File size: 32,930 Bytes
dcac338
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
<!DOCTYPE html>

<html lang="en" data-content_root="../">
  <head>
    <meta charset="utf-8" />
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" /><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" />
<meta property="og:title" content="Generic Operating System Services" />
<meta property="og:type" content="website" />
<meta property="og:url" content="https://docs.python.org/3/library/allos.html" />
<meta property="og:site_name" content="Python documentation" />
<meta property="og:description" content="The modules described in this chapter provide interfaces to operating system features that are available on (almost) all operating systems, such as files and a clock. The interfaces are generally m..." />
<meta property="og:image:width" content="1146" />
<meta property="og:image:height" content="600" />
<meta property="og:image" content="https://docs.python.org/3.15/_images/social_previews/summary_library_allos_86fab500.png" />
<meta property="og:image:alt" content="The modules described in this chapter provide interfaces to operating system features that are available on (almost) all operating systems, such as files and a clock. The interfaces are generally m..." />
<meta name="description" content="The modules described in this chapter provide interfaces to operating system features that are available on (almost) all operating systems, such as files and a clock. The interfaces are generally m..." />
<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" />
<meta name="theme-color" content="#3776ab">

    <title>Generic Operating System Services &#8212; Python 3.15.0a6 documentation</title><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
    
    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../_static/pygments.css?v=b86133f3" />
    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../_static/classic.css?v=234b1a7c" />
    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../_static/pydoctheme.css?v=89a2f22a" />
    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../_static/profiling-sampling-visualization.css?v=0c2600ae" />
    <link id="pygments_dark_css" media="(prefers-color-scheme: dark)" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../_static/pygments_dark.css?v=5349f25f" />
    
    <script src="../_static/documentation_options.js?v=6b7c9ff5"></script>
    <script src="../_static/doctools.js?v=9bcbadda"></script>
    <script src="../_static/sphinx_highlight.js?v=dc90522c"></script>
    <script src="../_static/profiling-sampling-visualization.js?v=9811ed04"></script>
    
    <script src="../_static/sidebar.js"></script>
    
    <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml"
          title="Search within Python 3.15.0a6 documentation"
          href="../_static/opensearch.xml"/>
    <link rel="author" title="About these documents" href="../about.html" />
    <link rel="index" title="Index" href="../genindex.html" />
    <link rel="search" title="Search" href="../search.html" />
    <link rel="copyright" title="Copyright" href="../copyright.html" />
    <link rel="next" title="os — Miscellaneous operating system interfaces" href="os.html" />
    <link rel="prev" title="secrets — Generate secure random numbers for managing secrets" href="secrets.html" />
    
      
      <script defer file-types="bz2,epub,zip" data-domain="docs.python.org" src="https://analytics.python.org/js/script.file-downloads.outbound-links.js"></script>
      
      <link rel="canonical" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/allos.html">
      
    

    
    <style>
      @media only screen {
        table.full-width-table {
            width: 100%;
        }
      }
    </style>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/pydoctheme_dark.css" media="(prefers-color-scheme: dark)" id="pydoctheme_dark_css">
    <link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/png" href="../_static/py.svg">
            <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/copybutton.js"></script>
            <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/menu.js"></script>
            <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/search-focus.js"></script>
            <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/themetoggle.js"></script> 
            <script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/rtd_switcher.js"></script>
            <meta name="readthedocs-addons-api-version" content="1">

  </head>
<body>
<div class="mobile-nav">
    <input type="checkbox" id="menuToggler" class="toggler__input" aria-controls="navigation"
           aria-pressed="false" aria-expanded="false" role="button" aria-label="Menu">
    <nav class="nav-content" role="navigation">
        <label for="menuToggler" class="toggler__label">
            <span></span>
        </label>
        <span class="nav-items-wrapper">
            <a href="https://www.python.org/" class="nav-logo">
                <img src="../_static/py.svg" alt="Python logo">
            </a>
            <span class="version_switcher_placeholder"></span>
            <form role="search" class="search" action="../search.html" method="get">
                <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="search-icon">
                    <path fill-rule="nonzero" fill="currentColor" d="M15.5 14h-.79l-.28-.27a6.5 6.5 0 001.48-5.34c-.47-2.78-2.79-5-5.59-5.34a6.505 6.505 0 00-7.27 7.27c.34 2.8 2.56 5.12 5.34 5.59a6.5 6.5 0 005.34-1.48l.27.28v.79l4.25 4.25c.41.41 1.08.41 1.49 0 .41-.41.41-1.08 0-1.49L15.5 14zm-6 0C7.01 14 5 11.99 5 9.5S7.01 5 9.5 5 14 7.01 14 9.5 11.99 14 9.5 14z"></path>
                </svg>
                <input placeholder="Quick search" aria-label="Quick search" type="search" name="q">
                <input type="submit" value="Go">
            </form>
        </span>
    </nav>
    <div class="menu-wrapper">
        <nav class="menu" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation">
            <div class="language_switcher_placeholder"></div>
            
<label class="theme-selector-label">
    Theme
    <select class="theme-selector" oninput="activateTheme(this.value)">
        <option value="auto" selected>Auto</option>
        <option value="light">Light</option>
        <option value="dark">Dark</option>
    </select>
</label>
  <div>
    <h4>Previous topic</h4>
    <p class="topless"><a href="secrets.html"
                          title="previous chapter"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">secrets</span></code> — Generate secure random numbers for managing secrets</a></p>
  </div>
  <div>
    <h4>Next topic</h4>
    <p class="topless"><a href="os.html"
                          title="next chapter"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os</span></code> — Miscellaneous operating system interfaces</a></p>
  </div>
  <script>
    document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => {
        const title = document.querySelector('meta[property="og:title"]').content;
        const elements = document.querySelectorAll('.improvepage');
        const pageurl = window.location.href.split('?')[0];
        elements.forEach(element => {
            const url = new URL(element.href.split('?')[0].replace("-nojs", ""));
            url.searchParams.set('pagetitle', title);
            url.searchParams.set('pageurl', pageurl);
            url.searchParams.set('pagesource', "library/allos.rst");
            element.href = url.toString();
        });
    });
  </script>
  <div role="note" aria-label="source link">
    <h3>This page</h3>
    <ul class="this-page-menu">
      <li><a href="../bugs.html">Report a bug</a></li>
      <li><a class="improvepage" href="../improve-page-nojs.html">Improve this page</a></li>
      <li>
        <a href="https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/main/Doc/library/allos.rst?plain=1"
            rel="nofollow">Show source
        </a>
      </li>
      
    </ul>
  </div>
        </nav>
    </div>
</div>

  
    <div class="related" role="navigation" aria-label="Related">
      <h3>Navigation</h3>
      <ul>
        <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px">
          <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index"
             accesskey="I">index</a></li>
        <li class="right" >
          <a href="../py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index"
             >modules</a> |</li>
        <li class="right" >
          <a href="os.html" title="os — Miscellaneous operating system interfaces"
             accesskey="N">next</a> |</li>
        <li class="right" >
          <a href="secrets.html" title="secrets — Generate secure random numbers for managing secrets"
             accesskey="P">previous</a> |</li>

          <li><img src="../_static/py.svg" alt="Python logo" style="vertical-align: middle; margin-top: -1px"></li>
          <li><a href="https://www.python.org/">Python</a> &#187;</li>
          <li class="switchers">
            <div class="language_switcher_placeholder"></div>
            <div class="version_switcher_placeholder"></div>
          </li>
          <li>
              
          </li>
    <li id="cpython-language-and-version">
      <a href="../index.html">3.15.0a6 Documentation</a> &#187;
    </li>

          <li class="nav-item nav-item-1"><a href="index.html" accesskey="U">The Python Standard Library</a> &#187;</li>
        <li class="nav-item nav-item-this"><a href="">Generic Operating System Services</a></li>
                <li class="right">
                    

    <div class="inline-search" role="search">
        <form class="inline-search" action="../search.html" method="get">
          <input placeholder="Quick search" aria-label="Quick search" type="search" name="q" id="search-box">
          <input type="submit" value="Go">
        </form>
    </div>
                     |
                </li>
            <li class="right">
<label class="theme-selector-label">
    Theme
    <select class="theme-selector" oninput="activateTheme(this.value)">
        <option value="auto" selected>Auto</option>
        <option value="light">Light</option>
        <option value="dark">Dark</option>
    </select>
</label> |</li>
            
      </ul>
    </div>    

    <div class="document">
      <div class="documentwrapper">
        <div class="bodywrapper">
          <div class="body" role="main">
            
  <section id="generic-operating-system-services">
<span id="allos"></span><h1>Generic Operating System Services<a class="headerlink" href="#generic-operating-system-services" title="Link to this heading"></a></h1>
<p>The modules described in this chapter provide interfaces to operating system
features that are available on (almost) all operating systems, such as files and
a clock.  The interfaces are generally modeled after the Unix or C interfaces,
but they are available on most other systems as well.  Here’s an overview:</p>
<div class="toctree-wrapper compound">
<ul>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="os.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os</span></code> — Miscellaneous operating system interfaces</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="os.html#file-names-command-line-arguments-and-environment-variables">File Names, Command Line Arguments, and Environment Variables</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="os.html#python-utf-8-mode">Python UTF-8 Mode</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="os.html#process-parameters">Process Parameters</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="os.html#file-object-creation">File Object Creation</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="os.html#file-descriptor-operations">File Descriptor Operations</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="os.html#querying-the-size-of-a-terminal">Querying the size of a terminal</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="os.html#inheritance-of-file-descriptors">Inheritance of File Descriptors</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="os.html#files-and-directories">Files and Directories</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="os.html#timer-file-descriptors">Timer File Descriptors</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="os.html#linux-extended-attributes">Linux extended attributes</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="os.html#process-management">Process Management</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="os.html#interface-to-the-scheduler">Interface to the scheduler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="os.html#miscellaneous-system-information">Miscellaneous System Information</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="os.html#random-numbers">Random numbers</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">io</span></code> — Core tools for working with streams</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#overview">Overview</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#text-i-o">Text I/O</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#binary-i-o">Binary I/O</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#raw-i-o">Raw I/O</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#text-encoding">Text Encoding</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#opt-in-encodingwarning">Opt-in EncodingWarning</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#high-level-module-interface">High-level Module Interface</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#class-hierarchy">Class hierarchy</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#i-o-base-classes">I/O Base Classes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#raw-file-i-o">Raw File I/O</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#buffered-streams">Buffered Streams</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#id1">Text I/O</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#static-typing">Static Typing</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#performance">Performance</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#id2">Binary I/O</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#id3">Text I/O</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#multi-threading">Multi-threading</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html#reentrancy">Reentrancy</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="time.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">time</span></code> — Time access and conversions</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="time.html#functions">Functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="time.html#clock-id-constants">Clock ID Constants</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="time.html#timezone-constants">Timezone Constants</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">logging</span></code> — Logging facility for Python</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.html#logger-objects">Logger Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.html#logging-levels">Logging Levels</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.html#handler-objects">Handler Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.html#formatter-objects">Formatter Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.html#filter-objects">Filter Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.html#logrecord-objects">LogRecord Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.html#logrecord-attributes">LogRecord attributes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.html#loggeradapter-objects">LoggerAdapter Objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.html#thread-safety">Thread Safety</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.html#module-level-functions">Module-Level Functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.html#module-level-attributes">Module-Level Attributes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.html#integration-with-the-warnings-module">Integration with the warnings module</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.config.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">logging.config</span></code> — Logging configuration</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.config.html#configuration-functions">Configuration functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.config.html#security-considerations">Security considerations</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.config.html#configuration-dictionary-schema">Configuration dictionary schema</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.config.html#dictionary-schema-details">Dictionary Schema Details</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.config.html#incremental-configuration">Incremental Configuration</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.config.html#object-connections">Object connections</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.config.html#user-defined-objects">User-defined objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.config.html#handler-configuration-order">Handler configuration order</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.config.html#access-to-external-objects">Access to external objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.config.html#access-to-internal-objects">Access to internal objects</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.config.html#import-resolution-and-custom-importers">Import resolution and custom importers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.config.html#configuring-queuehandler-and-queuelistener">Configuring QueueHandler and QueueListener</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.config.html#configuration-file-format">Configuration file format</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">logging.handlers</span></code> — Logging handlers</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#streamhandler">StreamHandler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#filehandler">FileHandler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#nullhandler">NullHandler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#watchedfilehandler">WatchedFileHandler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#baserotatinghandler">BaseRotatingHandler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#rotatingfilehandler">RotatingFileHandler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#timedrotatingfilehandler">TimedRotatingFileHandler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#sockethandler">SocketHandler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#datagramhandler">DatagramHandler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#sysloghandler">SysLogHandler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#nteventloghandler">NTEventLogHandler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#smtphandler">SMTPHandler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#memoryhandler">MemoryHandler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#httphandler">HTTPHandler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#queuehandler">QueueHandler</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html#queuelistener">QueueListener</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="platform.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">platform</span></code> —  Access to underlying platform’s identifying data</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="platform.html#cross-platform">Cross platform</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="platform.html#windows-platform">Windows platform</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="platform.html#macos-platform">macOS platform</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="platform.html#ios-platform">iOS platform</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="platform.html#unix-platforms">Unix platforms</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="platform.html#linux-platforms">Linux platforms</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="platform.html#android-platform">Android platform</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="platform.html#command-line-usage">Command-line usage</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="errno.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">errno</span></code> — Standard errno system symbols</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ctypes</span></code> — A foreign function library for Python</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#ctypes-tutorial">ctypes tutorial</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#loading-dynamic-link-libraries">Loading dynamic link libraries</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#accessing-functions-from-loaded-dlls">Accessing functions from loaded dlls</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#calling-functions">Calling functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#fundamental-data-types">Fundamental data types</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#calling-functions-continued">Calling functions, continued</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#calling-variadic-functions">Calling variadic functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#calling-functions-with-your-own-custom-data-types">Calling functions with your own custom data types</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#specifying-the-required-argument-types-function-prototypes">Specifying the required argument types (function prototypes)</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#return-types">Return types</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#passing-pointers-or-passing-parameters-by-reference">Passing pointers (or: passing parameters by reference)</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#structures-and-unions">Structures and unions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#structure-union-layout-alignment-and-byte-order">Structure/union layout, alignment and byte order</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#bit-fields-in-structures-and-unions">Bit fields in structures and unions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#arrays">Arrays</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#pointers">Pointers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#thread-safety-without-the-gil">Thread safety without the GIL</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#type-conversions">Type conversions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#incomplete-types">Incomplete Types</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#callback-functions">Callback functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#accessing-values-exported-from-dlls">Accessing values exported from dlls</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#surprises">Surprises</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#variable-sized-data-types">Variable-sized data types</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#ctypes-reference">ctypes reference</a><ul>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#finding-shared-libraries">Finding shared libraries</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#listing-loaded-shared-libraries">Listing loaded shared libraries</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#loading-shared-libraries">Loading shared libraries</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#foreign-functions">Foreign functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#function-prototypes">Function prototypes</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#utility-functions">Utility functions</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#data-types">Data types</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#ctypes-fundamental-data-types-2">Fundamental data types</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#structured-data-types">Structured data types</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#arrays-and-pointers">Arrays and pointers</a></li>
<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html#exceptions">Exceptions</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</section>


            <div class="clearer"></div>
          </div>
        </div>
      </div>
      <div class="sphinxsidebar" role="navigation" aria-label="Main">
        <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">
  <div>
    <h4>Previous topic</h4>
    <p class="topless"><a href="secrets.html"
                          title="previous chapter"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">secrets</span></code> — Generate secure random numbers for managing secrets</a></p>
  </div>
  <div>
    <h4>Next topic</h4>
    <p class="topless"><a href="os.html"
                          title="next chapter"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">os</span></code> — Miscellaneous operating system interfaces</a></p>
  </div>
  <script>
    document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => {
        const title = document.querySelector('meta[property="og:title"]').content;
        const elements = document.querySelectorAll('.improvepage');
        const pageurl = window.location.href.split('?')[0];
        elements.forEach(element => {
            const url = new URL(element.href.split('?')[0].replace("-nojs", ""));
            url.searchParams.set('pagetitle', title);
            url.searchParams.set('pageurl', pageurl);
            url.searchParams.set('pagesource', "library/allos.rst");
            element.href = url.toString();
        });
    });
  </script>
  <div role="note" aria-label="source link">
    <h3>This page</h3>
    <ul class="this-page-menu">
      <li><a href="../bugs.html">Report a bug</a></li>
      <li><a class="improvepage" href="../improve-page-nojs.html">Improve this page</a></li>
      <li>
        <a href="https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/main/Doc/library/allos.rst?plain=1"
            rel="nofollow">Show source
        </a>
      </li>
      
    </ul>
  </div>
        </div>
<div id="sidebarbutton" title="Collapse sidebar">
<span>«</span>
</div>

      </div>
      <div class="clearer"></div>
    </div>  
    <div class="related" role="navigation" aria-label="Related">
      <h3>Navigation</h3>
      <ul>
        <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px">
          <a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index"
             >index</a></li>
        <li class="right" >
          <a href="../py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index"
             >modules</a> |</li>
        <li class="right" >
          <a href="os.html" title="os — Miscellaneous operating system interfaces"
             >next</a> |</li>
        <li class="right" >
          <a href="secrets.html" title="secrets — Generate secure random numbers for managing secrets"
             >previous</a> |</li>

          <li><img src="../_static/py.svg" alt="Python logo" style="vertical-align: middle; margin-top: -1px"></li>
          <li><a href="https://www.python.org/">Python</a> &#187;</li>
          <li class="switchers">
            <div class="language_switcher_placeholder"></div>
            <div class="version_switcher_placeholder"></div>
          </li>
          <li>
              
          </li>
    <li id="cpython-language-and-version">
      <a href="../index.html">3.15.0a6 Documentation</a> &#187;
    </li>

          <li class="nav-item nav-item-1"><a href="index.html" >The Python Standard Library</a> &#187;</li>
        <li class="nav-item nav-item-this"><a href="">Generic Operating System Services</a></li>
                <li class="right">
                    

    <div class="inline-search" role="search">
        <form class="inline-search" action="../search.html" method="get">
          <input placeholder="Quick search" aria-label="Quick search" type="search" name="q" id="search-box">
          <input type="submit" value="Go">
        </form>
    </div>
                     |
                </li>
            <li class="right">
<label class="theme-selector-label">
    Theme
    <select class="theme-selector" oninput="activateTheme(this.value)">
        <option value="auto" selected>Auto</option>
        <option value="light">Light</option>
        <option value="dark">Dark</option>
    </select>
</label> |</li>
            
      </ul>
    </div>  
    <div class="footer">
    &copy; <a href="../copyright.html">Copyright</a> 2001 Python Software Foundation.
    <br>
    This page is licensed under the Python Software Foundation License Version 2.
    <br>
    Examples, recipes, and other code in the documentation are additionally licensed under the Zero Clause BSD License.
    <br>
    
      See <a href="/license.html">History and License</a> for more information.<br>
    
    
    <br>

    The Python Software Foundation is a non-profit corporation.
<a href="https://www.python.org/psf/donations/">Please donate.</a>
<br>
    <br>
      Last updated on Mar 10, 2026 (08:58 UTC).
    
      <a href="/bugs.html">Found a bug</a>?
    
    <br>

    Created using <a href="https://www.sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> 8.2.3.
    </div>

  </body>
</html>