venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/aiohttp/helpers.py

"""Various helper functions"""

import asyncio
import base64
import binascii
import contextlib
import datetime
import enum
import functools
import inspect
import netrc
import os
import platform
import re
import sys
import time
import weakref
from collections import namedtuple
from contextlib import suppress
from email.parser import HeaderParser
from email.utils import parsedate
from math import ceil
from pathlib import Path
from types import TracebackType
from typing import (
    Any,
    Callable,
    ContextManager,
    Dict,
    Generator,
    Generic,
    Iterable,
    Iterator,
    List,
    Mapping,
    Optional,
    Protocol,
    Tuple,
    Type,
    TypeVar,
    Union,
    get_args,
    overload,
)
from urllib.parse import quote
from urllib.request import getproxies, proxy_bypass

import attr
from multidict import MultiDict, MultiDictProxy, MultiMapping
from propcache.api import under_cached_property as reify
from yarl import URL

from . import hdrs
from .log import client_logger

if sys.version_info >= (3, 11):
    import asyncio as async_timeout
else:
    import async_timeout

__all__ = ("BasicAuth", "ChainMapProxy", "ETag", "reify")

IS_MACOS = platform.system() == "Darwin"
IS_WINDOWS = platform.system() == "Windows"

PY_310 = sys.version_info >= (3, 10)
PY_311 = sys.version_info >= (3, 11)


_T = TypeVar("_T")
_S = TypeVar("_S")

_SENTINEL = enum.Enum("_SENTINEL", "sentinel")
sentinel = _SENTINEL.sentinel

NO_EXTENSIONS = bool(os.environ.get("AIOHTTP_NO_EXTENSIONS"))

# https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9112#section-6.3-2.1
EMPTY_BODY_STATUS_CODES = frozenset((204, 304, *range(100, 200)))
# https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9112#section-6.3-2.1
# https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9112#section-6.3-2.2
EMPTY_BODY_METHODS = hdrs.METH_HEAD_ALL

DEBUG = sys.flags.dev_mode or (
    not sys.flags.ignore_environment and bool(os.environ.get("PYTHONASYNCIODEBUG"))
)


CHAR = {chr(i) for i in range(0, 128)}
CTL = {chr(i) for i in range(0, 32)} | {
    chr(127),
}
SEPARATORS = {
    "(",
    ")",
    "<",
    ">",
    "@",
    ",",
    ";",
    ":",
    "\\",
    '"',
    "/",
    "[",
    "]",
    "?",
    "=",
    "{",
    "}",
    " ",
    chr(9),
}
TOKEN = CHAR ^ CTL ^ SEPARATORS


class noop:
    def __await__(self) -> Generator[None, None, None]:
        yield


class BasicAuth(namedtuple("BasicAuth", ["login", "password", "encoding"])):
    """Http basic authentication helper."""

    def __new__(
        cls, login: str, password: str = "", encoding: str = "latin1"
    ) -> "BasicAuth":
        if login is None:
            raise ValueError("None is not allowed as login value")

        if password is None:
            raise ValueError("None is not allowed as password value")

        if ":" in login:
            raise ValueError('A ":" is not allowed in login (RFC 1945#section-11.1)')

        return super().__new__(cls, login, password, encoding)

    @classmethod
    def decode(cls, auth_header: str, encoding: str = "latin1") -> "BasicAuth":
        """Create a BasicAuth object from an Authorization HTTP header."""
        try:
            auth_type, encoded_credentials = auth_header.split(" ", 1)
        except ValueError:
            raise ValueError("Could not parse authorization header.")

        if auth_type.lower() != "basic":
            raise ValueError("Unknown authorization method %s" % auth_type)

        try:
            decoded = base64.b64decode(
                encoded_credentials.encode("ascii"), validate=True
            ).decode(encoding)
        except binascii.Error:
            raise ValueError("Invalid base64 encoding.")

        try:
            # RFC 2617 HTTP Authentication
            # https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2617.txt
            # the colon must be present, but the username and password may be
            # otherwise blank.
            username, password = decoded.split(":", 1)
        except ValueError:
            raise ValueError("Invalid credentials.")

        return cls(username, password, encoding=encoding)

    @classmethod
    def from_url(cls, url: URL, *, encoding: str = "latin1") -> Optional["BasicAuth"]:
        """Create BasicAuth from url."""
        if not isinstance(url, URL):
            raise TypeError("url should be yarl.URL instance")
        # Check raw_user and raw_password first as yarl is likely
        # to already have these values parsed from the netloc in the cache.
        if url.raw_user is None and url.raw_password is None:
            return None
        return cls(url.user or "", url.password or "", encoding=encoding)

    def encode(self) -> str:
        """Encode credentials."""
        creds = (f"{self.login}:{self.password}").encode(self.encoding)
        return "Basic %s" % base64.b64encode(creds).decode(self.encoding)


def strip_auth_from_url(url: URL) -> Tuple[URL, Optional[BasicAuth]]:
    """Remove user and password from URL if present and return BasicAuth object."""
    # Check raw_user and raw_password first as yarl is likely
    # to already have these values parsed from the netloc in the cache.
    if url.raw_user is None and url.raw_password is None:
        return url, None
    return url.with_user(None), BasicAuth(url.user or "", url.password or "")


def netrc_from_env() -> Optional[netrc.netrc]:
    """Load netrc from file.

    Attempt to load it from the path specified by the env-var
    NETRC or in the default location in the user's home directory.

    Returns None if it couldn't be found or fails to parse.
    """
    netrc_env = os.environ.get("NETRC")

    if netrc_env is not None:
        netrc_path = Path(netrc_env)
    else:
        try:
            home_dir = Path.home()
        except RuntimeError as e:  # pragma: no cover
            # if pathlib can't resolve home, it may raise a RuntimeError
            client_logger.debug(
                "Could not resolve home directory when "
                "trying to look for .netrc file: %s",
                e,
            )
            return None

        netrc_path = home_dir / ("_netrc" if IS_WINDOWS else ".netrc")

    try:
        return netrc.netrc(str(netrc_path))
    except netrc.NetrcParseError as e:
        client_logger.warning("Could not parse .netrc file: %s", e)
    except OSError as e:
        netrc_exists = False
        with contextlib.suppress(OSError):
            netrc_exists = netrc_path.is_file()
        # we couldn't read the file (doesn't exist, permissions, etc.)
        if netrc_env or netrc_exists:
            # only warn if the environment wanted us to load it,
            # or it appears like the default file does actually exist
            client_logger.warning("Could not read .netrc file: %s", e)

    return None


@attr.s(auto_attribs=True, frozen=True, slots=True)
class ProxyInfo:
    proxy: URL
    proxy_auth: Optional[BasicAuth]


def basicauth_from_netrc(netrc_obj: Optional[netrc.netrc], host: str) -> BasicAuth:
    """
    Return :py:class:`~aiohttp.BasicAuth` credentials for ``host`` from ``netrc_obj``.

    :raises LookupError: if ``netrc_obj`` is :py:data:`None` or if no
            entry is found for the ``host``.
    """
    if netrc_obj is None:
        raise LookupError("No .netrc file found")
    auth_from_netrc = netrc_obj.authenticators(host)

    if auth_from_netrc is None:
        raise LookupError(f"No entry for {host!s} found in the `.netrc` file.")
    login, account, password = auth_from_netrc

    # TODO(PY311): username = login or account
    # Up to python 3.10, account could be None if not specified,
    # and login will be empty string if not specified. From 3.11,
    # login and account will be empty string if not specified.
    username = login if (login or account is None) else account

    # TODO(PY311): Remove this, as password will be empty string
    # if not specified
    if password is None:
        password = ""

    return BasicAuth(username, password)


def proxies_from_env() -> Dict[str, ProxyInfo]:
    proxy_urls = {
        k: URL(v)
        for k, v in getproxies().items()
        if k in ("http", "https", "ws", "wss")
    }
    netrc_obj = netrc_from_env()
    stripped = {k: strip_auth_from_url(v) for k, v in proxy_urls.items()}
    ret = {}
    for proto, val in stripped.items():
        proxy, auth = val
        if proxy.scheme in ("https", "wss"):
            client_logger.warning(
                "%s proxies %s are not supported, ignoring", proxy.scheme.upper(), proxy
            )
            continue
        if netrc_obj and auth is None:
            if proxy.host is not None:
                try:
                    auth = basicauth_from_netrc(netrc_obj, proxy.host)
                except LookupError:
                    auth = None
        ret[proto] = ProxyInfo(proxy, auth)
    return ret


def get_env_proxy_for_url(url: URL) -> Tuple[URL, Optional[BasicAuth]]:
    """Get a permitted proxy for the given URL from the env."""
    if url.host is not None and proxy_bypass(url.host):
        raise LookupError(f"Proxying is disallowed for `{url.host!r}`")

    proxies_in_env = proxies_from_env()
    try:
        proxy_info = proxies_in_env[url.scheme]
    except KeyError:
        raise LookupError(f"No proxies found for `{url!s}` in the env")
    else:
        return proxy_info.proxy, proxy_info.proxy_auth


@attr.s(auto_attribs=True, frozen=True, slots=True)
class MimeType:
    type: str
    subtype: str
    suffix: str
    parameters: "MultiDictProxy[str]"


@functools.lru_cache(maxsize=56)
def parse_mimetype(mimetype: str) -> MimeType:
    """Parses a MIME type into its components.

    mimetype is a MIME type string.

    Returns a MimeType object.

    Example:

    >>> parse_mimetype('text/html; charset=utf-8')
    MimeType(type='text', subtype='html', suffix='',
             parameters={'charset': 'utf-8'})

    """
    if not mimetype:
        return MimeType(
            type="", subtype="", suffix="", parameters=MultiDictProxy(MultiDict())
        )

    parts = mimetype.split(";")
    params: MultiDict[str] = MultiDict()
    for item in parts[1:]:
        if not item:
            continue
        key, _, value = item.partition("=")
        params.add(key.lower().strip(), value.strip(' "'))

    fulltype = parts[0].strip().lower()
    if fulltype == "*":
        fulltype = "*/*"

    mtype, _, stype = fulltype.partition("/")
    stype, _, suffix = stype.partition("+")

    return MimeType(
        type=mtype, subtype=stype, suffix=suffix, parameters=MultiDictProxy(params)
    )


def guess_filename(obj: Any, default: Optional[str] = None) -> Optional[str]:
    name = getattr(obj, "name", None)
    if name and isinstance(name, str) and name[0] != "<" and name[-1] != ">":
        return Path(name).name
    return default


not_qtext_re = re.compile(r"[^\041\043-\133\135-\176]")
QCONTENT = {chr(i) for i in range(0x20, 0x7F)} | {"\t"}


def quoted_string(content: str) -> str:
    """Return 7-bit content as quoted-string.

    Format content into a quoted-string as defined in RFC5322 for
    Internet Message Format. Notice that this is not the 8-bit HTTP
    format, but the 7-bit email format. Content must be in usascii or
    a ValueError is raised.
    """
    if not (QCONTENT > set(content)):
        raise ValueError(f"bad content for quoted-string {content!r}")
    return not_qtext_re.sub(lambda x: "\\" + x.group(0), content)


def content_disposition_header(
    disptype: str, quote_fields: bool = True, _charset: str = "utf-8", **params: str
) -> str:
    """Sets ``Content-Disposition`` header for MIME.

    This is the MIME payload Content-Disposition header from RFC 2183
    and RFC 7579 section 4.2, not the HTTP Content-Disposition from
    RFC 6266.

    disptype is a disposition type: inline, attachment, form-data.
    Should be valid extension token (see RFC 2183)

    quote_fields performs value quoting to 7-bit MIME headers
    according to RFC 7578. Set to quote_fields to False if recipient
    can take 8-bit file names and field values.

    _charset specifies the charset to use when quote_fields is True.

    params is a dict with disposition params.
    """
    if not disptype or not (TOKEN > set(disptype)):
        raise ValueError(f"bad content disposition type {disptype!r}")

    value = disptype
    if params:
        lparams = []
        for key, val in params.items():
            if not key or not (TOKEN > set(key)):
                raise ValueError(f"bad content disposition parameter {key!r}={val!r}")
            if quote_fields:
                if key.lower() == "filename":
                    qval = quote(val, "", encoding=_charset)
                    lparams.append((key, '"%s"' % qval))
                else:
                    try:
                        qval = quoted_string(val)
                    except ValueError:
                        qval = "".join(
                            (_charset, "''", quote(val, "", encoding=_charset))
                        )
                        lparams.append((key + "*", qval))
                    else:
                        lparams.append((key, '"%s"' % qval))
            else:
                qval = val.replace("\\", "\\\\").replace('"', '\\"')
                lparams.append((key, '"%s"' % qval))
        sparams = "; ".join("=".join(pair) for pair in lparams)
        value = "; ".join((value, sparams))
    return value


def is_ip_address(host: Optional[str]) -> bool:
    """Check if host looks like an IP Address.

    This check is only meant as a heuristic to ensure that
    a host is not a domain name.
    """
    if not host:
        return False
    # For a host to be an ipv4 address, it must be all numeric.
    # The host must contain a colon to be an IPv6 address.
    return ":" in host or host.replace(".", "").isdigit()


_cached_current_datetime: Optional[int] = None
_cached_formatted_datetime = ""


def rfc822_formatted_time() -> str:
    global _cached_current_datetime
    global _cached_formatted_datetime

    now = int(time.time())
    if now != _cached_current_datetime:
        # Weekday and month names for HTTP date/time formatting;
        # always English!
        # Tuples are constants stored in codeobject!
        _weekdayname = ("Mon", "Tue", "Wed", "Thu", "Fri", "Sat", "Sun")
        _monthname = (
            "",  # Dummy so we can use 1-based month numbers
            "Jan",
            "Feb",
            "Mar",
            "Apr",
            "May",
            "Jun",
            "Jul",
            "Aug",
            "Sep",
            "Oct",
            "Nov",
            "Dec",
        )

        year, month, day, hh, mm, ss, wd, *tail = time.gmtime(now)
        _cached_formatted_datetime = "%s, %02d %3s %4d %02d:%02d:%02d GMT" % (
            _weekdayname[wd],
            day,
            _monthname[month],
            year,
            hh,
            mm,
            ss,
        )
        _cached_current_datetime = now
    return _cached_formatted_datetime


def _weakref_handle(info: "Tuple[weakref.ref[object], str]") -> None:
    ref, name = info
    ob = ref()
    if ob is not None:
        with suppress(Exception):
            getattr(ob, name)()


def weakref_handle(
    ob: object,
    name: str,
    timeout: float,
    loop: asyncio.AbstractEventLoop,
    timeout_ceil_threshold: float = 5,
) -> Optional[asyncio.TimerHandle]:
    if timeout is not None and timeout > 0:
        when = loop.time() + timeout
        if timeout >= timeout_ceil_threshold:
            when = ceil(when)

        return loop.call_at(when, _weakref_handle, (weakref.ref(ob), name))
    return None


def call_later(
    cb: Callable[[], Any],
    timeout: float,
    loop: asyncio.AbstractEventLoop,
    timeout_ceil_threshold: float = 5,
) -> Optional[asyncio.TimerHandle]:
    if timeout is None or timeout <= 0:
        return None
    now = loop.time()
    when = calculate_timeout_when(now, timeout, timeout_ceil_threshold)
    return loop.call_at(when, cb)


def calculate_timeout_when(
    loop_time: float,
    timeout: float,
    timeout_ceiling_threshold: float,
) -> float:
    """Calculate when to execute a timeout."""
    when = loop_time + timeout
    if timeout > timeout_ceiling_threshold:
        return ceil(when)
    return when


class TimeoutHandle:
    """Timeout handle"""

    __slots__ = ("_timeout", "_loop", "_ceil_threshold", "_callbacks")

    def __init__(
        self,
        loop: asyncio.AbstractEventLoop,
        timeout: Optional[float],
        ceil_threshold: float = 5,
    ) -> None:
        self._timeout = timeout
        self._loop = loop
        self._ceil_threshold = ceil_threshold
        self._callbacks: List[
            Tuple[Callable[..., None], Tuple[Any, ...], Dict[str, Any]]
        ] = []

    def register(
        self, callback: Callable[..., None], *args: Any, **kwargs: Any
    ) -> None:
        self._callbacks.append((callback, args, kwargs))

    def close(self) -> None:
        self._callbacks.clear()

    def start(self) -> Optional[asyncio.TimerHandle]:
        timeout = self._timeout
        if timeout is not None and timeout > 0:
            when = self._loop.time() + timeout
            if timeout >= self._ceil_threshold:
                when = ceil(when)
            return self._loop.call_at(when, self.__call__)
        else:
            return None

    def timer(self) -> "BaseTimerContext":
        if self._timeout is not None and self._timeout > 0:
            timer = TimerContext(self._loop)
            self.register(timer.timeout)
            return timer
        else:
            return TimerNoop()

    def __call__(self) -> None:
        for cb, args, kwargs in self._callbacks:
            with suppress(Exception):
                cb(*args, **kwargs)

        self._callbacks.clear()


class BaseTimerContext(ContextManager["BaseTimerContext"]):

    __slots__ = ()

    def assert_timeout(self) -> None:
        """Raise TimeoutError if timeout has been exceeded."""


class TimerNoop(BaseTimerContext):

    __slots__ = ()

    def __enter__(self) -> BaseTimerContext:
        return self

    def __exit__(
        self,
        exc_type: Optional[Type[BaseException]],
        exc_val: Optional[BaseException],
        exc_tb: Optional[TracebackType],
    ) -> None:
        return


class TimerContext(BaseTimerContext):
    """Low resolution timeout context manager"""

    __slots__ = ("_loop", "_tasks", "_cancelled", "_cancelling")

    def __init__(self, loop: asyncio.AbstractEventLoop) -> None:
        self._loop = loop
        self._tasks: List[asyncio.Task[Any]] = []
        self._cancelled = False
        self._cancelling = 0

    def assert_timeout(self) -> None:
        """Raise TimeoutError if timer has already been cancelled."""
        if self._cancelled:
            raise asyncio.TimeoutError from None

    def __enter__(self) -> BaseTimerContext:
        task = asyncio.current_task(loop=self._loop)
        if task is None:
            raise RuntimeError("Timeout context manager should be used inside a task")

        if sys.version_info >= (3, 11):
            # Remember if the task was already cancelling
            # so when we __exit__ we can decide if we should
            # raise asyncio.TimeoutError or let the cancellation propagate
            self._cancelling = task.cancelling()

        if self._cancelled:
            raise asyncio.TimeoutError from None

        self._tasks.append(task)
        return self

    def __exit__(
        self,
        exc_type: Optional[Type[BaseException]],
        exc_val: Optional[BaseException],
        exc_tb: Optional[TracebackType],
    ) -> Optional[bool]:
        enter_task: Optional[asyncio.Task[Any]] = None
        if self._tasks:
            enter_task = self._tasks.pop()

        if exc_type is asyncio.CancelledError and self._cancelled:
            assert enter_task is not None
            # The timeout was hit, and the task was cancelled
            # so we need to uncancel the last task that entered the context manager
            # since the cancellation should not leak out of the context manager
            if sys.version_info >= (3, 11):
                # If the task was already cancelling don't raise
                # asyncio.TimeoutError and instead return None
                # to allow the cancellation to propagate
                if enter_task.uncancel() > self._cancelling:
                    return None
            raise asyncio.TimeoutError from exc_val
        return None

    def timeout(self) -> None:
        if not self._cancelled:
            for task in set(self._tasks):
                task.cancel()

            self._cancelled = True


def ceil_timeout(
    delay: Optional[float], ceil_threshold: float = 5
) -> async_timeout.Timeout:
    if delay is None or delay <= 0:
        return async_timeout.timeout(None)

    loop = asyncio.get_running_loop()
    now = loop.time()
    when = now + delay
    if delay > ceil_threshold:
        when = ceil(when)
    return async_timeout.timeout_at(when)


class HeadersMixin:
    """Mixin for handling headers."""

    ATTRS = frozenset(["_content_type", "_content_dict", "_stored_content_type"])

    _headers: MultiMapping[str]
    _content_type: Optional[str] = None
    _content_dict: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = None
    _stored_content_type: Union[str, None, _SENTINEL] = sentinel

    def _parse_content_type(self, raw: Optional[str]) -> None:
        self._stored_content_type = raw
        if raw is None:
            # default value according to RFC 2616
            self._content_type = "application/octet-stream"
            self._content_dict = {}
        else:
            msg = HeaderParser().parsestr("Content-Type: " + raw)
            self._content_type = msg.get_content_type()
            params = msg.get_params(())
            self._content_dict = dict(params[1:])  # First element is content type again

    @property
    def content_type(self) -> str:
        """The value of content part for Content-Type HTTP header."""
        raw = self._headers.get(hdrs.CONTENT_TYPE)
        if self._stored_content_type != raw:
            self._parse_content_type(raw)
        assert self._content_type is not None
        return self._content_type

    @property
    def charset(self) -> Optional[str]:
        """The value of charset part for Content-Type HTTP header."""
        raw = self._headers.get(hdrs.CONTENT_TYPE)
        if self._stored_content_type != raw:
            self._parse_content_type(raw)
        assert self._content_dict is not None
        return self._content_dict.get("charset")

    @property
    def content_length(self) -> Optional[int]:
        """The value of Content-Length HTTP header."""
        content_length = self._headers.get(hdrs.CONTENT_LENGTH)
        return None if content_length is None else int(content_length)


def set_result(fut: "asyncio.Future[_T]", result: _T) -> None:
    if not fut.done():
        fut.set_result(result)


_EXC_SENTINEL = BaseException()


class ErrorableProtocol(Protocol):
    def set_exception(
        self,
        exc: BaseException,
        exc_cause: BaseException = ...,
    ) -> None: ...  # pragma: no cover


def set_exception(
    fut: "asyncio.Future[_T] | ErrorableProtocol",
    exc: BaseException,
    exc_cause: BaseException = _EXC_SENTINEL,
) -> None:
    """Set future exception.

    If the future is marked as complete, this function is a no-op.

    :param exc_cause: An exception that is a direct cause of ``exc``.
                      Only set if provided.
    """
    if asyncio.isfuture(fut) and fut.done():
        return

    exc_is_sentinel = exc_cause is _EXC_SENTINEL
    exc_causes_itself = exc is exc_cause
    if not exc_is_sentinel and not exc_causes_itself:
        exc.__cause__ = exc_cause

    fut.set_exception(exc)


@functools.total_ordering
class AppKey(Generic[_T]):
    """Keys for static typing support in Application."""

    __slots__ = ("_name", "_t", "__orig_class__")

    # This may be set by Python when instantiating with a generic type. We need to
    # support this, in order to support types that are not concrete classes,
    # like Iterable, which can't be passed as the second parameter to __init__.
    __orig_class__: Type[object]

    def __init__(self, name: str, t: Optional[Type[_T]] = None):
        # Prefix with module name to help deduplicate key names.
        frame = inspect.currentframe()
        while frame:
            if frame.f_code.co_name == "<module>":
                module: str = frame.f_globals["__name__"]
                break
            frame = frame.f_back

        self._name = module + "." + name
        self._t = t

    def __lt__(self, other: object) -> bool:
        if isinstance(other, AppKey):
            return self._name < other._name
        return True  # Order AppKey above other types.

    def __repr__(self) -> str:
        t = self._t
        if t is None:
            with suppress(AttributeError):
                # Set to type arg.
                t = get_args(self.__orig_class__)[0]

        if t is None:
            t_repr = "<<Unknown>>"
        elif isinstance(t, type):
            if t.__module__ == "builtins":
                t_repr = t.__qualname__
            else:
                t_repr = f"{t.__module__}.{t.__qualname__}"
        else:
            t_repr = repr(t)
        return f"<AppKey({self._name}, type={t_repr})>"


class ChainMapProxy(Mapping[Union[str, AppKey[Any]], Any]):
    __slots__ = ("_maps",)

    def __init__(self, maps: Iterable[Mapping[Union[str, AppKey[Any]], Any]]) -> None:
        self._maps = tuple(maps)

    def __init_subclass__(cls) -> None:
        raise TypeError(
            "Inheritance class {} from ChainMapProxy "
            "is forbidden".format(cls.__name__)
        )

    @overload  # type: ignore[override]
    def __getitem__(self, key: AppKey[_T]) -> _T: ...

    @overload
    def __getitem__(self, key: str) -> Any: ...

    def __getitem__(self, key: Union[str, AppKey[_T]]) -> Any:
        for mapping in self._maps:
            try:
                return mapping[key]
            except KeyError:
                pass
        raise KeyError(key)

    @overload  # type: ignore[override]
    def get(self, key: AppKey[_T], default: _S) -> Union[_T, _S]: ...

    @overload
    def get(self, key: AppKey[_T], default: None = ...) -> Optional[_T]: ...

    @overload
    def get(self, key: str, default: Any = ...) -> Any: ...

    def get(self, key: Union[str, AppKey[_T]], default: Any = None) -> Any:
        try:
            return self[key]
        except KeyError:
            return default

    def __len__(self) -> int:
        # reuses stored hash values if possible
        return len(set().union(*self._maps))

    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[Union[str, AppKey[Any]]]:
        d: Dict[Union[str, AppKey[Any]], Any] = {}
        for mapping in reversed(self._maps):
            # reuses stored hash values if possible
            d.update(mapping)
        return iter(d)

    def __contains__(self, key: object) -> bool:
        return any(key in m for m in self._maps)

    def __bool__(self) -> bool:
        return any(self._maps)

    def __repr__(self) -> str:
        content = ", ".join(map(repr, self._maps))
        return f"ChainMapProxy({content})"


# https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7232#section-2.3
_ETAGC = r"[!\x23-\x7E\x80-\xff]+"
_ETAGC_RE = re.compile(_ETAGC)
_QUOTED_ETAG = rf'(W/)?"({_ETAGC})"'
QUOTED_ETAG_RE = re.compile(_QUOTED_ETAG)
LIST_QUOTED_ETAG_RE = re.compile(rf"({_QUOTED_ETAG})(?:\s*,\s*|$)|(.)")

ETAG_ANY = "*"


@attr.s(auto_attribs=True, frozen=True, slots=True)
class ETag:
    value: str
    is_weak: bool = False


def validate_etag_value(value: str) -> None:
    if value != ETAG_ANY and not _ETAGC_RE.fullmatch(value):
        raise ValueError(
            f"Value {value!r} is not a valid etag. Maybe it contains '\"'?"
        )


def parse_http_date(date_str: Optional[str]) -> Optional[datetime.datetime]:
    """Process a date string, return a datetime object"""
    if date_str is not None:
        timetuple = parsedate(date_str)
        if timetuple is not None:
            with suppress(ValueError):
                return datetime.datetime(*timetuple[:6], tzinfo=datetime.timezone.utc)
    return None


@functools.lru_cache
def must_be_empty_body(method: str, code: int) -> bool:
    """Check if a request must return an empty body."""
    return (
        code in EMPTY_BODY_STATUS_CODES
        or method in EMPTY_BODY_METHODS
        or (200 <= code < 300 and method in hdrs.METH_CONNECT_ALL)
    )


def should_remove_content_length(method: str, code: int) -> bool:
    """Check if a Content-Length header should be removed.

    This should always be a subset of must_be_empty_body
    """
    # https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9110.html#section-8.6-8
    # https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9110.html#section-15.4.5-4
    return code in EMPTY_BODY_STATUS_CODES or (
        200 <= code < 300 and method in hdrs.METH_CONNECT_ALL
    )