conversations listlengths 2 2 | metadata dict | instruction_context stringlengths 1.85k 13.3k | response_context stringlengths 1.85k 13.3k | persona null |
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[
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"role": "user",
"content": "What is the approximate pKa of the guanidinium group in arginine, and what does this imply about its charge at physiological pH?"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "The guanidinium group, which caps the distal end of the 3-carbon aliphatic straight chain of the a... | {
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} | When Tiberius died, he was given a sumptuous funeral befitting his office, but no divine honours. He came to be remembered as a dark, reclusive and sombre ruler who never really wanted to be emperor; Pliny the Elder called him "the gloomiest of men". [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Tiberius was born in Rome on 16 November 42 BC to Tiberiu... | When Tiberius died, he was given a sumptuous funeral befitting his office, but no divine honours. He came to be remembered as a dark, reclusive and sombre ruler who never really wanted to be emperor; Pliny the Elder called him "the gloomiest of men". [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Tiberius was born in Rome on 16 November 42 BC to Tiberiu... | null |
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "What does the abbreviation PBT stand for in the context of toxic chemicals and reporting thresholds?"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "In the context of toxic chemicals and reporting thresholds, the abbreviation **PBT** stands for **persistent bioaccumulative t... | {
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} | Western scholars, notably Ignaz Goldziher and Joseph Schacht among others, have criticised traditional hadith sciences as being almost entirely focused on scrutinizing the chain of transmittors ( isnad ) rather than the actual contents of the hadith ( matn ), and that scrutiny of isnad cannot determine the authenticity... | Western scholars, notably Ignaz Goldziher and Joseph Schacht among others, have criticised traditional hadith sciences as being almost entirely focused on scrutinizing the chain of transmittors ( isnad ) rather than the actual contents of the hadith ( matn ), and that scrutiny of isnad cannot determine the authenticity... | null |
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "How does UV radiation modify polymer surfaces to make them more suitable for adhesives?"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "UV radiation modifies polymer surfaces for adhesive applications primarily through oxidation. When polymers are exposed to UV radiation, th... | {
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} | human body has additional stores of carbon and nitrogen necessary to form the proteins and nucleic acids , together with phosphorus in the nucleic acids and energy transfer molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP) that occurs in the cells of all living organisms. The bulk of all life forms on Earth consist of just six ele... | human body has additional stores of carbon and nitrogen necessary to form the proteins and nucleic acids , together with phosphorus in the nucleic acids and energy transfer molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP) that occurs in the cells of all living organisms. The bulk of all life forms on Earth consist of just six ele... | null |
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "What is the chemical formula for rubidium and caesium alum that is used in fractional crystallization?"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "The chemical formula for the rubidium and caesium alum used in fractional crystallisation is $( \\text{Cs} , \\text{Rb} ) \\... | {
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} | before decomposing. [ 10 ] : 417 All the alkali metals react readily with phosphorus and arsenic to form phosphides and arsenides with the formula M 3 Pn (where M represents an alkali metal and Pn represents a pnictogen – phosphorus, arsenic, antimony , or bismuth ). This is due to the greater size of the P 3− and As 3... | before decomposing. [ 10 ] : 417 All the alkali metals react readily with phosphorus and arsenic to form phosphides and arsenides with the formula M 3 Pn (where M represents an alkali metal and Pn represents a pnictogen – phosphorus, arsenic, antimony , or bismuth ). This is due to the greater size of the P 3− and As 3... | null |
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "What kind of glue is used to hold the paper of a cigarette together?"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "Modern commercially manufactured cigarettes use PVA glue to bond the outer layer of paper together."
}
] | {
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} | The primary instrument is the Large Area Telescope (LAT), which is sensitive in the photon energy range of 0.1 to greater than 300 GeV and can view about 20% of the sky at any given moment. [ 38 ] The LAT is complemented by the GLAST Burst Monitor (GBM) which can detect burst of X-rays and gamma rays in the 8-keV to 3-... | The primary instrument is the Large Area Telescope (LAT), which is sensitive in the photon energy range of 0.1 to greater than 300 GeV and can view about 20% of the sky at any given moment. [ 38 ] The LAT is complemented by the GLAST Burst Monitor (GBM) which can detect burst of X-rays and gamma rays in the 8-keV to 3-... | null |
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "Could you clarify how the order of desorption influences the relationship between adsorbate coverage and the rate of desorption?"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "The order of desorption, also known as the kinetic order ($n$), defines the specific mathematical ... | {
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} | Examples of the type of work they undertake include: Trainee Clinical Scientist posts are advertised nationally, usually between November and February on the Clinical Scientists Recruitment webpages where application forms may be obtained and electronic submission of applications can be made. These posts are for the ap... | Examples of the type of work they undertake include: Trainee Clinical Scientist posts are advertised nationally, usually between November and February on the Clinical Scientists Recruitment webpages where application forms may be obtained and electronic submission of applications can be made. These posts are for the ap... | null |
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "Why is lead(II) sulfate insoluble in water?"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "Lead(II) sulfate is insoluble in water, a characteristic it shares with the sulfates of other heavy divalent cations."
}
] | {
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} | Litharge is the most commonly used inorganic compound of lead. [ 70 ] There is no lead(II) hydroxide; increasing the pH of solutions of lead(II) salts leads to hydrolysis and condensation. [ 71 ] Lead commonly reacts with heavier chalcogens. Lead sulfide is a semiconductor , a photoconductor , and an extremely sensitiv... | Litharge is the most commonly used inorganic compound of lead. [ 70 ] There is no lead(II) hydroxide; increasing the pH of solutions of lead(II) salts leads to hydrolysis and condensation. [ 71 ] Lead commonly reacts with heavier chalcogens. Lead sulfide is a semiconductor , a photoconductor , and an extremely sensitiv... | null |
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "What is the C-C bond length in a diamond, and what type of hybridized orbitals are involved in forming these bonds?"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "In a diamond, the carbon atoms are covalently bonded to four other carbons in a tetrahedral geometry. This bond... | {
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} | Syed Ziaur Rahman is a permanent member of 'Board of Trustees' and Chair of the Advisory Council (Section 3), International Association of Medical Colleges (IAOMC). [ 1 ] He also serves as Chairman, Department of Pharmacology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh , Elected Secretary of IAOMC and Society of Pharmac... | Syed Ziaur Rahman is a permanent member of 'Board of Trustees' and Chair of the Advisory Council (Section 3), International Association of Medical Colleges (IAOMC). [ 1 ] He also serves as Chairman, Department of Pharmacology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh , Elected Secretary of IAOMC and Society of Pharmac... | null |
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "In liquid ammonia, how does the behavior of non-aqueous acid-base reactions compare to that in water?"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "Non-aqueous acid–base reactions in liquid ammonia are similar to acid-base reactions in water. This behavior is demonstrated ... | {
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} | The non-aqueous acid–base reactions in liquid ammonia are similar to the reactions in water: 2 NaNH 2 base + Zn ( NH 2 ) 2 amphiphilic amide ⟶ Na 2 [ Zn ( NH 2 ) 4 ] 2 NH 4 I acid + Zn ( NH 2 ) 2 ⟶ [ Zn ( NH 3 ) 4 ] I 2 Nitric acid can be a base in liquid sulfuric acid: HNO 3 base + 2 H 2 SO 4 ⟶ NO 2 + + H 3 O + + 2 HS... | The non-aqueous acid–base reactions in liquid ammonia are similar to the reactions in water: 2 NaNH 2 base + Zn ( NH 2 ) 2 amphiphilic amide ⟶ Na 2 [ Zn ( NH 2 ) 4 ] 2 NH 4 I acid + Zn ( NH 2 ) 2 ⟶ [ Zn ( NH 3 ) 4 ] I 2 Nitric acid can be a base in liquid sulfuric acid: HNO 3 base + 2 H 2 SO 4 ⟶ NO 2 + + H 3 O + + 2 HS... | null |
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "What monomers are used to create polyethylene terephthalate (PET)?"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is produced using the monomers **ethylene** and **paraxylene**."
}
] | {
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} | caliditerrae Ming et al. 2014 [ 23 ] T. brevis Hu et al. 2022 T. tenuipuniceus Zhou et al. 2019 T. caldifontis Khan et al. 2017 T. albus Li et al. 2023 T. altitudinis Li et al. 2023 T. neutrinimicus Li et al. 2023 T. amyloliquefaciens Yu et al. 2015 [ 24 ] T. antranikianii Chung et al. 2000 [ 20 ] T. scotoductus Kristj... | caliditerrae Ming et al. 2014 [ 23 ] T. brevis Hu et al. 2022 T. tenuipuniceus Zhou et al. 2019 T. caldifontis Khan et al. 2017 T. albus Li et al. 2023 T. altitudinis Li et al. 2023 T. neutrinimicus Li et al. 2023 T. amyloliquefaciens Yu et al. 2015 [ 24 ] T. antranikianii Chung et al. 2000 [ 20 ] T. scotoductus Kristj... | null |
[
{
"role": "user",
"content": "Why is helium-4's binding energy higher than that of lithium?"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "Helium-4 possesses a higher binding energy than lithium due to the quantum mechanical behavior of its nucleons (protons and neutrons), which are **fermions**. Accord... | {
"context_id": "208096b0-1248-409f-bd94-64f63dd22e2d",
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} | The four most tightly bound nuclei, in decreasing order of binding energy per nucleon, are 62 Ni , 58 Fe , 56 Fe , and 60 Ni . [ 34 ] Even though the nickel isotope , 62 Ni , is more stable, the iron isotope 56 Fe is an order of magnitude more common. This is due to the fact that there is no easy way for stars to creat... | The four most tightly bound nuclei, in decreasing order of binding energy per nucleon, are 62 Ni , 58 Fe , 56 Fe , and 60 Ni . [ 34 ] Even though the nickel isotope , 62 Ni , is more stable, the iron isotope 56 Fe is an order of magnitude more common. This is due to the fact that there is no easy way for stars to creat... | null |
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