic approaches to Personality 263 sigmund f a Brief Biography 265 fundamental assumptions of Psychoanalytic theory 266 Basic sex and aggression 267 Unconscious sometimes We Know Why We do What We do 267 Psychic n othing happens by Chance 269 structure of Personality 272 r eservoir of Psychic energy 272 executive of Personality 273 indd 7 Upholder of societal values and ideals 276 interaction of the id e go and superego 277 dynamics of Personality 277 types of anxiety 277 defence mechanisms 278 Psychosexual stages of Personality development 285 Personality and Psychoanalysis 289 techniques for r evealing the Unconscious 289 the Process of Psychoanalysis 293 Why is Psychoanalysis 295 evaluation of f Contributions 295 summary and e valuation 298 Key terms 298 Chapter 10 Psychoanalytic Contemporary issues 300 the n movement 302 repression and Contemporary r esearch on memory 302 Contemporary views on the Unconscious 309 ego Psychology 311 eight stages of development 312 Karen horney and a f eminist interpretation of Psychoanalysis 318 emphasis on self and the n otion of narcissism 319 object r elations theory 321 early Childhood a ttachment 322 adult r elationships 324 summary and e valuation 328 Key terms 329 Chapter 11 motives and Personality 331 Basic Concepts 333 need 334 Press 336 apperception and the tat 336 the Big three a chievement Power and intimacy 340need for a chievement 340 need for Power 346 need for intimacy 349 humanistic the motive to actualize 351 abraham Contributions 352 Carl r Contributions 359 summary and e valuation 366 Key terms 368 Part iv the domain Chapter 12 Cognitive topics in Personality 371 Personality r evealed through Perception 374 field dependence 375 Pain tolerance and sensation r augmenting 379 Personality r evealed through interpretation 380 Personal Construct theory 381 Locus of Control 383 Learned helplessness 386 Personality r evealed through goals 391 Personal Projects analysis 391 Cognitive social Learning theory 392 intelligence 396 summary and e valuation 399 Key terms 401 Chapter 13 emotion and Personality 402 issues in emotion r esearch 404 emotional states versus emotional traits 404 Categorical versus dimensional approach to emotion 404 Content versus style of emotional Life 409 Content of emotional Life 409 style of emotional Life 430 interaction of Content and style in emotional Life 435 summary and e valuation 436 Key terms 437 indd 8 PMContentsixChapter 14 approaches to the self 438 descriptive Component of the Concept 440 development 440 Possible selves ought selves and Undesired selves 446 is there a 448 evaluative Component of the esteem 449 evaluation of oneself 449 research on 452 social Component of the social identity 461 the n ature of identity 461 identity development 462 identity Crises 462 summary and e valuation 465 Key terms 467 Part v the social and Cultural domain Chapter 15 Personality and social interaction 470 selection 472 Personality Characteristics desired in a Partner 472 assortative mating for the search for the similar 473 do People get the Partners they and are they 477 Personality and the selective Breakup of Couples 479 shyness and the selection of risky situations 480 other Personality traits and the selection of situations 481 evocation 482 aggression and the e vocation of hostility 482 evocation of anger and Upset in Couples 483 evocation of Likability Pleasure and Pain 486evocation through expectancy Confirmation 486 social influence tactics 487 a taxonomy of eleven tactics of manipulation 487 Personality Predictors of tactics of manipulation 489 Panning an overview of Personality and social interaction 494 summary and e valuation 497 Key terms 499 Chapter 16 sex gender and Personality 500 the science and Politics of studying sex and gender 502 history of the study of sex differences 502 Calculation of effect how Large are the sex 503 minimalists and maximalists 505 sex differences in Personality 505 temperament in Children 505 actor model 506 Basic f requency and intensity 511 other dimensions of Personality 512 emininity gender stereotypes and gender identity 515 masculinity f emininity and androgyny 515 gender stereotypes 519 gender identity 521 theories of sex differences 524 socialization and social r oles 524 hormonal theories 527 evolutionary Psychology theory 529 an integrated theoretical Perspective 530 summary and e valuation 531 Key terms 533 Chapter 17 Culture and Personality 534 Cultural an illustration 535 What is Cultural Personality 536 Cultural differences in Personality 537 evoked Culture 537 transmitted Culture 540 indd 9 PMContentsxdo Cultures have distinctive Personality 554 Cultural similarities in Personality 556 Cultural Universals 556 summary and e valuation 564 Key terms 566 Part vi the a djustment domain Chapter 18 stress Coping a djustment and health 568 models of the Connection 570 the Concept of stress 575 the stress r esponse 576 major Life e vents 577 daily hassles 579 varieties of stress 579 Primary and secondary appraisal 581 Coping strategies and styles 582 explanatory style 582 optimism and health 584 management of emotions and disclosure 587 hardiness and r esilience 592 type a Personality and Cardiovascular disease 593 the Lethal Component of the type a Behaviour Pattern 596 how the arteries are damaged by hostile type a Behaviour 597 summary and e valuation 599 Key terms 600 Chapter 19 disorders of Personality 602 the Building Blocks of Personality disorders 604 the Concept of disorder 605 What is 606the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 607 What is a Personality 608 specific Personality disorders 610 Cluster a the eccentric Ways of Being different 610 Cluster B the erratic Ways of Being Unstable and emotional 615 Cluster C the anxious Ways of Being fearful and distressed 627 Prevalence of Personality disorders 633 gender differences in Personality disorders 636 dimensional model of Personality disorders 637 Causes of Personality disorders 638 summary and e valuation 642 Key terms 643 Conclusion Chapter 20 summary and future directions 644 Current status of the field 645 domains of Where Been Where going 646 dispositional domain 646 Biological domain 647 intrapsychic domain 649 domain 650 social and Cultural domain 651 adjustment domain 652 Personality in the Century 653 glossary references Chapter sources name index subject index indd 10 PMxiabout the a uthors randy J | [
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Larsen received his Phd in Personality Psychology from the University of illinois at Urbana in 1984 in 1992 he was awarded the distinguished scientific achievement award for early Career Contributions to Personality Psychology from the american Psychological association and in 1987 he received a research scientist development award from the national institute of mental health he has been an associate editor at the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology and the Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin and has been on the editorial boards of the Journal of Research in Personality Review of General Psychology and the Journal of Personality randy Larsen has served on several scientific review groups for the national institute of mental health and the national research Council he is a fellow in the association for Psychological science and the american Psychological association his research on personality has been supported by the national institute of mental health the national science foundation the national institute of aging the mcdonnell foundation for Cognitive neuroscience and the solon summerfield foundation in 2000 he was elected dent of the midwestern Psychological association he has served on the faculty at Purdue University and the University of michigan | [
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Currently randy Larsen is chairman of the Psychology department and the William r stuckenberg Professor of human values and moral development at Washington University in st | [
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Louis where he teaches Personality Psychology and other courses he lives in st | [
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Louis with his wife and two children david m | [
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Buss received his Phd in 1981 from the University of California at Berkeley he served on the ties of harvard University and the University of michigan be fore accepting a professorship at the University of texas at austin where he has taught since 1996 | [
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Buss received the american Psychological association distinguished scientific award for early Career Contribution to Psychology in 1988 the aPa g stanley hall award in 1990 and the aPa distinguished scientist Lecturer award in 2001 | [
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Books by david Buss include The Evolution of Strategies of Human Mating Books which has been translated into 10 Evolutionary The New Science of the Mind ed Bacon which was presented with the robert W hamilton Book The Dangerous Why Jealousy Is as Necessary as Love and Sex free Press which has been translated into 13 and The Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology | [
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Buss has authored more than 250 scientific publications and has also written articles for The New York Times and the Times Higher Education Supplement he appears in the isi List of most highly Cited Psychologists Worldwide and as the 27th most Cited Psychologist in introductory Psychology textbooks he lectures widely throughout the United states and abroad and has ex tensive research collaborations david Buss greatly enjoys teaching and in 2001 he won the teaching excellence a ward at the University of texas Courtesy of randy J | [
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Larsen Courtesy of david m | [
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Buss indd 11 PMAbout the Authorsxiidavid B | [
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King received his Phd in 2013 from the University of British Columbia in vancouver Canada during his doctoral training he specialized in the field of health psy chology studying social factors in the daily stress of Canadian paramedics he also holds a master of science degree in statis tical modelling and a Bachelor of science degree in psychology both from trent University current research addresses the question of how stress unfolds within social contexts of varying size and complexity | [
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Within dyads and small groups he is interested in understanding how individuals cope with stress together and carry stress across roles and settings on the sociocultural level he explores how people cope with stress arising from disease outbreaks pandemics and other collective threats to health in addition to his research david has been teaching at the university level since 2012 leading courses in personality gender health and death and dying in the department of Psychology at the University of British Columbia he remains dedicated to his goal of fostering critical thinking and student engagement in psychology as well as improving science literacy more broadly in the community david has authored multiple papers in academic journals and is the of one additional textbook the Canadian of Health Biopsychosocial Interactions smith King deLongis he has also received multiple awards including an early Career achievement award from the american Psychological association and a Postdoctoral research fellowship award from the social sciences and humanities research Council of Canada in his spare time david enjoys writing staying active and spending time in nature with his husband Chris and his two rescue dogs from mexico hunter and scout Carolyn e ensley received her Phd in 1999 from the University of Waterloo in Waterloo Canada | [
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doctoral research examined interference and the role of attention in visual information processing after pleting her Phd Carolyn began a fellowship for the ontario government which involved developing an as sessment tool that could accurately predict the length of stay for psychiatric patients at inpatient facilities the tool is now used at psychiatric facilities across ontario in 2004 Carolyn began teaching at Wilfrid Laurier University in Waterloo and since that time has developed and taught more than 60 courses covering a wide variety of topics in undergraduate psychology | [
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Carolyn is an expert on evolutionary influences on personality and personality and psychological disorders | [
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When not working Carolyn enjoys reading birding and spending time with her husband henry and her sons Jonathan James and Joshua Courtesy of david B | [
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King Courtesy of Carolyn e ensley indd 12 PMxiiiWe are pleased and excited to present the second Canadian edition of Personality Domains of Knowledge About Human Nature as with previous editions of the book the second Canadian edition ues to adopt a framework of six important domains of knowledge about personality functioning rather than organizing material around the traditional grand theories of personality this innovative framework is one of the reasons Domains of Knowledge has remained a forerunner among personality texts and it has proven equally valuable within a Canadian context these six domains are the dispositional domain trait tax onomies and personality dispositions over the biological domain physiology the intrapsychic domain the domain emotion and the the social and cultural domain interaction gender and and the adjustment domain coping health and personality original authors randy Larsen and david Buss believed that these domains of knowledge represented the contemporary state of affairs in personality psychology and progress in the field since publication of the first american edition has continued to bear out that belief in line with the goals of previous editions we envision our text as a reflection of the field of personality psy chology both generally and now specifically within a Canadian context our desire is to capture the excite ment of what the science of personality is all about and how it remains relevant to Canadians for the second Canadian edition we did our best to remain true to that vision | [
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We believe that the field of personality psy chology has entered a golden age of sorts and we hope that the changes made to this edition convey a discipline that is vibrant in a way it never has been before after all no other field is devoted to the study of all that it means to be human for the previous american edition on which the first Canadian edition was based each chapter was lined through judicious trimming this provided room for discussing new research and made the book a bit shorter and more economical the book has since been edited and revised further to resonate with a Canadian readership | [
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Key additions and revisions to the first and second Canadian editions are described below | [
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We have updated the language of the text improve gender neutrality to remove potentially stigmatizing and to ensure that examples are relevant within a modern added more salient cultural refer ences and paid special attention to current social issues that many Canadians consider important in order to showcase Canadian contributions to personality research we have included in each chapter a Highlight On Canadian Research box describing research by Canadian scientists at the end of each chapter well as tions we have also added a few questions to as to help students think more critically about the material Chapter Personality assessment measurement and r esearch design research on social desirability and impression management including a highlight of leading Canadian research by del Paulhus Updated practical examples of personality assessment and research methods Chapter traits and trait taxonomies an expanded look at the hexa Co model of personality developed by Canadian researchers which is now featured as a main taxonomy following the five f actor model a detailed discussion of the trait and new research supporting its inclusion as a sixth factor of personality Preface indd 13 a new and expanded examination of the dark triad and dark tetrad models including definitions of narcissism subclinical psychopathy machiavellianism and dispositional sadism these additions better enable the understanding of research findings on the dark traits discussed throughout the text Chapter theoretical and measurement issues in trait Psychology highlighted discussion of the work of Canadian researcher sampo Paunonen including expanded discussions of the hierarchical organization of traits information on personality testing in r CmP officers new research on gender diversity in the Canadian workforce Chapter Personality dispositions over stability Coherence and Change new research on impulsivity in the section on sensation seeking including findings on differential developmental trajectories of these traits new content on increasing openness and creativity new content on volitional personality change information on the victoria Longitudinal study addressing stability and change of personality traits over time Updated research findings on historical changes in narcissism Chapter genetics and Personality findings from a Canadian twin study on mental toughness new material from behavioural genetics on the link between social values and personality Chapter Physiological approaches to Personality an overview of the famous Canadian case study of the brain injury of Patient K | [
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C including the contributions of the case to modern psychology a highlighted discussion of Canadian research from the Centre for gambling r esearch at the University of British Columbia a closer look at fascinating research that demonstrates how the brain uses its own models of personality to predict behaviour Chapter e volutionary Perspectives on Personality research on the adaptive rumination hypothesis which proposes that depression is an evolved mechanism in humans information on how adhd may have evolved as an adaptive trait Chapter Psychoanalytic approaches to Personality the discussion of a famous Canadian case of repression Canadian research on dream analysis and dream interpretation indd 14 PMPrefacexvChapter Psychoanalytic Contemporary issues the inclusion of an example of a Canadian court case that was influenced by false memories research on psychosocial stages of development among holocaust survivors from Canadian psychologist Peter suedfeld Updated research on attachment theory and narcissism Chapter motives and Personality significant updates and corrections to the table of needs research on the effects of Canadian acculturation on intrinsic and extrinsic motivation for achievement Updated research on hierarchy of needs and including a brief discussion of an expanded discussion of peak experiences flow and the autotelic personality Chapter Cognitive topics in Personality the inclusion of a clearer definition of schema information on learned helplessness among first n ations youth new exercise on intelligence numeracy and within the context of analyzing data Chapter emotion and Personality Updated research on the basic emotion of pride from Canadian researcher Jessica tracy Updated research on money and happiness including Canadian research on prosocial spending a closer look at the link between money and happiness in a Canadian context Chapter approaches to the self Updated research on the mirror recognition test in other species Canadian research on the link between ambiguous text messaging and social anxiety an expanded discussion of the distinction between shyness and social disinterest in childhood based on Canadian research Canadian research on implicit and explicit Canadian research examining and body dissatisfaction among first n ations schoolchildren new discussion on differentiation and related research Chapter Personality and social interaction more inclusive language when discussing relationships and families Where available research on gay and lesbian relationships including new research on assortative mating among gay men Canadian research on internet trolling behaviour and its psychological underpinnings indd 15 PMPrefacexviChapter sex gender and Personality Updated discussion of sex and gender additional definitions of key to better align the text with a contemporary Canadian perspective new section on gender identity Updated research on sex differences throughout with outdated research removed or replaced Updated research on gender stereotypes and theories of sex differences information on the challenges faced by the transgender community including a highlight box on Canadian research examining increased suicide risk resulting from discrimination Chapter Culture and Personality new and comprehensive highlight box examining cultural identity related psychosocial in digenous peoples of Canada reviewed by david n ewhouse Chair of indigenous studies at trent University an expanded discussion of acculturation including new Canadian research intriguing Canadian research on a third type of the metapersonal type and its link to environmental awareness and conservation behaviour a detailed discussion of the limitations of Western educated industrialized rich and democratic populations in research as outlined by Canadian researchers information on the Personality assessment inventory and how it differs from conventional measures and models of personality Chapter stress Coping a djustment and health new section on hardiness and resilience improved integration of research findings on the role of the Big five traits in stress coping and health Canadian research on the effects of acute social stress on emotional processing in the lab information on coping in a social context including Canadian research on the role of neuroticism in coping Chapter disorders of Personality reordering of clusters to align with the layout of the inclusion of Cluster letters B or to better align with the and improve reviews of Canadian cases of antisocial personality disorder Canadian research on ambiguous facial expressions and borderline personality disorder a closer look at alexithymia including a discussion of Canadian research on the topic Canadian Cited in Personality Psychology Second Canadian Edition Chapter Personality assessment measurement and r esearch design Brian Connelly University of Toronto Scarborough del Paulhus University of British Columbia W | [
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Q elaine Perunovic New Brunswick University michael r oss University of Waterloo ann Wilson Wilfrid Laurier University indd 16 PMPrefacexviiChapter traits and trait taxonomies michael ashton Brock University Kibeom Lee University of Calgary Jessie miller McMaster University del Paulhus University of British Columbia Chapter theoretical and measurement issues in trait Psychology norman endler York University ian gellatly University of Alberta richard goffin University of Western Ontario Jacob hirsh University of Toronto douglas Jackson University of Western Ontario adelheid nicol Royal Military College of Canada thomas eill University of Calgary sampo Paunonen University of Western Ontario Jordan Peterson University of Toronto deborah Powell University of Guelph Chapter Personality dispositions over stability Coherence and Change roger dixon University of Alberta Lorraine greaves BC Centre of Excellence for Health david hultsch University of Victoria Joy Johnson University of British Columbia Carsten Wrosch Concordia University Chapter genetics and Personality Kerry Jang University of British Columbia James olson University of Western Ontario Julie schermer University of Western Ontario Philip vernon University of Western Ontario Chapter Physiological approaches to Personality Luke Clark University of British Columbia donald hebb Dalhousie University stefan Kohler University of Western Ontario shayna r osenbaum University of Toronto robert stelmack University of Ottawa Chapter e volutionary Perspectives on Personality Paul andrews McMaster University indd 17 PMPrefacexviiiChapter Psychoanalytic approaches to Personality teresa deCicco Trent University david King University of British Columbia Peter humphreys Trent University Chapter Psychoanalytic Contemporary issues don dutton University of British Columbia J d haltigan University of Ottawa Peter suedfeld University of British Columbia Chapter motives and Personality shaljan areepattamannil University John g freeman University guay Laval don a | [
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Klinger University richard Koestner McGill University marina milyavskaya University of Toronto Catherine f ratelle Laval Chapter Cognitive topics in Personality mariangela artuso York University Janice Johnson York University suzanne Prior York University magdalena smolewski Royal Roads University Cynthia Lakehead University susan Wingert University of Western Ontario Chapter emotion and Personality Lara aknin Simon Fraser University elizabeth dunn University of British Columbia andrew spiers University of Alberta Jessica tracy University of British Columbia gordon Walker University of Alberta Chapter approaches to the self daniel Bailis University of Manitoba James Battle Edmonton Public School Board tara Callaghan St | [
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Francis Xavier University Judith Chipperfield University of Manitoba robert Coplan Carleton University Joseph henrich University of British Columbia todd Jackson University of Windsor indd 18 mila Kingsbury Carleton University tara marshall University of Toronto diane santesso University of Waterloo Louis schmidt McMaster University sidney segalowitz Brock University romin tafarodi University of Toronto shelagh towson University of Windsor noreen Willows University of Alberta Jennifer Wong Simon Fraser University Joanne Wood University of Waterloo Chapter Personality and social interaction del Paulhus University of British Columbia Louis schmidt McMaster University Paul trapnell University of Winnipeg Chapter sex gender and Personality Lucy Barney Provincial Health Services Authority of British Columbia greta Bauer University of Western Ontario Lorraine greaves BC Excellence for Health natalie hemsing BC Excellence for Health Jacob hirsh University of Toronto Joy Johnson University of British Columbia Chizimuzo okoli BC Excellence for Health annie Qu BC Excellence for Health Chapter Culture and Personality Billie allan University of Victoria marie Battiste University of Saskatchewan Jacob Burack McGill University michael Chandler University of British Columbia teresa deCicco Trent University roxane de la de tara flanagan McGill University James f rideres University of Calgary Joyce green University of Regina steven heine University of British Columbia Laurence Kirmayer McGill University Christopher Lalonde University of Victoria Clarry Lay York University darrin Lehman University of British Columbia aislin mushquash Lakehead University Christopher mushquash Lakehead University ara n orenzayan University of British Columbia indd 19 Janet smylie Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute sherry stewart Dalhousie University mirella stroink Lakehead University donald taylor McGill University Jessica tracy University of British Columbia esther Usborne de sarah Wright Cardinal University of Victoria Chapter stress Coping a djustment and health frances Chen University of British Columbia anita deLongis University of British Columbia susan holtzman University of British david King University of British Columbia hans selye de Chapter disorders of Personality michael Bagby University of Toronto alexander daros University of Toronto Kevin douglas Simon Fraser University alasdair goodwill Ryerson University Laura guy Simon Fraser University robert hare University of British Columbia Paul Links Western University shelley mcmain University of Toronto James Parker Trent University anthony r uocco University of Toronto graeme taylor Western University amanda Uliaszek University of Toronto Carolyn Watters Dalhousie University indd 20 PMxxiacknowledgments a project of this scope and magnitude requires the efforts of many people | [
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We are greatly indebted to our leagues who reviewed this and previous editions in their various stages | [
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We sincerely appreciate their time effort and thoughtful feedback | [
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We would also like to thank our team at including alex Campbell Portfolio manager melissa hudson Content developer Jessica Barnoski senior supervising editor marnie Lamb Permissions editor and margaret henderson Copy editor thanks to david newhouse Chair of indigenous studies at trent University for providing invaluable feedback reviewing the indigenous content in this edition for their help and assistance on the first Canadian edition we would like to give spe cial thanks to Karolina donasewicz and Juliane dmyterko their time effort and feedback throughout the original Canadianization of this book proved invaluable to the project david King feels especially indebted to their assistance in the initial research and editing process indd 21 PMxxiiaward Winning technology is an digital teaching and learning solution that empowers students to achieve better outcomes and enables instructors to improve efficiency with course management | [
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Within Connect students have access to smartBook adaptive learning and reading resource smartBook prompts students with questions based on the material they are studying | [
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By assessing individual answers smartBook learns what each student knows and identifies which topics they need to practice giving each student a personalized learning experience and path to success key features also include analytics and reporting simple assignment management smart grading the opportunity to post your own resources and the Connect instructor Library a repository for additional resources to improve student engagement in and out of the classroom Instructor Resources for Larsen Personality Psychology manual test Bank Presentations Power of Process new to the second edition Power of Process for Personality Psychology helps students improve thinking skills and allows instructors to assess these skills efficiently and effectively in an online environment available through Connect preloaded journal articles are available for instructors to assign | [
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Using a scaffolded framework such as understanding synthesizing and analyzing Power of Process moves students toward thinking and analysis indd 22 PM Effective | [
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Easy to Use Connect is an digital teaching and learning solution that empowers students to achieve better outcomes and enables instructors to improve efficiency SMARTBOOK NEW SmartBook 2 0 builds on our adaptive technology with enhanced capabilities and a streamlined interface that deliver a more usable accessible and mobile learning experience for both and instructors Available on mobile smart devices with both online and offline access the ReadAnywhere app lets students study anywhere anytime SUPPORT AT EVERY STEP ensures you are supported every step of the way | [
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From course design and set up to instructor training LMS integration and ongoing support your Digital Success Consultant is there to make your course as effective as possible Personalized Adaptive Learning integrated SmartBook helps students study more efficiently highlighting where in the text to focus and asking review questions to give each student a personalized learning experience and path to success | [
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Course Material Our trusted solutions are designed to help students actively engage in course content and develop critical thinking skills while offering you the flexibility to tailor your course to meet your needs Analytics Reporting Monitor progress and improve focus with visual and actionable | [
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Seamless Integration Link your Learning Management System with Connect for single and gradebook with ease for you and your students Learn more about Connect at mheducation caImpact of Connect on Pass Rates 85 72 Without Connect With Connect indd 23 indd 24 PM1 Chapter 1 Introduction to Personality Psychology Personality Defined Personality Is the Set of Psychological Traits And Mechanisms Within the Individual That Are Organized and Relatively Enduring And That Influence The Interactions with And Adaptations to The Environment Three Levels of Personality Analysis Human NatureIndividual and Group DifferencesIndividual Uniqueness A Fissure in the Field Grand Theories of PersonalityContemporary Research in Personality Six Domains of Knowledge About Human Nature Dispositional DomainBiological DomainIntrapsychic DomainSocial and Cultural DomainAdjustment Domain The Role of Personality Theory Standards for Evaluating Personality Theories Is There a Grand Ultimate and True Theory of Key t erms indd 1 PM2 Introduction Introduction Those who carry humour to excess are thought to be vulgar buffoons striving after humour at all costs not caring about pain to the object of their while those who can neither make a joke themselves nor put up with those who do are thought to be boorish and unpolished | [
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But those who joke in a tasteful way are called and tactful and it is the mark of a tactful person to say and listen to such things as befit a good and person Aristotle in The Nicomachean Ethics expressed these wise observations on the subject of mour and people who do and do not indulge in it | [
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In this quote we see Aristotle behaving much as a per sonality psychologist | [
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He is analyzing the character istics of individuals who have an appropriate sense of humour providing some details about what are associated with a sense of humour | [
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Aristo tle adds to this description by comparing people who are extreme having either too much or too little sense of humour | [
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In his book on ethics Aristotle de scribed and analyzed many personality characteris tics including truthfulness courage intelligence anger proneness and friendliness We might conclude that Aristotle was an amateur personality psychologist | [
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But we all amateur ality psychologists to some we all curious about the characteristics people possess including our own we all use personality characteristics in describing And we all used personality characteristics to explain behaviour either our own or that of When we say that a friend goes to a lot of parties because they are outgoing we are using personality to ex plain their behaviour | [
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When we refer to another friend as conscientious and reliable we are describing tures of their personality | [
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When we characterize ourselves as thoughtful intelligent and ambitious we are describing features of our personality Features of personality make people different from one another and these features usually take the form of for instance John is lazy Lina is optimistic and Samir is anxious | [
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Adjectives that can be used to describe characteristics of people are called adjectives | [
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There are nearly 20 000 such descriptive adjectives in the English language | [
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This astonishing fact alone tells us that in everyday life there are compelling reasons for trying to understand and describe those we interact with as well as ourselves Notice that the adjectives describing personality refer to several very different aspects of people | [
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Words such as thoughtful refer to inner qualities of the mind | [
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Words such as charming and humorous refer to the effects a person has on other people | [
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Words such as domineering are relational and signify a position or stance toward others | [
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Words such as ambitious refer to the intensity of desire to reach our goals | [
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Words such as creative refer both to a quality of mind and to the nature of the products we produce | [
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Words such as deceitful may refer to the strate gies used to attain goals however socially problematic | [
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All of these features describe aspects of personality Each person is in certain respects like all other persons like some other persons and like no other person Images indd 2 PM Chapter 1 Introduction to Personality Psychology 3Personality Defined Establishing a definition for something as complex as human personality is difficult | [
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The authors of the first textbooks on Allport and Henry Murray with the definition | [
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The problem is how to establish a definition that is sufficiently comprehensive to include all of the aspects mentioned in the introduction to this chapter including inner features social effects of the mind qualities of the body relations to others and inner goals | [
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Because of these complexities some texts on personality omit a formal definition entirely | [
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Nonetheless the following definition captures the essential ele ments of Personality is the set of psychological traits and mechanisms within the individual that are organized and relatively and that influence the interactions with and adaptations to the physical and social environments | [
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examine the elements of this definition more closely Personality Is the Set of Psychological Traits Psychological traits are characteristics that describe ways in which people are different from each other | [
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Saying that someone is shy is to mention one way in which that person from others who are more outgoing | [
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Traits also define ways in which people are similar to some others | [
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For example people who are shy are similar to each other in that they are anx ious in social situations particularly when there is an audience watching them | [
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Exercise Think of someone you know a friend family member or roommate | [
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Consider the many characteristics that make this person unique | [
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List the five adjectives you think best capture this personality | [
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For example if you were to describe this person to someone what five tives would you Now ask your target person to list the five adjectives they think make them most unique | [
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Compare your lists | [
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How similar or different are People are different from each other in many ways | [
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The science of personality psychology provides an understanding of the psychological ways that people differ from one another Clockwise from top Darren | [
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Business indd 3 PM4 IntroductionConsider another trait of talkativeness | [
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This characteristic can be meaningfully applied to peo ple and describes a dimension of difference among them | [
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Typically a talkative person is that way from day to day from week to week and from year to year | [
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Certainly even the most talkative person can have quiet moments quiet days or even quiet weeks | [
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Over time however those with the trait of talkativeness tend to emit verbal behaviour with greater frequency than those who are low on talkativeness | [
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In this sense traits describe the average tendencies of a person | [
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On average a person starts more conversations than a person Research on personality traits asks four kinds of How many traits are How are the traits What are the origins of What are the correlates and consequences of One primary question is how many fundamental traits there are | [
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Are there dozens or hundreds of traits or merely a The second research question pertains to the organization or structure of traits | [
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For example how is talkativeness related to other traits such as impulsivity and A third research question concerns the origins of they come from and how they develop | [
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Does heredity influence talk What sorts of cultural and practices affect the development of traits such as talkative A fourth key question pertains to the correlations and consequences of traits in terms of experience behaviour and life outcomes | [
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Do talkative people have many Do they have a more extended social network to draw upon in times of Do they annoy people who are trying to The four research questions constitute the core of the research program of many personality psychologists Psychological traits are useful for at least three reasons | [
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