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Bayesian epistemology | Bayesian epistemology is a formal approach to various topics in epistemology that has its roots in Thomas Bayes' work in the field of probability theory. One advantage of its formal method in contrast to traditional epistemology is that its concepts and theorems can be defined with a high degree of precision. It is bas... | 0.787184 | 0.984586 | 0.775051 |
Hermeneutics | Hermeneutics is the theory and methodology of interpretation, especially the interpretation of biblical texts, wisdom literature, and philosophical texts. As necessary, hermeneutics may include the art of understanding and communication.
Modern hermeneutics includes both verbal and non-verbal communication, as well as... | 0.775849 | 0.998897 | 0.774993 |
Definitions of education | Definitions of education aim to describe the essential features of education. A great variety of definitions has been proposed. There is wide agreement that education involves, among other things, the transmission of knowledge. But there are deep disagreements about its exact nature and characteristics. Some definition... | 0.783957 | 0.988518 | 0.774955 |
Agnostic theism | Agnostic theism, agnostotheism, or agnostitheism is the philosophical view that encompasses both theism and agnosticism. An agnostic theist believes in the existence of one or more gods, but regards the basis of this proposition as unknown or inherently unknowable. The agnostic theist may also or alternatively be agnos... | 0.780345 | 0.993012 | 0.774892 |
Deontology | In moral philosophy, deontological ethics or deontology (from Greek: + ) is the normative ethical theory that the morality of an action should be based on whether that action itself is right or wrong under a series of rules and principles, rather than based on the consequences of the action. It is sometimes described ... | 0.775605 | 0.999022 | 0.774846 |
Process philosophy | Process philosophy, also ontology of becoming, or processism, is an approach in philosophy that identifies processes, changes, or shifting relationships as the only real experience of everyday living. In opposition to the classical view of change as illusory (as argued by Parmenides) or accidental (as argued by Aristot... | 0.780399 | 0.992871 | 0.774835 |
Scientific realism | Scientific realism is the view that the universe described by science is real regardless of how it may be interpreted. A believer of scientific realism takes the universe as described by science to be true (or approximately true), because of their assertion that science can be used to find the truth (or approximate tru... | 0.785999 | 0.985777 | 0.77482 |
Environmentalism | Environmentalism or environmental rights is a broad philosophy, ideology, and social movement about supporting life, habitats, and surroundings. While environmentalism focuses more on the environmental and nature-related aspects of green ideology and politics, ecologism combines the ideology of social ecology and envir... | 0.777136 | 0.996952 | 0.774768 |
Praxis (process) | Praxis is the process by which a theory, lesson, or skill is enacted, embodied, realized, applied, or put into practice. "Praxis" may also refer to the act of engaging, applying, exercising, realizing, or practising ideas. This has been a recurrent topic in the field of philosophy, discussed in the writings of Plato, A... | 0.776487 | 0.997456 | 0.774511 |
Haecceity | Haecceity (; from the Latin haecceitas, which translates as "thisness") is a term from medieval scholastic philosophy, first coined by followers of Duns Scotus to denote a concept that he seems to have originated: the irreducible determination of a thing that makes it this particular thing. Haecceity is a person's or o... | 0.782759 | 0.989428 | 0.774484 |
Normative ethics | Normative ethics is the study of ethical behaviour and is the branch of philosophical ethics that investigates questions regarding how one ought to act, in a moral sense.
Normative ethics is distinct from meta-ethics in that the former examines standards for the rightness and wrongness of actions, whereas the latter s... | 0.776661 | 0.997141 | 0.774441 |
Learning theory (education) | Learning theory describes how students receive, process, and retain knowledge during learning. Cognitive, emotional, and environmental influences, as well as prior experience, all play a part in how understanding, or a worldview, is acquired or changed and knowledge and skills retained.
Behaviorists look at learning a... | 0.778323 | 0.994869 | 0.774329 |
Thought | In their most common sense, the terms thought and thinking refer to cognitive processes that can happen independently of sensory stimulation. Their most paradigmatic forms are judging, reasoning, concept formation, problem solving, and deliberation. But other mental processes, like considering an idea, memory, or imagi... | 0.775012 | 0.998893 | 0.774154 |
Epistemological realism | Epistemological realism is a philosophical position, a subcategory of objectivism, holding that what can be known about an object exists independently of one's mind. It is opposed to epistemological idealism.
Epistemological realism is related directly to the correspondence theory of truth, which claims that the world... | 0.809027 | 0.956832 | 0.774103 |
Naturalized epistemology | Naturalized epistemology (a term coined by W. V. O. Quine) is a collection of philosophic views about the theory of knowledge that emphasize the role of natural scientific methods. This shared emphasis on scientific methods of studying knowledge shifts the focus of epistemology away from many traditional philosophical ... | 0.791603 | 0.977811 | 0.774038 |
Antiphilosophy | Antiphilosophy is an opposition to traditional philosophy. It may be characterized as anti-theoretical, critical of a priori justifications, and may see common philosophical problems as misconceptions that are to be dissolved. Common strategies may involve forms of relativism, skepticism, nihilism, or pluralism.
The t... | 0.801228 | 0.96601 | 0.773994 |
Anachronism | An anachronism (from the Greek , 'against' and , 'time') is a chronological inconsistency in some arrangement, especially a juxtaposition of people, events, objects, language terms and customs from different time periods. The most common type of anachronism is an object misplaced in time, but it may be a verbal expre... | 0.775161 | 0.99842 | 0.773936 |
Philosophy of religion | Philosophy of religion is "the philosophical examination of the central themes and concepts involved in religious traditions". Philosophical discussions on such topics date from ancient times, and appear in the earliest known texts concerning philosophy. The field involves many other branches of philosophy, including m... | 0.779283 | 0.992899 | 0.773749 |
Inquiry | An inquiry (also spelled as enquiry in British English) is any process that has the aim of augmenting knowledge, resolving doubt, or solving a problem. A theory of inquiry is an account of the various types of inquiry and a treatment of the ways that each type of inquiry achieves its aim.
Inquiry theories
Deduction
W... | 0.782874 | 0.988315 | 0.773726 |
Universalism | Universalism is the philosophical and theological concept within Christianity that some ideas have universal application or applicability.
A belief in one fundamental truth is another important tenet in universalism. The living truth is seen as more far-reaching than the national, cultural, or religious boundaries or ... | 0.775347 | 0.997852 | 0.773682 |
Existential crisis | Existential crises are inner conflicts characterized by the impression that life lacks meaning and confusion about one's personal identity. They are accompanied by anxiety and stress, often to such a degree that they disturb one's normal functioning in everyday life and lead to depression. Their negative attitude towar... | 0.77432 | 0.999122 | 0.77364 |
Moral absolutism | Moral absolutism, commonly known as black-and-white morality, is an ethical view that most, if not all actions are intrinsically right or wrong, regardless of context or consequence.
Comparison with other ethical theories
Moral absolutism is not the same as moral universalism. Universalism holds merely that what is ri... | 0.779598 | 0.992325 | 0.773614 |
Formal science | Formal science is a branch of science studying disciplines concerned with abstract structures described by formal systems, such as logic, mathematics, statistics, theoretical computer science, artificial intelligence, information theory, game theory, systems theory, decision theory and theoretical linguistics. Whereas ... | 0.775914 | 0.997006 | 0.773591 |
Pramana | Pramana (; IAST: Pramāṇa) literally means "proof" and "means of knowledge". In Indian philosophies, pramana are the means which can lead to knowledge, and serve as one of the core concepts in Indian epistemology. It has been one of the key, much debated fields of study in Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism since ancient ti... | 0.780698 | 0.990701 | 0.773438 |
Reductionism | Reductionism is any of several related philosophical ideas regarding the associations between phenomena which can be described in terms of simpler or more fundamental phenomena. It is also described as an intellectual and philosophical position that interprets a complex system as the sum of its parts.
Definitions
The... | 0.776129 | 0.996425 | 0.773354 |
Ethics of technology | The ethics of technology is a sub-field of ethics addressing ethical questions specific to the technology age, the transitional shift in society wherein personal computers and subsequent devices provide for the quick and easy transfer of information. Technology ethics is the application of ethical thinking to growing c... | 0.781535 | 0.989495 | 0.773325 |
Informal fallacy | Informal fallacies are a type of incorrect argument in natural language. The source of the error is not just due to the form of the argument, as is the case for formal fallacies, but can also be due to their content and context. Fallacies, despite being incorrect, usually appear to be correct and thereby can seduce peo... | 0.776723 | 0.995618 | 0.77332 |
Biocentrism (ethics) | Biocentrism (from Greek βίος bios, "life" and κέντρον kentron, "center"), in a political and ecological sense, as well as literally, is an ethical point of view that extends inherent value to all living things. It is an understanding of how the earth works, particularly as it relates to its biosphere or biodiversity. I... | 0.778977 | 0.99224 | 0.772932 |
Pragmatic ethics | Pragmatic ethics is a theory of normative philosophical ethics and meta-ethics. Ethical pragmatists such as John Dewey believe that some societies have progressed morally in much the way they have attained progress in science. Scientists can pursue inquiry into the truth of a hypothesis and accept the hypothesis, in th... | 0.786311 | 0.98273 | 0.772732 |
Conventionalism | Conventionalism is the philosophical attitude that fundamental principles of a certain kind are grounded on (explicit or implicit) agreements in society, rather than on external reality. Unspoken rules play a key role in the philosophy's structure. Although this attitude is commonly held with respect to the rules of ... | 0.790686 | 0.977215 | 0.77267 |
Materialism | Materialism is a form of philosophical monism which holds that matter is the fundamental substance in nature, and that all things, including mental states and consciousness, are results of material interactions of material things. According to philosophical materialism, mind and consciousness are caused by physical pro... | 0.773805 | 0.998361 | 0.772536 |
Solipsism | Solipsism ( ; ) is the philosophical idea that only one's mind is sure to exist. As an epistemological position, solipsism holds that knowledge of anything outside one's own mind is unsure; the external world and other minds cannot be known and might not exist outside the mind.
Varieties
There are varying degrees of s... | 0.77274 | 0.99927 | 0.772176 |
Moral relativism | Moral relativism or ethical relativism (often reformulated as relativist ethics or relativist morality) is used to describe several philosophical positions concerned with the differences in moral judgments across different peoples and cultures. An advocate of such ideas is often referred to as a relativist.
Descriptiv... | 0.774325 | 0.997062 | 0.77205 |
Normative science | In the applied sciences, normative science is a type of information that is developed, presented, or interpreted based on an assumed, usually unstated, preference for a particular outcome, policy or class of policies or outcomes. Regular or traditional science does not presuppose a policy preference, but normative sci... | 0.798943 | 0.966083 | 0.771846 |
Sociology | Sociology is the scientific study of human society that focuses on society, human social behavior, patterns of social relationships, social interaction, and aspects of culture associated with everyday life. Regarded as a part of both the social sciences and humanities, sociology uses various methods of empirical invest... | 0.772034 | 0.999715 | 0.771814 |
Humanities | Humanities are academic disciplines that study aspects of human society and culture, including certain fundamental questions asked by humans. During the Renaissance, the term 'humanities' referred to the study of classical literature and language, as opposed to the study of religion or 'divinity.' The study of the huma... | 0.772604 | 0.998875 | 0.771735 |
Critical thinking | Critical thinking is the analysis of available facts, evidence, observations, and arguments in order to form a judgement by the application of rational, skeptical, and unbiased analyses and evaluation. In modern times, the use of the phrase critical thinking can be traced to John Dewey, who used the phrase reflective t... | 0.772295 | 0.998852 | 0.771408 |
Humanism | Humanism is a philosophical stance that emphasizes the individual and social potential, and agency of human beings, whom it considers the starting point for serious moral and philosophical inquiry.
The meaning of the term "humanism" has changed according to successive intellectual movements that have identified with i... | 0.771843 | 0.999418 | 0.771394 |
History of ethics | Ethics is the branch of philosophy that examines right and wrong moral behavior, moral concepts (such as justice, virtue, duty) and moral language. Ethics or moral philosophy is a branch of philosophy that "involves systematizing, defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong behavior". The field of ethics, a... | 0.779135 | 0.989863 | 0.771237 |
Concept | A concept is an abstract idea that serves as a foundation for more concrete principles, thoughts, and beliefs.
Concepts play an important role in all aspects of cognition. As such, concepts are studied within such disciplines as linguistics, psychology, and philosophy, and these disciplines are interested in the logica... | 0.771803 | 0.999254 | 0.771227 |
Phronesis | In Ancient Greek philosophy, is a type of wisdom or intelligence concerned with practical action. It implies both good judgment and excellence of character and habits. Classical works about this topic are still influential today. In Aristotelian ethics, the concept was distinguished from other words for wisdom and int... | 0.776196 | 0.993539 | 0.771181 |
Virtue epistemology | Virtue epistemology is a current philosophical approach to epistemology that stresses the importance of intellectual and specifically epistemic virtues. Virtue epistemology evaluates knowledge according to the properties of the persons who hold beliefs in addition to or instead of the properties of the propositions and... | 0.795449 | 0.969149 | 0.770908 |
Eristic | In philosophy and rhetoric, eristic (from Eris, the ancient Greek goddess of chaos, strife, and discord) refers to an argument that aims to successfully dispute another's argument, rather than searching for truth. According to T.H. Irwin, "It is characteristic of the eristic to think of some arguments as a way of defea... | 0.78783 | 0.978461 | 0.770861 |
Ecomodernism | Ecomodernism is an environmental philosophy which argues that technological development can protect nature and improve human wellbeing through eco-economic decoupling, i.e., by separating economic growth from environmental impacts.
Description
Ecomodernism embraces substituting natural ecological services with energy... | 0.786478 | 0.97995 | 0.770708 |
Absurdism | Absurdism is the philosophical theory that the universe is irrational and meaningless. It states that trying to find meaning leads people into conflict with a seemingly meaningless world. This conflict can be between rational man and an irrational universe, between intention and outcome, or between subjective assessmen... | 0.771124 | 0.999439 | 0.770692 |
Cartesian doubt | Cartesian doubt is a form of methodological skepticism associated with the writings and methodology of René Descartes (March 31, 1596February 11, 1650). Cartesian doubt is also known as Cartesian skepticism, methodic doubt, methodological skepticism, universal doubt, systematic doubt, or hyperbolic doubt.
Cartesian do... | 0.776303 | 0.992754 | 0.770678 |
Sensualism | In epistemology, sensualism is a doctrine whereby sensations and perception are the basic and most important form of true cognition. It may oppose abstract ideas.
This ideogenetic question was long ago put forward in Greek philosophy (Stoicism, Epicureanism) and further developed to the full by the British Sensualists... | 0.784125 | 0.982819 | 0.770653 |
Vaisheshika | Vaisheshika (IAST: Vaiśeṣika; ; ) is one of the six schools of Hindu philosophy from ancient India. In its early stages, the Vaiśeṣika was an independent philosophy with its own metaphysics, epistemology, logic, ethics, and soteriology. Over time, the Vaiśeṣika system became similar in its philosophical procedures, eth... | 0.776003 | 0.993057 | 0.770616 |
Sub specie aeternitatis | Sub specie aeternitatis (Latin for "under the aspect of eternity") is, from Baruch Spinoza onwards, an honorific expression denoting what is considered to be universally and eternally true, without any reference to or dependence upon temporal facets of reality. The Latin phrase can be rendered in English as "from the p... | 0.781356 | 0.986201 | 0.770574 |
Thaumaturgy | Thaumaturgy, derived from the Greek words thauma (wonder) and ergon (work), refers to the practical application of magic to effect change in the physical world. Historically, thaumaturgy has been associated with the manipulation of natural forces, the creation of wonders, and the performance of magical feats through es... | 0.772415 | 0.99755 | 0.770523 |
Normativity | A prescriptive or normative statement is one that evaluates certain kinds of words, decisions, or actions as either correct or incorrect, or one that sets out guidelines for what a person "should" do.
Normativity is the phenomenon in human societies of designating some actions or outcomes as good, desirable, or permis... | 0.775244 | 0.993864 | 0.770487 |
Integrity | Integrity is the quality of being honest and showing a consistent and uncompromising adherence to strong moral and ethical principles and values.
In ethics, integrity is regarded as the honesty and truthfulness or of one's actions. Integrity can stand in opposition to hypocrisy. It regards internal consistency as a vi... | 0.771448 | 0.998521 | 0.770307 |
Science studies | Science studies is an interdisciplinary research area that seeks to situate scientific expertise in broad social, historical, and philosophical contexts. It uses various methods to analyze the production, representation and reception of scientific knowledge and its epistemic and semiotic role.
Similarly to cultural s... | 0.788985 | 0.9763 | 0.770286 |
Immanence | The doctrine or theory of immanence holds that the divine encompasses or is manifested in the material world. It is held by some philosophical and metaphysical theories of divine presence. Immanence is usually applied in monotheistic, pantheistic, pandeistic, or panentheistic faiths to suggest that the spiritual world ... | 0.77345 | 0.995904 | 0.770281 |
Meaning (philosophy) | In philosophymore specifically, in its sub-fields semantics, semiotics, philosophy of language, metaphysics, and metasemanticsmeaning "is a relationship between two sorts of things: signs and the kinds of things they intend, express, or signify".
The types of meanings vary according to the types of the thing that is b... | 0.775581 | 0.993137 | 0.770258 |
Philosophy of mathematics | Philosophy of mathematics is the branch of philosophy that deals with the nature of mathematics and its relationship with other human activities.
Major themes that are dealt with in philosophy of mathematics include:
Reality: The question is whether mathematics is a pure product of human mind or whether it has some re... | 0.77324 | 0.99599 | 0.770139 |
Nomothetic and idiographic | Nomothetic and idiographic are terms used by Neo-Kantian philosopher Wilhelm Windelband to describe two distinct approaches to knowledge, each one corresponding to a different intellectual tendency, and each one corresponding to a different branch of academia. To say that Windelband supported that last dichotomy is a c... | 0.780119 | 0.987158 | 0.770101 |
Structuralism | Structuralism is an intellectual current and methodological approach, primarily in the social sciences, that interprets elements of human culture by way of their relationship to a broader system. It works to uncover the structural patterns that underlie all the things that humans do, think, perceive, and feel.
Altern... | 0.771115 | 0.998681 | 0.770097 |
Inquiry-based learning | Inquiry-based learning (also spelled as enquiry-based learning in British English) is a form of active learning that starts by posing questions, problems or scenarios. It contrasts with traditional education, which generally relies on the teacher presenting facts and their knowledge about the subject. Inquiry-based lea... | 0.775151 | 0.99337 | 0.770012 |
Secular ethics | Secular ethics is a branch of moral philosophy in which ethics is based solely on human faculties such as logic, empathy, reason or moral intuition, and not derived from belief in supernatural revelation or guidance—a source of ethics in many religions. Secular ethics refers to any ethical system that does not draw on ... | 0.7779 | 0.989827 | 0.769987 |
Universal (metaphysics) | In metaphysics, a universal is what particular things have in common, namely characteristics or qualities. In other words, universals are repeatable or recurrent entities that can be instantiated or exemplified by many particular things. For example, suppose there are two chairs in a room, each of which is green. These... | 0.777926 | 0.989766 | 0.769965 |
Scientific theory | A scientific theory is an explanation of an aspect of the natural world and universe that can be (or a fortiori, that has been) repeatedly tested and corroborated in accordance with the scientific method, using accepted protocols of observation, measurement, and evaluation of results. Where possible, theories are teste... | 0.771323 | 0.998064 | 0.769829 |
Anthropic principle | The anthropic principle, also known as the observation selection effect, is the hypothesis that the range of possible observations that could be made about the universe is limited by the fact that observations are only possible in the type of universe that is capable of developing intelligent life. Proponents of the an... | 0.770788 | 0.998542 | 0.769664 |
Religious epistemology | Religious epistemology broadly covers religious approaches to epistemological questions, or attempts to understand the epistemological issues that come from religious belief. The questions asked by epistemologists apply to religious beliefs and propositions whether they seem rational, justified, warranted, reasonable, ... | 0.78957 | 0.97476 | 0.769641 |
Rationality | Rationality is the quality of being guided by or based on reason. In this regard, a person acts rationally if they have a good reason for what they do, or a belief is rational if it is based on strong evidence. This quality can apply to an ability, as in a rational animal, to a psychological process, like reasoning, to... | 0.77232 | 0.996346 | 0.769498 |
Applied epistemology | Applied epistemology refers to the study that determines whether the systems of investigation that seek the truth lead to true beliefs about the world. A specific conceptualization cites that it attempts to reveal whether these systems contribute to epistemic aims. It is applied in practices outside of philosophy like ... | 0.823084 | 0.934892 | 0.769495 |
Definitions of knowledge | Definitions of knowledge try to determine the essential features of knowledge. Closely related terms are conception of knowledge, theory of knowledge, and analysis of knowledge. Some general features of knowledge are widely accepted among philosophers, for example, that it constitutes a cognitive success or an epistemi... | 0.780046 | 0.986432 | 0.769462 |
Ethos | Ethos ( or ) is a Greek word meaning 'character' that is used to describe the guiding beliefs or ideals that characterize a community, nation, or ideology; and the balance between caution and passion. The Greeks also used this word to refer to the power of music to influence emotions, behaviors, and even morals. Early ... | 0.771289 | 0.997602 | 0.76944 |
Rigour | Rigour (British English) or rigor (American English; see spelling differences) describes a condition of stiffness or strictness. These constraints may be environmentally imposed, such as "the rigours of famine"; logically imposed, such as mathematical proofs which must maintain consistent answers; or socially imposed, ... | 0.777924 | 0.989019 | 0.769382 |
Nomothetic | Nomothetic literally means "proposition of the law" (Greek derivation) and is used in philosophy, psychology, and law with differing meanings.
Etymology
In the general humanities usage, nomothetic may be used in the sense of "able to lay down the law", "having the capacity to posit lasting sense" (from , from nomothe... | 0.795691 | 0.966758 | 0.769241 |
Anthropocentrism | Anthropocentrism (; ) is the belief that human beings are the central or most important entity on the planet. The term can be used interchangeably with humanocentrism, and some refer to the concept as human supremacy or human exceptionalism. From an anthropocentric perspective, humankind is seen as separate from nature... | 0.771676 | 0.996817 | 0.76922 |
Radical constructivism | Radical constructivism is an approach to epistemology that situates knowledge in terms of knowers' experience. It looks to break with the conception of knowledge as a correspondence between a knower's understanding of their experience and the world beyond that experience. Adopting a skeptical position towards correspon... | 0.790396 | 0.97317 | 0.76919 |
Abstract and concrete | In philosophy and the arts, a fundamental distinction is between things that are abstract and things that are concrete. While there is no general consensus as to how to precisely define the two, examples include that things like numbers, sets, and ideas are abstract objects, while plants, dogs, and planets are concrete... | 0.775928 | 0.991004 | 0.768948 |
Criteria of truth | In epistemology, criteria of truth (or tests of truth) are standards and rules used to judge the accuracy of statements and claims. They are tools of verification, and as in the problem of the criterion, the reliability of these tools is disputed. Understanding a philosophy's criteria of truth is fundamental to a clear... | 0.785915 | 0.97833 | 0.768884 |
Reason | Reason is the capacity of consciously applying logic by drawing valid conclusions from new or existing information, with the aim of seeking the truth. It is associated with such characteristically human activities as philosophy, religion, science, language, mathematics, and art, and is normally considered to be a disti... | 0.769848 | 0.998701 | 0.768848 |
Animacy | Animacy (antonym: inanimacy) is a grammatical and semantic feature, existing in some languages, expressing how sentient or alive the referent of a noun is. Widely expressed, animacy is one of the most elementary principles in languages around the globe and is a distinction acquired as early as six months of age.
Conce... | 0.778419 | 0.987703 | 0.768847 |
Feminist epistemology | Feminist epistemology is an examination of epistemology from a feminist standpoint.
Overview
Feminist epistemology claims that ethical and political values are important in shaping epistemic practices, and interpretations of evidence. Feminist epistemology has been in existence for over 25 years. Feminist epistemology... | 0.785224 | 0.97905 | 0.768773 |
Analytic philosophy | Analytic philosophy is an analysis focused, broad, contemporary movement or tradition within Western philosophy, especially anglophone philosophy. Analytic philosophy is characterized by a clarity of prose; rigor in arguments; and making use of formal logic and mathematics, and, to a lesser degree, the natural sciences... | 0.769674 | 0.998829 | 0.768773 |
Worldview | A worldview or a world-view or is the fundamental cognitive orientation of an individual or society encompassing the whole of the individual's or society's knowledge, culture, and point of view. A worldview can include natural philosophy; fundamental, existential, and normative postulates; or themes, values, emotions... | 0.770677 | 0.997345 | 0.768631 |
Emic and etic | In anthropology, folkloristics, linguistics, and the social and behavioral sciences, emic and etic refer to two kinds of field research done and viewpoints obtained.
The "emic" approach is an insider's perspective, which looks at the beliefs, values, and practices of a particular culture from the perspective of the pe... | 0.772441 | 0.994972 | 0.768558 |
Innatism | In the philosophy of mind, innatism is the view that the mind is born with already-formed ideas, knowledge, and beliefs. The opposing doctrine, that the mind is a tabula rasa (blank slate) at birth and all knowledge is gained from experience and the senses, is called empiricism.
Difference from nativism
Innatism and... | 0.775456 | 0.991086 | 0.768544 |
Transcendence (philosophy) | In philosophy, transcendence is the basic ground concept from the word's literal meaning (from Latin), of climbing or going beyond, albeit with varying connotations in its different historical and cultural stages. It includes philosophies, systems, and approaches that describe the fundamental structures of being, not a... | 0.771499 | 0.995966 | 0.768387 |
Philosophical razor | In philosophy, a razor is a principle or rule of thumb that allows one to eliminate (shave off) unlikely explanations for a phenomenon, or avoid unnecessary actions.
Examples
Razors include:
Alder's razor (also known as Newton's flaming laser sword): If something cannot be settled by experiment or observation, then i... | 0.770175 | 0.997486 | 0.768239 |
Interpretation (philosophy) | A philosophical interpretation is the assignment of meanings to various concepts, symbols, or objects under consideration. Two broad types of interpretation can be distinguished: interpretations of physical objects, and interpretations of concepts (conceptual model).
Conceptual interpretations
Aesthetic interpretatio... | 0.782055 | 0.982334 | 0.768239 |
World | The world is the totality of entities, the whole of reality, or everything that exists. The nature of the world has been conceptualized differently in different fields. Some conceptions see the world as unique, while others talk of a "plurality of worlds". Some treat the world as one simple object, while others analyze... | 0.76865 | 0.999333 | 0.768138 |
Autodidacticism | Autodidacticism (also autodidactism) or self-education (also self-learning, self-study and self-teaching) is the practice of education without the guidance of schoolmasters (i.e., teachers, professors, institutions).
Overview
Autodidacts are self-taught humans who learn a subject-of-study's aboutness through self-st... | 0.769981 | 0.9976 | 0.768133 |
Philosophy of language | Philosophy of language investigates the nature of language and the relations between language, language users, and the world. Investigations may include inquiry into the nature of meaning, intentionality, reference, the constitution of sentences, concepts, learning, and thought.
Gottlob Frege and Bertrand Russell were... | 0.769062 | 0.998766 | 0.768113 |
Fictionalism | Fictionalism is a view in philosophy that posits that statements appearing to be descriptions of the world should not be construed as such, but should instead be understood as cases of "make believe", thus allowing individuals to treat something as literally true (a "useful fiction").
Concept
Fictionalism consists in... | 0.792465 | 0.969236 | 0.768086 |
Ethical egoism | In ethical philosophy, ethical egoism is the normative position that moral agents ought to act in their own self-interest. It differs from psychological egoism, which claims that people can only act in their self-interest. Ethical egoism also differs from rational egoism, which holds that it is rational to act in one'... | 0.772752 | 0.993959 | 0.768084 |
Objectivism | Objectivism is a philosophical system named and developed by Russian-American writer and philosopher Ayn Rand. She described it as "the concept of man as a heroic being, with his own happiness as the moral purpose of his life, with productive achievement as his noblest activity, and reason as his only absolute".
Rand ... | 0.768708 | 0.999179 | 0.768077 |
Foundationalism | Foundationalism concerns philosophical theories of knowledge resting upon non-inferential justified belief, or some secure foundation of certainty such as a conclusion inferred from a basis of sound premises. The main rival of the foundationalist theory of justification is the coherence theory of justification, whereby... | 0.775143 | 0.990719 | 0.767949 |
Theory of language | Theory of language is a topic in philosophy of language and theoretical linguistics. It has the goal of answering the questions "What is language?"; "Why do languages have the properties they do?"; or "What is the origin of language?". In addition to these fundamental questions, the theory of language also seeks to und... | 0.778023 | 0.986965 | 0.767882 |
Ideal (ethics) | An ideal is a principle or value that one actively pursues as a goal, usually in the context of ethics, and one's prioritization of ideals can serve to indicate the extent of one's dedication to each. The belief in ideals is called ethical idealism, and the history of ethical idealism includes a variety of philosophers... | 0.780658 | 0.98359 | 0.767847 |
Intuitionism | In the philosophy of mathematics, intuitionism, or neointuitionism (opposed to preintuitionism), is an approach where mathematics is considered to be purely the result of the constructive mental activity of humans rather than the discovery of fundamental principles claimed to exist in an objective reality. That is, log... | 0.775917 | 0.989581 | 0.767833 |
Egalitarianism | Egalitarianism, or equalitarianism, is a school of thought within political philosophy that builds on the concept of social equality, prioritizing it for all people. Egalitarian doctrines are generally characterized by the idea that all humans are equal in fundamental worth or moral status. As such, all people should b... | 0.76867 | 0.998902 | 0.767826 |
Consequentialism | In moral philosophy, consequentialism is a class of normative, teleological ethical theories that holds that the consequences of one's conduct are the ultimate basis for judgement about the rightness or wrongness of that conduct. Thus, from a consequentialist standpoint, a morally right act (including omission from act... | 0.769568 | 0.997688 | 0.767788 |
Pluralism | Pluralism in general denotes a diversity of views or stands, rather than a single approach or method.
Pluralism or pluralist may refer more specifically to:
Politics and law
Pluralism (political philosophy), the acknowledgement of a diversity of political systems
Pluralism (political theory), belief that there sho... | 0.779489 | 0.984738 | 0.767593 |
Theoretical philosophy | The modern division of philosophy into theoretical philosophy and practical philosophy has its origin in Aristotle's categories of natural philosophy and moral philosophy. The one has theory for its object, and the other practice.
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Overview
In Denmark, Finland, Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden, and the Uni... | 0.787145 | 0.975064 | 0.767517 |
Indian philosophy | Indian philosophy consists of philosophical traditions of the Indian subcontinent. The philosophies are often called darśana meaning, "to see" or "looking at." Ānvīkṣikī means “critical inquiry” or “investigation." Unlike darśana, ānvīkṣikī was used to refer to Indian philosophies by classical Indian philosophers, su... | 0.769287 | 0.997598 | 0.76744 |
Amorality | Amorality (also known as amoralism) is an absence of, indifference towards, disregard for, or incapacity for morality. Some simply refer to it as a case of not being moral or immoral. Amoral should not be confused with immoral, which refers to an agent doing or thinking something they know or believe to be wrong.
Mora... | 0.772448 | 0.993478 | 0.76741 |
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