climatecheck26-xplainlp
Collection
4 items • Updated
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At a fundamental level, carbon dioxide is the basis of nearly all life on Earth, as it is the primary raw material or food that is utilized by plants to produce the organic matter out of which they construct their tissues. | null | null | null | null | null | [
"3_3"
] |
In September, I referred a new, peer-reviewed article by RN Maue on the development of strength and frequency from tropical hurricanes during the period 1980-2011. Maue anvnde of a energy index: Every 6 hours accumulated wind speed squared. I quoted his conclusion the population of major global hurricanes HAS note Increased since 1979. The overall trend is flat proving conclusively thatthere is no overall global Increase in hurricanes, mines or major. | null | null | null | null | null | [
"1_7"
] |
???Charles the Moderator?? writes to inform us that there??s another multiproxy study published, with flat blade and a somewhat limp hockey stick combined with that ???unprecedented?? claim that has become almost a red flag for bad proxy studies when they are that certain. From the SI PDF file , it looks like it is another splicing study, where they have added CRU data to the paleo reconstruction using tree ring, ice core, and varve data. | null | null | null | null | null | [
"5_1"
] |
5. Pachauri said that Arctic temperatures would rise twice as fast as global temperatures over the next 100 years. However, he failed to point out that the Arctic was actually 1-2 Celsius degrees warmer than the present in the 1930s and early 1940s. It has become substantially cooler than it was then. | null | null | null | null | null | [
"2_1"
] |
@zerohedge Climate change is a scam.oxygen carbon dioxide nitrogen is normalhttps://t.co/h5OVB9MlXX | null | null | null | null | null | [
"5_3"
] |
He concludes: When we consider past records, recorded variability, causational processes involved and the last centurys data, our best estimate of possible future sea-level changes is +10 +/- 10cm in a century, or, maybe, even +5 +/- 15cm. See also Morner (1995); INQUA (2000). | null | null | null | null | null | [
"1_6"
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It is significantly colder globally, colder even than the significant drop to -0.046C seen in January 2008. | null | null | null | null | null | [
"1_3"
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The programme focuses in on the two Oklahoma tornadoes of May 2013, as an example. They fail to point out though, only one was of the strongest category, an EF-5, of which 59 have occurred since 1953. | null | null | null | null | null | [
"1_7"
] |
@MaxFRobespierre Climate change??? A bit of heat in the summer, freezing in winter shocker 🤦♂️ | null | null | null | null | null | [
"2_1"
] |
As my presentation had pointed out, the very small fluctuations of just 1% in absolute global temperature either side of the long-run mean over the past 420,000 years, notwithstanding substantial astronomical forcings, are inconsistent with the notion that strongly net-positive (i.e. temperature-amplifying) feedbacks are in operation. | null | null | null | null | null | [
"3_1"
] |
It is also unlocking oil wealth in the vast Bakken shale formation of Montana, North Dakota and Saskatchewan. Oil production there has already soared from 3,000 barrels a day five years ago to over 225,000 today. The US Energy Information Administration says it could reach 350,000 barrels a day by 2035; industry sources say it could top a million barrels by 2020. Related oilfield employment has soared from 5,000 to over 18,000 in the same five-year period, and could eventually reach 100,000 jobs. At $100 a barrel, even 350,000 barrels a day could mean $1.6 billion in annual royalties, from Bakken oil alone. | null | null | null | null | null | [
"4_5"
] |
When drafts of chapters come for AR5, we can??t review the chapter as we can??t get access to the data, or, the authors can??t refer to these papers as the data haven??t been made available for audit. | null | null | null | null | null | [
"5_3"
] |
The world’s largest coal port is 100% powered by renewable energy. | South Africa is the twelfth highest emitter of carbon emissions in the world. It has an energy intensity and per capita usage of fossil fuel energy that surpasses other countries in the BRICS, it is currently building one the largest coal-fired power stations in the world, and is championing a green neo-liberal approach to the climate change crisis. This article investigates how the National Union of Metal Workers of South Africa (NUMSA) developed an approach to climate justice and is intervening to shape policy around the just transition in South Africa. The article explores the factors that contributed to NUMSA’s embrace of a politics of climate justice, the internal education and policy capacity developed in the union and the campaigns championed to advance climate justice. The article provides insights into how NUMSA has campaigned around energy efficiency and electricity price increases, influenced and monitored the roll out of solar water geysers and has advanced a position on socially owned renewable energy. | 12,214 | 1,856 | Not Enough Information | 2026 | [
"0_0"
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This means that the plateau or pause in global warming has now lasted for about the same time as the previous period when temperatures rose, 1980 to 1996. Before that, temperatures had been stable or declining for about 40 years. | null | null | null | null | null | [
"1_4"
] |
@PeterDClack What if “man made global warming” is the only thing that saves us from the next devastating ice age….oh the irony | null | null | null | null | null | [
"1_2"
] |
Amstrup diligently followed up his earlier study on the apparent survival of South Beaufort Bears using radio-collared bears over a 12-year period. It turned out that his high-end apparent survival estimate of 94% was still too low. If only natural deaths were used, polar bears had a 99.6 % biological survival rate. 4 Most bears died at the hands of hunters. If death at the hands of hunters was also considered, then biological survival was still higher than apparent survival, but fell to 96.9%. In 2001 Amstrup concluded that the South Beaufort Sea population was increasing and the current hunting quotas insured a growing population. | null | null | null | null | null | [
"3_2"
] |
It should have been clear to experts that the scenario was pure nonsense, and not because so much icein this region could ever melt in just 25 years, but also because the Himalayan glacier area given in the IPCC report was completely false. It is only 33,000 square kilometers and not a grotesque 500,000. | null | null | null | null | null | [
"5_2"
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There are significant flaws with many studies on glaciers, the most significant being a selection bias in those projects that are funded. For the past decade the EU has mainly funded studies that discover receding glaciers, deliberately not studying whether glaciers are receding. Given the number of glaciers in the world, one will always find some, even perhaps a majority, that are receding. But given the inherent selection bias it doesn't prove a great deal when the media talk up studies showing receding glaciers. If one wanted to study Scandinavian glacier expansion, funding by EU Governments would not be so forthcoming. This problem sheds doubt on, and unfairly undermines, well-conducted studies (probably including those done by Drs Collins and Harrison), since one is uncertain what is being omitted in research in Europe. | null | null | null | null | null | [
"5_1"
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Check, I agreeover the long term and slowly, just as greenhouse gas theory holds. But the atmosphere is not continuing to warm right now. | null | null | null | null | null | [
"1_4"
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This is energy policy by and for not-so-bright lights, who let their religious fervor for anything not hydrocarbon get in the way of common sense and fact-based analysis. Their policies will result in dim bulbs in our future light fixtures and expensive, job-killing energy for other needs. We cannot afford to continue going down this suicidal path. | null | null | null | null | null | [
"4_1"
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Paper: "No matter what the weather, it's all due to warming. This isn't science; it's a kind of faith' | null | null | null | null | null | [
"5_2"
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@catoletters @AnarchoSlave The fear factor has ebbed. They'll have to go back to the global warming hoax! | null | null | null | null | null | [
"5_3"
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This chart is a real head-scratcher for scientists trying to prove a causal relationship between CO2 and global temperatures. By theory, temperature increases from CO2 should be immediate, though the oceans provide a big thermal sink that to this day is not fully understood. However, from 1880 to 1910, temperatures declined despite a 15ppm increase in CO2. Then, from 1910 to 1940 there was another 15ppm increase in CO2 and temperatures rose about 0.3 degrees. Then, from 1940-1979, CO2 increased by 30 ppm while temperatures declined again. Then, from 1980 to present, CO2 increased by 40 ppm and temperatures rose substantially. By grossly dividing these 125 years into these four periods, we see two long periods totaling 70 years where CO2 increases but temperature declines and two long periods totaling 55 years of both CO2 and temperature increases. | null | null | null | null | null | [
"2_3"
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Mini-nuclear and geothermal are stand-alone power sources, in contrast, and produce no CO2. | null | null | null | null | null | [
"4_5"
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With the CO 2 content of the air increasing on the planetary scale, we take these findings to suggest that the aerial fertilization effect of the ongoing rise in atmospheric CO 2 concentration is providing a very real impetus for increased net primary production everywhere on earth and, hence, an increased impetus for preserving - and even enhancing - the species richness of both plants and animals over the entire globe. This conclusion further suggests that we not attempt to restrict anthropogenic CO 2 emissions via Kyoto-style interventions (see our Editorial Biodiversity, Productivity and CO 2 ); for with all of the other assaults on the biosphere produced by the activities of our burgeoning population, earth's plants and animals are going to need all the help they can get to maintain enough "critical biomass" to preserve their unique identities in the days and years ahead. | null | null | null | null | null | [
"3_3"
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I’ve heard people say that the earth is on a bigger temp fluctuation (actually cooling) and what man does won’t make a difference - hence climate change is not true or irrelevant. But whatever, temp rise and sea level rise is correlated, and doesn’t mean we won’t see effects… https://t.co/vlUVw1CNGg | null | null | null | null | null | [
"1_2"
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Climate Activists /Climate change crisis prophets,same as Noah ancient time flooding warnings.Red sea could nearly prove that. https://t.co/wyeQdtBhN7 | null | null | null | null | null | [
"5_2"
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In closing, Lauer and Hamilton indicate there is "only very modest improvement in the simulated cloud climatology in CMIP5 compared with CMIP3," and they sadly state that even this slightest of improvements "is mainly a result of careful model tuning rather than an accurate fundamental representation of cloud processes in the models." | null | null | null | null | null | [
"5_1"
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Then again, our understanding of the rate of the precession of the equinoxes is limited to about 10,000 years of human history. That isnt even one full cycle (of 24,000 years). So perhaps the answer is simply that its easy to see a 24,000 year periodic function that isnt really there. That the actual function is some more open process that only looks cyclical when viewed in a very short time frame. A Hundred Million years is a very long time Could the whole solar system simply be in a flat spin of 24000 years from some prior event long ago? I just dont know. | null | null | null | null | null | [
"5_1"
] |
For the past 5 years (60 months), there is a statistically significant global cooling in all datasets. | null | null | null | null | null | [
"1_4"
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Wind power output is unreliable . Three parties should be concerned with the variability of windpower output: the company selling the wind power, the company buying the wind power, and the transmission network operator providing responsible for reliable operation of the power grid. | null | null | null | null | null | [
"4_4"
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Moreover, this estimate is undoubtedly too optimistic. Wind frequently does not blow when we need it. For example, as the BBC reported, the cold weather on December 21, 2010, was typical of a prolonged cold front, with high-pressure areas and little wind. Whereas wind power, on average, supplies 5% of the UKs electricity, its share fell to just 0.04% that day. With demand understandably peaking, other sources, such as coal and gas, had to fill the gap. | null | null | null | null | null | [
"4_4"
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Katrina has nothing to do with global warming. Nothing. It has everything to do with the immense forces of nature that have been unleashed many, many times before and the inability of humans, even the most brilliant engineers, to tame these forces. | null | null | null | null | null | [
"1_7"
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Further, because climate models cant simulate where, when, why and how the ocean surfaces warm and cool around the globe, they cant properly simulate land surface temperatures or precipitation. And if they cant simulate land surface temperatures or precipitation, what value do they have? Quick answer: No value. Climate models are not yet fit for their intended purposes. | null | null | null | null | null | [
"5_1"
] |
Britain may have enough offshore shale gas to catapult it into the top ranks of global producers, energy experts now believe, and while production costs are still very high, new U.S. technology should eventually make reserves commercially viable. | null | null | null | null | null | [
"4_5"
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3. The IPCC's climate-model alarmism regarding dangerous, accelerating sea levels due to human CO2 emissions is without empirical merit - summarily, an IPCC fantasy. | null | null | null | null | null | [
"5_2"
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There are proven and effective policies that strengthen human rights while lowering fertility rates and lessening the impacts of population growth on GHG emissions and biodiversity loss. | The literature is reviewed on the relationships between population, poverty, and climate change. While developed countries are largely responsible for global warming, the brunt of the fallout will be borne by the developing world, in lower agricultural output, poorer health, and more frequent natural disasters. Carbon emissions in the developed world have leveled off, but are projected to rise rapidly in the developing world due to their economic growth and population growth -- the latter most notably in the poorest countries. Lowering fertility has many benefits for the poorest countries. Studies indicate that, in high fertility settings, fertility decline facilitates economic growth and poverty reduction. It also reduces the pressure on livelihoods, and frees up resources to cope with climate change. And it helps avert some of the projected global warming, which will benefit these countries far more than those that lie at higher latitudes and/or have more resources to cope with climate change. Natural experiments indicate that family planning programs are effective in helping reduce fertility, and that they are highly pro-poor in their impact. While the rest of the world wrestles with the complexities of reducing emissions, the poorest countries will gain much from simple programs to lower fertility. | 42,179 | 4,429 | Supports | 2026 | [
"0_0"
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The dumbest global warming story below claimed a 1000 year storm surge as proof of sea level rise and global warming. We already established that sea level isnt rising there, but there is another problem. | null | null | null | null | null | [
"1_6"
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The scientific solution to the problem: No large global trend trend in aerosols and low climate sensitivity. | null | null | null | null | null | [
"3_1"
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Fears about global warming's impact on polar bears even spurred the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) to list the bear as "threatened" under the Endangered Species Act in 2008 the first species to be listed over possibly being harmed in the future from global warming. | null | null | null | null | null | [
"3_2"
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The Hindu : Opinion / Leader Page Articles : Challenging the basis of Kyoto Protocol As western nations step up pressure on India and China to curb the emission of greenhouse gases, Russian scientists reject the very idea that carbon dioxide may be responsible for global warming. Russian critics of the Kyoto Protocol, which calls for cuts in CO2 emissions, say that the theory underlying the pact lacks scientific basis. Under the Theory of Anthropogenic Global Warming, it is human-generated greenhouse gases, and mainly CO2, that cause climate change. The Kyoto theorists have put the cart before the horse, says renowned Russian geographer Andrei Kapitsa. It is global warming that triggers higher levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, not the other way round. | null | null | null | null | null | [
"2_3"
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Although, much remains to be learned on this subject, it is clear that many corals will not succumb to the presumed negative impacts of rising temperatures and ocean acidification. And when adaptive and evolutionary responses are considered, it may be that few, if any, corals will actually suffer harm from increases in these two phenomena. In fact, many coral species could well benefit from the warmer ocean temperatures and higher atmospheric CO2 concentrations predicted for the years and decades ahead. | null | null | null | null | null | [
"3_2"
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At the risk of getting egg on my face again (!), NSIDC figures show that Arctic sea ice extent has now grown for the last two days. | null | null | null | null | null | [
"1_1"
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Rudolf Kipp at the skepticalwebsite Science Skeptical here writes about one of the incredible (but very real)absurdities of Germanys EEG renewable energy feed-in act, which forces power companies to buy all green power that gets produced, whether needed or not, and even power that doesnt get produced. | null | null | null | null | null | [
"4_2"
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1. An international team of 33 researchers found that, with warming, when species were rare in a local area, they had a higher survival rate than when they were common, resulting in enrichment for rare species and increasing diversity with age and size class in these complex ecosystems. | null | null | null | null | null | [
"3_2"
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Climate change is a useful tool in that fear of catastrophe can be used to compel economically destructive actions that would otherwise be unacceptable. | null | null | null | null | null | [
"4_1"
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@EricPoppen1 @CHIZMAGA So if co2 is the main cause of climate change, and co2 is at an all time high, surely the temperature should be aswell? Our temperature is lower than 130k years ago yet our carbon i higher. | null | null | null | null | null | [
"1_3"
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That is because proposition 2 is far from settled. The notion that a long-term stable system can be dominated by very high positive feedbacks offends the intuition of many natural scientists, who know that most natural processes (short of nuclear fission) are dominated by negative feedbacks. Sure, there are positive feedbacks in climate, just as there are negative feedbacks. The key is how these net out. The direct evidence that the Earths climate is dominated by strong net positive feedbacks is at best equivocal, and in fact evidence is growing that negative feedbacks may dominate, thus greatly reducing expected future warming from greenhouse gasses. | null | null | null | null | null | [
"3_1"
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Paul Hudson, BBC Weather, 9 January 2010: Which begs other, rather important questions. Could the model, seemingly with an inability to predict colder seasons, have developed a warm bias, after such a long period of milder than average years? Experts I have spoken to tell me that this certainly is possible with such computer models. And if this is the case, what are the implications for the Hadley centre's predictions for future global temperatures? Could they be affected by such a warm bias? If global temperatures were to fall in years to come would the computer model be capable of forecasting this? | null | null | null | null | null | [
"5_1"
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A trio of oil companies led by Chevron Corp. has tapped a petroleum pool deep beneath the Gulf of Mexico that has the potential to boost the nation's reserves by more than 50 percent. A test well indicates it could be the biggest domestic oil discovery since Alaska's Prudhoe Bay more than a generation ago. | null | null | null | null | null | [
"4_5"
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ased on what we see in the atmosphere, there is no evidence of substantial increases in methane emissions from the Arctic in the past 20 years. | null | null | null | null | null | [
"3_1"
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The big chill extended to parts of the country much less accustomed to it. Parts of Nevada were at 18F below zero; in Flagstaff, Arizona, the temperature dropped to 7F; temperatures as low as 27F were expected in usually mild Las Vegas and surrounding areas, and the National Weather Service issued winter storm warnings for Riverside and San Bernardino counties in ???sunny?? Southern California. | null | null | null | null | null | [
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Figure 1 and Figure 2 show that to a high degree of certainty, and apart from year-to-year temperature variability, the entire trend in global air temperatures since 1880 can be explained by a linear trend plus an oscillation. | null | null | null | null | null | [
"2_1"
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In light of these several observations, it would appear that if humanity's many physical and chemical disturbances of the planet's coral reef environments were either eliminated or significantly reduced, there would be much less warming-induced destruction of corals throughout the world; for if a 50% reduction in seawater Cu concentration provides a 3.5??C increase in the degree of heat that can be tolerated by coral larvae, and if a 50-80% reduction in dissolved inorganic nitrogen runoff provides 2??C more relief, imagine what benefits similar reductions in man's many other assaults upon earth's coral reef environments might bring. | null | null | null | null | null | [
"3_2"
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The (warm) maxima of the sine-combined-with-cosine (i.e. shifted sine) occurred in February 1980, November 1983, August 1987, April 1991, January 1995, October 1998, July 2002, April 2006, January 2010, October 2013. These cycles could have helped 1998 and 2010 to be among the warmest years and 2008 to be a cool one, and they may prevent 2015 from being the warmest satellite year despite the El Nio. | null | null | null | null | null | [
"2_1"
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@ToscaAusten @DennyGr28530407 Please. Follow the science if you want to rant about global warming. Co2 is an insignificant factor. Water vapor is more a factor then carbon dioxide. The oceans(and to a much lesser extant rain forests) regulate co2 content in the air. Everyone is being fcking lied to. | null | null | null | null | null | [
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The authors note that the only pollinator used in the greenhouse production of melons in Israel is the honey bee ( Apis mellifera ); and they say that "improvement in nectar reward can increase the attractiveness of the flowers to the bees, increase pollination activity and consequently increase the fruit set and the yield." Hence, as the air's CO 2 concentration continues to rise, or as greenhouse managers implement atmospheric CO 2 enrichment techniques, we may expect to see such benefits realized routinely. | null | null | null | null | null | [
"3_3"
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Morano followed up by showing slides of quotes by noted climate alarmists making outrageous claims of doom and gloom. At several points the crowd broke out in laughter or were simply astonished, such as when Morano showed them quotes by famous green thinkers saying insensitivity to global warming alarmism is a "sin," and then viewing pictures of climate protestors praying to Mother Earth at a recent march and vigil in New York City. | null | null | null | null | null | [
"5_2"
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Additionally, in the post here , we presented and discussed how the NCAR CCSM4 climate model was not capable of simulating the observed warming pattern of the Pacific Ocean for the past 31 years. See Figure 10, which presents modeled and observed sea surface temperature trends for the Pacific Ocean since November 1981 on a latitudinal (zonal means) basis. The fact that those models can occasionally produce decade-land hiatus periods is, therefore, immaterial. | null | null | null | null | null | [
"5_1"
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@david4liberty67 @Breaking911 Cubans don’t believe in climate change because their’s never changes | null | null | null | null | null | [
"4_3"
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All of us are firm skeptics of claims that humans are causing catastrophic global warming and climate change. We are not climate change deniers. We know Earths climate and weather are constantly in flux, undergoing recurrent fluctuations that range from flood and drought cycles to periods of low or intense hurricane and tornado activity, to the Medieval Warm Period (950-1250 AD) and Little Ice Age (1350-1850) and even to Pleistocene glaciers that repeatedly buried continents under a mile of ice. | null | null | null | null | null | [
"2_1"
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Did you know that greenhouses often have CO2 levels three times higher than outside? #greenhouse #agriculture #science | ‘Every beginning biology student knows that photosynthesis will increase if you give a plant a ‘squirt’ of CO2– given enough light, nutrients, and water, and a suitable temperature. Logic tells us that if this is so, then more CO2 in the atmosphere should mean more photosynthesis. This, in turn, should mean more yield or accumulated carbon in plants. This logic is fine for beginning biology; unfortunately, nature is not that simple’(Lemon, 1983). This Special Issue of New Phytologist focuses on the responses of ecosystems to increased CO2 concentration. The responses of plants are central to this focus, but the questions being asked have changed, and nature’s complexities become paramount. Our concern is the human effect on the composition of the atmosphere and how it could have profound effects on our economic and social systems, options for energy production and use, and our capacity to grow food and fiber for an expanding population. The primary interaction between plants and atmospheric CO2 is just the starting point for our analysis. Lemon (1983), and the contributors to the international conference on which he was reporting, laid out a research agenda for investigating the responses of plants to future atmospheric CO2 concentrations. The mostly short-term experiments that were appropriate for understanding the fundamental physiology of plants or the commercial aspects of CO2 enrichment of glasshouse atmospheres (Witter & Robb, 1964) were seen as insufficient for understanding the more complex issues of plant productivity in a future, CO2-enriched atmosphere. The conference participants urged experimental work with CO2 enrichment at all levels to elucidate biochemical, physiological and microbial responses, as well as community-scale responses and species interactions in complex environments. Now, almost 20 years later, a great deal of that research agenda has been taken on. Not only do we know much more about the response of photosynthesis to a ‘squirt’ of CO2 (Cousins et al.– see pp. 275–284 in this issue; Rodriguez et al.– pp. 337–346; Williams et al.– pp. 285–293), we have also studied everything from the effect of CO2 concentration on the genetic control of stomatal density (Gray et al., 2000) to the quality of bread and wine made from CO2-enriched plants (Kimball et al.– pp. 295–303; Bindi et al., 2001). Hundreds of plant species have been exposed to experimental manipulations of CO2 concentration, and the unit of reference has progressed from small, potted plants in growth cabinets, to groups of plants in glasshouses or field chambers, to intact ecosystems and forest stands (Box 1). The CO2 treatments have been combined with simultaneous manipulations of temperature, water, nitrogen, ozone, light, and competition. Research programs have increasingly been focused on describing how the primary responses to CO2 concentration will be manifested in future ecosystems, understanding the feedbacks between those primary responses and the atmospheric and climatic systems, and developing plant and ecosystem models to make the predictions of plant responses to a future atmosphere. These trends – larger-scale experiments, a focus on future ecosystems, and modeling – are reflected in the papers presented in this volume. A wide range of ecosystems is considered (Fig. 1): agricultural systems in Japan, Germany, and Arizona (USA); grasslands and pastures in Switzerland, Australia, New Zealand, and Minnesota (USA); bogs throughout Europe; a desert in Nevada (USA); and forests in Italy and Tennessee (USA). The effects of atmospheric CO2 enrichment have been investigated in a wide range of ecosystem types, including crop systems in Arizona, USA; a bog in Finland; the Mojave desert in Nevada, USA; and a deciduous forest in Tennessee, USA. Photos courtesy of Bruce Kimball, Topi Ylä-Mononen, Travis Huxman and Steve Eberhardt, respectively. In 1982, H. Z. Enoch spoke of the need for the scientific community to participate in a multinational effort to study the effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration on managed and unmanaged ecosystems, an admittedly expensive and difficult endeavor (Lemon, 1983). At the time, most of the information on CO2 responses of plants came from short-term experiments (days or weeks) of potted plants in controlled-environment chambers (Kimball, 1983). It was recognized, however, that the short-term responses might not prevail over longer time periods, and that interactions between a plant and its environment (both biotic and abiotic) could alter the system-level response to CO2 (Lemon, 1983). Many of these problems were addressed by new experiments conducted in various field chambers. In short-statured systems such as a salt marsh and tundra, open-top chambers allowed the treatment of intact ecosystems (Mooney et al., 1991). Field chambers also permitted multiyear exposures of tree species without the artifacts associated with confining root systems in pots (Norby et al., 1999). Although much was learned from field chamber experiments, they fell short of the need expressed by Enoch. Field chambers create artificial environmental conditions, and plants often grow differently inside than outside (Kimball et al., 1997). They can accommodate young trees, but not mature tree stands or forest ecosystems. Hence, the development of free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) technology for controlling an elevated CO2 concentration in the open air was a critical advancement enabling the study of CO2 effects on ecosystems. The history of FACE technology is described in Box 1. The importance of the substantial increase in scale afforded by FACE systems is clear in many of the papers in this issue. Edwards et al. (pp. 359–369) report that elevated CO2 concentration increased seedling growth of pasture species when grown individually in pots, but not when they were0grown in a native pasture within their FACE plots. Measurements of the exchange of CO2 between the atmosphere and rice paddy flood water were made in a FACE experiment (Koizumi et al., pp. 231–239), but they would not have been possible in a chamber system with blowers that alter micrometeorological conditions. Physiological responses to elevated CO2 concentration often take on different meaning at a larger scale. Ottman et al. (pp. 261–273) suggest that the CO2 effect on stomatal closure might be an advantage under limited water supply but a disadvantage when water supply is ample. Wullschleger & Norby (pp. 489–495) found that the effect of elevated CO2 concentration on stomatal closure, measured on upper canopy leaves under ideal conditions, did not scale to a reduction in season-long, whole-canopy transpiration in a tree stand. The larger scale of FACE experiments makes possible measurements that otherwise would be unattainable. Norby et al. (pp. 477–487) were able to address questions about the growth responses of trees that had reached canopy closure, not heretofore possible in a deciduous forest system. They note that their study trees were in a linear growth phase, but had they been grown in open-top chambers, the experiment would have ended just at the critical transition from exponential growth. Even in those FACE experiments in which the experimental unit is relatively small, the larger exposure unit allowed for a wide range of simultaneous measurements and manipulations (Reich et al., pp. 435–448). The primary rationale for all of the studies reported in this issue concerns prediction of the future behaviour of ecosystems in an atmosphere with a higher concentration of CO2. The most critical issues vary in the different ecosystems. In agricultural systems, the objective might be to predict productivity or quality of the marketable product in response to high CO2 (Kim et al., pp. 223–229; Kimball et al., pp. 295–303; Lilley et al. (b), pp. 385–395); this must be done in relation to technological improvements and crop breeding (Amthor, 1998), as well as the overriding influences of environmental stress. In unmanaged systems such as the desert and prairie, effects of CO2 concentration on diversity may be the predominant issue. Smith et al. (2000) showed that in a high rainfall year elevated CO2 concentration stimulated the establishment and spread of an invasive annual grass in the Nevada desert FACE experiment; this has the potential to accelerate the fire cycle, reduce biodiversity, and alter ecosystem function in the deserts of western North America. The primary rationale for experiments in forests derives from their very large role in the global carbon budget and the importance of understanding exchanges and feedbacks between forests and a future atmosphere. Forest ecosystems are difficult to manipulate as intact systems because of their size and longevity; hence, forest experiments focus on testing specific hypotheses about forest response (Norby et al., 1999, also pp. 477–487). Ecosystems provide essential services to humans, and there is increasing concern that those services might be jeopardized by the combined impacts of global change (Daily et al., 1997). The provision of food, fiber, and water is of obvious importance. A less obvious ecosystem service is carbon sequestration, and this has been a particular focus of research because of the possibilities of feedbacks to the climate system. The effects of elevated CO2 concentration on carbon fluxes have been considered at multiple scales: leaf (Tjoelker et al., pp. 419–424), whole-plant (Sakai et al., pp. 241–249), and whole system (Hoosbeek et al., pp. 459–463; Craine et al., pp. 425–434). Nutrient limitations apparently prevented any increases in C storage in bogs (Hoosbeek et al.). Stable isotope analysis provides a valuable tool for assessing the mechanisms of sequestration in soil in FACE experiments because the CO2 that is added to the treatment plots is depleted in 13C (Leavitt et al., pp. 305–314). Future ecosystems will be impacted not just by rising CO2 concentration, but by a suite of atmospheric and climatic changes. FACE experiments are usually not as amenable to multifactor manipulations as smaller-scale experiments, but in this issue there are reports about interactions between CO2 and N in rice and wheat (Kim et al.; Kimball et al.), prairie species (Craine & Reich, pp. 397–403; Lee et al., pp. 405–418), and grasses (Daepp et al., pp. 347–358). Interactions with water supply were studied in wheat (Kimball et al.; Williams et al.). Air temperature is very difficult to manipulate in open-air systems. Lilley et al. (a) (pp. 371–383) grew subterranean clover and phalaris grass in tunnels in which CO2 concentration and temperature were controlled. Previous reports (Newton et al., 1994) had reported that the abundance of clover in pastures increases with rising CO2 concentration. Lilley et al. found that elevated temperature caused clover abundance to decrease, although this effect was counteracted by elevated CO2 concentration. Despite our best efforts to control environmental conditions and avoid artifacts in FACE and other experimental systems, we cannot duplicate future ecosystems or the atmospheric and climatic conditions that will occur at a certain future date. Soils in our experimental systems developed under current conditions, and the plants are today’s genotypes. To predict ecosystem responses to future conditions we must rely on models, and we want the response functions in those models (Rodriguez et al.) to be informed by the most realistic data possible. FACE experiments are particularly useful for this. In modeling plant responses to elevated CO2 concentration in field chambers, it is necessary to account for the chamber effects, which are in fact plant responses to the altered microclimate due to the chamber enclosure and the plants themselves. Because of their composite nature, the chamber effects are arguably harder to model than the plant responses to elevated CO2 concentration per se. Assuming that the effects of elevated CO2 concentration and the chambers on plants are multiplicative, one may compare the relative responses of the plants between the model and observation. The assumption can be disproved, however, by physiological considerations. In FACE experiments, by contrast, the results are almost free from artifacts, and, hence, the modeled plant responses to elevated CO2 concentration can be compared with the observed ones without having to worry about the confounding effects of chambers (Kimball et al., 1997). Grossman-Clarke et al. (pp. 315–335) compared model predictions of wheat productivity and water use with results from the Arizona FACE experiment. The model successfully described qualitative and quantitative behavior of the crop under elevated CO2 concentration, making it possible to use the model for predictions about future behavior with greater confidence. Testing models of unmanaged ecosystems in future CO2 concentrations with experimental data is more problematic. In perennial systems in which the FACE experiment is imposed on existing vegetation (e.g. the desert FACE of Nowak et al., pp. 449–458; the bog experiment of Hoosbeek et al.; or the deciduous forest FACE of Norby et al.), the CO2 treatment is an abrupt increase in CO2 concentration, to which some ecosystem processes could respond in quite a different way from those under gradually increasing CO2 concentration (Cannell & Thornley, 1998). Luo & Reynolds (1999), nonetheless, pointed out that the ecosystem changes in FACE experiments can be analysed to elucidate responses of the individual ecosystem processes to the step change in CO2 concentration, and these individual responses could be incorporated into a model to predict the whole-ecosystem responses to the increasing CO2 concentration. A synthesis of the effects of rising CO2 concentration on ecosystems as reported in the papers in this issue and elsewhere in the literature cannot be undertaken lightly. We can safely conclude that in most systems photosynthesis is increased by CO2 enrichment, and this generally results in increased plant growth. It is more difficult to make general statements about whole-system responses, such as carbon storage, water yield, and species composition, that apply across a wide range of ecosystems and the different spatial and temporal scales of their dominant processes. Predictions about the behavior of future ecosystems in an atmosphere with a higher concentration of CO2 require an understanding of how the primary responses to CO2 interact with the attributes of the different systems. As reports in this issue show, we should not expect a bog and a desert, nor a wheat field and a tree plantation, to respond identically to CO2 enrichment – nature is not that simple. Nevertheless, tremendous progress is being made in providing the data and understanding needed for making – and having confidence in – predictions about the future. Papers in this volume have tackled some of the thorny problems of detecting changes in soil carbon, seeking functional group classifications of plant response, and scaling from leaf to stand. The end-point of experiments in agricultural systems is no longer simply yield, but includes consideration of nutritional quality for grazers or humans. Technological advances in CO2 enrichment technology are allowing ecosystem-scale experiments in a greater diversity of ecosystems. The ongoing research described here is not the culmination of Enoch’s call for a multinational effort on CO2 responses of ecosystems, but part of a steady process of hypothesis formulation and testing at ever-increasing scales and levels of complexity. That process needs to continue. Many of the papers in this volume were inspired by the FACE 2000 Conference held in Tsukuba, Japan, in June, 2000. The conference was sponsored by CREST (Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology) of Japan Science and Technology Corporation. This summary contributes to the Global Change and Terrestrial Ecosystems (GCTE) project of the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme. It was written at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, which is managed by UT-Battelle, LLC, for the US Department of Energy under contract DE-AC05–00OR22725. *Author for correspondence (tel +1 865 576 5261; fax +1 865 576 939; email[email protected]) | 177,294 | 2,595 | Not Enough Information | 2026 | [
"0_0"
] |
This private musing between two climate scientist colleagues first surfaced along with a whole raft of embarrassing material in 2011, when the anonymous Climategate leaker who calls himself "Mr. FOIA" leaked his second set of emails from Britain's disgraced Climate Research Unit (CRU) at the University of East Anglia. Now, Mr. FOIA has emerged for a third time, sharing with the world not only his entire batch of 220,000 encrypted emails and documents but also, for the first time, his thoughts. | null | null | null | null | null | [
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The 1980 value for the greenhouse effect is 35.56C and the value for 2010 is 0.14C lower at 35.42C. This demonstrates that the 70.9% increase in global CO2 emissions since 1980 did not in any way enhance the greenhouse effect as has been falsely claimed since 1988 when this global warming debacle first began. | null | null | null | null | null | [
"2_3"
] |
As you can see, the future holds nothing to fear. There will be a few El Nios in the next ten years, then a moderate cooling as we come off the peak of the 62 and 204 year cycles. There will be more of those in mid-century, as the AMO rises again, then more cooling for a period at the end of the century as both of those cycles bottom out. No extensive warm periods will appear until late in the twenty-second century, as both peak again. | null | null | null | null | null | [
"1_2"
] |
Then along came an announcement by Mr Watts last Sunday that he had documented, and had ready for publication, the proof that the U.S. temperature record had been diddled. In particular his new analysis demonstrated that the reported 1979-2008 U.S. temperature trends are spuriously doubled, with 92% of that over-estimation resulting from erroneous NOAA adjustments of well-sited stations upward . What Mr Hammer was explaining three years earlier, and for a longer period. | null | null | null | null | null | [
"5_1"
] |
Theres nothing like a devastating Hurricane Sandy and a follow-up noreaster to get people thinking that climate is changing, but the simple unadorned fact is that the Earth has been in a cooling cycle since 1998. Its getting colder all over the world. | null | null | null | null | null | [
"1_4"
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bees are now endangered | Simple Summary Most crops grown globally require pollination to produce food, and honey bees are the most important pollinators. Without honey bees, the food supply would decrease and become more expensive. Climate change threatens honey bees by destroying their habitats and food sources. Therefore, beekeepers must implement farm management practices to adapt to climate change. However, in many developing countries, such as El Salvador, beekeepers lack information about climate change adaptation strategies. In this study, researchers interviewed nine Salvadoran beekeepers to understand how their perception of climate change affects their beekeeping production, the adaptation strategies they implement, and their needs for climate change-related information about beekeeping. The climate change-induced challenges beekeepers experienced included food and water scarcity and extreme weather events (e.g., increase in temperature, rain, and winds). As a result, honey bees are dying because they cannot find enough to eat/drink, their hives are damaged, and they are more prone to pests and diseases. To adapt, beekeepers reinforce their beehive boxes, relocate their beehives, and supplement the honey bees’ food. The beekeepers expressed their need for help formulating supplementary honey bee diets and managing pests and diseases. Because they struggled to understand climate change-related information from the internet, they need information and demonstrations from local sources to improve their adaptation strategies and the health and productivity of their honey bees. Abstract Because climate change has severely impacted global bee populations by depleting their habitats and food sources, beekeepers must implement management practices to adapt to changing climates. However, beekeepers in El Salvador lack information about necessary climate change adaptation strategies. This study explored Salvadoran beekeepers’ experiences adapting to climate change. The researchers used a phenomenological case study approach and conducted semi-structured interviews with nine Salvadoran beekeepers who were members of The Cooperative Association for Marketing, Production, Savings, and Credit of Beekeepers of Chalatenango (ACCOPIDECHA). The beekeepers perceived water and food scarcity, as well as extreme weather events (e.g., increasing temperature, rain, winds), as the leading climate change-induced challenges to their production. Such challenges have augmented their honey bees’ physiological need for water, limited their movement patterns, decreased apiary safety, and increased the incidence of pests and diseases, all of which have led to honey bee mortality. The beekeepers shared adaptation strategies, including box modification, apiary relocation, and food supplementation. Although most beekeepers accessed climate change information using the internet, they struggled to understand and apply pertinent information unless they received it from trusted ACCOPIDECHA personnel. Salvadoran beekeepers require information and demonstrations to improve their climate change adaptation strategies and implement new ones to address the challenges they experience. | 18,168 | 2,143 | Supports | 2026 | [
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] |
About one-half of Blunder is a non-technical description of our new peer reviewed and soon-to-be-published research which supports the opinion that a majority of Americans already hold: that warming in recent decades is mostly due to a natural cycle in the climate system ??? not to an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide from fossil fuel burning. | null | null | null | null | null | [
"2_1"
] |
Did you know that coral reefs are facing a global decline? This is bad news for marine life and for our planet. #conservation #coralreefs #oceanlife | Coral reefs have experienced a global decline due to overfishing, pollution, and warming oceans that are becoming increasingly acidic. To help halt and reverse this decline, interventions should be aimed at those threats reef experts and managers identify as most severe. The survey included responses from 170 managers, representing organizations from 50 countries and territories, and found that respondents generally agreed on the two major threats: overfishing and coastal development. However, resource allocation did not match this consensus on major threats. In particular, while overfishing receives much attention, coastal development and its attendant pollution are largely neglected and underfunded. These results call for a re-examination of how resources are allocated in coral reef conservation, with more attention given to aligning how money is spent with what are perceived to be the primary threats. | 85,246 | 3,383 | Supports | 2026 | [
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] |
Global warming models seem to be accurate…except near the poles. 🤔 | Abstract A global climate model is used to study the effect of flattening the orography of the Antarctic Ice Sheet on climate. A general result is that the Antarctic continent and the atmosphere aloft warm, while there is modest cooling globally. The large local warming over Antarctica leads to increased outgoing longwave radiation, which drives anomalous southward energy transport toward the continent and cooling elsewhere. Atmosphere and ocean both anomalously transport energy southward in the Southern Hemisphere. Near Antarctica, poleward energy and momentum transport by baroclinic eddies strengthens. Anomalous southward cross-equatorial energy transport is associated with a northward shift in the intertropical convergence zone. In the ocean, anomalous southward energy transport arises from a slowdown of the upper cell of the oceanic meridional overturning circulation and a weakening of the horizontal ocean gyres, causing sea ice in the Northern Hemisphere to expand and the Arctic to cool. Comparison with a slab-ocean simulation confirms the importance of ocean dynamics in determining the climate system response to Antarctic orography. This paper concludes by briefly presenting a discussion of the relevance of these results to climates of the past and to future climate scenarios. | 144,061 | 2,358 | Refutes | 2026 | [
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EPAs power grab picks the pockets of every American business and citizen, making it increasingly expensive to fill gas tanks, heat and cool homes and offices, run hospitals and factories, or buy food and consumer goods. The Employment Prevention Agencys $100-billion diktats are killing countless jobs, making America more dependent on foreign sources of energy and raw materials that we have in abundance right here at home, and endangering our economic health and national security. | null | null | null | null | null | [
"4_1"
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What will happen this winter if we keep going on with this trend? Ten degrees below normal with high precipitations? SNOW! A LOT OF SNOW! | null | null | null | null | null | [
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] |
@CaptJaybles @kingtimdawg @Christy73958962 @KurtSchlichter @southerngrl1980 Who cares? It was warmer during the time of the dinosaurs, more co2…. And guess what? It wasn’t co2 or warmer temps that killed them.You people won’t be happy until you’re eating bugs.All you climate change alarmists are bug eaters | null | null | null | null | null | [
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] |
@david_r_morgan We are not deceived by the UN WEF's venom vaccine scam and climate change scam. Earth's oxygen nitrogen carbon dioxide is normal. Gas and oil are constantly being created and never run out. We stop Facebook metaverse games, online purchases and reject digital ID digital currency | null | null | null | null | null | [
"4_5"
] |
The model-data comparison for the tropical Pacific (24S-24N, 120E-80W) is shown in Figure 20. The surface of the tropical Pacific shows very little warming in 33 years. According to the models, if manmade greenhouse gases were responsible for the warming of the surface of the global oceans, the tropical Pacific should have warmed at a rate of 0.18 deg C/decade, but the tropical Pacific has warmed very little. | null | null | null | null | null | [
"1_4"
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The two-week period, last week of November and first week of December is the coldest since CET records began in 1659. | null | null | null | null | null | [
"1_3"
] |
Last year, 130 skeptical German scientists co-signed an Open Letter of protest to German Chancellor Angela Merkel, asserting, among other things, that a "growing body of evidence shows anthropogenic CO2 plays no measurable role" in Earth's climate. | null | null | null | null | null | [
"2_3"
] |
Whatever alternative technologies they support comply with their precautionary principle. Whatever they oppose violates it. They trumpet alleged risks of using frackingand hydrocarbon technologies, but ignore even the most obvious benefits of using them and most obvious risks of not using them. | null | null | null | null | null | [
"4_5"
] |
The UNFCCC predetermined the results of the IPCC work by directing them to study only human causes of climate change. The IPCC then narrowed the focus to human produced CO2 as the cause of warming. They directed their efforts to proving rather than disproving their hypothesis. Central to this objective was the need to have atmospheric CO2 levels rise constantly because of a constant rise in human production of CO2. | null | null | null | null | null | [
"5_2"
] |
@amoralorealis "climate emergency" lol...when temperatures on the west coast have been going steadily down for 20 years. Get real. | null | null | null | null | null | [
"1_4"
] |
New report shows that ice-mass losses might not be as bad as we thought! 🧊 #climatechange #glaciers #icemelt | A review of the past six years of research on ice-sheet mass-balance change shows that accelerated loss from Greenland is a robust finding, but that loss from Antarctica is probably far lower than previously thought. In 2007, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change was unable to provide an estimate for ice-sheet contributions to sea-level rise via dynamic processes (such as ice acceleration due to changes in subglacial hydrology). This, together with maturing data streams from satellite missions, led to an explosion of research. Edward Hanna et al. review the past six years of research on ice-sheet mass balance change and conclude that accelerated loss from Greenland is a robust finding, but that loss from Antarctica is probably far lower than previously thought. Since the 2007 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report, new observations of ice-sheet mass balance and improved computer simulations of ice-sheet response to continuing climate change have been published. Whereas Greenland is losing ice mass at an increasing pace, current Antarctic ice loss is likely to be less than some recently published estimates. It remains unclear whether East Antarctica has been gaining or losing ice mass over the past 20 years, and uncertainties in ice-mass change for West Antarctica and the Antarctic Peninsula remain large. We discuss the past six years of progress and examine the key problems that remain. | 128,760 | 2,855 | Supports | 2026 | [
"1_1",
"3_0"
] |
Also, there are controversial studies linking cosmic ray fluxes to cloudiness and climate change on Earth. That link may be tested in the years ahead. | null | null | null | null | null | [
"2_1"
] |
Solar activity seems to be playing a big role in global warming, according to some scientists. | Land fraction and the solar energy at the top of the atmosphere (solar constant) may have been significantly lower early in Earth's history. It is likely that both of these factors played some important role in the climate of the early earth. The climate changes associated with a global ocean(i.e. no continents) and reduced solar constant are examined with a general circulation model and compared with the present-day climate simulation. The general circulation model used in the study is the NCAR CCM with a swamp ocean surface. First, all land points are removed in the model and then the solar constant is reduced by 10% for this global ocean case. Results indicate that a 4 K increase in air temperature occurs with global ocean simulation compared to the control. When solar constant is reduced by 10% under global ocean conditions a 23 K decrease in air temperature is noted. The global ocean warms much of the troposphere and stratosphere, while a reduction in the solar constant cools the troposphere and stratosphere. The largest cooling occurs near the surface with the lower solar constant. Global mean values of evaporation, water vapor amounts, absorbed solar radiation and the downward longwave radiation are increased under global ocean conditions, while all are reduced when the solar constant is lowered. The global ocean simulation produces sea ice only in the highest latitudes. A frozen planet does not occur when the solar constant is reduced—rather, the ice line settles near 30° of latitude. It is near this latitude that transient eddies transport large amounts of sensible heat across the ice line acting as a negative feedback under lower solar constant conditions keeping sea ice from migrating to even lower latitudes. Clouds, under lower solar forcing, also act as a negative feedback because they are reduced in higher latitudes with colder atmospheric temperatures allowing additional solar radiation to reach the surface. The overall effect of clouds in the global ocean is to act as a positive feedback because they are slightly reduced thereby allowing additional solar radiation to reach the surface and increase the warming caused by the removal of land. The relevance of the results to the "Faint-Young Sun Paradox" indicates that reduced land fraction and solar forcing affect dynamics, heat transport, and clouds. Therefore the associated feedbacks should be taken into account in order to understand their roles in resolving the "Faint-Young Sun Paradox". | 315,506 | 2,391 | Not Enough Information | 2026 | [
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As ever, a warning about the current el Nio. It is becoming ever more likely that the temperature increase that usually accompanies an el Nio will begin to shorten the Pause somewhat, just in time for the Paris climate summit, though a subsequent La Nia would be likely to bring about a resumption and perhaps even a lengthening of the Pause. | null | null | null | null | null | [
"1_4"
] |
They were on a roll and they continued stating The global climate warming is not solely affected by the CO2 greenhouse effect. The best example is temperature obviously cooling however atmospheric CO2 concentration is ascending from 1940s to 1970s. Although the CO2 greenhouse effect on global climate changes is unsuspicious, it could have been excessively exaggerated. It is high time to re-consider the global climate changes. | null | null | null | null | null | [
"2_3"
] |
However, previous periods free of global warming did not occur while Man was putting more CO2 in the air anything like as rapidly as he is today. Now that CO2 concentration is rising, so should temperature be rising, if the IPCC were correct about how much warming we should expect as CO2 concentration increases. | null | null | null | null | null | [
"2_3"
] |
Interesting new research suggests the Sun might be the main culprit behind recent warming, not our CO2 emissions | Based on Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) assessment report at 2007, it is likely that there has been a substantial anthropogenic contribution to global warming. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a major anthropogenic greenhouse gas and its increase is thought to give rise to the recent global warming. Although studies suggested the impact of population growth on carbon dioxide increase, much attention has not been paid. In this study population was plotted as compared to the atmospheric CO2 concentration. A quite linear relationship was observed between population and CO2 concentration at both before and after 1970, after which the global temperature rapidly increased. In addition, direct and indirect human-derived CO2 emission appeared to contribute much to the total amount of CO2 emission in developing countries and as the economy grow fossilfuel-derived CO2 emission increased more as compared to human-derived emission. These findings indicate that population growth especially in developing countries is a critical factor for manipulation of global CO2 increase. | 11,337 | 4,289 | Refutes | 2026 | [
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Further, if India and China don't also sign up to cut their carbon emissions-and they did not embrace Kyoto-these proposed dramatic cuts in American carbon emissions alone would not solve the problems of climate change. | null | null | null | null | null | [
"4_2"
] |
More importantly, down to a pH of 7.2 (10 times more acidic), no measurable effect was found and no loss of biodiversity. Thus a doubling (pH=7.9) or quadrupling (pH=7.6) of CO 2 concentrations in the atmosphere is not going to have any measurable effect on marine life. | null | null | null | null | null | [
"3_2"
] |
German Professor: 2014 Arctic Sea Ice Melt Falls Below Long-Term Mean North Atlantic Heat Content Plummets! | null | null | null | null | null | [
"1_1"
] |
December 2010 is "almost certain" to be the coldest since records began in 1910, according to the Met Office. ?The Independent, 18 December 2010 | null | null | null | null | null | [
"1_3"
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As for average summertime maximum temperature in Missouri's third climate division since 1896: the correlation is one toward cooling, not warming, during the summer. That applies for the rest of the state as well. | null | null | null | null | null | [
"1_4"
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Reducing fossil fuels is still a major way to reduce emissions | The combustion of fossil fuels is by far the largest human source of global greenhouse gas emissions, releasing more than 30 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) into the atmosphere each year (IPCC 2014).Reducing fossil fuel combustion is thus a top priority for climate policy.For decades, national policymakers and international agreements have sought to achieve this goal through promoting energy efficiency, low-carbon technologies, carbon pricing, and other measures aimed at reducing the demand for fossil fuels.Focusing on the point of combustion makes intuitive sense, but efforts so far have yet to put fossil fuel use on a trajectory consistent with keeping global warming well below 2 °C and pursuing efforts to stay below 1.5 °C, as suggested by the Paris Agreement.Recognizing this shortcoming, policymakers, investors, researchers, and civil society actors have begun to look at the supply side of the fossil fuel economy-and the potential for supplyside measures to complement demand-side climate policies.A key insight driving these new approaches is that the political and economic interests and institutions that underpin fossil fuel production help to perpetuate fossil fuel use and even to increase it.From this emerging vantage point, continued investment in fossil fuel exploration, extraction, and delivery infrastructure makes global climate protection objectives much harder to achieve.The focus on fossil fuel supply in climate policy has high-profile proponents.OECD Secretary-General Ángel Gurría has emphasized the challenge posed by decades of investment in fossil fuel supply and the Bcarbon entanglement^it creates, as governments depend on the profits they accrue (Gurría 2013).And during his final 18 months, US president Barack Obama took steps to begin constraining the expansion of fossil fuel production on climate | 186,043 | 3,493 | Supports | 2026 | [
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In setting the stage for their most interesting study, the authors say "many scientists believe that a warmer climate will result in elevated summer temperatures and more frequent and intense heat waves," and that "according to some predictions, heat-related mortality is expected to increase considerably as global temperatures continue to rise," which is, of course, standard climate-alarmist dogma. But must this necessarily be the case? What was done | null | null | null | null | null | [
"5_2"
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Yea I’m sure mashed potatoes on Monet is gonna get bumpkins in Wisconsin to vote for Democrats in US elections so we can pass big climate change billsAbsolutely, that’s gonna work | null | null | null | null | null | [
"5_2"
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Still, the incidents have highlighted the risks of expanding the reliance on renewable sources like wind before necessary grids, storage and other technologies are established to handle their intermittency and volatility. | null | null | null | null | null | [
"4_4"
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Brian Christley, a resident of Abergele, Wales, wrote to the Daily Telegraph : Over the weekend just gone, the coldest of the year so far, all 100-plus off-shore wind turbines along the North Wales coast were idling very slowly, all using grid power for de-icing and to power their hydraulic systems that keep the blades facing in the same direction. | null | null | null | null | null | [
"4_4"
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Safety. Right now most of the oil from Canadas oil sands and North Dakotas Bakken shale deposits moves by railroad and truck fuel tanks, often through populated areas. Truck and rail accidents have forced towns to evacuate and even killed 50 people in Lac-Megantic, Quebec. Corporate executives and federal regulators are working to improve tanker designs and reroute traffic. But even despite occasional accidents, pipelines have a much better safety record. KXL would be built with state-of-the-art pipe, valves and other components, to the latest design, manufacturing, construction and inspection specifications. It has been configured to avoid population centers, sensitive wildlife areas and the Ogallala Aquifer. | null | null | null | null | null | [
"4_5"
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The UK researchers determined that "the majority of the largest and most widespread recorded floods in Great Britain have occurred during cool, moist periods," and that "comparison of the British Holocene palaeoflood series ... with climate reconstructions from tree-ring patterns of subfossil bog oaks in northwest Europe also suggests that a similar relationship between climate and flooding in Great Britain existed during the Holocene, with floods being more frequent and larger during relatively cold, wet periods." In addition, they say that "an association between flooding episodes in Great Britain and periods of high or increasing cosmogenic 14 C production suggests that centennial-scale solar activity may be a key control of non-random changes in the magnitude and recurrence frequencies of floods." What it means | null | null | null | null | null | [
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