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CITY OF BROCKTON LICENSE COMMISSION
City Hall, 45 School Street Brockton, Massachusetts 02301
Tel: (508) 580-7805 Fax: (508) 941-0204
CITY OF BROCKTON
TAX CERTIFICATION
I certify under the penalties of perjury that I, to my best knowledge and belief, have paid all City of Brockton tax obligations and municipal charges on the property where this license is being applied for.
Name of Business: ___________________________________________
Location:
____________________________________________
_________________________________
__________________________________
Signature of Individual
Signature of Corporate Officer
______________________
______________________
Date
Title
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Sunday, July 3, 2016
Worship 9:00 am
The East Koshkonong Lutheran Church
Church Office: Phone 423-3017 Email:
454 East Church Rd., Cambridge, WI 53523
www.eastkoshkonong.org email@example.com
Pastor Brenda Lovick: 608-616-5085
FACEBOOK PAGE –Please "Like" us on
Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
East Koshkonong Lutheran Church Facebook!
Sunday, July 03, 2016
7th Sunday after Pentecost ELW Holy Communion Setting Ten
HYMN SING
WELCOME AND ANNOUNCEMENTS
CONFESSION AND FORGIVENESS
All may stand as able and make the sign of the cross, the sign marked at baptism, as the presiding minister begins.
P: Blessed be the holy Trinity,☩
one God, abounding in steadfast love toward us, healing the sick and raising the dead, showering us with every good gift.
P:
C: Amen.
in the presence of God and of one another.
Let us confess our sin
Silence is kept for reflection.
C: we come to you for healing and life. Our sins hurt others and diminish us; we confess them to you. Our lives bear the scars of sin; we bring these also to you. Show us your mercy, O God. Bind up our wounds, forgive us our sins, and free us to love, for the sake of Jesus Christ, our Savior. Amen.
Just and gracious God,
P: The apostle Paul assures us: "When we were dead in our trespasses, God made us alive together with Christ, nailing the record of our sins to the cross."
Jesus says to you, ☩ "Your sins are forgiven."
Be at peace, and tell everyone
C: Amen.
how much God has done for you.
GATHERING SONG Spread, Oh, Spread, Almighty Word ELW 663
2 GREETING
P: The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ, the love of God, and the communion of the Holy Spirit be with you all.
C: And also with you.
PRAYER OF THE DAY
C: Amen.
A: Let us pray. O God, the Father of our Lord Jesus, you are the city that shelters us, the mother who comforts us. With your Spirit accompany us on our life's journey, that we may spread your peace in all the world, through your Son, Jesus Christ, our Savior and Lord.
The assembly is seated.
10Rejoice with Jerusalem, and be glad for her, all you who love her; rejoice with her in joy, all you who mourn over her— 11that you may nurse and be satisfied from her consoling breast; that you may drink deeply with delight from her glorious bosom.
FIRST READING: Isaiah 66:10-14
12For thus says the Lord:
and the wealth of the nations like an overflowing stream;
I will extend prosperity to her like a river, and you shall nurse and be carried on her arm,
13
and dandled on her knees.
so I will comfort you;
As a mother comforts her child, you shall be comforted in Jerusalem.
14You shall see, and your heart shall rejoice;
and it shall be known that the hand of the Lord is with his servants, your bodies shall flourish like the grass;
and his indignation is against his enemies.
C: Thanks be to God.
L: The word of the Lord.
PSALM: Psalm 66:1-9
be joyful, | all the earth. 2
A: 1 Be joyful in God, | all you lands;
C: Sing the glory | of God's name;
A: 3 Say to God, "How awesome | are your deeds!
sing the glory | of God's praise.
Because of your great strength your enemies | cringe before you. 4
sings to you, sings | out your name." R
C: All the earth bows | down before you,
A: 5 Come now and see the | works of God,
C: 6 God turned the sea into dry land, so that they went through the wa- | ter on foot,
how awesome are God's deeds | toward all people.
and there we re- | joiced in God.
C:
A: 7 Ruling forever in might, God keeps watch o- | ver the nations; let no rebels ex- | alt themselves. 8
let the sound of | praise be heard.
Bless our | God, you peoples;
A: 9 Our God has kept us a- | mong the living and has not allowed our | feet to slip.
SECOND READING: Galatians 6:[1-6] 7-16
6 Those who are taught the word must share in all good things with their teacher.]
[ 1 My friends, if anyone is detected in a transgression, you who have received the Spirit should restore such a one in a spirit of gentleness. Take care that you yourselves are not tempted. 2 Bear one another's burdens, and in this way you will fulfill the law of Christ. 3 For if those who are nothing think they are something, they deceive themselves. 4 All must test their own work; then that work, rather than their neighbor's work, will become a cause for pride. 5 For all must carry their own loads.
7 Do not be deceived; God is not mocked, for you reap whatever you sow. 8 If you sow to your own flesh, you will reap corruption from the flesh; but if you sow to the Spirit, you will reap eternal life from the Spirit. 9 So let us not grow weary in doing what is right, for we will reap at harvest time, if we do not give up. 10 So then, whenever we have an opportunity, let us work for the good of all, and especially for those of the family of faith.
L: The word of the Lord.
11 See what large letters I make when I am writing in my own hand! 12It is those who want to make a good showing in the flesh that try to compel you to be circumcised—only that they may not be persecuted for the cross of Christ. 13 Even the circumcised do not themselves obey the law, but they want you to be circumcised so that they may boast about your flesh. 14 May I never boast of anything except the cross of our Lord Jesus Christ, by which the world has been crucified to me, and I to the world. 15 For neither circumcision nor uncircumcision is anything; but a new creation is everything! 16 As for those who will follow this rule— peace be upon them, and mercy, and upon the Israel of God.
C: Thanks be to God.
GOSPEL ACCLAMATION
The assembly stands to welcome the gospel.
GOSPEL: Luke 12:13-21
C: Glory to you, O Lord.
Page 205
P: The holy gospel according to Luke.
13Someone in the crowd said to him, "Teacher, tell my brother to divide the family inheritance with me." 14 But he said to him, "Friend, who set me to be a judge or arbitrator over you?" 15 And he said to them, "Take care! Be on your guard against all kinds of greed; for one's life does not consist in the abundance of possessions." 16 Then he told them a parable: "The land of a rich man produced abundantly. 17 And he thought to himself, 'What should I do, for I have no place to store my crops?'
P: The gospel of the Lord.
18Then he said, 'I will do this: I will pull down my barns and build larger ones, and there I will store all my grain and my goods. 19 And I will say to my soul, Soul, you have ample goods laid up for many years; relax, eat, drink, be merry.' 20 But God said to him, 'You fool! This very night your life is being demanded of you. And the things you have prepared, whose will they be?' 21 So it is with those who store up treasures for themselves but are not rich toward God."
C: Praise to you, O Christ.
The assembly is seated.
TIME FOR CHILDREN
SERMON
HYMN OF THE DAY This Is My Song
ELW 887
The assembly stands as able
A: With the whole church, let us confess our faith:
APOSTLES' CREED
5 I believe in God, the Father almighty, creator of heaven and earth. I believe in Jesus Christ, God's only Son, our Lord, who was conceived by the Holy Spirit, born of the virgin Mary, suffered under Pontius Pilate, was crucified, died, and was buried; he descended to the dead. On the third day he rose again; he ascended into heaven, he is seated at the right hand of the Father, and he will come to judge the living and the dead. I believe in the Holy Spirit, the holy catholic church, the communion of saints, the forgiveness of sins, the resurrection of the body, and the life everlasting. Amen.
PRAYERS OF INTERCESSION
A: Let us pray for the church, those in need, and all of God's creation. A brief silence. Gentle grower, send your church as laborers into your harvest. Make us joyful in sharing the good news of Jesus and make the harvest plentiful...
A: Lord, in your mercy,
C: hear our prayer.
A: ...We lift our prayers to you, O God, trusting your promise to hear us; through Jesus Christ our Lord.
C: Amen.
PEACE
C: And also with you.
P: The peace of Christ be with you always.
After sharing a sign of peace the assembly is seated.
OFFERING
OFFERTORY Let the Vineyards Be Fruitful
The assembly stands as able to sing the offertory.
ELW 184
OFFERING PRAYER
C: Amen.
A: Let us pray. God of mercy and grace, the eyes of all wait upon you, and you open your hand in blessing. Fill us with good things at your table, that we may come to the help of all in need, through Jesus Christ, our redeemer and Lord.
DIALOGUE
C: And also with you.
P: The Lord be with you.
P: Lift up your hearts.
P: Let us give thanks to the Lord our God.
C: We lift them to the Lord.
C: It is right to give our thanks and praise.
HOLY, HOLY, HOLY
THANKSGIVING AT THE TABLE
LORD'S PRAYER
P: Lord, remember us in your kingdom and teach us to pray. Our Father, who art in heaven, hallowed be thy name, thy kingdom come, thy will be done, on earth as it is in heaven. Give us this day our daily bread; and forgive us our trespasses,
Page 207
as we forgive those who trespass against us; and lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil. For thine is the kingdom, and the power, and the glory, forever and ever. Amen.
INVITATION TO COMMUNION
Christ invites you to a place of honor at this banquet. Welcome to the feast.
SHARING OF HOLY COMMUNION BY INTINCTION
Welcome to the Lord's Table! All baptized Christians who believe the words "This is my body given for you, shed for you, for the forgiveness of sins" are welcome to come forward to receive this gift of grace. Please wait for ushers to direct you to the front of the sanctuary. Communion by intinction means that when you come forward, bread will be placed in your hand. Then you will dip the bread in the cup and eat. The chalice with purple liquid is red wine and the chalice with yellow liquid is white grape juice. If you are unable to come forward and would like to receive communion, let the ushers know and we will bring communion to you. If you prefer not to receive communion but would like to receive a blessing, please come forward with your arms crossed over your chest. May these gifts keep you in eternal life.
PRAYER AFTER COMMUNION
A: Let us pray. O God, as a mother comforts her child, so you comfort your people, carrying us in your arms and satisfying us with this food and drink, the body and blood of Christ. Send us now as your disciples, announcing peace and proclaiming that the reign of God has come near; through Jesus Christ, our Savior and Lord. C: Amen.
SENDING OF COMMUNION
7 P: O God of tender compassion, as you healed the sick and welcomed the stranger, bless those who leave this assembly to share the gifts of this table with our sisters and brothers who are sick/homebound/imprisoned. May they be sustained by the love and prayers of this community, and by the Bread of life that satisfies all hunger, Jesus Christ our Lord.
C: Amen.
BLESSING
P: The Lord bless you and keep you. The Lord's face shine upon you with grace and mercy. The Lord look upon you with favor and ☩ give you peace.
C: Amen.
The assembly stands as able.
SENDING SONG Sent Forth by God's Blessing
DIMISSAL
A: Go in peace. Proclaim the good news.
C: Thanks be to God.
~Worship Leaders~
Assisting Minister ~
Pastor ~Pastor Brenda Lovick
Acolytes ~
Arvid MathisonLector ~Bobbie Rawinski
Greeter ~
Allison Lund & Emma Nottestad
Ushers ~
Kitty Epperson
Brenda Schroeder & Harriet Eikland
Bea Householder, Joanne Gyland,
Communion Set up and Take down ~Steadfast Circle
Offering Counters ~
Communion Assistants ~Jean Carlson & Gloria Fruit
Musician ~
Arvid Mathison & Gloria Fruit
Nursery ~
Andrew Severson
Church Lock-up ~
Sabra Jacobson or Brenda Schroeder
Altar Flowers ~Steadfast Circle
Gloria Fruit
Special Flowers ~ In honor of Mary Ellen Christensen's 95th Birthday Fellowship Coffee Hour ~ Volunteer Needed
~Calendar of Events~
9:00am Worship
10:00am Coffee Hour
Sunday, July 3, 2016
Monday, July 4, 2016
ELW 547
OFFICE CLOSED
Happy 4th of July!
Tuesday, July 5, 2016
9:30am Prayers for Our People
Friday, July 8, 2016
6:00pm Wedding Rehearsal
Saturday, July 9, 2016
2:00pm Pellet/Breithaupt Wedding
Sunday, July 10, 2016
9:00am Worship, Skjolaas Baptism
10:00am Coffee hour
10:30-12:30 Confirmation Class
~Prayers~
Please note: If you have a prayer request for the bulletin, please make note on your communion/welcome card. You may also notify the office before noon on Wednesday.
We've been out of the practice of updating the prayer list. Going forward we will follow the 3 week guideline. If you wish a person to remain on the prayer list longer than 3 weeks please make note weekly on your prayer card or contact the church office. Thank you.
Prayer requests will remain for 3 weeks unless otherwise requested. *Denotes new/changed request.
Thanksgiving to God for…
-Prayers for the ministries of John and Amy Lindstrom.
East Koshkonong Lutheran Church's mission and ministry, especially this week (see calendar)
God's guidance and direction for those with healing and health concerns…
-Caitlin Terland*
- Madeline Kindschi - Butch Bergholz
-Dave Slater*
- The family of Georgia (Johnson) Kuhn
- The family of Doris Steuber
God's protection & safety for people of the world.
9 -For the peace among all the nations of the world.
-For global refugee crisis.
God's protection and safety for those being deployed…
-Please remember all our veterans, and those on active duty: Joe Janness. Give them all God's comfort in their memories of war and their service to their country. (Please let office know if you have a family member on active duty that is not included in these prayers so they can be added.)
~Announcements~
Visitors, welcome! We are glad to share Christian worship and fellowship with you. Please ask our ushers for a packet of info about East Koshkonong. To participate in worship, please follow the order of worship in the bulletin. Page numbers are in the front of the ELW (cranberry hymnal), and hymn numbers are in the back of the hymnal. You are always welcome at the table of Holy Communion where Christ is our host, inviting all of us to "come and eat." Please fill out a communion card, and hand it to an usher as you come forward for communion. Prayer requests, comments, or questions may be written on the back of the communion card. We hope to see you again soon at EKLC.
Sign up for Pastor Brenda to visit you! Pastor would like to visit you at home or at work if you would like a visit. In the narthex, you will find a clipboard sign up sheet for visits from Pastor Brenda. Please sign up and she will contact you to arrange a time to visit. Thank you!
The Sanctuary Piano needs replacing. A new Kawai has been found at Farleys House of Pianos in Madison. The cost will be about $5,500. It would be wonderful to have it here for Rally Day in September! If you would like to donate monies to purchase the piano please note in the memo line: New Piano. Donations made be put in the offering at church or brought to the church office, 454 East Church Rd., Cambridge, WI 53523. Thank you for your support!
Would anyone like the piano in the sanctuary or the upright in the Fellowship Hall? These are both being offered without any cost. You would be responsible for moving them to your home. Put your name on a piece of paper in the shoebox by the piano display in the narthex. There will be a drawing on July 31st. Specify which piano you would like.
Habitat for Humanity Stewardship is seeking donations for the Habitat for Humanity Summer Faith Build project! Donations can be enclosed in special envelopes provided in the Narthex. Simply drop these envelopes in the offering plate or mail/drop them off at the church office. Please indicate on the
check memo line that it is for the Habitat Home! Next Habitat build dates are: 9/6, 9/10.
Fellowship Hour Hosts needed for Sundays in July. Please see the clipboard in the kitchen to sign up. Thank you!
Attendance Report for:
Sunday, June 26: 89
Sunday, June 19: 88
Sunday, June 12: 81
Sunday, June 5: 116
Treasurer's Report
Income in May exceeded Expenses by $3,050. In May, General Offerings also were over the budgeted amount for the month by $2,280. So, year-to-date, we are not quite as far behind as before for meeting the congregation-approved budget requirements. We are trailing $8,712.
The offerings for May were $2,670 more than for May 2015. Year-todate, General offerings are $8,755 more than for 2015.
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CODE OF CONDUCT & PASSENGER RESPONSIBILITY POLICY
Adopted: September 02, 2010
Policy Statement
The mission of the Toledo Area Regional Transit Authority is to be the most innovative and responsive public transportation system. The reason the Toledo Area Regional Transit Authority exists is to enable people to access the activities of our community through public transportation.
We will provide that in a manner that is:
Reliable
Timely and Safe
Accessible
Affordable
Friendly
To achieve our mission statement we at TARTA have a great responsibility to do our jobs to the best of our ability. With that in mind, we also must implement passenger criteria to achieve the environment desired by our passengers. We will accomplish this through using good customer relation skills, including educating the passenger as well as treating them with the utmost respect. The following are passenger guidelines to ensure that your TARTA experience is a good one.
Section A
Code of Conduct Regulations
1. Elderly Disabled Seating - The aisle facing bench seats at the front of the buses are reserved for the use of disabled and elderly passengers. Non-qualifying passengers must vacate such seating upon request of any TARTA Operator or employee.
2. Smoking Prohibited - No person shall smoke tobacco or any other substance, or carry any burning or smouldering substance, in any form, aboard a TARTA vehicle or within the boundaries of any TARTA station.
3. Alcohol and Drugs Prohibited – No person shall use or possess alcohol or illegal drugs on/in a TARTA vehicle or Station, except for lawfully possessed and unopened alcoholic beverages.
4. Criminal Activity – No person shall engage in any activity prohibited by Federal, State or Municipal law while on a TARTA vehicle, or within a TARTA Station, or any part of the TARTA system.
2
5. Threatening or Offensive Language – No person shall intentionally or recklessly disturb, harass, or intimidate another person by means of threatening or offensive language, or obscenities on a TARTA vehicle or in a TARTA station or bus stop.
6. Food and Beverage – For the protection of public safety, no person shall bring aboard a TARTA vehicle any food or beverage in any open containers. No person shall consume food or alcohol on any TARTA vehicle. Passengers may consume non-alcoholic beverages only from containers made of plastic or metals with snap-on or screw-on lids.
7. Littering or Spitting – No person shall discard or deposit, other than into a trash receptacle provided for that purpose, any rubbish, trash, debris, cigarette butts or offensive substance in or upon a TARTA vehicles, stations or bus stops. No person shall spit, expectorate, defecate, or urinate in or upon any TARTA vehicles, stations or bus stops.
8. Safety
a. All passengers (except infants who are held) must wear shoes, pants/shorts and shirt, a dress/skirt or comparable clothing on TARTA vehicles and in TARTA stations. In addition, all passengers must cover any exposed skin that may transmit communicable disease.
b. No person shall in any manner hang onto, or attach himself or herself onto any exterior part of a TARTA vehicle at any time. In addition, no person shall extend any portion of his or her body through any door or window of a TARTA vehicle.
c. No person shall ride a skateboard or bicycle, or roller skate or in-line skate in a TARTA vehicle or in and around TARTA stations.
d. No person shall throw or cause to be thrown or projected, any object at or within a TARTA vehicle, TARTA station or TARTA shelter.
e. No person shall interfere, in any manner, with the safe operation or movement of any TARTA vehicle.
f. No person shall impede or block the free movement of passengers, or otherwise disrupt the functions of TARTA stations, vehicles or shelters.
g. No unnecessary conversation with the TARTA Operators
h. Remain behind yellow/white standee line while bus is in motion
9. Harassment – No person shall intentionally or recklessly harass or annoy another person by:
a. Subjecting such other person to offensive physical contact;
b. Publicly insulting such other person by abusive words, racial slurs or gestures in a manner intended and likely to provoke a violent response; or
c. Making sexually harassing comments or gestures.
10. Disorderly Conduct – No person shall intentionally or recklessly cause inconvenience, annoyance or alarm to another by:
a. Fighting, or violent, tumultuous or threatening action (physical or verbal), within any TARTA vehicle, station, bus stop or shelter;
b. Fake fighting, slap boxing or engaging in any other horse-play that may escalate and/or interfere with the comfort and safety of any other passenger.
c. Making unreasonable noise within any TARTA vehicle or station;
d. Obstructing the free movement of passengers within any TARTA vehicle or station;
e. Creating a hazardous or physically offensive condition within TARTA vehicle or station;
11. Animals – No person shall bring or carry aboard a TARTA vehicle, or take into a TARTA station, any animal not housed in an enclosed carrying container, except for a person who requires a service animal.
12. Packages / Strollers – Any packages or parcels brought aboard a TARTA vehicle must be able to be stored on and/or below one seat (if available), and must be secured so as to prevent displacement should the vehicle have to make a sudden stop or sharp turn. In no event shall any package or parcel be allowed to block access to any aisle or stairway.
No person shall bring or carry aboard any TARTA vehicle a carriage or stroller unless such item is folded and unoccupied. Carriages and strollers must remain folded while aboard the TARTA vehicle.
13. Electronic Devices – No person shall play radios, tape players, personal communication devices or any other audio device or musical instruments on a TARTA vehicle or in a TARTA station, unless the sound produced thereby is only audible through earphones to the person carrying the device.
14. Repulsive Odors – No person shall board or remain on a TARTA vehicle or enter or remain in a TARTA station if the person emits/applies excessive fragrances, lotions, perfumes, colognes or odors that disturbs other TARTA passengers or employees on the vehicle or in the station and which causes a nuisance or extreme discomfort to TARTA passengers or employees.
15. Emergency Exit – No person shall activate the "Emergency Exit" or alarm device of a TARTA vehicle or in a TARTA station in the absence of an emergency.
16. TARTA Seats – No person shall place his or her feet on any seat of any TARTA vehicle or TARTA station seating.
17. Flammable Substance – No flammable substance in excess of a quart (e.g. gasoline, starting fluid) or any other materials meeting this description will be permitted on TARTA vehicles or in TARTA stations.
18. Weapons / Hazardous Items – No person, except a Law Enforcement Officer, shall bring into or carry aboard a TARTA vehicle, or bring into a TARTA station, any knife, gun, bow/arrow, explosive device or material, fireworks, blackjack, club, and/or any illegal or unlawfully possessed weapon of any kind.
19. Pornography – No person shall read, view, expose or utilize any form of pornographic material from any media source on TARTA buses or in TARTA stations that may be viewed or heard by any passenger or TARTA employee.
20. Solicitation/Panhandling – No person shall solicit, sell or distribute any materials or products on TARTA buses or in TARTA stations unless written authorization is obtained from the General Manager or designee. No person shall panhandle, beg or make request for donation on TARTA buses or in TARTA stations.
21. Non-Payment of Fare; Misuse of Bus Pass
a. No person shall occupy, ride in or use, any transit vehicle unless the person has paid the applicable fare or has a valid and lawfully acquired token, transfer or bus pass.
b. No person shall use or attempt to use a TARTA bus pass to board or ride in a TARTA vehicle unless the bus pass was lawfully acquired at an authorized TARTA bus pass outlet by or on behalf of the person using the pass.
c. No person shall use or attempt to use a TARTA Group pass to board or ride a TARTA vehicle unless:
(i) The group pass was lawfully acquired at an authorized outlet by or on behalf of the person; and
(ii) The group pass is used according to the terms of the applicable group pass agreement; and
(iii) The person is a current member of the group to whom the group pass was issued pursuant to the applicable group pass agreement.
d. Any TARTA employee or any Law Enforcement Officer may confiscate a bus pass or group pass used or presented for use in violation of subsections (b) or (c) of this section.
e. Misuse of any bus pass, group pass, transfer or token is theft. Any person who violates subsection (a), (b) or (c) above, in addition to any penalties described herein, may be subject to criminal prosecution for theft of services.
Exclusion In addition to any penalties provided herein for the violation of the laws of the State of Ohio and the local municipalities, any Law Enforcement Officer, and any other persons as designated by the General Manager of TARTA, may issue a Notice of Exclusion from TARTA services to any person who violates this policy or who commits any offense as defined by the criminal laws of the State of Ohio and the local municipalities having concurrent jurisdiction over TARTA property, when such offense is committed upon any TARTA vehicle or property.
(i) Except as provided in (ii) below, written notice signed by the issuing authority shall be given to a person who has been excluded from the TARTA system. The written notice shall specify the particular violations for reason for exclusion, duration for exclusion, and the consequences of failure to comply with the notice.
(ii) In order to ensure safety, convenience and comfort of all passengers, a TARTA Operator may, without written Notice of Exclusion, direct a passenger to leave a TARTA vehicle, or direct a prospective passenger not to board a TARTA vehicle, if the operator has probable cause to conclude that such passenger is in violation of any provision of this policy.
b. A notice of Exclusion shall be effective immediately upon issuance and shall remain in effect until the exclusion expires, or is terminated by TARTA, or is rendered ineffective upon appeal. Any person receiving a Notice of Exclusion may appeal in writing to the TARTA General Manager or designee under procedures provided in Section C - Part 3. Such notice of appeal must be delivered to the office of the General Manager within ten (10) days of the receipt of Notice of Exclusion. The exclusion shall remain in effect during the pendency of the appeal. If the decision on appeal is in favor of the excluded person, the period of exclusion set forth in the Notice shall be terminated immediately.
c. The TARTA General Manager or designee may, at his sole discretion, grant a variance if the person establishes a need to enter upon the TARTA System for reasons of employment, medical treatment or similar good cause. A variance may include such conditions as the TARTA General Manager or designee determines will prevent future offenses.
d. A person excluded under this policy may not remain or enter upon any part of the TARTA System during the stated period of exclusion. In addition to penalties imposed by this policy, an excluded person who enters or remains on TARTA property or vehicles may be charged with Municipal Codes and/or ORC #2911.21 for Criminal Trespass and subject to the penalties thereto.
Section B
REFUSAL OF SERVICE, EJECTION
1. Failure to Comply
Passengers who repeatedly test the system or habitually violate the Rules of Conduct established in this policy will not be tolerated. The following procedures will be used in refusing transportation or ejection:
a. Three Strike Policy – A passenger will be warned twice before being ejected from the bus on the third violation, normally on the same trip. That same passenger will not be continually allowed "Three Strikes" for each trip. The right to refuse service could increase in length up to and including permanent exclusion.
b. If the passenger is warned twice of a violation on an outbound trip and then boards the bus later on an inbound trip; the first time that passenger violates a Rule for Conduct, the passenger will be ejected.
c. If a passenger establishes a history of non-compliance with this policy, (three refusals/ejections) a letter of exclusion of service by TARTA may be issued.
2. General Incident Protocol
The following is the general procedure and protocol that TARTA will follow in enforcing the rules described within this policy:
a. TARTA encourages respect and good action from passengers on all TARTA vehicles and facilities. Passengers who undertake or participate in any conduct set out in Section A will be requested to cease the action, and warned that if the action continues [he/she] will be asked to leave the bus, transit station or other TARTA facility.
b. TARTA reserves the right to immediately refuse all TARTA services to a passenger when necessary to protect the health and safety of other passengers or employees, regardless of the progressive steps of exclusion reflected in this policy, when the actions involve violent, illegal or seriously disruptive action. In such cases an Exclusion Notice may be issued immediately by a law enforcement officer or TARTA Supervisor.
c. Period of exclusion imposed will follow the guidelines listed below but may be longer or shorter depending upon the circumstances of each case.
1. Appeal
a. The Service Exclusion Notice submitted to a passenger shall include notice to the right of appeal the decision to the General Manager or designee. The passenger may file a Notice of Appeal within ten (10) working days after receiving a Service Exclusion Notice.
b. The passenger may request a hearing or may request a review without a hearing based on a written statement or interview outlining the reasons why the exclusion should be revoked. If requested, the hearing shall be held by the Transportation Superintendent or designee within thirty (30) days.
c. Following the hearing, or if a hearing is not requested, the General Manager or designee shall render a decision within ten (10) days after receipt of the Notice of Appeal or the completion of the hearing. The decision may be conveyed to the passenger in writing.
d. TARTA will not provide service to the passenger pending resolution of the Appeal.
EXCLUSION FORM
DATE of VIOLATION: ___________________
EXCLUSION DATE: _____________________
TO: ___________________________________ (If Student) Bus Pass Confiscation ______ ______
(Passenger Name)
Yes No
This letter serves as notice of exclusion of service for a period of ________days.
Privileges will be reinstated on ______________________ unless this exclusion order is violated.
This exclusion of service is for the following reason(s):
Violation of Conduct, Section A; Paragraph_______ as adopted by the TARTA Board of Trustees.
Should you choose to appeal this order, it must be submitted in writing to the attention of the Transportation Superintendent within ten (10) calendar days of receipt of this order. You may request a hearing or may request review without a hearing based on a written statement setting forth the reasons why you believe this exclusion order is invalid or improper. This exclusion order will remain in effect during an appeal process.
Refusal to immediately comply with written or verbal exclusion notice shall be grounds for criminal prosecution for Trespass.
If a student’s bus pass was confiscated, it shall be returned to Toledo Public Schools with a copy of this exclusion order. Toledo Public Schools will determine whether to re-issue.
Supervisor Signature___________________________
Method of Notification:
U.S. Mail (return receipt) _________
Personal Delivery________________
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Report on PICES conference
By Natalie Ban
I gratefully thank SOLAS for providing travel support to enable me to attend the PICES meeting in Hiroshima, Japan. As requested in the email from Emilie Breviere (dated 5 October 2012), I hereby provide a couple of paragraphs about the sessions I attended.
Working Group 28 of PICES, which focuses on "Development of Ecosystem Indicators to Characterize Ecosystem Responses to Multiple Stressors" invited me to speak at two of their events during the PICES conference in Hiroshima, Japan. First, I presented my research and related work at workshop 1. The focus of my presentation was on different methods of combining information about multiple stressors, and I drew on my experiences in Canada's Pacific waters and Australia's Great Barrier Reef. The focus of the workshop was "Identifying critical multiple stressors of North Pacific marine ecosystems and indicators to assess their impacts".
Second, I also presented my research – though with a different focus from the first presentation – at Session S10. My presentation focused on my efforts to map cumulative effects in Canada's Pacific waters. The session's focus was on "Ecosystem responses to multiple stressors in the North Pacific".
The working group organized these sessions because multiple natural and human stressors on marine ecosystems are common throughout the North Pacific, and may act synergistically to change ecosystem structure, function and dynamics in unexpected ways that can differ from responses to single stressors. Further, these stressors can be expected to vary by region, and over time. The purpose of the workshop was thus to work towards understanding responses of various marine ecosystems to multiple stressors, and to identify and characterize critical stressors in PICES regional ecosystems including appropriate indicators of their impacts. The ultimate goal is to help determine how ecosystems might change in the future and to identify ecosystems that may be vulnerable to the combine impacts of natural and anthropogenic forcing.
In addition, I participated at the working group meeting and attended sessions throughout the conference. The working group meeting was particularly interesting because it included discussions of activities the countries are undertaking that is relevant to the study of multiple stressors.
Here is a picture of participants of workshop 1. I am the woman in the front row.
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SARAH RODGER
Vs.
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT EASTERN DISTRICT OF ARKANSAS JONESBORO DIVISION
3:14-CV-00118- BRW
DOYLE CRAWFORD, et al.
JUDGMENT
In accordance with the Court's Order entered this date, judgment is hereby entered dismissing plaintiff's complaint without prejudice.
IT IS SO ORDERED this 9 day of July, 2014. th
/s/Billy Roy Wilson UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE
PLAINTIFF
Dockets.Justia.com
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Questions to ask before buying your new Software.
Before choosing your Salon Software we highly recommend that you ask the following questions and check the terms and conditions of all products you are comparing.
We have found that some software companies have it included in their T&Cs that, upon cancellation, they may permanently delete all content and data.
1. What happens to my information and data if the software company ceases operation? 1
2. Am I able to have a copy of my entire database any time I'd like it? And is there a cost? 2
3. What happens if the Internet is not on or drops out? 3
4. What happens to my information/database if I decide to cancel the agreement or change to another software provider? 4
5. If the database has a password, am I able to have the password so that we can access the data? 5
6. Is there any type of encryption that would stop me from being able to access the data without your software? 6
7. Does the software company have access to my data? 7
Make the Right Decision for your business.
Don't hand over your goodwill and valuable information - it could cost you thousands.
What most people don't understand is that all of the data is linked. Client information is linked to a service, a product, past and future appointments, number of visits and marketing criteria. So when you only export client contact details you may lose all of the other information that is linked.
With Bright Orange your database is installed on your computer so you have access anytime you need it - we cannot access the data without your permission.
If Bright Orange Salon Software is not right for your salon then you should be able to take your data and information to another software company and have them convert it, just as we convert theirs to Bright Orange.
You also have the option to back up your database to the cloud using our service or simply backup to a USB flash drive or external hard drive.
We don't like hearing that salon owners are refused access to their own database or that a 3rd party has access to it. As a Salon owner, we believe you should have full control over your valuable database. Some software companies only allow you to export part of your data but at Bright Orange we make sure you have access to all your informaiton including clients contact details, product and purchase history, services and appointments.
One last thing to consider:
Is there a guarantee of satisfaction with their software?
With Bright Orange Salon Software, if you decide you're not happy with our software you can give 30 days notice via email. And you have complete control over your valuable data as it's stored on your own hard drive.
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News in Hungarian Studies News in Hungarian Studies
The Newsletter of the Hungarian Studies Association of Canada
______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Executive for 2010-12
President: Agatha Schwartz, University of Ottawa (sabbatical 2011), firstname.lastname@example.org
Vice-President: Christopher Adam, Carleton University, email@example.com
Treasurer: Margit Lovrics, Toronto,firstname.lastname@example.org
Secretary: Judy Young Drache, Ottawa, email@example.com
Website of HSAC: www.hungarianstudies.org
This is the first issue of the Newsletter edited by the new Secretary; it can only be as good as the information and news provided to her by the membership. No additional information has been sought for this issue as we had plenty to include already. However, we would very much welcome members' input both for content and format for future issues. We will consider a format that would keep length to a minimum but still offer news and share information of use to everyone. The next issue will be published at the end of December 2010; the deadline for receiving submissions will be December 6 th , 2010. The next issue will contain the membership list. If you have not already done so, please send us your e-mail addresses so we can reduce the work and costs of mailing. And please remember: the Newsletter is available on the website: www.hungarianstudies.org
President's message
First of all, I would like to thank the membership of the HSAC for electing me president of our Association. I feel very honoured. I hope that during my tenure the Hungarian Studies Association of Canada will continue to grow and gain in importance as both an academic and a community organization. I would also like to thank Christopher Adam for accepting the position of acting president during the current academic year as I am on sabbatical leave until June 30, 2011. I look forward to working with Chris as vice-president, Judy Young as secretary and Margit Lovrics as our treasured treasurer. My special thanks go out to Prof. Andor Tari, past-president and Prof. György Bisztray, the Association's now retired secretary, for their long-time commitment to the HSAC. I am very pleased that Prof. Nandor Dreisziger will continue his precious work to keep our journal, the Hungarian Studies Review, well and alive and in good academic standing.
This year has been a very successful one for our Association. We have reached our goal of becoming members of the Canadian Federation for the Humanities and Social Sciences (CFHSS). Our acceptance in the Federation was by no means a fait accompli. It took several years of hard work to recruit new members so that we could reach the membership required. We can now be proud of this accomplishment and look forward to the benefits of being members. I would like to thank all of you who volunteered their time and effort to recruit new members. Please keep up the good work! Our membership in the Federation is very important as this gives the HSAC an official academic profile and should help us to recruit new academic members, particularly among the younger generation.
Although, owing to another commitment, I was not able to attend this year's conference in Montreal, I know that it was another very successful one. I would like to congratulate the conference committee, Nandor Dreisziger, Christopher Adam, and Judith Szapor for their hard work and the excellent program they put together. I would also like to thank all the speakers for their valuable contributions to the success of the conference.
In May 2011, the conference will be held at the University of New Brunswick and St Thomas University in Fredericton within the overall program of the Congress of the Humanities and Social Sciences. The two New Brunswick universities are dynamic institutions and Fredericton a lovely town definitely worth a visit. (You may even want to consider a little holiday in the Atlantic provinces around the conference.) This said, I really hope that many of you will attend our annual conference next year. You will find a Call for Papers in this Newsletter; please consider presenting a paper. Our conference program committee is hard at work planning the event; of course they can only put together an interesting program if you come forward with proposals! As usual, our program is open to general topics relating to Hungary and Hungarians but there will also be a special session to reflect the annual theme of the Congress: "Coasts and Continents: Exploring People and Places" ou, en français: "Rivages et continents: exploration des peoples et des lieux."
A viszontlátásra Frederictonban!
Agatha (Ágota) Schwartz firstname.lastname@example.org
♦♦♦
Call for Papers for the 2011 annual HSAC conference
Here is the 2011 Call for Papers. Please consider giving a paper or making suggestions to the Program Committee or the Secretary about potential speakers or program elements, including the social aspects. We look forward to hearing from you and seeing you in Fredericton!
Call for papers
The Hungarian Studies Association of Canada invites proposals for its 26th annual conference, to be held in Fredericton, on May 28-30th, 2011.The annual theme for the 2011 Congress of the Humanities and Social Sciences is "Coasts and Continents: Exploring People and Places." We invite paper proposals that tie this theme into Hungarian studies, by examining issues such as migration and immigration, Hungarian explorers in Canada and around the world, as well as the diaspora and its contact with people of different cultures.
HSAC is an interdisciplinary organization and we welcome papers from a wide range of disciplines, including: economics, film studies, the fine arts, history, literature, political science, public policy, sociology. In addition to this year's special theme, the Conference Committee welcomes submissions exploring all aspects of Hungarian culture, history, politics and society, both in Hungary and abroad. Papers may be presented in English, Hungarian, or French.
The deadline for submitting proposals is December 15th, 2010. Your proposal should contain the paper's title, an abstract summarizing your topic with key arguments and sources, as well as a brief curriculum vitae. Please submit your abstract and paper title by the deadline and in the language in which you wish to present.
Please send your proposals to Judy Young, HSAC's Secretary who will forward them to the Conference Committee. You may want to copy the members of the Conference Committee.
E-mail: email@example.com Tel.: 613-567-5756
Conference Committee:
Christopher Adam: firstname.lastname@example.org; Pál Pilisi: email@example.com
Enik ő Pittner: firstname.lastname@example.org
♦♦♦
Minutes of the Annual General Meeting of HSAC
May 30, 2010
Concordia University (Minutes prepared by George Bisztray)
1. The meeting was called to order at 3.40 P.M. by Andor Tari, president. Quorum was present.
2. Adoption of the minutes of the of the 2009 General Meeting. A. Tari requests striking line 7
of his presidential report (about forwarding a complaint to the Congress). Margit Lovrics moves to adopt the amended minutes, seconded by Judy Young; carried.
3. Reports of the Executive.
a. President (A. Tari). Praises the conference, has confidence in the future, especially due to the numerous new members. As outgoing president, thanks the membership for its support..
b. Vice-President (Agatha Schwartz). In her absence J. Young reports that the association is now a member of the Congress of the Humanities and Social Sciences. This should have several advantages, such as the availability of grants.
c. Treasurer (M. Lovrics). In her report (see p. 6 of this newsletter) she itemizes revenue and disbursements. Oliver Botar moves to accept the report, seconded by Christopher Adam; carried.
d. Secretaries. George Bisztray (also for Eva Tomory) discusses various HSAC publications. Newsletter: future secretary should collect materials, edit the newsletter and distribute it online as well as by mail to members without computers. Lectures and Papers series: Eugene Horvath has kindly sponsored the publication of five recent issues. The challenges of continued publication remain: who will take care of these and who will cover the expenses? In the past issues have been sent to five major research libraries world-wide and this should continue. Past secretary will send new manuscripts and the library addresses to new one.
Christopher Adam moves to accept the reports of the President, Vice-President and the Secretaries. Seconded by M. Lovrics; carried.
4. Reports of the Committees.
a. Conference Committee: Nandor Dreisziger thanks Christopher Adam for taking over the organizing tasks for this year's conference.
b. Publications Committee (N. F. Dreisziger). 2009 volume of the Hungarian Studies Review is under production. Reprints have been sent to authors until they receive the issue. The 2010 issue is also in the production process. There are few papers available for the 2011 issue. – Problem with National Széchényi Library, the co-publisher: it has a new director who has not yet decided whether to continue supporting the journal. Question: how many copies are printed? Dreisziger: 220 copies, half of them sent to members of the HSAC and the Hungarian Studies Association in the US, the rest go to libraries.
c. Planning and Nominations Committee (J. Young). Our association is now a member of the Federation of the Humanities and Social Sciences. There has been some outreach and communication to create awareness for HSAC: among these efforts is the creation of a new website which should help in further outreach and promotion by, for instance, publishing earlier issues of the "Lectures and Papers in Hungarian Studies" or other information relating to the Association or the work of its members. The site is at www.hungarianstudies.org. There is a section called "Members Only" which will contain the membership list and other information not for public use. The current user ID and password were provided to members at the conference but can be obtained by writing to Judy Young whose e-mail is elsewhere in this newsletter. The Committee will continue to reach out to current members and others who may be interested in joining.
The following nominations were announced for the new Executive.
President: Agatha Schwartz
Vice President and Acting President in 2010-2011: Christopher Adam
Secretary: Judy Young
Treasurer: Margit Lovrics
5. Election of the new Executive and some Committees.
President and Secretary carried with one abstention,
Vice-President elected without abstention.
Nominations for the Committees from the floor.
Planning Committee: O. Botar, E. Tomory, M. Velki.
Publications Committee: N.F. Dreisziger stays in office.
New Acting President takes the chair.
6. Future conference sites.
Next year's conference will be hosted by the University of New Brunswick and St. Thomas University, Fredericton. Discussion. N.F. Dreisziger: should we not meet every other year? O. Botar asks for rationale. Dreisziger: Fredericton is an isolated place. G. Bisztray: we have no members far and wide. J. Young: we are new members of the Federation, and it would make a bad impression if we did not participate in our first year of membership. Tari: our conference won't be weaker if we go to Fredericton. O. Botar asks why participation in the 2007 Saskatoon conference was cancelled. G. Bisztray: got only six paper proposals. Paul Pilisi offers to make preliminary inquiry on East Coast. Participation moved by M. Lovrics, seconded by J. Young. Carried, with two abstentions.
Conference Committee is struck: chair P. Pilisi, members C. Adam and E Pittner. Acceptance moved by O. Botar, seconded by M. Lovrics, carried.
7. Other business.
On behalf of members J. Young thanks outgoing Executive and in particular George Bisztray for his 25 years of devoted service, and the membership for its loyalty.
8. Adjournment at 5.10 P.M.
Moved by N.F. Dreisziger, seconded by O. Botar; all in favour.
♦♦♦
HUNGARIAN STUDIES ASSOCIATION OF CANADA Treasurer's Report FOR THE PERIOD MAY 1, 2009 - APRIL 30, 2010
Opening balance as of May 1, 2009
$5,162.48
REVENUE
TOTAL ASSETS @ APRIL 30, 2010: $4,895.00
Note (1) $3,880.45 Term deposit matured on March 8, 2010 earning 4% interest. Invested $3,000.00 again in TD Triple Value GIC on March 8, 2010 earning 0.5% interest in Year 1, 1.25% interest in Year 2, 3% interest in Year 3. (Annual yield 1.578%) Year 3.
Note (2)
:ml
The membership fee includes subscription fee of $15.00 to the "Hungarian Studies Review". As of April 30, 2010 the amount owing to HSR is $1,005.00 arrived at as follows:
♦♦♦
Twenty-five years of Hungarian Studies in Canada
The following is a slightly revised version of Professor George Bisztray's keynote address on the history of the HSAC at the May 2010 conference of the association. We thank him for allowing us to include it in this Newsletter.
HISTORY OF THE HUNGARIAN STUDIES ASSOCIATION OF CANADA George Bisztray
When the Hungarian Chair of the University of Toronto was inaugurated in 1978, its incumbent, Professor George Bisztray, began to assess the expectations of the Canadian academy and the Hungarian Canadian community. Since the early 1970s he had been a member of the American Hungarian Educators' Association (AHEA, based in the United States), and invited this association to hold its annual meeting at the University of Toronto in 1980. The number and quality of the papers, and the interest of the Hungarian Canadian community in the meeting, encouraged professor Bisztray to organize a second conference in 1983. About a hundred people attended this event, and the Canadian participants expressed their wish to establish a scholarly organization which, similarly to AHEA, would represent Hungarian culture and history at an academic level.
Two university professors accepted the challenge. In 1984 Robert Blumstock, Professor of Sociology at McMaster University, Martin Kovacs, historian at the University of Regina, and George Bisztray met at the University of Guelph. By that time the annual conferences of the socalled Learned Societies - organized by the Canadian Federation for Humanities and Social Sciences, (CFHSS) - had provided an opportunity for many years to a hundred or more academic associations of Canada to meet annually at different universities. The 1984 conglomeration of these conferences was held at Guelph, which gave the idea to the three professors to meet there. They discussed what the name of the Hungarian association should be, how it could become a member of the Learned Societies, who would develop the constitution, and how to announce the existence of the new association.
The first meeting of the Hungarian Studies Association of Canada (HSAC) was held in 1985 at the University of Montreal. Twenty papers constituted the program, and they helped to crystallize a policy for future conferences. While subjects of wider ramifications were to be welcomed, it was accepted that contributions should have a predominantly Hungarian perspective. In other words, a seemingly rich program which had little to do with Hungary or Hungarians would not fit the goals of the association's future conferences.
At the first General Meeting, professor Kovacs presented the draft of the constitution that he developed based on the constitutions of other academic associations. The membership voted to accept the draft which was printed in its final form in the winter newsletter, and has been amended twice since. The newsletter was first published in the fall of 1985 under the title News in Hungarian Studies, and has appeared 3-4 times a year for the information of members. The average membership over the years has hovered around fifty, with concentration mainly in Ontario and Quebec, two provinces where the most Hungarian Canadians live. As in the case of many scholarly and community associations, rejuvenation and augmentation of the membership has necessitated continuous effort.
The annual conferences took place under the aegis of the Learned Societies Conferences (since 1998 called the Congress of the Humanities and Social Sciences). Some of the conferences were jointly organized with the Finno-Ugric Studies Association of Canada and the American Hungarian Educators' Association. Announcement of the annual meetings and coverage of their program has appeared regularly in the Hungarian Canadian press, and occasionally in the European press. Not counting the joint conferences, participating guests of the HSAC conferences have come from six countries.
Since 1974 an internationally noted, refereed academic journal, the English language Canadian-American Review of Hungarian Studies represented Hungarian scholarship world-wide. Until the 1980's an Ottawa-based community group, the Hungarian Readers' Service published the periodical. In 1983 the Hungarian Chair became co-publisher and the title was changed to Hungarian Studies Review (HSR). In 1990-91 the HSAC entered into partnership with Hungary's National Széchényi Library (OSZK) and took over publication of the journal. This latter set up a home page for the Review on which the content of journal issues from the years 1998-2001 is
available (see http://www.oszk.hu/kiadvany/hsr/hsr.htm ). In 2005 the Hungarian Studies Association (USA) became the third co-publisher of the periodical.
The Association also has two publication series in which only members can publish. One is titled Lectures and Papers in Hungarian Studies, which includes selected working papers, research reports, lectures and other essays. Thus far 56 issues have appeared and been deposited in five major libraries world-wide. The other series, Diversions, has published non-academic essays, literary and poetic works. The HSAC now has a website that provides information about the association and its activities, as well as how to become a member. Its location is: www.hungarianstudies.org.
Right from the very beginning meetings have been characterized by a diversity of topics and subject matter. Topics that do not regularly appear at other North American Hungarian studies conferences include art history, travelers' accounts, sport history, and politics. Conspicuous is the absence of papers on folklore or science in general. Much depended on the fluctuation of membership: people with special interests – such as an expert on musicology, for instance - came and left. Everything considered, the association has successfully fulfilled its scholarly, interdisciplinary objectives.
Initially, the tenure of office holders was one year. In 1989 this term was extended to two years in order to provide more structural stability. In 1992 the holder of the Hungarian Chair at the U of T offered to house the secretariat. This meant that the publications and archives found a depository, and the association got a permanent mailing address and telephone and fax number. In the same year the General Meeting voted to appoint the chair holder to be secretary for an indefinite term.
At first, membership fees were $ 20, and $ 10 for students. Since 1990 all members have received the HSR free, which created a financial loss for the association. Therefore membership fees had to increase to 35 and 20 dollars respectively. Quite recently, fees went up again, to 45 and 30 dollars. In response to these changes, the constitution of the association was amended three times.
In order to further enhance the profile of the association, in 2000 the secretariat received a computer. In the same year Magdolna Velki offered to set up a web site for HSAC. Somewhat upsetting was the circumstance that the university moved the offices of the Hungarian Chair, that is, the association's secretariat, to a new location.
Since the beginning the association had to deal with certain dilemmas. One was the difference between active and passive members. My estimate is that less than 40% of the steady membership ever presented papers. On the other hand, there were members who regularly
contributed to our conferences. Here is a small statistic: Professor Dreisziger read papers at 21 conferences, Judith Hermann at 15, Professor Tari and Mária Krisztinkovich at 14, and Dr. Mester at 11 conferences. At the same time, among our members there have been some who contributed by being a loyal and enthusiastic public.
The passivity of the membership manifested itself in other respects, too. Such was the payment of membership fees. Due to lenient recording, at the end of 1987 there were 42 members "in good standing", but 63 names on the membership list. In 1988-89 there were an astonishing 166 names on the list, but the treasurer reported only 43 paid-up members. In more recent years these anomalies were corrected, but the fluctuation of membership numbers is still very much with us. As we hold our conference in various cities of the country, local Hungarians tend to attend, become members for a couple of years, then disappear from our screen.
The association's newsletter "News in Hungarian Studies," aspired to be a lively forum of information and debate. But news and information were hard to gather despite the editor's frequent reminders. There were "newsletter" issues that printed only Calls for Papers or conference programs.
The ratio of academic to community members has been a matter of concern to some scholars among us. The number of the former has fluctuated, but was often not more than one-third of the membership. While we would not have survived without enthusiastic community support, it is also obvious that academics of Hungarian origin or background choose to participate in societies of their academic specialization rather than our interdisciplinary one. Naturally, highly specialized papers that address only a small group in a field of science, for instance, are hard to accommodate in a primarily humanities and social sciences oriented gathering. However, is not the skill of sharing one's knowledge with the wider public, in other words, the "popularization" of science, also a criterion of good scholarship?
The secretary announced his imminent retirement from the Chair of Hungarian Studies at the U of T in 2003. A year later the permanent secretariat closed, and the opportunity to use its address and space to store publications of the association ceased. This latter affected mostly the Lectures and Papers series. Traditionally the authors bore half of the production expenses, and the association the other half. Lacking a distribution centre, authors were expected to distribute the issues themselves, except for the five copies that have been sent to five prestigious libraries.
After his retirement from the Chair in 2005, George Bisztray indicated that he intended to step down from the position of Executive Secretary within a few years. In order to guide the association through the ongoing and expected changes, a Planning Committee was established. Its role became more pivotal after 2008 when the Secretary set 2010 for the year of his retirement. The present functioning of the association is already the work of this committee.
. o O o .
I have spent some time castigating the shortcomings of our association. The fact remains that we have been the only assembly of its kind, and with our 25 years of history we have written our name into the annals of Canadian Hungarian culture. Many members have indicated that they had never found an association like ours, and did not care for the typical community organizations with their petty quarrels. It appears, therefore, that we have fulfilled a special role on the Canadian Hungarian scene.
This support is something that the future officers of the association, and organizers of its conferences, should not lose sight of. On the first page of the first newsletter I, as first president, set "a non-political, non-emotional and non-partisan attitude" as the norm for HSAC. Did we manage to adhere to these goals?
In our highly politicized world HSAC has been a welcome exception. Granting full relevance to political science, one cannot help but wonder where to draw the fine line between scholarship and propaganda. If the past quarter of a century left any legacy, it would be the avoidance of letting divisive and provocative issues enter our conferences. We should correct rather than disseminate such offensive (and partly tendentious) misconceptions as the existence of a specific Hungarian racism. There are extremist and racist forces operating in all European and many other countries, yet I don't believe that conferences dealing with the present state of these countries would pay special attention to such phenomena. We should not get mixed up in political confrontations. In particular, I hope to see a very careful approach to our old country's delicate political situation.
Here we live in another country, and so do millions of our compatriots around the world. Researching our new existence provides enough avenues to follow. The history of our old country and the richness of our culture seem inexhaustible. My colleagues and I who are stepping down would like to see changes, especially the influx of young scholars. But we would also like to see the maintenance of the tradition that kept us together for 25 years and consistently attracted the core of our members.
News of interest to members
A brief report with photos of the 2010 Concordia conference is on the HSAC website both in English and Hungarian at: http://hungarianstudies.org/conf_2010.html Additional photos are on the general conference page at http://hungarianstudies.org/conferences.html
Congratulations to Agota Schwartz on the publication of the conference proceedings: Gender and Modernity in Central Europe. The Austro-Hungarian Monarchy and its Legacy. Edited by Agatha Schwartz, University of Ottawa Press, 2010. For more information see: http://www.press.uottawa.ca/book/gender-and-modernity-in-central-europe
The Proceedings of the 2006 international conference on the 1956 revolution held at the University of Ottawa have been published by the University of Ottawa Press. The 1956 Hungarian Revolution. Hungarian and Canadian Perspectives is available from the Press and from bookstores or online. This conference was co-sponsored by HSAC and several members of HSAC (Christopher Adam, George Bisztray, Oliver Botar, Nandor Dreisziger, Tibor Egervari, Peter Hidas, Leslie Laczko, Maria Palasik, and Judy Young) gave papers, presentations or participated in the organization of the conference which was one of many events across Canada to mark the 50 th anniversary of the revolution. For more information visit the website of the U of O Press: www.press.uottawa.ca or for a review of the book see the website of the Canada-Hungary Educational Foundation which was also a co-sponsor of the conference: http://www.hungarianpresence.ca/history/study-revolution-302.cfm
The 2009 and 2010 issues of Hungarian Studies Review were recently mailed to members/subscribers. The 2009 issue is a special volume devoted to Transylvania, past and present, and the 2010 issue is a special volume on the art of László Moholy-Nagy.
We regret to announce that Kati Rékai, long-time member and supporter of HSAC, and author of children's books, died on February 1 st , 2010.
2011 is the 200 th anniversary of Liszt's birth and has been officially declared Liszt Year in Hungary and the international music world. We might want to take special note of this for our 2011 conference.
♦♦♦
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BIODIVERSITAS
Pages: 1-9
ISSN: 1412-033X
E-ISSN: 2085-4722
Effects of timber harvest on structural diversity and species composition in hardwood forests
FARZAM TAVANKAR 1, ♥ , AMIR ESLAM BONYAD 2
1
Department of Forestry, Khalkhal Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khalkhal, Iran. P.O. Box 56817-31367, Tel.: +98 4532451220-2, Fax: +98 42549050452, ♥ email: email@example.com 2Department of Forestry, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Guilan, Somehsara, Iran.
Manuscript received: 13 August 2014. Revision accepted: 10 September 2014.
Abstract. Tavankar F, Bonyad AE. 2015. Effects of timber harvest on structural diversity and species composition in hardwood forests. Biodiversitas 16: 1-9. Forest management leads to changes in structure and species composition of stands. In this research vertical and horizontal structure and species composition were compared in two harvested and protected stands in the Caspian forest of Iran. The results indicated the tree and seedling density, total basal area and stand volume was significantly (P < 0.01) higher in the protected stand. The Fagus orientalis L. had the most density and basal area in the both stands. Species importance value (SIV) of Fagus orientalis in the protected stand (92.5) was higher than in the harvested stand (88.5). While, the SIV of shade-intolerant tree species such as Acer insigne, Acer cappadocicum and Alnus subcordata was higher in the harvested stand. The density of trees and seedling of rare tree species, such as Ulmus glabra, Tilia begonifolia, Zelkova carpinifolia and Fraxinus coriarifolia, was also higher in the protected stand. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index in the protected stand (0.84) was significantly higher (P < 0.01) than in the harvested stand (0.72). The highest diversity value in the harvested stand was observed in DBH of 10-40 cm class, while DBH of 40-70 cm had the highest diversity value in the protected stand.
Key words: Beech stands, Shannon-Wiener index, stand structure, uneven aged management.
INTRODUCTION
One main principle of biodiversity protection in multiple management of national forest is the protection of stands structure composition (Eyre et al. 2010; Sohrabi et al. 2011). In forest science, stand structure refers to the withinstand distribution of trees and other plants characteristics such as size, age, vertical and horizontal arrangement, or species composition (Powelson and Martin 2001). Structural diversity is a straightforward indicator of potential biodiversity in forest landscapes because a diverse stand structure provides better habitat for forest-dwelling organisms. Broadly accepted, a structurally diverse stand provides living space for a number of organisms. Increasing and maintaining structural diversity in forest stands, also has become an important forest management strategy for adapting climate change. Conservation of forests biodiversity is one of important objective in sustainable forest management (Burton et al. 1992; Brockerhoff et al. 2008). It is common opinion in forest ecology that different management practices are a major determinant of forest diversity and that a more complex forest structure is linked to a high diversity of plant and animal species (Pretzsch 1997; Boncina 2000; Shimatani 2001). Forest management leads to changes in horizontal and vertical structure (Kuuluvainen et al. 1996; North et al. 1999) and in the species composition (Nagaike Hayashi 2004; Uuttera et al. 1997). The idea that biodiversity can be
The Caspian natural forests of Iran also called Hyrcanian forests, are located on the southern border of the Caspian Sea and cover an area of 2 million hectares. The stands in this area are the most valuable and economical. The main benefits of these forests are essentially two-fold: on the one hand there is its wood production while on the other hand there are various physical and social effects frequently termed as forest influence. In many instances, the latter transcends is the significance of forests as producers of wood (Bonyad et al. 2012). The current forest harvesting method in these forests is mainly selective cutting. The main goal of selection cutting management is uneven aged and mixed stands that are close to nature. Selection cutting is the silvicultural practice of harvesting a proportion of the trees in a stand (Pourmajidian and Rahmani 2009). In selective cutting, each tree must be individually assessed to decide whether it should be cut or left. In reality, this method is the practice of removing mature timber or maintained by managing the structural diversity of stands is a common argument among researchers (Buongiorno et al. 1994; Lindenmayer and Franklin 1997; Sullivan et al. 2001; Franklin et al. 2002; Kant 2002; Varga et al. 2005). Some silvicultural practices can enhance biological diversity in managed forests, such as retaining old trees (Seymour and Hunter 1999), maintaining adequate levels of dead wood (Sturtevant 1997), establishing mixed stands (Palik and Engstrom 1999) or extending rotation lengths (Ferris et al. 2000).
thinning to improve the timber stand. Selection cutting improves the health of the stand and releases space for young trees to grow. In the selection system, regeneration, tending, and harvesting all take place concurrently (Marvie Mohadjer 2006). Selection cutting may include opening up areas to allow tree species that require greater light intensity to grow but that are not large enough to meet the legal definition of a clear cut (Nyland 1998; Anderson et al. 2000; Webster and Lorimer 2002; Pourmajidian and Rahmani 2009). Selection cutting is appropriate for forests composed of trees of different sizes and ages. Selection cutting does not have a visual impact on landscapes because only some of trees are removed, a factor that is much appreciated by forest users. Uneven-aged management is one alternative that could generate sustainable harvests while maintaining continuous forest cover and protecting stands diversity (Guldin 1996).
Beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) is the most industrial commercial tree species among more than 80 broad-leaved trees and shrubs. Many studies have been carried out on plant biodiversity in Beech stands in Iran and around the world (Sohrabi et al. 2011; Pourmajidian et al. 2009; Brunet et al. 2010; Sefidi et al. 2011; Pourbabaei et al. 2013). The study of forest structure especially in virgin forests is very important and gives us comprehensive information about the condition in forest for programming. The selection cutting, such as other forestry practices, can leads to changes in stand structure and tree compositions. The stand structural diversity can be characterized horizontally, i.e. the spatial distribution of trees, and vertically in their height differentiation (Zenner and Hibbs 2000). In this research, stand volume and structure, tree and seedling density, and species composition were compared in the harvested and protected Beech dominated stands. The objective of this study was effects of timber harvesting on structural diversity and species composition in oriental Beech stands in the Iranian Caspian forests.
A planned program of silvicultural treatments ensures the conservation and maintenance of biological diversity and richness for sustainable forestry (Torras and Saura 2008; Schumann et al. 2003; Battles and Fahey 2000; Simila et al. 2006). The uneven-aged management can be economically viable while preserving forest stand diversity (Buongiorno et al. 1994, Schulte and Buongiorno 1998, Volin and Buongiorno 1996).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study area
The study area is Iranian Caspian forests. These forests are suitable habitats for a variety of hardwood species and include various forest types. Approximately 60% of these forests are used for commercial purposes and the rest of them are more or less degraded (Marvie Mohadjer 2006). This study was conducted in Nav forests (latitude 37° 38' 34" to 37° 42' 21" N, longitude 48° 48' 44" to 48° 52' 30" E) in Guilan province, north of Iran. Two adjacent compartments of 123 (protected) and 112 (harvested) with areas of 43 and 63 ha were selected for collection of data.
The physiographical characteristics of these compartments are almost similar. The elevation of these compartments ranges from 850 m to 1,100 m asl. The climate is temperate on based Demarton climate classification, with a mean annual temperature of 9.1°C and mean annual precipitation of 950 mm for along with the 1990 to 2008 years. Vegetation period maintains for 7 months in average. The original vegetation of this area is an uneven-aged mixed forest dominated by Fagus orientalis and Carpinus betulus, with the companion species Alnus subcordata, Acer platanoides, Acer cappadocicum, Ulmus glabra and Tilia rubra. The soil type is forest brown soil and the soil texture varies between sandy clay loam to clay loam. This study was carried out in two areas, harvested and protected compartments in the Nav forest area of Iran (Nav Forest Management Plan 1998).
Data collection
Data were collected by circular sample plots with an area of 0.1 hectare. The sample plots were located on the study area through systematic grid (100 m × 100 m) with a random start point. Diameter at breast height (DBH) of all trees (DBH ≥ 7.5 cm) was measured by diameter tape. Individuals of trees with DBH < 7.5 cm were counted by species as seedling. Height was measured to the nearest m using Suunto clinometer.
Data analysis
Species importance value (SIV) for each specious was calculated by (Ganesh et al. 1996; Krebs 1999; Pourbabaei et al. 2013; Rezaei Taleshi 2014): SIV= Relative density (RD) + relative frequency (RF) + relative dominance (RD). Basal area was considered for dominancy and relative dominance (RD) calculated by: RD = (basal area of a species × 100) / total basal area of all species. The species diversity index was computed using the Shannon-Wiener information function (Krebs 1999; Sharma et al. 2009; Abedi and Pourbabaei 2010; Pourbabaei et al. 2012) as: H'=-Σni/n log2 ni/n, where: ni = denote to the SIV of a species and n= denote to the sum of total SIV of all species. The species evenness index was computed using the Pielou's evenness index (J) as: J = H' / ln S, where ln is Natural logarithm, S is the total species number in each plot. Also species richness (S) was number of species per plot. After checking for normality (Kolmogorov-Smirnov test) and homogeneity of variance (Levene's test), the means of stand characteristics (tree and seedling density, basal area, stand volume) in two compartments (harvested and protected) were compared using independent samples t test. The means of biodiversity indices (diversity, evenness and richness) in two compartments were also compared using independent samples t test. The means of biodiversity indices in DBH classes compared using a one-way ANOVA. Multiple comparisons were made by Tukey's test (significance at α < 0.05). Regression analysis was applied to test the relations between DBH and stand volume, tree density and tree height. SPSS 19.0 software was used for statistical analysis; also the results of the analysis were presented using descriptive statistics.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Results
stem.ha -1 or 29%. Also the basal area of Aceraceae species in the harvested stand was 4.8 m 2 .ha -1 or 27.6%, while in the protected stand was 6.3 m 2 .ha -1 or 25.3%. However, the family of Rosaceae had the most number of tree species, but these trees had the minimum density and basal area in two stands. The Rosaceae species include Mespilus germanica, Cerasus avium, Pyrus communis, Prunus divaricata and Sorbus torminalis.
A total of 16 tree species from 8 families were observed in the sample plots (Table 2). The Fagus orientalis had the most density and basal area in the both stands. Density of Beech trees in the harvested stand was 66.8 stem.ha -1 (28.7%), while in the protected stand was 89.1 stem.ha -1 (25.9%). Basal area of Beech trees in the harvested stand was 5.1 m 2 .ha -1 (29.3%), while in the protected stand was 7.9 m 2 .ha -1 (31.7%). Indeed, the density percentage of Oriental Beech trees was higher in the harvested stand, while the basal area percentage of Oriental Beech trees was higher in the protected stand. After the Oriental Beech trees, Carpinus betulus had the most density in the harvested (32.6 stem.ha -1 or 14%) and in the protected (54.7 stem.ha -1 or 15.9%) stands. In addition, the density percentage of Carpinus betulus was higher in the protected stand, but the basal area percentage of Carpinus betulus was higher in the harvested stand (16.1% vs. 13.6%). The family of Aceraceae had three species (A. insigne, A. cappadocicum and A. platanoides) in these stands. The density of Aceraceae species in harvested stand was 77.3 stem.ha -1 or 33.2%, while in the protected stand was 99
The stand parameters in two studied compartments are shown in table 1. The results indicated the tree and seedling density in the protected stand was significantly higher (P < 0.01) than the harvested stand. The total basal area and stand volume in the protected stand was also significantly higher (P < 0.01) than the harvested stand (Table 1).
Species Importance Value (SIV) of different tree species in the harvested and protected stands is shown in Figure 1. The SIV of Fagus orientalis in the protected stand (92.5) was higher than the harvested stand (88.5). While, the SIV of Carpinus betulus, Acer insigne, Acer cappadocicum and Alnus subcordata in the harvested stand was higher than in the protected stand. Also, the SIV of Acer platanoides, Quercus castaneifolia, Tilia begonifolia, Ulmus glabra and Zelkova carpinifolia in the protected stand was the higher than the harvested stand. The SIV of other tree species (Fraxinus coriarifolia, Mespilus germanica, Cerasus avium, Pyrus communis, Prunus divaricata and Sorbus torminalis was almost equal in the harvested and protected stands (Figure 1). Volume of different tree species in the harvested and protected stands is shown in Figure 2. The volume of all tree species in the protected stand was higher than in the harvested stand. The volume of Fagus orientalis in harvested and protected stands was 51.5 and 74.5 m 3 .ha -1 . Seedling of different tree species in harvested and protected stands are shown in Figure 3. The seedling density of all tree species, except of Carpinus betulus, in the protected stand was higher than in
the harvested stand. The multiple regression analyses applied to test the relations between DBH and tree height in the harvested and protected stands that were statistically significant (P < 0.001) and the result are shown in Figure 4. The regression analysis between DBH and tree density in the harvested and protected stands was also statistically significant (P < 0.001) and the results are shown in Figure 5. The regression analyses applied to test the relations between DBH and stand volume in the harvested and protected stands that were statistically significant (P < 0.001) and the result are shown in Figure 6.
the harvested stand was observed in DBH of 10-40 cm class, while DBH of 40-70 cm had the highest diversity value in the protected stand. The highest evenness value in the harvested stand was observed in DBH of 70-100 cm, while DBH of > 100 cm had the highest evenness value in the protected stand. The highest richness value was observed in DBH of 10-40 cm in the both of harvested and protected stands.
Biodiversity indices in harvested and protected stands are shown in table 3. The value of diversity index in the protected stand (0.84) was significantly higher (P < 0.01) than harvested stand (0.72). The value of evenness and richness indices in the protected stand were also higher (P < 0.01) than in the harvested stand. ANOVA tests showed the DBH classes had significantly affect (P < 0.01) on the means of biodiversity indices in the harvested and protected stands (Table 4). The highest diversity value in
The results of t test showed were not significant difference between the values of diversity index in two stands in the DBH class of 10-40 cm (Table 5). While, the values of diversity index in the DBH classes of 40-70, 70100 and > 100 cm in the protected stand were significantly higher than harvested stand (Table 5). The value of evenness index was significantly higher in the protected stand than the harvested stand only in the DBH class of > 100 cm (Table 5). The values of richness index in the all of DBH classes in the protected stand were significantly higher than the harvested stand (Table 5).
Table 1. Stand parameters (mean ± standard deviation) in the study sites.
Note: **: P < 0.01.
Table 2. Frequency and basal area of tree species in the study sites.
Table 3. Biodiversity indices (mean ± standard deviation) in DBH classes.
Note: *: Different letters in each column indicated significant difference at α = 0.05.
Table 4. ANOVA results for means of biodiversity indices in DBH class.
Table 5. Results of t test for comparing means of biodiversity indices in harvested and protected stands according DBH class.
Note: N.S: Not significance, *: P < 0.05, **: P < 0.01
Figure 3. Seedling density of tree species in the harvested and protected stands.
Discussion
Our results indicated the species importance value (SIV) of shade-intolerant species such as Acer insigne, Acer cappadocicum and Alnus subcordata in the harvested stand were higher than protected stand. The diversity of a forest stand may not be sufficiently described by tree species diversity alone. Forest ecologically management include forest ecosystem, wood production and non timber values (Lindenmayer et al. 2000; Pourbabaei and Pourrahmati 2009). The forest biodiversity guidelines focus on how best to conserve and enhance biodiversity in forests, through appropriate planning, conservation and management. Tavankar et al. (2011) investigated effects of selection cutting on species diversity of trees and regeneration at a 10 years period in the Caspian forests. Their results indicated species diversity of tree and regeneration were slightly increased after 10 years from cutting since. Also the researchers reported the species importance value (SIV) of Beech and Hornbeam trees were decreased, but SIV of Maple and Alder trees were increased at the end of period.
The results of this study indicated the density of trees and seedling of rare tree species, for example, Ulmus glabra, Tilia begonifolia, Zelkova carpinifolia and Fraxinus coriarifolia, in the protected stand was higher than in the harvested stand. It is widely demonstrated that more species contribute to greater ecosystem stability. Nowadays, forest management practices increasingly promote conservation and enhancement of biodiversity. Forest management typically has a marked affect on plant species diversity, which is an important ecological indicator (Lindenmayer et al. 2000). Poor forest management practices contribute to decline or loss of biodiversity. The conservation of biodiversity has become a major concern for resource managers and conservationists worldwide and it is one of the foundation principles of ecologically sustainable forestry (Carey and Curtis 1996; Hunter 1999).
The structural attributes of forest stands are increasingly recognized as being of theoretical and practical importance in the understanding and management of forest ecosystems (Franklin et al. 2002). The structural diversity can be characterized by diameter variation of trees in a forest stand. The regression analysis of relation between DBH and tree height showed the height of trees with DBH of > 30 cm in protected stand were higher than in the harvested stand. Pourmajidian and Rahmani (2009) compared stand structure after 12 years in a Beech stand. They reported the stand volume was not significantly changed, but density and basal area of trees significantly increased after 12 years. Structural diversity is an important property of forest stands. Diameter diversity is the most straightforward way for quantifying vertical structure (canopy layering) of a forest stand because diameter is strongly associated with tree height and crown width (Neumann and Starlinger 2001). The regression analysis of relation between DBH and tree density showed the density of trees in the protected stand were higher than in the harvested stand in the all DBH classes. Villela et al. (2006) studied effect of
Understanding the effects of forest management practices on plant species diversity is important for achieving ecologically sustainable forest management (Banda et al. 2006; Nagaike et al. 2006; Liang et al. 2007; Sefidi et al. 2011). The results of this study indicated the tree and seedling density, total basal area and stand volume in the protected stand was higher than in the harvested stand. Managing the forest for periodic income from the sale of trees as raw material for forest products depends on being able to regenerate the forest successfully. Forests are the most species rich of all terrestrial ecosystems and provide essential benefits to society. Forest management plan should describe both short and long term management goals and how to maintain forest productivity. Qiu et al. (2006) investigated effects of selection cutting on the forest structure and species diversity of evergreen broad-leaved forest in northern Fujian, China. They reported selection cutting of low and medium intensities caused to little variation in the stand structure, while high intensity of selection cutting caused to significantly changing in the stand structure. Sohrabi et al. (2011) studied structural diversity of Beech stands in northern Iran and reported the most diversity of trees is in low height and diameter classes.
selective logging on stand structure in Brazil forests and reported did not differ in stem density and total basal area in logged and unlogged stands, but unlogged stand had more density of large diameter trees and greater mean of canopy height.
It is now widely accepted that forests should be managed in an ecologically sustainable fashion (Kohm and Franklin 1997; Lindenmayer et al. 2000). Biodiversity is an essential case for life continuance, economical affairs and ecosystems function and resistance (Singh 2002). Biodiversity measurement is recognized as guidance for conservation plans in local scale. The knowledge of the floristic composition of an area is a perquisite for any ecological and phyto-geographical studies and conservation management activities (Jafari and Akhani 2008).
Forest managers have been seeking a feasible way to integrate biodiversity issues into management plans. To control forest stand structure may be the most practical way to manage biodiversity in forest ecosystems. The regression analysis of relation between DBH and stand volume showed the trees with DBH of almost 80 cm have the most stand volume in the both harvested and protected stands. Kia-Daliri et al. (2011) investigated how to marking of trees that will be harvested during selection cutting and its impact on stand structure in a mixed Beech stand in Caspian forest. They reported the most marked and harvested trees were large diameter (DBH > 60 cm), high quality and Beech specimen.
Forests are among the most diverse and complex ecosystems in the world, providing a habitat for a multitude of flora and fauna. The results of this study indicated the value of biodiversity indices (diversity, evenness and richness) in the protected stand were significantly higher than in the harvested stand. It has been well documented that species composition and diversity can be used as indicators of past management practices in forested areas (Hunter 1999; Kneeshaw et al. 2000). Species richness and diversity are useful indicators of the effects of forest management practices (Nagaike et al. 2006). Species diversity is an important index in community ecology (Myers and Harms 2009). Ecologically sustainable forestry is the practice of land stewardship that integrates growing and harvesting of trees while protecting soil, water, biodiversity and landscape.
In this research effects of timber harvesting on structural diversity and species composition in mixed Beech (Fagus orientalis L.) stands were studied in the Caspian forests of Iran. They are suitable habitats for a variety of hardwood species such as Beech, Hornbeam, oak, maple and Alder. The silvicultural method is single selection cutting and commercial logging is accomplished within the legal framework of forestry management plan in the Caspian forests of Iran. These forests are the most valuable forests in Iran. These forests are known as one of the most basic resources for wood production and have a big share in supplying wood to the related industries. Our suggestion for biodiversity conservation is to leave the tree species that are less dense in these stands, such as Ulmus glabra, Zelkova carpinifolia, Fraxinus coriarifolia and Cerasus avium and logging operation focus on the tree species that are high density. Diversity of species is correlated to the diversity of their habitats. Marking for trees selection should not be only for harvesting of the wood, but also it should consider the uneven aged structure, keeping the seed trees and their regeneration and the diversity of wood species. The conservation of biological diversity is one of the goals of ecologically sustainable forestry (Lindenmayer et al. 2000). Fully protected areas are often assumed to be the best way to conserve plant diversity and maintain intact forest composition and structure (Banda et al. 2006). Forest protection should aim at ensuring that forests continue to perform all their productive, socio-economic and environmental functions in the future. Forest structure is the important feature in management of forest ecosystems (Zenner and Hibbs 2000; Tavankar 2013).
REFERENCES
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Anderson SC, Kupfer JA, Wilson RR, Cooper RJ. 2000. Estimating forest crown area removed by selection cutting: a linked regression GIS approach based on stump diameters. For Ecol Manag 137 (1-3): 171177.
Battles JJ, Fahey TJ. 2000. Gap dynamics following forest decline: A case study of Red spruce forests. Ecol Appl 10: 760-774.
Bonyad AE, Sima A, Bakhshandh B, Dadras H. 2012. Evaluation of nondestructive Meyer method for determination the bark volume of Beech (Fagus oriantalis Lipsky) in different geographical aspects. Caspian J Environ Sci 10 (1): 67-73.
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Jafari SM, Akhani H. 2008. Plants of jahan nama protected area, Golestan province, N. Iran. Pak J Bot 40 (4): 15331554.
Kia-Daliri H, Akhavan R, Anisi I. 2011. Timber marking and its impact on forest stand (Case study: Shourab district of Golband region). Iran J For 3 (1): 49-59.
Kohm K, Franklin JF. 1997. Forestry in 21st century, Island press, Covelo California.
Kneeshaw DD, Leduc A, Drapeau P, Gauthier S, Pare D, Carigan R, Doucet R, Bouthillier L, Messier C. 2000. Development of integrated ecological standards of sustainable forest management at an operational scale. For Chron 76: 481-493.
Krebs CJ. 1999. Ecological Methodology. Harper and Row, New York.
Liang J, Buongiorno J, Monserud RA, Kruger EL, Zhou M. 2007. Effects of diversity of tree species and size on forest basal area growth, recruitment and mortality. For Ecol Manag 243, 116-127.
Kuuluvainen T, Penttinen A, Leinonen K, Nygren M. 1996. Statistical opportunities for comparing stand structural heterogeneity in managed and primeval forests: An example from boreal spruce forest in southern Finland. Silva Fennica 30: 315-328.
Lindenmayer D, Franklin J. 1997. Managing stand structure as part of ecologically sustainable forest management in Australian mountain ash forests. Conserv Biol 11 (5): 1053-1068.
Marvie-Mohadjer M. 2006. Silviculture in Iran. Tehran University Press. Myers JA, Harms KE. 2009. Seed arrival, ecological filters and plant species richness: a meta-analysis. Ecol Lett 12 (11): 1250-1260.
Lindenmayer DB, Margules CR, Botkin DB. 2000. Indicator of biodiversity for ecologically sustainable forest management. Conserv Biol 14 (4): 941-950.
Nagaike T, Hayashi A. 2004. Effects of extending rotation period on plant species diversity in Larix kaempferi plantations in central Japan. Ann For Sci 61: 197-202.
Nav Forest Management Plan. 1998. Asalem Natural Resources Office, Forestry Plan of District 1. Nav, Asalem, Guilan Province, Iran.
Nagaike TA, Hayashi A, Kubo M, Abe MN, Arai N. 2006. Plant species diversity in a managed forest landscape composed of Larix kaempferi plantations and abandoned coppice forests in Central Japan. For Sci 52 (3): 324-332.
Neumann M, Starlinger F. 2001. The significance of different indices for stand structure and diversity in forests. For Ecol Manag 145: 91-106.
Nyland D. 1998. Selection system in northern hardwoods. J For 96 (7): 18-21.
North MP, Franklin JF, Carey AB, Forsman ED, Hamer T. 1999. Forest stand structure of the northern spotted owl's foraging habitat. For Sci 45: 520-527.
Palik B, Engstrom RT. 1999. Species composition, in: Hunter ML (ed.), Maintaining biodiversity in forest ecosystems, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
Pourbabaei H, Haddadi-Moghaddam H, Begyom-Faghir M, Abedi T. 2013. The influence of gap size on plant species diversity and composition in beech (Fagus orientalis) forests, Ramsar, Mazandaran Province, North of Iran. Biodiversitas 14 (2): 89-94.
Pourbabaei H, Asgari F, Reif A, Abedi R. 2012. Effect of plantations on plant species diversity in the Darabkola, Mazandaran Province, North of Iran. Biodiversitas 13 (2): 72-78.
Pourbabaei H, Pourrahmati G. 2009. Plant species diversity in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) and sugi (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don.) plantations in the Western Guilan, Iran. Int J Biodiv Conserv 1 (2): 38-44.
Pourmajidian MR, Rahmani A. 2009. The influence of single-tree selection cutting on silvicultural properties of a northern hardwood forest in Iran. American-Eurasian J Agric Environ Sci 5 (4): 526-532.
Pourmajidian MR, Malakshah NE, Fallah A, Parsakhoo A. 2009. Evaluating the shelterwood harvesting system after 25 years in a beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) forest in Iran. J For Sci 55 (6): 270278.
Powelson A, Martin P. 2001. Spacing to increase diversity within stands [Internet]. Stand Density Management Diagrams. Available from: http: //www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfp/pubs/standman/Sp_Div.pdf
methodological considerations based on mixed beech-larch stands in Lower Saxony. For Ecol Manag 97: 237-253.
Pretzsch H. 1997. Analysis and modelling of spatial stand structures:
Qiu RH, Chen H, Zhuo LX. 2006. Effects of selection cutting on the forest structure and species diversity of evergreen broad-leaved forest in northern Fujian, southern China. For Stud China 8 (1): 16-20.
Schulte BJ, Buongiorno J. 1998. Effects of uneven-aged silviculture on the stand structure, species composition, and economic returns of loblolly pine stands. For Ecol Manag 111: 83-101.
Rezaei Taleshi SA. 2014. A comparative study on plant diversity in alder (Alnus subcordata) stands of natural and plantation areas. Biodiversitas 15 (1): 39-47.
Schumann ME, White AS, Witham JW. 2003. The effects of harvest created gaps on plant species diversity, composition, and abundance in a Maine oak-pine forest. For Ecol Manag 176: 543-561.
Seymour R, Hunter ML. 1999 Principles of ecological forestry, in: Hunter ML (ed). Maintaining biodiversity in forest ecosystems, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
Sefidi K, Marvie Mohadjer MR, Mosandl R, Copenheaver CA. 2011. Canopy gaps and regeneration in old-growth Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) stands, northern Iran. For Ecol Manag 262: 10941099.
Sharma CM, Suyal S, Gairola S, Ghildiyal SK. 2009. Species richness and diversity along and altitudinal gradient in moist temperate forest of Garhwal Himalaya. J Amer Sci 5 (5): 119-128.
Simila M, Kouki J, Monkkonen M, Sippola A, Huhta E. 2006. Covariation and indicators of species diversity: Can richness of forestdwelling species be predicted in northern boreal forests? Ecol Indicator 6: 686700.
Shimatani K. 2001. On the measurement of species diversity incorporating species differences. Oikos 93: 135-147.
Singh JS. 2002. The biodiversity crisis: a multifaceted review. Curr Sci 82: 499-500.
Sturtevant BR, Bissonette JA, Long JN, Roberts DW. 1997. Coarse woody debris as a function of age, stand structure, and disturbance in boreal Newfoundland. Ecol Appl 7: 702-712.
Sohrabi V, Rahmani R, Moayeri MH, Jabbari S. 2011. Assessment of structural diversity of Beech forest stands in north of Iran. Int J Biol 3 (3): 60-65.
Sullivan TP, Sullivan DS, Lindgren PMF. 2001. Influence of variable retention harvests on forest ecosystems. I. Diversity of stand structure. J Ecology 38 (6): 1221-1233.
Tavankar F. 2013. Woody species diversity and stand types in relict of Hyrcanian lowland forests, north of Iran. Plant Sci Feed 3 (7): 83-87
Tavankar F, Mahmoudi J, Iranparast Bodaghi A. 2011. The effect of single selection method on tree species diversity in the northern forests of Iran (Case study: Asalem-Nav, Gulan province). J Sci Tech in Nat Resour 6 (1): 27-40.
Torras O, Saura S. 2008. Effects of silvicultural treatments on forest biodiversity indicators in the Mediterranean. For Ecol Manag 255: 3322-3330.
Varga P, Chen HYH, Klinka K. 2005. Tree-size diversity between singleand mixed-species stands in three forest types in western Canada. Can J For Res 35 (3): 593-601.
Uuttera J, Maltamo M, Hotanen JP. 1997. The structure of forest stands in virgin and managed peat lands: a comparison between Finnish and Russian Karelia, For Ecol Manag 96: 125-138.
Villela DM, Nascimento MT, De Aragao LEOC, Da Gama DM. 2006. Effect of selective logging on forest structure and nutrient cycling in a seasonally dry Brazilian Atlantic forest. J Biogeogr 33: 506-516.
Webster CR, Lorimer CG. 2002. Single-tree versus group selection in hemlock-hardwood forests: are smaller openings less productive? Can J For Res 32 (4): 591-604.
Volin VC, Buongiorno J. 1996. Effects of alternative management regimes on forest stand structure, species composition, and income: a model for the Italian Dolomites. For Ecol Manag 87: 107-125.
Zenner EK, Hibbs DE. 2000. A new method for modeling the heterogeneity of forest structure. For Ecol Manag 129: 75-87.
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University of Vermont Request For Keys / Cat Card Access / Card De-Activation
Complete fields and print from browser. Obtain signatures. Mail or fax completed form to:
Physical Plant Department, 284 East Avenue. FAX: 656-0974
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University Address:
Activate: Deactivate:
If applicable, who key access is from:
Brief description for key:
| # of Keys | Building & Room # | Key # |
|---|---|---|
Duration: Permanent Temporary. If Temporary: Return/Deactivation Date:
APPROVALS
Name- Dept. Chair / Director OR Dean
Name- Provost (GM key only)
Signature- Dept. Chair/Director: ORDean |Date:
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ISSUANCE OF KEYS
Key requestor will be e-mailed when keys are ready for pickup. Pick up key at 284 East Avenue, Material Management Warehouse, Mon-Fri from 7:00 am -12 noon or 12:30 pm – 3:00 pm. Recipient must show University I.D. and sign for keys, which acknowledges recipient will:
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3. return all University keys, upon transfer/termination, to your Chair/Director, who is responsible for contacting lock shop with the appropriate information.
Recipient Name (Please Print): Signature:
Date:
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Séminaire
Enhanced di-Higgs signal at LHC and beyond by scalar singlet and colored particle
Kenji Nishiwaki
Korea Institute for Advanced Study (KIAS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
The di-Higgs production is an important channel for more direct determination of the Higgs self couplings. We focus on the situation that the production is amplified where the observed Higgs doublet couples with a singlet scalar. The singlet can interact with gluon strongly by the mediation of new colored particles. Here, constraints from the 125 GeV Higgs signal strengths do not restrict the scenario severely. We can probe such a situation by observation of the resonant production of a new singlet-like scalar through the di-Higgs channel. We also address a possible explanation for the 2.4 σ excess in the search for Higgs pair production with the bbγγ final state at the ATLAS experiment.
This talk is based on the ongoing collaboration with Koji Nakamura (KEK & ! CE RN), Kin-ya Oda (Osaka Univ.), Seong Chan Park and Yasuhiro Yamamoto (Yonsei Univ.).
.
Lundi, 9 janvier, 2017, à 11 :30
Pavillon Roger-Gaudry, V-221
Café-biscuits à 11:15 au V-221
liste des séminaires : https://feynman.lps.umontreal.ca/en/seminars
inscription/Subscription : http://www.physics.mcgill.ca/seminars/sem_lists.html
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Southern Motorcycle Advanced Rider Training
Minutes of an
Annual General Meeting
of
RoSPA Southern Motorcycle Advanced Rider Training (RoSPA SMART)
at
Southgate West Community Centre
Ditchling Hill
Southgate
Crawley
West Sussex
RH11 8QL on
Thursday 15 th October 2009 at 8.00 pm
Agenda.
1. Apologies for absence.
2. Agree the minutes of last AGM.
3. Report by the Chairman.
4. Report by the Treasurer and presentation of the accounts.
5. Report by the Membership Secretary.
6. Report by the Chief Instructor.
7. Amendment to the constitution.
8. Election of officers.
9. Any other business.
10.Close of meeting.
Meeting opened by the Secretary at 8.00 pm.
Apologies for absence
Apologies were received from the following members:
Richard Strommer, Sue Manning, Tim Bird, Hugh Curran, John McGregor, Alan Leslie and Rob Pervis
Twenty twenty four members were in attendance on the evening.
Minutes of last AGM agreed
The minutes of the last AGM were agreed (Proposed by Tony Gillingwater and seconded by Godfrey Town).
Report by the Chairman (Mark Kennedy)
Mark started with a little introduction of himself. He then thanked everyone for coming along.
Mark explained that he had become chairman as Tony Clark had resigned. Mark expressed his thanks to Tony for the work he had done as chairman for 20 months.
Mark thanked Paul Reynolds, the secretary, for his administration work; Roger Manning, membership secretary, for maintaining the database; Hugh Curran, chief instructor, for his initiative and drive in the training world and Adrian Russell, outgoing treasurer for his finance and other work over the last two years. Mark welcomed Owen Evans, treasurer elect, to the committee.
Special thanks were made to Robin Brown who had stepped down as rideout coordinator after 18 months and has now become the Trainee Instructor Coordinator. Robin is working very hard in this role and creating a structure and check list to reflect John Taylor's ideas. Mark hopes that Robin continues in this important role.
Special thanks were also made to Luke Bartlett who has been very active in organising the speaker club evenings and has taken over from Robin in the role of month end rideout coordinator.
We have ran two first aid courses this year with 48 members taking advantage of the subsidised event and three machine control handling days which were useful , informative and entertaining.
We supported Hampshire Fire Brigade where we provided assessment rides at one of their open days and we picked up three new members.
We have purchased on-bike videoing equipment a new portable laptop and portable over head projecter.
The committee is open to suggestions. Please let the Mark or the committee know if there are any issues – don't stew on them!
Report by the Treasurer (Adrian Russell) and presentation of the accounts
Adrian issued printed handouts showing the accounts and annual report for the year ended 31 st September 2009.
Adrian explained some of the figures on the report and summarised that there was a cash inflow of £328, balance in bank and cash stands at £8,898.
There were no questions relating to the accounts.
Adrian thanked Alec Gore for organising the slow riding days, the committee for support over the last two years and all the members of the group. He wished the group all the best but said he would not be around too much as work will be taking him out of the area.
Report by the Membership Secretary (Roger Manning)
Roger reported that we have had a good year with 67 new members.
A total of 281 members (290 last year), made up as follows:-
Roger reminded the AGM that he warned last year that he expected a lot of members not to renew for reasons such as moved out of the area or they no longer ride a bike, which was about right.
7x Sussex
Average age of membership = 48.13 years
One of the reasons the 2008 figures for new members are so high is because of the recruitment drive undertaken by the last committee in 2007. The group is currently holding its own but cannot at present take on too many more trainees. The new style ride school seems to help with retention of trainees.
The ratio of trainees to instructors of 14:1 in the Sussex branch is too high. The Kent branch's ration of 7:1 is more manageable.
Tony Clark said that the fact we had to close the books to new trainees showed we were at maximum capacity.
Max Harris asked if we chased the non-renewers to find out why they did not renew. Roger said we did not, but he was planning to this year.
Peter Hayes asked if we should appoint an allocations office. Roger said that Hugh was doing this but this is one aspect that will handed over to Paul Farmer, Alex Gore and Graham Allen following the constitution change.
Mark Kennedy said that there were commitment issues with both trainees and instructors.
Report by the Chief Instructor (Hugh Curran)
In Hugh's absence, Paul Reynolds read out a report prepared by Hugh [see attached].
There were no questions or issues raised following this report.
Constitution changes
The proposal put forward by Hugh Curran to change the title of the Chief Instructor to Group Chief Instructor was unanimously approved.
Election of Committee Members
As only one person was standing for each position on the committee, there was no need for any vote and the committee is:
* Mark Kennedy as Chairman
* Paul Reynolds as Secretary
* Owen Evans as Group Treasurer
* Roger Manning as Membership Secretary
* Hugh Curran as Group Chief Instructor
AOB
Andrew Adams asked if the current situation of having a Bulletin Board and an email group for general discussion was working and should we not adopt one or the other. Paul Reynolds said that he liked the email system as it is 'push technology' and it comes to him rather than having to go looking for the messages. Rob Wilkie asked if there was a way to get the bulletin board on a weekly or daily digest. Andrew Adams explained that you could set up the bulletin board to email when a new post has been made and that this can be set up at thread or board level. Following a show of hands it appeared that the email system was preferred. The committee will discuss this at their next meeting to discuss further.
Max Harris asked what was happening with radios and was it worth continuing. Roger Manning said that Graham Allen has a good system he uses and he has taken the development of this on. Paul Farmer said that radios were becoming more common on tests. Roger Manning said that High Curran and Graham Allen will try again.
Rob Wilkie mentioned the MC1 and MC3 days held by I2I for RoSPA SMART and Kent IAM. He said these days were superb and perhaps we should promote this more in this area. Paul Reynolds said that part of Hugh Curran's speech was to liaise more with professional bodies and see if we could get any benefit from their expertise.
Rob Wilkie also mentioned that Jon Taylor has released a book 'How to be a better rider' and this was much better than Roadcraft.
Roger Manning said that the renewals should have gone out by now but due to his holiday they have not. There is now a postage strike looming which may hold them up. The group has good funds in the bank so is not desperate for the money so understands if cheques are not received by renewal date.
The meeting was formally adjourned at 10.00 pm.
Minutes adopted by: …………………………………………………………..
Seconded by: …………………………………………………………….
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Privacy
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CCS is committed to developing, implementing and maintaining systems and procedures in order to protect the personal information of all of its stakeholders in accordance with provincial privacy legislation. All CCS staff, volunteers, and program/student placements shall be expected to strictly adhere to CCS privacy policies and procedures. CCS privacy policies and procedures shall serve to protect the privacy of personal information belonging to the following parties:
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Policies and Procedures Manual
CCS uses and discloses clients' personal and/or personal health information to:
- Provide services for the client such as personal care giving, transportation; counseling and care coordination, employment assistance for individuals needing accommodations due to a disability, etc;
- Plan, administer and manage our internal operations;
- Ask clients for feedback about the services they have already received as part of our quality assurance commitment;
- Conduct risk management and quality improvement activities;
- Compile statistics;
- Fulfill other purposes permitted or required by law;
- Comply with legal and regulatory requirements;
Client Rights:
Under Ontario law clients have every right to:
- Know how CCS collects, uses, discloses and stores their personal health information;
- Expect that any personal health information held by CCS remains accurate, confidential and secure;
- Expect that their personal health information remains private. CCS will not share personal information with others without client consent unless we are permitted or required to by law;
- Look at or receive a copy of their personal health information and ask CCS to correct their personal health information record. Kindly make these requests in writing to Caledon Community Services;
- Ask questions or make a complaint to our Privacy Officer about our privacy practices;
- Withdraw their consent (if the law allows) for some of the above uses and disclosures by contacting CCS in writing;
Staff/Volunteers/Student/Program Placements:
CCS will inform its staff (or applicants for employment), volunteers, student and program placements of why and how we collect, use and disclose their personal information, obtain their consent where required, and only handle their personal information in a manner that a reasonable person would consider appropriate in the circumstances.
Unless the purposes for collecting personal information are obvious and the applicant, staff, volunteer, student or program placement voluntarily provides their personal information for those purposes, CCS will communicate the purposes for which personal information is being collected, either orally or in writing, before or at the time of collection. We will only collect applicant/staff/volunteer/student/program placement information that is necessary to fulfill the following purposes:
- To assess suitability for employment or volunteer/student/program placement;
- To verify credentials;
- To verify identity;
- To check for relevant criminal records;
- To send out information;
- To meet regulatory requirements (i.e. Canada Revenue Agency (CRA) requirements) (for paid staff/program placements);
- To process payroll and/or benefits (for paid staff/program placements);
- To substantiate and/or arrange for accommodations in accordance with the Ontario Human Rights Code (OHRC);
- To assess eligibility for benefits (for paid staff);
In order for Caledon Community Services to employ (or continue to employ) staff members and to look after their well-being and to provide quality services, CCS collects and uses certain Staff Personal Information, that may include:
- Home address and telephone number;
- Date of Birth;
- Gender;
- Marital status;
- Social Insurance Number (for Canada Revenue Agency requirements)
- Photograph (for I.D. badges);
- Earnings
- Bank account number (for direct deposit of pay);
- Driving record history (abstract);
- Criminal Records Check (Vulnerable Sector);
- Driver's license copy/number;
- Functional Abilities Information (for sick leave/ STD/LTD/WSIB claims or
accommodation for a disability);
- Limited information about spouses/partners/dependants for benefits or RRSP;
- Personal and professional references;
- Performance summaries and ratings;
- Attendance records;
- Career goals and objectives;
Donors:
The privacy and security of donors' personal information is important to Caledon Community Services. Caledon Community Services (CCS) respects its donors' right to privacy and is committed to protecting the personal information that donors provide to the agency.
The information collected is used:
- To facilitate donation collection and processing
- To communicate relevant news and updates
- To provide tax receipts
CCS does not trade, license, rent or sell our donors' personal information in any manner.
CCS website users:
Individuals can browse our website without disclosing their personal data. Any personal information that site visitors voluntarily choose to provide in order to complete any of our online application forms, set up a profile with our Jobs Caledon on-line job board, make donations or request information, etc IS NOT shared with third parties unless stated otherwise. CCS will ensure all personal information is secured and remains confidential.
CCS's Use of Cookies: A cookie is a small text file containing a unique identification number that is transferred from a website to the hard drive of your computer so that the website may identify separate visitors to the site and track users' activities on the website. A cookie will not let a website know any personally identifiable information about website visitors, such as their real name and address. CCS uses cookies only to keep track of how many people visited the website and how frequently each page is visited. Each individual movement of any user cannot be tracked while on CCS's site. Cookies are only used to track page popularity for statistical purposes and to improve the quality of the site and meet website user needs.
Links on our Website: CCS wants our website users' experience to be informational and resourceful; therefore our website also provides a number of links to third party sites. CCS assumes no responsibility for the information practices of sites that our users are able to access through our site. We encourage our website users to review each site's privacy policy before disclosing any personally identifiable information.
Safeguards
CCS employs a number of safeguards to protect your personal information against loss or theft, as well as unauthorized access, disclosure, copying, use, or modification. Such safeguards include physical measures, for example locked filing cabinets, restricted access to offices, and limiting access on a "need to know" basis, and use of passwords and encryption.
Exceptions
Caledon Community Services does not disclose any private information regarding individuals without informed consent, unless it is required or permitted by law.
Raising Concerns or Complaints about Compliance to this Policy
If, for any reason, you are concerned about our compliance with our Privacy Policy, you may contact our Privacy Officer in writing, by mail or by email. CCS has policies and procedures to receive, investigate and respond to individuals' complaints and questions. If you are not satisfied with the way CCS has responded to a complaint, you can contact the Privacy Commissioner of Canada. This Privacy Policy may be updated from time to time and will be posted on our website.
Contact Information for the CCS' Privacy Officer:
Nancy Kopriva, Manager, Human Resources Privacy Officer 18 King Street East, Bolton, ON L7E 1E8
E-mail: email@example.com
References:
CCS Policies and Forms:
Complaint/Satisfaction Form Privacy and Confidentiality Agreement Incident Investigation Report Personnel Records Policy – Staff and Program Placements Personnel Records Policy – Volunteers and Student Placements CCS Donor Bill of Rights Privacy Complaint Investigation Procedure
Legislation:
Employment Standards Act of Ontario PIPEDA – Personal Information and Electronic Documents Act PHIPA – Personal Health Information Protection Act PIPA – Personal Information Protection Act FIPPA- Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act Health Services Operational Policies –Personal Health Information Privacy
Date Developed: February 26, 2016
Date Approved: March 2016
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03
The Sumitomo Heavy Industries Group contributes to building an affluent society with "manufacturing" technology
Since its foundation as a repair shop for the Besshi Copper Mine in 1888, the Sumitomo Heavy Industries Group has moved in step with social and industrial development. With a manufacturing technology nurtured by a tradition spanning more than 100 years, we make use of proven technologies that "actuate and control" devices from the world of nanotechnology to gigantic structures to realize original ideas and dreams.
Construction Machinery
Precision Machinery
Machinery Component
We handle speed reducers, which are devices for lowering the number of motor revolutions and raising torque. Taking part in a broad range of markets, speed reducers are used in conveyance lines at factories, in robotic joints and in the drive systems of a range of machines.
Main Products
Power transmission equipment, Inverters
An extremely fuel-efficient product, our hydraulic excavator was the first construction machinery to win the Energy Conservation Grand Prize. Featuring outstanding maneuverability, the Good Design Award is another stellar achievement for the excavator.
Main Products
Hydraulic excavators, mobile cranes, road machinery
We handle injection molding machines for making plastic products, and devices for manufacturing liquid crystal and semiconductors. Among injection molding machines, products that require precision machining are one of our particular specialties.
Main Products
Plastic injection molding machines, ion accelerators, laser processing systems, cryogenic equipment, precision positioning equipment, transfer molding press machines, precision forgings, defense equipment
Overseas Locations
Machinery Component Precision Machinery Construction Machinery Industrial Machinery Ships Environmental Facilities & Plants
133.1
billion yen
Net sales
28
companies
Affiliated
companies
4,476
people
Number of employees
56.7
billion yen
Net sales
17
companies
Affiliated
companies
1,845
people
Number of employees
Sumitomo Heavy Industries Group Environmental Sustainability Report 2015
133.3
billion yen
Net sales
23
companies
Affiliated
companies
1,704
people
Number of employees
Company Outline
Company name Sumitomo Heavy Industries, Ltd.
Founded
November 20, 1888
Incorporated November 1, 1934
Head Office
1-1 Osaki 2-chome, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo
Capital
30,871,650,000 yen
Number of employees
Consolidated: 18,061
Net sales Consolidated: 667,100 million yen
Industrial Machinery
Environmental
Facilities & Plants
The products include devices for diagnosing and curing cancer, forging presses for producing components for automobile engines, large cranes for shipyards and ports, steam turbines for private power generation at factories, automated warehouse systems, etc.
We specialize in midsized tankers with a capacity in the 100,000-ton class. By narrowing down the types of ships, we have raised development efficiency and we take pride in a low fuel consumption that is in the top class for the industry.
Main Products
Cyclotrons for medical use, ion accelerators, plasma coating systems, forging presses, material handling systems, logistics & handling systems, turbines, pumps
Main Products
Ships
We also handle boilers that are 100% biomass fuel-compatible, and energy-saving effluent treatment facilities. Our products also include exhaust gas processing facilities that do not use water, and facilities for recovering metals from waste.
Main Products
Power generation systems, industrial wastewater treatment systems, water and sewage treatment systems, landfill leachate treatment systems, air pollution control plants, process equipment for chemical plants, reactor vessels, mixing reactors, steel structures, food processing machinery
Changes in net income
Sumitomo Heavy Industries Group Environmental Sustainability Report 2015
(as of March 31, 2015)
04
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CHAIRMAN'S STATEMENT
am immensely delighted to extend a warm welcome to you to the 42nd Annual General Meeting of your Company. I feel honoured and privileged of addressing you on this occasion. The Directors' Report and the Audited Annual Accounts for the Financial Year 201112 have already been with you for sometime and with your kind permission, I would like to deem them as read. I
HPC Performance during 2011-12
Inspite of the inadequate fibre raw material availability for Cachar Paper Mill (CPM) persisting throughout FY 2011-12 the falling capacity utilization since the previous three years was arrested and 80% capacity utilization was achieved against the capacity utilization of 52% during the previous financial year. The effects of gregarious flowering of pre-dominant bamboo species viz Melocanna bacciferra (Muli bamboo) in the major bamboo catchment areas of CPM resulted in reduced availability of fibrous raw material for CPM. However, the natural re-generation of the flowered species has started to show signs of maturity. However, during FY 2011-12, supply of bamboo from the major source i.e. Mizoram was totally suspended on account of restriction imposed by Govt of Mizoram on issue of permits for supply of bamboo to CPM. This source accounts for around 60% of the total fibre raw material requirement of CPM and thus there was no option but to opt for procurement of fibrous raw material from non-conventional sources to ensure continuity of mill operations.
The gregarious flowering also resulted in non-supply from other major sources like Lease forest areas of Barak Valley and Tripura. Procurement of bamboo from Dima Hasao Autonomous Council (DHAC) was limited inspite of availability on account of the logistical constraints. The road connecting bamboo bearing areas of DHAC to CPM remains to be unpliable for heavy traffic on account of poor road conditions and thus road transportation from this important source was not possible. The century old metre gauge rail network connecting Dima Hasao to CPM witnessed frequent disruptions during this period on account of landslides. Moreover, the limited availability of wagons in this section prevented smooth and sustained supply of bamboo by rail from this source. Essential commodities like food grains are also required to be transported through this rail network and in such cases wagons are allotted preferentially and allotment of wagons for bamboo transport was adversely affected. The completion of East West corridor and conversion to BG rail connectivity will help in overcoming the logistical constraints faced by CPM.
The landlocked positioning of CPM in the highly infrastructurally deficient region makes it unviable to procure fibre raw material from alternative sources. The absence of feeder roads connecting the bamboo catchment areas makes it impossible for vehicles to access these areas and extract bamboo from the hilly and rough terrain and more so during the prolonged rainy season spanning from March to September. However, all possible non-conventional sources like procurement of imported pulp, procurement of pulpwood from outside states and transfer of fibrous raw material from NPM to CPM were explored and such initiatives only could arrest the downtrend and substantially increase capacity utilization during FY 2011-12.
HPC mills in Assam were set up in these industrially backward and infrastructurally deficient areas for the sole purpose of socio-economic development of this region and on the basis that the availability of fibre raw material at low costs would offset the numerous locational adversities. To add to the woes, the State Government has imposed Entry Tax on raw materials and Agriculture Cess on bamboo procured by the mills. Despite all odds, your company has left no stone unturned to face the challenges head on.
1
The figures below depict the performance of your Company during FY 2011-12, as a group along with its operating Subsidiary Hindustan Newsprint Ltd. (HNL):
| 1 | Production (tonnes) |
|---|---|
| 2 | Sales (tonnes) |
| 3 | Sales Turnover (` Cr.) |
| 4 | PBT (` Cr.) |
| 5 | PAT (` Cr.) |
Performance of your company has been affected due to non-availability of the most vital input i.e. fibrous raw material from the major conventional sources.
Industrial Performance
Growth in statistical terms is meaningless unless it helps every individual and all sections of society, which is where the trickle-down theory has its genesis. If we have been able to withstand the pressure of the global meltdown, it is because of our resilience and our unique approach to the problem. It was not borrowed or taken from an eminent economist's textbook. We adopted what we considered best suited to our country, society and culture.
The global economy is under stress. Growth rates have slowed down everywhere. There is considerable uncertainty about the period over which growth will revive in the industrialised world.
The Indian economy has been affected by these developments. Our exports have shrunk and the fiscal deficit has gone up. Growth decelerated to 6.5% last year. This has dampened investor sentiment. Doubts are being raised in some quarters about the India growth story going astray.
Economies go through ups and downs and downturns do dampen spirits. However, such downturns can have value if they make us focus on the weaknesses that are masked when times are good. India's slowdown is partly because of the global downturn, but it is partly also because of domestic constraints which have arisen.
We cannot do much about the global slowdown. Though we can certainly make a difference to the world if we do the right things at home to accelerate our own growth. But we can, and we must, correct our own weaknesses, and create new opportunities for economic growth and employment at home. This is the challenge before us. I assure you, this will now remain the focus of your Company in the months ahead.
Indian Paper Industry
Indian paper industry is poised to grow at the rate of 8% per annum. The per capita paper consumption increased to more than 9kg. Still, the figure is low compared to more than 42 kg in China and more than 350 kg in developed countries. India has emerged as one of the fastest growing markets when it comes to consumption.
Paper in India is made from 40 per cent of hardwood and bamboo fibre, 30 per cent from agro waste and 30 per cent from recycled fibre. Indian paper industry can be more competitive by adding improvements of key ports, roads and railways and communication facilities, revision of forest policy is required for wood and bamboo based paper industries so that plantation can be raised by the paper industry, cooperatives of farmers and state government. Degraded forest land should be made available to the industry for raising plantations. Duty free imports of new & second hand machinery/ equipment should be allowed for technology upgradation.
Major issues confronting India's pulp and paper industry are high cost of production caused by inadequate availability and high cost of raw materials. Energy cost has increased on account of inadequate
availability of coal thereby increasing imports. Nonavailability of good-quality fibre, uneconomical plant size, technological obsolescence and environmental compliances are a big challenge. While issues related to technology, capacity and environment come directly under the purview of companies, raw material shortage is a disadvantage affecting all.
the country. The total growing stock in the country is estimated to be 80.4 million tonnes, two thirds of it from North East. The North East is called the home of Bamboo and this natural resource is intimately interwoven with the socio-cultural fabric of the local populace.
Essentially, there is a huge potential for automation and system integrators to work collaboratively with India's pulp and paper companies and help them acquire the competitive edge. This means paper mills in India have tremendous opportunity to improve their profit margin by increasing their investments in automation systems and enterprise solutions, and integrating them to achieve collaborative production management. With the country's economy showing a growth trend, the paper consumption in India is bound to expand, and the existing gap with Asian and World average is a good indicator of the industry's growth potential.
India is witnessing a significant growth in the paper production capacity at present. Existing facilities are going for capacity expansions to achieve economy of scale. The limited availability and rising cost of virgin fibre (like pulpwood and bamboo) for paper production is resulting in a shift towards alternate raw material like wheat straw, bagasse, re-cycled paper, etc. especially for new upcoming paper mills thereby controlling the spiralling production cost and become more competitive in the paper market. The domestic market is also showing tremendous growth potential for value added paper like Copier paper.
Bamboo - the green gold
HPC mills in Assam are inherently dependant on bamboo growing stock in the North Eastern region to meet its fibrous raw material requirement. India has 136 bamboo species out of the total 1250 species of bamboo found in the world and is one of the richest bamboo growing countries. The North Eastern region constitutes 28% of the total bamboo growing area of
Bamboos are some of the fastest growing plants in the world and are capable of growing 60 cm (24 in.) or more per day due to a unique rhizome-dependant system. However, the growth rate is dependant on local agro-climatic conditions. Bamboos are of notable economic and cultural significance in East Asia and South East Asia, being innumerably used for activities like building materials, as a food source and as a versatile raw product.
Bamboo is the fastest growing canopy for the regreening of degraded lands, and its stands release 35% more oxygen than equivalent stands of trees. Some bamboo even sequester up to 12 tonnes of carbon dioxide per hectare. Bamboo can also lower light intensity and protects against ultraviolet rays. Traditional belief holds that being in a bamboo grove - the favorite dwelling place of Buddha - restores calmness to emotions and stimulates creativity. Bamboo is a mystical plant: a symbol of strength, flexibility, tenacity and endurance. Throughout Asia, bamboo has for centuries been integral to religious ceremonies, art, music and daily life. It can be found in the paper, the brush and the inspiration for poems and paintings. Some of the earliest historical records from the 2nd century B.C. were written on green bamboo strips.
Unlike wood, bamboo is much denser and grows faster making it an easily replenishable resource. Bamboo is a rapidly renewable resource because when harvested sustainably the plant re-grows from the same root stalk, maturing in just a few years unlike most trees which take far longer to grow and are incapable to re-growing of the same plant after harvesting. Bamboo thrives naturally, totally unassisted, without the use of any pesticides or fertilizer growing to its maximum height
in roughly three months, and reaching maturity after only three or four years. It also spreads rapidly across large areas like other plants in the grass family. Selective felling of bamboo as per silvi-cultural norms and care during the monsoon season when new stalks emerge goes a long way in sustainable harvesting on annual basis.
Fibre Raw Material Requirement
Mizoram, Meghalaya and Tripura with Mizoram being the major source accounting for around 60% of CPM's fibrous raw material requirement. However, the decision taken by Govt of Mizoram to restrict issue of permits for bamboo transportation from Mizoram to CPM since 28.03.2011 is still persisting despite regular follow-up at all levels which has affected productivity of CPM.
HPC mills in Assam were set up in the industrially backward areas on the premise of abundant availability of bamboo for meeting the entire fibrous raw material requirement for paper production. Nagaon Paper Mill (NPM) in Morigaon District was based on the rich bamboo stock in Karbi Anglong Autonomous Council areas and Cachar Paper Mill (CPM) on the bamboo abundantly available in Dima Hasao Autonomous Council (DHAC) areas and accordingly long term agreements were drawn among Govt. of Assam, HPC and the respective District Councils.
KAAC fulfils around 40% of the bamboo requirement for NPM and the balance requirement is met from other bamboo bearing areas within the State. Some bamboo is also procured from the State of Meghalaya. CPM on the other hand is unable to procure substantial quantity of bamboo from DHAC inspite of availability on account of poor road and deficient rail infrastructure connecting these areas. CPM has to depend on century old metre gauge rail network for transportation of bamboo from DHAC by rail which is prone to frequent disruptions and more so in the monsoon season as landslides block the rail tracks for days on end. Moreover, availability of rakes is limited and preference is given for transportation of food grains and other essential commodities to the logistically constrained north eastern states and after meeting such requirements wagons are allotted for transportation of bamboo.
CPM sources its requirement from Barak Valley Districts as well as from the neighbouring states of
The flowering of muli bamboo which is the predominant bamboo available in Barak Valley and the neighbouring states has resulted in the production shortfall since FY 2008-09. All out efforts are being made by CPM to procure bamboos of alternative species which have not been affected by gregarious flowering but the same is difficult on account of low availability and rough terrain in these regions. However, the post gregarious re-generation of new bamboo is successful in most areas and it is expected that fully mature muli bamboo will again be readily available in the flowered areas from 2013-14 onwards.
Farm Forestry - achieving fibre security
Your company's efforts to get unused and nonproductive barren lands from the State Govt for raising large scale captive plantations has not yielded any positive response. Even though bamboo is renewable product and replenishes naturally, HPC is implementing a Farm Forestry Initiative wherein high yielding, quick growing and disease resistant superior quality bamboo plantlets grown in the state-of-the-art bamboo tissue culture lab at NPM is distributed to interested farmers/ growers as well as Govt agencies at subsidized rates for raising bamboo plantations. This scheme is being accepted whole-heartedly by the local farmers in the periphery of the mills.
Tissue Culture - the green technology
Plant tissue culture encompasses culturing of plant parts on an artificial medium. The basic key used in plant tissue culture is the totipotency of plant cells, meaning that each plant cell has the potential to
regenerate into a complete plant. With this characteristic, plant tissue culture is used to produce genetically identical plants (clones) in the absence of fertilization, pollination or seeds. In plant tissue culture, plants or explants are cultured in a specific plant medium, which contains essential plant nutrients and hormones. Other plant growth factors like light and temperature are maintained and regulated by using artificial conditions. All the procedures of plant tissue culture are conducted under sterile (aseptic) conditions. The explants then develop stem, roots and leaves. The generated plantlets are hardened before planting in outdoor conditions.
A state-of-the-art tissue culture lab with capacity of 2 million plantlets per annum was installed at NPM in collaboration with National Mission on Bamboo Application, an arm of Technology Information Forecasting Advisory Council, under Department of Biotechnology, Govt. of India with the objective to identify and raise superior bamboo genotypes for large scale plantation in North Eastern India, improve productivity of bamboo with high yielding varieties in shorter rotation, promote bamboo based agro-forestry systems and optimally utilize wastelands with bamboo TC planting material.
Commercial production of Tissue Culture Plantlets(TCP) was started on 06.10.2007 and the bamboo species currently being propagated are Bambusa balcooa, Bambusa tulda and Bambusa nutans. The species selection is based on agro-climatic suitability of the local region, availability of good quality explants for carrying out the initiation process, growth rate, yield, resistance to disease and demand of the prospective planters. The bamboo TCPs generated in the lab are also in high demand among local farmers/ growers as well as from the State Forest Departments of the NER for taking up scientific bamboo plantations on a large scale.
The first batch of TCPs planted by local bamboo growers/farmers and various State Forest Departments in the NE region are now achieving full maturity, field trials and plantations taken up from these TCPs are showing positive and desired results.
Project Activities
HPC is trying to make a foray in the growing copier paper segment and accordingly the cut size sheeter with ream wrapping machine commissioned in Cachar Paper Mill in the month of January 2010 is operational. The installed capacity is 60 tpd. The machine has facilities for automatic ream wrapping of A-4 size paper. The machine is also equipped with A-3 size cutting facility with manual ream wrapping. This will help your company in making a foray into the copier paper market which is showing tremendous growth.
Hindustan Newsprint Limited (HNL)
During 2011-12 this Subsidiary of your Company achieved a production of 102450 MT which is 102.5% of the installed capacity and sold the entire production of 102450 MT of newsprint. HNL is planning to make a foray in the Writing and Printing paper segment with the objective to meet the demands in the Southern States as transportation cost of Writing and Printing paper from HPC mills in Assam is substantial.
NPPC
The Revival and Upgradation Scheme of NPPC, another Subsidiary of your Company was originally sanctioned by GoI/BIFR on 27.06.2007 for a production capacity of 66,000 tpa paper with a total project outlay of `552.44 crore. During the tendering process for the project, a very high cost escalation has been experienced by NPPC with regard to the sanctioned costs for Plant & Machinery. A revised cost estimate of `679 crore was formulated after reconfiguring the technical and financial options and was submitted to the approving authority seeking requisite approval and the same is awaited.
JPML
To diversify its product profile, achieve economy of
scale, cater to the increasing demand for value added paper and become pan-Indian in operations, HPC envisaged setting up of a Greenfield paper mill project with a capacity of 3 lakh tpa located close to the major demand centres. Extensive feasibility studies were carried out with the assistance of globally renowned consultant and a site at Jagdishpur in Sultanpur District in Uttar Pradesh was selected. Approval for this project was accorded by Govt. of India on 03.12.2007. A Company in the name and style of Jagdishpur Paper Mills Limited (JPML) with registered office at Lucknow was formed and Certificate of Incorporation was issued on 08.05.2008 by Registrar of Companies, Uttar Pradesh and Uttranchal. Project activities could not commence yet since the land identified by UPSIDC for the plant facilities is yet to be handed over to the Subsidiary. After vigorous follow-ups by your Company with Govt. of UP, M/s Uttar Pradesh State Industrial Development Corporation (UPSIDC) have agreed to hand over the 62.59 acres of land at the prevailing revised market rate at Utelwa Industrial Area. Your Company is making all out efforts through the good offices of the Administrative Ministry to get the land allotted at concessional rate to facilitate commencement of project activities and thereby taking your Company to the forefront in this highly competitive market.
first and who pays most for changed energy menus. In the meantime, recent fluctuations in temperature have intensified the public debate over how urgently to respond. The recent combination of flooding, heat waves and droughts were taken by most researchers trained in climate analysis as evidence to show that weather extremes are getting worse. The long-term warming trend over the last century has been wellestablished, and scientists immersed in studying the climate are projecting substantial disruption in water supplies, agriculture, ecosystems and coastal communities.
Climate Change - Healing the future
Global warming has become perhaps the most complicated issue facing the world. On the one hand, warnings from the scientific community are becoming louder, as an increasing body of science points to rising dangers from the ongoing build up of human-related greenhouse gases - produced mainly by the burning of fossil fuels and forests. On the other, the technological, economic and political issues that have to be resolved before a concerted worldwide effort to reduce emissions can begin have gotten no simpler, particularly in the face of a global economic slowdown.
At the heart of this issue is a momentous tussle between rich and poor countries over who steps up
Some years back, the idea of a national low-carbon growth strategy for India would have been hard to imagine as Low Carbon was seen to be at loggerheads with India's ambitious economic development agenda and was too controversial a concept to find a voice in domestic politics. Yet in January 2010, Prime Minister, Shri Manmohan Singh constituted a 26-member expert group to help develop a low-carbon growth strategy for India. This signifies a fundamental shift in thinking on the issue of climate change and development in India. The National Action Plan on Climate Change outlines long-term measures as India has committed to meet a reduction in national energy intensity of 25 percent by 2020 and needs to work out a strategy and various specific measures that will enable us to meet this.
Sustainable / Green business practices - the need of the hour
Sustainability derives its greatest power and effect in organizations when it is deeply embraced as a set of core values that genuinely integrate economic prosperity, environmental stewardship and social responsibility. Sustainable business, or green business, is an endeavour that has no negative impact on the global or local environment, community, society, or economy-a business that strives to meet the triple bottom line viz. profit, planet and people. Often, sustainable businesses have progressive environmental
and human rights policies. A Green business practice incorporates principles of sustainability into each business decision, supplies environment-friendly products or services that replace demand for non-green products & services, be greener than traditional competition and make an enduring commitment to environmental practices in its business operations.
Sustainability is a three-legged stool of people, planet, and profit. Sustainable businesses with the supply chain try to balance all these three through the triplebottom-line concept using sustainable development and sustainable distribution to impact the environment, business growth and the society. It is a business that meets the needs of the present world without compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their own needs. Sustainable development within a business can create value for customers, investors and the environment. A sustainable business must meet customer needs, at the same time, treating the environment well.
Contribution to Govt. Exchequer
Your Company's contribution to the Govt. exchequer during 2011-12 is given below:
with other paper mills in the country which enjoy industry friendly facilities. The only advantage in the form of adequate availability of fibrous raw material at reasonable costs no longer stands on account of the gregarious flowering of the pre-dominant bamboo species in the major bamboo catchment areas. CPM is still connected by the 105 year old MG track which entails trans-shipment for all incoming and outgoing materials from BG to MG or vice-versa at Lumding. In addition to this the Railways have restricted direct booking to CPM since October 2008 which entails multiple handling of goods due to unloading and further loading on trucks for road transportation resulting in high transportation costs. Road infrastructure for transportation of raw material and other inputs is in a deplorable condition. As trucks cannot ply on the road connecting DHAC (the major bamboo source for CPM) to CPM, transportation of bamboo by rail from this source is the only available alternative. Inspite of availability of adequate good quality bamboo nearby to the mill site, CPM is unable to source this material due to transportation problems. To compete with paper mills operating in other parts of the country the BG Rail link in Lumding-BadarpurSilchar section and Lumding-Haflong-Silchar section of the East - West corridor of NHAI is the only probable solution but work on both fronts have been delayed mainly on account of law and order problems in the NE Region. To effectively compete with other paper mills on a level playing field HPC mills warrant transport subsidy to compensate for the extra costs incurred on account of inability of the Govt to provide suitable transportation facilities.
Assistance Required
| Items of Revenue | [` Cr.] 2011-12 |
|---|---|
| Excise Duty | 18.75 |
| Sales Tax/ VAT/ CST | 22.35 |
| Entry Tax & Service Tax | 7.45 |
| Corporate Income Tax | - |
| Customs Duty | 7.38 |
| Redemption of Preference Share Capital | - |
| Dividend | - |
| Dividend Tax | - |
| Interest on GoI Loan | - |
| Total | 55.93 |
HPC mills operating in the infrastructurally deficient locations in the North Eastern region have to compete
HPC mills are also being subjected to Entry tax on raw materials and other inputs sourced from outside whereas there is no entry tax on import of paper into the State. In addition to this GoA is charging Agricultural cess on bamboo procured by the mills even though bamboo is not an agricultural product. Such unjustified levies on the already disadvantaged mills need to be reviewed immediately. Fiscal props are
required for offsetting the locational and logistical disadvantages of North Eastern Region (NER) in the pattern of such concessions given to Oil Refineries in the NER.
Corporate Social Responsibility
Your Company as a responsible corporate citizen has been taking up all possible steps to ensure the socioeconomic development of the community residing in the peripheral region for a wholesome development of this economically backward region. Our efforts range from initiatives taken for development of villages in the vicinity of the mills by providing basic amenities like providing safe drinking water, setting up of educational institutions to boost the literacy levels in the region, development of roads and bridges in a bid to improve the basic infrastructure, etc. Under the self employment schemes your company also provides sustainable employment opportunities by aiding formation of small scale industries at the village level. Your company is also highly concerned with the health facilities available to the families residing around the mills and frequently conducts free medical camps and distribute medicines to the local populace free of cost on such occasions. Your Company has also implemented Prime Minister's 15 Point Path Pradarshan Awareness Programme in several Higher Secondary Schools in the nearby villages around the Mills targeted to reach out to the minority students. Your company has also provided substantial land free of cost to the Public Works Department, Govt of Assam for construction of road under Prime Minister's
Gramin Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) Scheme to improve infrastructure and provide connectivity to the local people.
Road Ahead - our foray into the future
The rapid and substantial increase in the cost of fibre and fuel and other necessary inputs required for paper making coupled with low capacity utilization due to gregarious flowering of bamboo has led to significant increase of the production costs. The competing paper mills are going for large scale capacity expansions and improved latest technologies. Your company is also striving hard to keep pace with the competition and implemented cost cutting measures to combat the financial effect of under capacity utilization at CPM due to acute scarcity of fibre raw material caused by the gregarious flowering of the pre dominant bamboo species in the region. This fibre raw material problem is expected to plague us for some more time but the employees of your company have taken up this challenge and are making all out efforts to combat this present crisis period with a firm belief to come out victorious and effectively compete with our competitors.
M. V. NARASIMHA RAO
Chairman-cum-Managing Director
Delhi September 28, 2012
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PELHAM - VOLUME 8.
EDWARD BULWER-LYTTON ∗
VOLUME VIII.
CHAPTER LXXX.
K. Henry. Lord Say, Jack Cade hath sworn to have thy head.
Say. Ay, but I hope your Highness shall have his. –2nd Part of Henry IV.
Punctual to his appointment, the next morning came Mr. Job Jonson. I had been on the rack of expectation for the last three hours previous to his arrival, and the warmth of my welcome must have removed any little diffidence with which so shame-faced a gentleman might possibly have been troubled.
At my request, he sat himself down, and seeing that my breakfast things were on the table, remarked what a famous appetite the fresh air always gave him. I took the hint, and pushed the rolls towards him. He immediately fell to work, and for the next quarter of an hour, his mouth was far too well occupied for the intrusive impertinence of words. At last the things were removed, and Mr. Jonson began.
"I have thought well over the matter, your honour, and I believe we can manage to trounce the rascals–for I agree with you, that there is not a doubt that Thornton and Dawson are the real criminals; but the affair, Sir, is one of the greatest difficulty and importance–nay, of the greatest personal danger. My life may be the forfeit of my desire to serve you–you will not, therefore, be surprised at my accepting your liberal offer of three hundred a year, should I be successful; although I do assure you, Sir, that it was my original intention to reject all recompence, for I am naturally benevolent, and love doing a good action. Indeed, Sir, if I were alone in the world, I should scorn any remuneration, for virtue is its own reward; but a real moralist, your honour, must not forget his duties on any consideration, and I have a little family to whom my loss would be an irreparable injury; this, upon my honour, is my only inducement for taking advantage of your generosity;" and as the moralist ceased, he took out of his waistcoat pocket a paper, which he handed to me with his usual bow of deference.
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I glanced over it–it was a bond, apparently drawn up in all the legal formalities, pledging myself, in case Job Jonson, before the expiration of three days, gave that information which should lead to the detection and punishment of the true murderers of Sir John Tyrrell, deceased, to ensure to the said Job Jonson the yearly annuity of three hundred pounds.
"It is with much pleasure that I shall sign this paper," said I; "but allow me (par parenthese) to observe, that since you only accept the annuity for the sake of benefiting your little family, in case of your death, this annuity, ceasing with your life, will leave your children as pennyless as at present."
"Pardon me, your honour," rejoined Job, not a whit daunted at the truth of my remark, "I can insure!"
"I forgot that," said I, signing, and restoring the paper; "and now to business."
Jonson gravely and carefully looked over the interesting document I returned to him, and carefully lapping it in three envelopes, inserted it in a huge red pocket-book, which he thrust into an innermost pocket in his waistcoat.
"Right, Sir," said he, slowly, "to business. Before I begin, you must, however, promise me, upon your honour as a gentleman, the strictest secrecy, as to my communications."
I readily agreed to this, so far as that secrecy did not impede my present object; and Job being content with this condition, resumed.
"You must forgive me, if, in order to arrive at the point in question, I set out from one which may seem to you a little distant."
I nodded my assent, and Job continued.
"I have known Dawson for some years; my acquaintance with him commenced at Newmarket, for I have always had a slight tendency to the turf. He was a wild, foolish fellow, easily led into any mischief, but ever the first to sneak out of it; in short, when he became one of us, which his extravagance soon compelled him to do, we considered him as a very serviceable tool, but one, that while he was quite wicked enough to begin a bad action, was much too weak to go through with it; accordingly he was often employed, but never trusted. By the word us, which I see has excited your curiosity, I merely mean a body corporate, established furtively, and restricted solely to exploits on the turf. I think it right to mention this, because I have the honour to belong to many other societies to which Dawson could never have been admitted. Well, Sir, our club was at last broken up, and Dawson was left to shift for himself. His
father was still alive, and the young hopeful having quarrelled with him, was in the greatest distress. He came to me with a pitiful story, and a more pitiful face; so I took compassion upon the poor devil, and procured him, by dint of great interest, admission into a knot of good fellows, whom I visited, by the way, last night. Here I took him under my especial care; and as far as I could, with such a dull-headed dromedary, taught him some of the most elegant arts of my profession. However, the ungrateful dog soon stole back to his old courses, and robbed me of half my share of a booty to which I had helped him myself. I hate treachery and ingratitude, your honour; they are so terribly ungentlemanlike.
"I then lost sight of him, till between two and three months ago, when he returned to town, and attended our meetings with Tom Thornton, who had been chosen a member of the club some months before. Since we had met, Dawson's father had died, and I thought his flash appearance in town arose from his new inheritance. I was mistaken: old Dawson had tied up the property so tightly, that the young one could not scrape enough to pay his debts; accordingly, before he came to town, he gave up his life interest in the property to his creditors. However that be, Master Dawson seemed at the top of Fortune's wheel. He kept his horses, and sported the set to champagne and venison; in short, there would have been no end to his extravagance, had not Thornton sucked him like a leech.
"It was about that time, that I asked Dawson for a trifle to keep me from jail; for I was ill in bed, and could not help myself. Will you believe, Sir, that the rascal told me to go and be d–d, and Thornton said amen? I did not forget the ingratitude of my protege, though when I recovered I appeared entirely to do so. No sooner could I walk about, than I relieved all my necessities. He is but a fool who starves, with all London before him. In proportion as my finances increased, Dawson's visibly decayed. With them, decreased also his spirits. He became pensive and downcast; never joined any of our parties, and gradually grew quite a useless member of the corporation. To add to his melancholy, he was one morning present at the execution of an unfortunate associate of ours: this made a deep impression upon him; from that moment, he became thoroughly moody and despondent. He was frequently heard talking to himself, could not endure to be left alone in the dark, and began rapidly to pine away.
"One night, when he and I were seated together, he asked me if I never repented of my sins, and then added, with a groan, that I had never committed the heinous crime he had. I pressed him to confess, but he would not. However, I coupled that half avowal with his sudden riches and the mysterious circumstances of Sir John Tyrrell's death, and dark suspicions came into my mind. At that time, and indeed ever since Dawson re-appeared, we were often in the habit of discussing the notorious murder which then engrossed public attention; and as Dawson and Thornton had been witnesses on the inquest, we frequently referred to them respecting it. Dawson always turned pale, and avoided the subject; Thornton, on the contrary, brazened it out with his usual impudence. Dawson's aversion to the mention of the murder now came into my
remembrance with double weight to strengthen my suspicions; and, on conversing with one or two of our comrades, I found that my doubts were more than shared, and that Dawson had frequently, when unusually oppressed with his hypochondria, hinted at his committal of some dreadful crime, and at his unceasing remorse for it.
"By degrees, Dawson grew worse and worse–his health decayed, he started at a shadow–drank deeply, and spoke, in his intoxication, words that made the hairs of our green men stand on end.
"We must not suffer this," said Thornton, whose hardy effrontery enabled him to lord it over the jolly boys, as if he were their dimber-damber; "his ravings and humdurgeon will unman all our youngsters." And so, under this pretence, Thornton had the unhappy man conveyed away to a secret asylum, known only to the chiefs of the gang, and appropriated to the reception of persons who, from the same weakness as Dawson, were likely to endanger others, or themselves. There many a poor wretch has been secretly immured, and never suffered to revisit the light of Heaven. The moon's minions, as well as the monarch's, must have their state prisoners, and their state victims.
"Well, Sir, I shall not detain you much longer. Last night, after your obliging confidence, I repaired to the meeting; Thornton was there, and very much out of humour. When our messmates dropped off, and we were alone, at one corner of the room, I began talking to him carelessly about his accusation of your friend, whom I have since learnt is Sir Reginald Glanville–an old friend of mine too; aye, you may look, Sir, but I can stake my life to having picked his pocket one night at the Opera. Thornton was greatly surprised at my early intelligence of a fact, hitherto kept so profound a secret; however, I explained it away by a boast of my skill in acquiring information: and he then incautiously let out, that he was exceedingly vexed with himself for the charge he had made against the prisoner, and very uneasy at the urgent inquiries set on foot for Dawson. More and more convinced of his guilt, I quitted the meeting, and went to Dawson's retreat.
"For fear of his escape, Thornton had had him closely confined to one of the most secret rooms in the house. His solitude and the darkness of the place, combined with his remorse, had worked upon a mind, never too strong, almost to insanity. He was writhing with the most acute and morbid pangs of conscience that my experience, which has been pretty ample, ever witnessed. The old hag, who is the Hecate (you see, Sir, I have had a classical education) of the place, was very loth to admit me to him, for Thornton had bullied her into a great fear of the consequences of disobeying his instructions; but she did not dare to resist my orders. Accordingly I had a long interview with the unfortunate man; he firmly believes that Thornton intends to murder him; and says, that if he could escape from his dungeon, he would surrender himself up to the first magistrate he could find.
"I told him that an innocent man had been apprehended for the crime of which I knew he and Thornton were guilty; and then taking upon myself the office of a preacher, I exhorted him to atone, as far as possible, for his past crime, by a full and faithful confession; that would deliver the innocent, and punish the guilty. I held out to him the hope that this confession might perhaps serve the purpose of king's evidence, and obtain him a pardon for his crime; and I promised to use my utmost zeal and diligence to promote his escape from his present den.
"He said, in answer, that he did not wish to live; that he suffered the greatest tortures of mind; and that the only comfort earth held out to him would be to ease his remorse by a full acknowledgment of his crime, and to hope for future mercy by expiating his offence on the scaffold; all this, and much more, to the same purpose, the hen-hearted fellow told me with sighs and groans. I would fain have taken his confession on the spot, and carried it away with me, but he refused to give it to me, or to any one but a parson, whose services he implored me to procure him. I told him, at first, that the thing was impossible; but, moved by his distress and remorse, I promised, at last, to bring one tonight, who should both administer spiritual comfort to him and receive his deposition. My idea at the moment was to disguise myself in the dress of the pater cove, [Note: A parson, or minister–but generally applied to a priest of the lowest order.] and perform the double job–since then I have thought of a better scheme.
"As my character, you see, your honour, is not so highly prized by the magistrates as it ought to be, any confession made to me might not be of the same value as if it were made to any one else–to a gentleman like you, for instance; and, moreover, it will not do for me to appear in evidence against any of the fraternity; and for two reasons: first, because I have taken a solemn oath never to do so; and, secondly, because I have a very fair chance of joining Sir John Tyrrell in kingdom come if I do. My present plan, therefore, if it meets your concurrence, would be to introduce your honour as the parson, and for you to receive the confession, which, indeed, you might take down in writing. This plan, I candidly confess, is not without great difficulty and some danger; for I have not only to impose you upon Dawson as a priest, but also upon Brimstone Bess as one of our jolly boys; for I need not tell you that any real parson might knock a long time at her door before it could be opened to him. You must, therefore, be as mum as a mole, unless she cants to you, and your answers must then be such as I shall dictate, otherwise she may detect you, and, should any of the true men be in the house, we should both come offworse than we went in."
"My dear Mr. Job," replied I, "there appears to me to be a much easier plan than all this; and that is, simply to tell the Bow-street officers where Dawson may be found, and I think they would be able to carry him away from the arms of Mrs. Brimstone Bess without any great difficulty or danger."
Jonson smiled.
"I should not long enjoy my annuity, your honour, if I were to set the runners upon our best hive. I should be stung to death before the week was out. Even you, should you accompany me to-night, will never know where the spot is situated, nor would you discover it again if you searched all London, with the whole police at your back. Besides, Dawson is not the only person in the house for whom the law is hunting–there are a score others whom I have no desire to give up to the gallows–hid among the odds and ends of the house, as snug as plums in a pudding. God forbid that I should betray them, and for nothing too! No, your honour, the only plan I can think of is the one I proposed; if you do not approve of it, and it certainly is open to exception, I must devise some other: but that may require delay."
"No, my good Job," replied I, "I am ready to attend you: but could we not manage to release Dawson, as well as take his deposition?–his personal evidence is worth all the written ones in the world."
"Very true," answered Job, "and if it be possible to give Bess the slip, we will. However, let us not lose what we may get by grasping at what we may not; let us have the confession first, and we'll try for the release afterwards. I have another reason for this, Sir, which, if you knew as much of penitent prigs as I do, you would easily understand. However, it may be explained by the old proverb, of 'the devil was sick,' As long as Dawson is stowed away in a dark hole, and fancies devils in every corner, he may be very anxious to make confessions, which, in broad day-light, might not seem to him so desirable. Darkness and solitude are strange stimulants to the conscience, and we may as well not lose any advantage they give us."
"You are an admirable reasoner," cried I, "and I am impatient to accompany you–at what hour shall it be?"
"Not much before midnight," answered Jonson, "but your honour must go back to school and learn lessons before then. Suppose Bess were to address you thus: 'Well you parish bull prig, are you for lushing jackey, or pattering in the hum box?' [Note: Well, you parson thief, are you for drinking gin, or talking in the pulpit?] I'll be bound you would not know how to answer."
"I am afraid you are right, Mr. Jonson," said I, in a tone of selfhumiliation.
"Never mind," replied the compassionate Job, "we are all born ignorant– knowledge is not learnt in a day. A few of the most common and necessary words in our St. Giles's Greek, I shall be able to teach you before night; and I will, beforehand, prepare the old lady for seeing a young hand in the profession. As I must disguise you before we go, and that cannot well be done here, suppose you dine with me at my lodgings."
"I shall be too happy," said I, not a little surprised at the offer.
"I am in Charlotte-street, Bloomsbury, No.–. You must ask for me by the name of Captain Douglas," said Job, with dignity, "and we'll dine at five, in order to have time for your preliminary initiation."
"With all my heart," said I; and Mr. Job Jonson then rose, and reminding me of my promise of secrecy, took his departure.
CHAPTER LXXXI.
Pectus praeceptis format amicis.
–Horace.
Est quodam prodire tenus, si non datur ultra. –Horace.
With all my love of enterprise and adventure, I cannot say that I should have particularly chosen the project before me for my evening's amusement, had I been left solely to my own will; but Glanville's situation forbade me to think of self, and so far from shrinking at the danger to which I was about to be exposed, I looked forward with the utmost impatience to the hour of rejoining Jonson.
There was yet a long time upon my hands before five o'clock; and the thought of Ellen left me in no doubt how it should be passed. I went to Berkeley-square; Lady Glanville rose eagerly when I entered the drawingroom.
"Have you seen Reginald?" said she, "or do you know where he has gone to?"
I answered, carelessly, that he had left town for a few days, and, I believed, merely upon a vague excursion, for the benefit of the country air.
"You reassure us," said Lady Glanville; "we have been quite alarmed by Seymour's manner. He appeared so confused when he told us Reginald left town, that I really thought some accident had happened to him."
I sate myself by Ellen, who appeared wholly occupied in the formation of a purse. While I was whispering into her ear words, which brought a thousand blushes to her cheek, Lady Glanville interrupted me, by an exclamation of "Have you seen the papers to-day, Mr. Pelham?" and on my reply in the negative, she pointed to an article in the Morning Herald, which she said had occupied their conjectures all the morning–it ran thus:–
"The evening before last, a person of rank and celebrity, was privately carried before the Magistrate at–. Since then, he has undergone an examination, the nature of which, as well as the name of the individual, is as yet kept a profound secret."
I believe that I have so firm a command over my countenance, that I should not change tint nor muscle, to hear of the greatest calamity that could happen to me. I did not therefore betray a single one of the emotions this paragraph excited within me, but appeared, on the contrary, as much at a loss as Lady Glanville, and wondered and guessed with her, till she remembered my present situation in the family, and left me alone with Ellen.
Why should the tete-a-tete of lovers be so uninteresting to the world– when there is scarcely a being in it who has not loved. The expressions of every other feeling comes home to us all–the expressions of love weary and fatigue us. But the interview of that morning, was far from resembling those which the maxims of love at that early period of its existence would assert. I could not give myself up to happiness which might so soon be disturbed, and though I veiled my anxiety and coldness from Ellen, I felt it as a crime to indulge even the appearance of transport, while Glanville lay alone, and in prison, with the charges of murder yet uncontroverted, and the chances of its doom undiminshed.
The clock had struck four before I left Ellen's, and without returning to my hotel, I threw myself into a hackney coach, and drove to Charlottestreet. The worthy Job received me with his wonted dignity and ease; his lodgings consisted of a first floor, furnished according to all the notions of Bloomsbury elegance–viz. new, glaring Brussels carpeting; convex mirrors, with massy gilt frames, and eagles at the summit; rosewood chairs, with chintz cushions; bright grates, with a flower-pot, cut out of yellow paper, in each; in short, all that especial neatness of upholstering paraphernalia, which Vincent used not inaptly, to designate by the title of "the tea-chest taste." Jonson seemed not a little proud of his apartments–accordingly, I complimented him upon their elegance.
"Under the rose be it spoken," said he, "the landlady, who is a widow, believes me to be an officer on half pay, and thinks I wish to marry her; poor woman, my black locks and green coat have a witchery that surprises even me: who would be a slovenly thief, when there are such advantages in being a smart one?"
"Right, Mr. Jonson!" said I; "but shall I own to you that I am surprised that a gentleman of your talents should stoop to the lower arts of the profession. I always imagined that pickpocketing was a part of your business left only to the plebeian purloiner; now I know, to my cost, that you do not disdain that manual accomplishment."
"Your honour speaks like a judge," answered Job: "the fact is, that I should despise what you rightly designate 'the lower arts of the
profession,' if I did not value myself upon giving them a charm, and investing them with a dignity never bestowed upon them before. To give you an idea of the superior dexterity with which I manage my slight of hand, know, that four times I have been in that shop where you saw me borrow the diamond ring, which you now remark upon my little finger; and four times have I brought back some token of my visitations; nay, the shopman is so far from suspecting me, that he has twice favoured me with the piteous tale of the very losses I myself brought upon him; and I make no doubt that I shall hear in a few days, the whole history of the departed diamond, now in my keeping, coupled with your honour's appearance and custom. Allow that it would be a pity to suffer pride to stand in the way of the talents with which Providence has blest me; to scorn the little delicacies of art, which I execute so well, would, in my opinion, be as absurd as for an epic poet to disdain the composition of a perfect epigram, or a consummate musician, the melody of a faultless song."
"Bravo! Mr. Job," said I; "a truly great man, you see, can confer honour upon trifles." More I might have said, but was stopt short by the entrance of the landlady, who was a fine, fair, well dressed, comely woman, of about thirty-nine years and eleven months; or, to speak less precisely, between thirty and forty. She came to announce that dinner was served below. We descended, and found a sumptuous repast of roast beef and fish; this primary course was succeeded by that great dainty with common people–a duck and green peas.
"Upon my word, Mr. Jonson," said I, "you fare like a prince; your weekly expenditure must be pretty considerable for a single gentleman."
"I don't know," answered Jonson, with an air of lordly indifference–"I have never paid my good hostess any coin but compliments, and, in all probability, never shall."
Was there ever a better illustration of Moore's admonition–
'O, ladies, beware of a gay young knight,
After dinner, we remounted to the apartments Job emphatically called his own; and he then proceeded to initiate me in those phrases of the noble language of "Flash," which might best serve my necessities on the approaching occasion. The slang part of my Cambridge education had made me acquainted with some little elementary knowledge, which rendered Jonson's precepts less strange and abstruse. In this lecture, "sweet and holy," the hours passed away till it became time for me to dress. Mr. Jonson then took me into the penetralia of his bed-room. I stumbled against an enormous trunk. On hearing the involuntary anathema this accident conjured up to my lips, Jonson said–"Ah, Sir!–do oblige me by trying to move that box."
I did so, but could not stir it an inch.
"Your honour never saw a jewel box so heavy before, I think," said Jonson, with a smile.
"A jewel box!" I repeated.
"Yes," returned Jonson–"a jewel box, for it is full of precious stones! When I go away–not a little in my good landlady's books–I shall desire her, very importantly, to take the greatest care of 'my box.' Egad! it would be a treasure to MacAdam: he might pound its flinty contents into a street."
With these words, Mr. Jonson unlocked a wardrobe in the room, and produced a full suit of rusty black.
"There!" said he, with an air of satisfaction–"there! this will be your first step to the pulpit."
I doffed my own attire, and with "some natural sighs," at the deformity of my approaching metamorphosis, I slowly inducted myself in the clerical garments: they were much too wide, and a little too short for me; but Jonson turned me round, as if I were his eldest son, breeched for the first time–and declared, with an emphatical oath, that the clothes fitted me to a hair.
My host next opened a tin dressing box, of large dimensions, from which he took sundry powders, lotions, and paints. Nothing but my extreme friendship for Glanville could ever have supported me through the operation I then underwent. My poor complexion, thought I, with tears in my eyes, it is ruined for ever. To crown all–Jonson robbed me, by four clips of his scissars, of the luxuriant locks which, from the pampered indulgence so long accorded to them, might have rebelled against the new dynasty, which Jonson now elected to the crown. This consisted of a shaggy, but admirably made wig, of a sandy colour. When I was thus completely attired from head to foot, Job displayed me to myself before a full length looking glass.
Had I gazed at the reflection for ever, I should not have recognized either my form or visage. I thought my soul had undergone a real transmigration, and not carried to its new body a particle of the original one. What appeared the most singular was, that I did not seem even to myself at all a ridiculous or outre figure; so admirably had the skill of Mr. Jonson been employed. I overwhelmed him with encomiums, which he took au pied de la lettre. Never, indeed, was there a man so vain of being a rogue.
"But," said I, "why this disguise? Your friends will, probably, be well versed enough in the mysteries of metamorphosis, to see even through your arts; and, as they have never beheld me before, it would very little matter if I went in propria persona."
"True," answered Job, "but you don't reflect that without disguise you may hereafter be recognized; our friends walk in Bond-street, as well as your honour; and, in that case, you might be shot without a second, as the saying is."
"You have convinced me," said I; "and now, before we start, let me say one word further respecting our object. I tell you, fairly, that I think Dawson's written deposition but a secondary point; and, for this reason, should it not be supported by any circumstantial or local evidence, hereafter to be ascertained, it may be quite insufficient fully to acquit Glanville (in spite of all appearances), and criminate the real murderers. If, therefore, it be possible to carry offDawson, after having secured his confession, we must. I think it right to insist more particularly on this point, as you appeared to me rather averse to it this morning."
"I say ditto to your honour," returned Job; "and you may be sure that I shall do all in my power to effect your object, not only from that love of virtue which is implanted in my mind, when no stronger inducement leads me astray, but from the more worldly reminiscence, that the annuity we have agreed upon is only to be given in case of success–not merely for well meaning attempts. To say that I have no objection to the release of Dawson, would be to deceive your honour; I own that I have; and the objection is, first, my fear lest he should peach respecting other affairs besides the murder of Sir John Tyrrell; and, secondly, my scruples as to appearing to interfere with his escape. Both of these chances expose me to great danger; however, one does not get three hundred a year for washing one's hands, and I must balance the one by the other."
"You are a sensible man, Mr. Job," said I; "and I am sure you will richly earn, and long enjoy your annuity."
As I said this, the watchman beneath our window, called "past eleven," and Jonson, starting up, hastily changed his own gay gear for a more simple dress, and throwing over all a Scotch plaid, gave me a similar one, in which I closely wrapped myself. We descended the stairs softly, and Jonson let us out into the street, by the "open sesame" of a key, which he retained about his person.
CHAPTER LXXXII.
Et cantare pares, et respondere parati. –Virgil.
As we walked on into Tottenham-court-road, where we expected to find a hackney-coach, my companion earnestly and strenuously impressed on my mind, the necessity of implicitly obeying any instructions or hints he might give me in the course of our adventure. "Remember," said he,
forcibly, "that the least deviation from them, will not only defeat our object of removing Dawson, but even expose our lives to the most imminent peril." I faithfully promised to conform to the minutest tittle of his instructions.
We came to a stand of coaches. Jonson selected one, and gave the coachman an order; he took care it should not reach my ears. During the half hour we passed in this vehicle, Job examined and reexamined me in my "canting catechism," as he termed it. He expressed himself much pleased with the quickness of my parts, and honoured me with an assurance that in less than three months he would engage to make me as complete a ruffler as ever nailed a swell.
To this gratifying compliment I made the best return in my power.
"You must not suppose," said Jonson–some minutes afterwards, "from our use of this language, that our club consists of the lower order of thieves–quite the contrary: we are a knot of gentlemen adventurers who wear the best clothes, ride the best hacks, frequent the best gaming houses, as well as the genteelest haunts, and sometimes keep the first company in London. We are limited in number: we have nothing in common with ordinary prigs, and should my own little private amusements (as you appropriately term them) be known in the set, I should have a very fair chance of being expelled for ungentlemanlike practices. We rarely condescend to speak "flash" to each other in our ordinary meetings, but we find it necessary, for many shifts to which fortune sometimes drives us. The house you are going this night to visit, is a sort of colony we have established for whatever persons amongst us are in danger of bloodmoney. [Rewards for the apprehension of thieves.] There they sometimes lie concealed for weeks together, and are at last shipped offfor the continent, or enter the world under a new alias. To this refuge of the distressed we also send any of the mess, who, like Dawson, are troubled with qualms of conscience, which are likely to endanger the commonwealth; there they remain, as in a hospital, till death, or a cure, in short, we put the house, like its inmates, to any purposes likely to frustrate our enemies, and serve ourselves. Old Brimstone Bess, to whom I shall introduce you, is, as I before said, the guardian of the place; and the language that respectable lady chiefly indulges in, is the one into which you have just acquired so good an insight. Partly in compliment to her, and partly from inclination, the dialect adopted in her house, is almost entirely "flash;" and you, therefore, perceive the necessity of appearing not utterly ignorant of a tongue, which is not only the language of the country, but one with which no true boy, however high in his profession, is ever unacquainted."
By the time Jonson had finished this speech, the coach stopped–I looked eagerly out–Jonson observed the motion: "We have not got half-way yet, your honour," said he. We left the coach, which Jonson requested me to pay, and walked on.
"Tell me frankly, Sir," said Job, "do you know where you are?"
"Not in the least," replied I, looking wistfully up a long, dull, illlighted street.
Job rolled his sinister eye towards me with a searching look, and then turning abruptly to the right, penetrated into a sort of covered lane, or court, which terminated in an alley, that brought us suddenly to a stand of three coaches; one of these Job hailed–we entered it–a secret direction was given, and we drove furiously on, faster than I should think the crazy body of hackney chariot ever drove before. I observed, that we had now entered a part of the town, which was singularly strange to me; the houses were old, and for the most part of the meanest description; we appeared to me to be threading a labyrinth of alleys; once, I imagined that I caught, through a sudden opening, a glimpse of the river, but we passed so rapidly, that my eye might have deceived me. At length we stopped: the coachman was again dismissed, and I again walked onwards, under the guidance, and almost at the mercy of my honest companion.
Jonson did not address me–he was silent and absorbed, and I had therefore full leisure to consider my present situation. Though (thanks to my physical constitution) I am as callous to fear as most men, a few chilling apprehensions, certainly flitted across my mind, when I looked round at the dim and dreary sheds–houses they were not–which were on either side of our path; only here and there, a single lamp shed a sickly light upon the dismal and intersecting lanes (though lane is too lofty a word), through which our footsteps woke a solitary sound. Sometimes this feeble light was altogether withheld, and I could scarcely catch even the outline of my companion's muscular frame. However, he strode on through the darkness, with the mechanical rapidity of one to whom every stone is familiar. I listened eagerly for the sound of the watchman's voice, in vain–that note was never heard in those desolate recesses. My ear drank in nothing but the sound of our own footsteps, or the occasional burst of obscene and unholy merriment from some half-closed hovel, where infamy and vice were holding revels. Now and then, a wretched thing, in the vilest extreme of want, and loathsomeness, and rags, loitered by the unfrequent lamps, and interrupted our progress with solicitations, which made my blood run cold. By degrees even these tokens of life ceased–the last lamp was entirely shut from our view–we were in utter darkness.
"We are near our journey's end now," whispered Jonson
At these words a thousand unwelcome reflections forced themselves voluntarily on my mind: I was about to plunge into the most secret retreat of men whose long habits of villany and desperate abandonment, had hardened into a nature which had scarcely a sympathy with my own; unarmed and defenceless, I was going to penetrate a concealment upon which their lives perhaps depended; what could I anticipate from their vengeance, but the sure hand and the deadly knife, which their selfpreservation would more than justify to such lawless reasoners. And who was my companion? One, who literally gloried in the perfection of his nefarious practices; and who, if he had stopped short of the worst enormities, seemed neither to disown the principle upon which they were committed, nor to balance for a moment between his interest and his conscience.
Nor did he attempt to conceal from me the danger to which I was exposed; much as his daring habits of life, and the good fortune which had attended him, must have hardened his nerves, even he, seemed fully sensible of the peril he incurred–a peril certainly considerably less than that which attended my temerity. Bitterly did I repent, as these reflections rapidly passed my mind, my negligence in not providing myself with a single weapon in case of need: the worst pang of death, is the falling without a struggle.
However, it was no moment for the indulgence of fear, it was rather one of those eventful periods which so rarely occur in the monotony of common life, when our minds are sounded to their utmost depths: and energies of which we dreamt not, when at rest in their secret retreats, arise like spirits at the summons of the wizard, and bring to the invoking mind, an unlooked for and preternatural aid.
There was something too in the disposition of my guide, which gave me a confidence in him, not warranted by the occupations of his life; an easy and frank boldness, an ingenuous vanity of abilities, skilfully, though dishonestly exerted, which had nothing of the meanness and mystery of an ordinary villain, and which being equally prominent with the rascality they adorned, prevented the attention from dwelling only upon the darker shades of his character. Besides, I had so closely entwined his interest with my own, that I felt there could be no possible ground either for suspecting him of any deceit towards me, or of omitting any art or exertion which could conduce to our mutual safety or our common end.
Forcing myself to dwell solely upon the more encouraging side of the enterprise I had undertaken, we continued to move on, silent and in darkness, for some minutes longer–Jonson then halted.
"Are you quite prepared, Sir?" said he, in a whisper: "if your heart fails, in God's name let us turn back: the least evident terror will be as much as your life is worth."
My thoughts were upon Sir Reginald and Ellen, as I replied–
"You have told and convinced me that I may trust is you, and I have no fears; my present object is one as strong to me as life."
"I would we had a glim," rejoined Job, musingly; "I should like to see your face: but will you give me your hand, Sir?"
I did, and Jonson held it in his own for more than a minute.
"'Fore Heaven, Sir," said he, at last, "I would you were one of us. You would live a brave man and die a game one. Your pulse is like iron; and your hand does not sway–no–not so much as to wave a dove's feather; it would be a burning shame if harm came to so stout a heart." Job moved on a few steps. "Now, Sir," he whispered, "remember your flash; do exactly as I may have occasion to tell you; and be sure to sit away from the light, should we be in company."
With these words he stopped. I perceived by the touch, for it was too dark to see, that he was leaning down, apparently in a listening attitude; presently, he tapped five times at what I supposed was a door, though I afterwards discovered it was the shutter to a window; upon this, a faint light broke through the crevices of the boards, and a low voice uttered some sound, which my ear did not catch. Job replied, in the same key, and in words which were perfectly unintelligible to me; the light disappeared; Job moved round, as if turning a corner. I heard the heavy bolts and bars of a door slowly withdraw; and in a few moments, a harsh voice said, in the thieves' dialect,
"Ruffling Job, my prince of prigs, is that you? are you come to the ken alone, or do you carry double?"
"Ah, Bess, my covess, strike me blind if my sees don't tout your bingo muns in spite of the darkmans. Egad, you carry a bane blink aloft. Come to the ken alone–no! my blowen; did not I tell you I should bring a pater cove, to chop up the whiners for Dawson?"
"Stubble it, you ben, you deserve to cly the jerk for your patter; come in, and be d–d to you."
Upon this invitation, Jonson, seizing me by the arm, pushed me into the house, and followed. "Go for a glim, Bess, to light in the parish bull with proper respect. I'll close the gig of the crib."
At this order, delivered in an authoritative tone, the old woman, mumbling "strange oaths" to herself, moved away; when she was out of hearing, Job whispered,
"Mark, I shall leave the bolts undrawn, the door opens with a latch, which you press thus–do not forget the spring; it is easy, but peculiar; should you be forced to run for it, you will also remember, above all, when you are out of the door, to turn to the right and go straight forwards."
The old woman now reappeared with a light, and Jonson ceased, and moved hastily towards her: I followed. The old woman asked whether the door had been carefully closed, and Jonson, with an oath at her doubts of such a matter, answered in the affirmative.
We proceeded onwards, through a long and very narrow passage, till Bess opened a small door to the left, and introduced us into a large room, which, to my great dismay, I found already occupied by four men, who were sitting, half immersed in smoke, by an oak table, with a capacious bowl of hot liquor before them. At the back ground of this room, which resembled the kitchen of a public house, was an enormous skreen, of antique fashion; a low fire burnt sullenly in the grate, and beside it was one of those high-backed chairs, seem frequently in old houses, and old pictures. A clock stood in one corner, and in the opposite nook were a flight of narrow stairs, which led downwards, probably to a cellar. On a row of shelves, were various bottles of the different liquors generally in request among the "flash" gentry, together with an old-fashioned fiddle, two bridles, and some strange looking tools, probably of more use to true boys than honest men.
Brimstone Bess was a woman about the middle size, but with bones and sinews which would not have disgraced a prize-fighter; a cap, that might have been cleaner, was rather thrown than put on the back of her head, developing, to full advantage, the few scanty locks of grizzled ebon which adorned her countenance. Her eyes large, black, and prominent, sparkled with a fire half vivacious, half vixen. The nasal feature was broad and fungous, and, as well as the whole of her capacious physiognomy, blushed with the deepest scarlet: it was evident to see that many a full bottle of "British compounds" had contributed to the feeding of that burning and phosphoric illumination, which was, indeed, "the outward and visible sign of an inward and spiritual grace."
The expression of the countenance was not wholly bad. Amidst the deep traces of searing vice and unrestrained passion; amidst all that was bold, and unfeminine, and fierce, and crafty, there was a latent look of coarse good humour, a twinkle of the eye that bespoke a tendency to mirth and drollery, and an upward curve of the lip that shewed, however the human creature might be debased, it still cherished its grand characteristic–the propensity to laughter.
The garb of this dame Leonarda was by no means of that humble nature which one might have supposed. A gown of crimson silk, flounced and furbelowed to the knees, was tastefully relieved by a bright yellow shawl; and a pair of heavy pendants glittered in her ears, which were of the size proper to receive "the big words" they were in the habit of hearing. Probably this finery had its origin in the policy of her guests, who had seen enough of life to know that age, which tames all other passions, never tames the passion of dress in a woman's mind.
No sooner did the four revellers set their eyes upon me than they all rose.
"Zounds, Bess!" cried the tallest of them, "what cull's this? Is this a bowsing ken for every cove to shove his trunk in?"
"What ho, my kiddy," cried Job, "don't be glimflashy: why you'd cry beef on a blater; the cove is a bob cull, and a pal of my own; and, moreover, is as pretty a Tyburn blossom as ever was brought up to ride a horse foaled by an acorn."
Upon this commendatory introduction I was forthwith surrounded, and one of the four proposed that I should be immediately "elected."
This motion, which was probably no gratifying ceremony, Job negatived with a dictatorial air, and reminded his comrades that however they might find it convenient to lower themselves occasionally, yet that they were gentlemen sharpers, and not vulgar cracksmen and cly-fakers, and that, therefore, they ought to welcome me with the good breeding appropriate to their station.
Upon this hint, which was received with mingled laughter and deference, for Job seemed to be a man of might among these Philistines, the tallest of the set, who bore the euphonious appellation of Spider-shanks, politely asked me if I would "blow a cloud with him?" and, upon my assent–for I thought such an occupation would be the best excuse for silence–he presented me with a pipe of tobacco, to which dame Brimstone applied a light, and I soon lent my best endeavours to darken still further the atmosphere around us.
Mr. Job Jonson then began artfully to turn the conversation away from me to the elder confederates of his crew; these were all spoken of under certain singular appellations which might well baffle impertinent curiosity. The name of one was "the Gimblet," another "Crack Crib," a third, the "Magician," a fourth, "Cherry coloured Jowl." The tallest of the present company was called (as I before said) "Spider-shanks," and the shortest "Fib Fakescrew;" Job himself was honoured by the venerabile nomen of "Guinea Pig." At last Job explained the cause of my appearance; viz. his wish to pacify Dawson's conscience by dressing up one of the pals, whom the sinner could not recognize, as an "autem bawler," and so obtaining him the benefit of the clergy without endangering the gang by his confession. This detail was received with great good humour, and Job, watching his opportunity, soon after rose, and, turning to me, said,
"Toddle, my bob cull. We must track up the dancers and tout the sinner."
I wanted no other hint to leave my present situation.
"The ruffian cly thee, Guinea Pig, for stashing the lush," said Spidershanks, helping himself out of the bowl, which was nearly empty.
"Stash the lush!" cried Mrs. Brimstone, "aye, and toddle offto Ruggins. Why, you would not be boosing till lightman's in a square crib like mine, as if you were in a flash panny."
"That's bang up, mort!" cried Fib. "A square crib, indeed! aye, square as Mr. Newman's courtyard–ding boys on three sides, and the crap on the fourth!"
This characteristic witticism was received with great applause; and Jonson, taking a candlestick from the fair fingers of the exasperated Mrs. Brimstone, the hand thus conveniently released, immediately transferred itself to Fib's cheeks, with so hearty a concussion, that it almost brought the rash jester to the ground. Jonson and I lost not a moment in taking advantage of the confusion this gentle remonstrance appeared to occasion; but instantly left the room and closed the door.
CHAPTER LXXXIII.
'Tis true that we are in great danger; The greater, therefore, should our courage be. –Shakspeare.
We proceeded a short way, when we were stopped by a door; this Job opened, and a narrow staircase, lighted from above, by a dim lamp, was before us. We ascended, and found ourselves in a sort of gallery; here hung another lamp, beneath which Job opened a closet.
"This is the place where Bess generally leaves the keys," said he, "we shall find them here, I hope."
So saying, Master Job entered, leaving me in the passage, but soon returned with a disappointed air.
"The old harridan has left them below," said he, "I must go down for them; your honour will wait here till I return."
Suiting the action to the word, honest Job immediately descended, leaving me alone with my own reflections. Just opposite to the closet was the door of some apartment; I leant accidentally against it; it was only ajar, and gave way; the ordinary consequence in such accidents, is a certain precipitation from the centre of gravity. I am not exempt from the general lot; and accordingly entered the room in a manner entirely contrary to that which my natural inclination would have prompted me to adopt. My ear was accosted by a faint voice, which proceeded from a bed at the opposite corner; it asked, in the thieves' dialect, and in the feeble accents of bodily weakness, who was there? I did not judge it necessary to make any reply, but was withdrawing as gently as possible, when my eye rested upon a table at the foot of the bed, upon which, among two or three miscellaneous articles, were deposited a brace of pistols, and one of those admirable swords, made according to the modern military regulation, for the united purpose of cut and thrust. The light which enabled me to discover the contents of the room, proceeded from a rushlight placed in the grate; this general symptom of a valetudinarian, together with some other little odd matters (combined with the weak voice
of the speaker), impressed me with the idea of having intruded into the chamber of some sick member of the crew. Emboldened by this notion, and by perceiving that the curtains were drawn closely around the bed, so that the inmate could have optical discernment of nothing that occurred without, I could not resist taking two soft steps to the table, and quietly removing a weapon whose bright face seemed to invite me as a long known and long tried friend.
This was not, however, done in so noiseless a manner, but what the voice again addressed me, in a somewhat louder key, by the appellation of "Brimstone Bess," asking, with sundry oaths, "What was the matter?" and requesting something to drink. I need scarcely say that, as before, I made no reply, but crept out of the room as gently as possible, blessing my good fortune for having thrown into my way a weapon with the use of which, above all others, I was best acquainted. Scarcely had I regained the passage, before Jonson re-appeared with the keys; I showed him my treasure (for indeed it was of no size to conceal).
"Are you mad, Sir?" said he, "or do you think that the best way to avoid suspicion, is to walk about with a drawn sword in your hand? I would not have Bess see you for the best diamond I ever borrowed." With these words Job took the sword from my reluctant hand.
"Where did you get it?" said he.
I explained in a whisper, and Job, re-opening the door I had so unceremoniously entered, laid the weapon softly on a chair that stood within reach. The sick man, whose senses were of course rendered doubly acute by illness, once more demanded in a fretful tone, who was there? And Job replied, in the flash language, that Bess had sent him up to look for her keys, which she imagined she had left there. The invalid rejoined, by a request to Jonson to reach him a draught, and we had to undergo a farther delay, until his petition was complied with; we then proceeded up the passage, till we came to another flight of steps, which led to a door: Job opened it, and we entered a room of no common dimensions.
"This," said he, "is Bess Brimstone's sleeping apartment; whoever goes into the passage that leads not only to Dawson's room, but to the several other chambers occupied by such of the gang as require particular care, must pass first through this room. You see that bell by the bedside–I assure you it is no ordinary tintannabulum; it communicates with every sleeping apartment in the house, and is only rung in cases of great alarm, when every boy must look well to himself; there are two more of this description, one in the room which we have just left, another in the one occupied by Spider-shanks, who is our watch-dog, and keeps his kennel below. Those steps in the common room, which seem to lead to a cellar, conduct to his den. As we shall have to come back through this room, you see the difficulty of smuggling Dawson–and if the old dame rung the alarm, the whole hive would be out in a moment."
After this speech, Job left the room, by opening a door at the opposite end, which shewed us a passage, similar in extent and fashion, to the one we had left below; at the very extremity of this was the entrance to an apartment at which Jonson stopped.
"Here," said he, taking from his pocket a small paper book, and an inkhorn; "here, your honour, take these, you may want to note the heads of Dawson's confession, we are now at his door." Job then applied one of the keys of a tolerably sized bunch to the door, and the next moment we were in Dawson's apartment.
The room which, though low and narrow, was of considerable length, was in utter darkness, and the dim and flickering light Jonson held, only struggled with, rather than penetrated the thick gloom. About the centre of the room stood the bed, and sitting upright on it, with a wan and hollow countenance, bent eagerly towards us, was a meagre, attenuated figure. My recollection of Dawson, whom, it will be remembered, I had only seen once before, was extremely faint, but it had impressed me with the idea of a middle sized and rather athletic man, with a fair and florid complexion: the creature I now saw, was totally the reverse of this idea. His cheeks were yellow and drawn in; his hand which was raised, in the act of holding aside the curtains, was like the talons of a famished vulture, so thin, so long, so withered in its hue and texture.
No sooner did the advancing light allow him to see us distinctly, than he half sprung from the bed, and cried, in that peculiar tone of joy, which seems to throw offfrom the breast a suffocating weight of previous terror and suspense, "Thank God, thank God! it is you at last; and you have brought the clergyman–God bless you, Jonson, you are a true friend to me."
"Cheer up, Dawson," said Job; "I have smuggled in this worthy gentleman, who, I have no doubt, will be of great comfort to you–but you must be open with him, and tell all."
"That I will–that I will," cried Dawson, with a wild and vindictive expression of countenance–"if it be only to hang him. Here, Jonson, give me your hand, bring the light nearer–I say–he, the devil–the fiend– has been here to-day, and threatened to murder me; and I have listened, and listened, all night, and thought I heard his step along the passage, and up the stairs, and at the door; but it was nothing, Job, nothing–and you are come at last, good, kind, worthy Job. Oh! 'tis so horrible to be left in the dark, and not sleep–and in this large, large room, which looks like eternity at night–and one does fancy such sights, Job–such horrid, horrid sights. Feel my wristband, Jonson, and here at my back, you would think they had been pouring water over me, but its only the cold sweat. Oh! it is a fearful thing to have a bad conscience, Job; but you won't leave me till daylight, now, that's a dear, good Job!"
"For shame, Dawson," said Jonson; "pluck up, and be a man; you are like a baby frightened by its nurse. Here's the clergyman come to heal your poor wounded conscience, will you hear him now?"
"Yes," said Dawson; "yes!–but go out of the room–I can't tell all if you're here; go, Job, go!–but you're not angry with me–I don't mean to offend you."
"Angry!" said Job; "Lord help the poor fellow! no, to be sure not. I'll stay outside the door till you've done with the clergyman–but make haste, for the night's almost over, and it's as much as the parson's life is worth to stay here after daybreak."
"I will make haste," said the guilty man, tremulously; "but, Job, where are you going–what are you doing? leave the light!–here, Job, by the bed-side."
Job did as he was desired, and quitted the room, leaving the door not so firmly shut, but that he might hear, if the penitent spoke aloud, every particular of his confession.
I seated myself on the side of the bed, and taking the skeleton hand of the unhappy man, spoke to him in the most consolatory and comforting words I could summon to my assistance. He seemed greatly soothed by my efforts, and at last implored me to let him join me in prayer. I knelt down, and my lips readily found words for that language, which, whatever be the formula of our faith, seems, in all emotions which come home to our hearts, the most natural method of expressing them. It is here, by the bed of sickness, or remorse, that the ministers of God have their real power! it is here, that their office is indeed a divine and unearthly mission; and that in breathing balm and comfort, in healing the broken heart, in raising the crushed and degraded spirit–they are the voice, and oracle of the FATHER, who made us in benevolence, and will judge of us in mercy! I rose, and after a short pause, Dawson, who expressed himself impatient of the comfort of confession, thus began–
"I have no time, Sir, to speak of the earlier part of my life. I passed it upon the race-course, and at the gaming-table–all that was, I know, very wrong, and wicked; but I was a wild, idle boy, and eager for any thing like enterprise or mischief. Well, Sir, it is now more than three years ago since I first met one Tom Thornton; it was at a boxing match. Tom was chosen chairman, at a sort of club of the farmers and yeomen; and being a lively, amusing fellow, and accustomed to the company of gentlemen, was a great favourite with all of us. He was very civil to me, and I was quite pleased with his notice. I did not, however, see much of him then, nor for more than two years afterwards; but some months ago we met again. I was in very poor circumstances, so was he, and this made us closer friends than we might otherwise have been. He lived a great deal at the gambling-houses, and fancied he had discovered a certain method of winning [Note: A very common delusion, both among sharpers and their
21
prey.] at hazard. So, whenever he could not find a gentleman whom he could cheat with false dice, tricks at cards, he would go into any hell to try his infallible game. I did not, however, perceive, that he made a good livelihood by it; and though sometimes, either by that method or some other, he had large sums of money in his possession, yet they were spent as soon as acquired. The fact was, that he was not a man who could ever grow rich; he was extremely extravagant in all things–loved women and drinking, and was always striving to get into the society of people above him. In order to do this, he affected great carelessness of money; and if, at a race or a cock-fight, any real gentlemen would go home with him, he would insist upon treating them to the very best of every thing.
"Thus, Sir, he was always poor, and at his wit's end, for means to supply his extravagance. He introduced me to three or four gentlemen, as he called them, but whom I have since found to be markers, sharpers, and black-legs; and this set soon dissipated the little honesty my own habits of life had left me. They never spoke of things by their right names; and, therefore, those things never seemed so bad as they really were–to swindle a gentleman, did not sound a crime, when it was called 'macing a swell'–nor transportation a punishment, when it was termed, with a laugh, 'lagging a cove.' Thus, insensibly, my ideas of right and wrong, always obscure, became perfectly confused: and the habit of treating all crimes as subjects of jest in familiar conversation, soon made me regard them as matters of very trifling importance.
"Well, Sir, at Newmarket races, this Spring meeting, Thornton and I were on the look out. He had come down to stay, during the races, at a house I had just inherited from my father, but which was rather an expense to me than an advantage; especially as my wife, who was an innkeeper's daughter, was very careless and extravagant. It so happened that we were both taken in by a jockey, whom we had bribed very largely, and were losers to a very considerable amount. Among other people, I lost to a Sir John Tyrrell. I expressed my vexation to Thornton, who told me not to mind it, but to tell Sir John that I would pay him if he came to the town; and that he was quite sure we could win enough, by his certain game at hazard, to pay offmy debt. He was so very urgent, that I allowed myself to be persuaded; though Thornton has since told me, that his only motive was, to prevent Sir John's going to the Marquess of Chester's (where he was invited) with my lord's party; and so, to have an opportunity of accomplishing the crime he then meditated.
"Accordingly, as Thornton desired, I asked Sir John Tyrrell to come with me to Newmarket. He did so. I left him, joined Thornton, and went to the gambling-house. Here we were engaged in Thornton's sure game, when Sir John entered. I went up and apologized for not paying, and said I would pay him in three months. However, Sir John was very angry, and treated me with such rudeness, that the whole table remarked it. When he was gone, I told Thornton how hurt and indignant I was at Sir John's treatment. He incensed me still more–exaggerated Sir John's conduct–said that I had suffered the grossest insult, and, at last, put me into such a passion,
that I said, that if I was a gentleman, I would fight Sir John Tyrrell across a table.
"When Thornton saw I was so moved, he took me out of the room, and carried me to an inn. Here he ordered dinner, and several bottles of wine. I never could bear much drink: he knew this, and artfully plied me with wine till I scarcely knew what I did or said. He then talked much of our destitute situation–affected to put himself out of the question– said he was a single man, and could easily make shift upon a potatoe–but that I was encumbered with a wife and child, whom I could not suffer to starve. He then said, that Sir John Tyrrell had publicly disgraced me– that I should be blown upon the course–that no gentleman would bet with me again, and a great deal more of the same sort. Seeing what an effect he had produced upon me, he then told me that he had seen Sir John receive a large sum of money, that would more than pay our debts, and set us up like gentlemen: and, at last, he proposed to me to rob him. Intoxicated as I was, I was somewhat startled at this proposition. However, the slang terms in which Thornton disguised the greatness and danger of the offence, very much diminished both in my eyes–so at length I consented.
"We went to Sir John's inn, and learnt that he had just set out; accordingly, we mounted our horses, and rode after him. The night had already closed in. After we had got some distance from the main road, into a lane, which led both to my house and to Chester Park–for the former was on the direct way to my lord's–we passed a man on horseback. I only observed that he was wrapped in a cloak–but Thornton said, directly we had passed him, "I know that man well–he has been following Tyrrell all day–and though he attempts to screen himself, I have penetrated his disguise; he is Tyrrell's mortal enemy."
"'Should the worst come to the worst," added Thornton, (words which I did not at that moment understand) we can make him bear the blame.'"
"When we had got some way further, we came up to Tyrrell and a gentleman, whom, to our great dismay, we found that Sir John had joined–the gentleman's horse had met with an accident, and Thornton dismounted to offer his assistance. He assured the gentleman, who proved afterwards to be a Mr. Pelham, that the horse was quite lame, and that he would scarcely be able to get it home; and he then proposed to Sir John to accompany us, and said that we would put him in the right road; this offer Sir John rejected very haughtily, and we rode on.
"'It's all up with us,' said I; 'since he has joined another person.' "'Not at all,' replied Thornton; 'for I managed to give the horse a sly poke with my knife; and if I know any thing of Sir John Tyrrell, he is much too impatient a spark to crawl along, a snail's pace, with any companion, especially with this heavy shower coming on.'
"'But,' said I, for I now began to recover from my intoxication, and to be sensible of the nature of our undertaking, 'the moon is up, and unless this shower conceals it, Sir John will recognize us; so you see, even if he leaves the gentleman, it will be no use, and we had much better make haste home and go to bed.'
"Upon this, Thornton cursed me for a faint-hearted fellow, and said that the cloud would effectually hide the moon–or, if not–he added–'I know how to silence a prating tongue.' At these words I was greatly alarmed, and said, that if he meditated murder as well as robbery, I would have nothing further to do with it. Thornton laughed, and told me not to be a fool. While we were thus debating, a heavy shower came on; we rode hastily to a large tree, by the side of a pond–which, though bare and withered, was the nearest shelter the country afforded, and was only a very short distance from my house. I wished to go home–but Thornton would not let me, and as I was always in the habit of yielding, I stood with him, though very reluctantly, under the tree.
"Presently, we heard the trampling of a horse.
"'It is he–it is he,' cried Thornton, with a savage tone of exultation– 'and alone!–Be ready–we must make a rush–I will be the one to bid him to deliver–you hold your tongue.
"The clouds and rain had so overcast the night, that, although it was not perfectly dark, it was sufficiently obscure to screen our countenances. Just as Tyrrell approached, Thornton dashed forward, and cried, in a feigned voice–'Stand, on your peril!' I followed, and we were now both by Sir John's side.
"He attempted to push by us–but Thornton seized him by the arm–there was a stout struggle, in which, as yet, I had no share–at last, Tyrrell got loose from Thornton, and I seized him–he set spurs to his horse, which was a very spirited and strong animal–it reared upwards, and very nearly brought me and my horse to the ground–at that instant, Thornton struck the unfortunate man a violent blow across the head with the butt end of his heavy whip–Sir John's hat had fallen before in the struggle, and the blow was so stunning that it felled him upon the spot. Thornton dismounted, and made me do the same–'There is no time to lose,' said he; 'let us drag him from the roadside and rifle him.' We accordingly carried him (he was still senseless) to the side of the pond before mentioned– while we were searching for the money Thornton spoke of, the storm ceased, and the moon broke out–we were detained some moments by the accident of Tyrrell's having transferred his pocket-book from the pocket Thornton had seen him put it in on the race ground to an inner one.
"We had just discovered, and seized the pocket-book, when Sir John awoke from his swoon, and his eyes opened upon Thornton, who was still bending over him, and looking at the contents of the book to see that all was
right; the moonlight left Tyrrell in no doubt as to our persons; and struggling hard to get up, he cried, 'I know you! I know you! you shall hang for this.' No sooner had he uttered this imprudence, than it was all over with him. 'We will see that, Sir John,' said Thornton, setting his knee upon Tyrrell's chest, and nailing him down. While thus employed, he told me to feel in his coat-pocket for a case-knife.
"'For God's sake!' cried Tyrrell, with a tone of agonizing terror which haunts me still, 'spare my life!'
"'It is too late,' said Thornton, deliberately, and taking the knife from my hands, he plunged it into Sir John's side, and as the blade was too short to reach the vitals, Thornton drew it backwards and forwards to widen the wound. Tyrrell was a strong man, and still continued to struggle and call out for mercy–Thornton drew out the knife–Tyrrell seized it by the blade, and his fingers were cut through before Thornton could snatch it from his grasp; the wretched gentleman then saw all hope was over; he uttered one loud, sharp, cry of despair. Thornton put one hand to his mouth, and with the other gashed his throat from ear to ear.
"'You have done for him, and for us now,' said I, as Thornton slowly rose from the body. 'No,' replied he, 'look, he still moves;' and sure enough he did, but it was in the last agony. However, Thornton, to make all sure, plunged the knife again into his body; the blade came into contact with a bone, and snapped in two; so great was the violence of the blow, that instead of remaining in the flesh, the broken piece fell upon the ground among the long fern and grass.
"While we were employed in searching for it: Thornton, whose ears were much sharper than mine, caught the sound of a horse. 'Mount! mount,' he cried; 'and let us be off.' We sprung up on our horses, and rode away as fast as we could. I wished to go home, as it was so near at hand; but Thornton insisted on making to an old shed, about a quarter of a mile across the fields; thither, therefore, we went."
"Stop," said I, "what did Thornton do with the remaining part of the case-knife? did he throw it away, or carry it with him?"
"He took it with him," answered Dawson, "for his name was engraved on a silver plate, on the handle; and, he was therefore afraid of throwing it into the pond, as I advised, lest at any time it should be discovered. Close by the shed, there is a plantation of young firs of some extent. Thornton and I entered, and he dug a hole with the broken blade of the knife, and buried it, covering up the hole again with the earth."
"Describe the place," said I. Dawson paused, and seemed to recollect; I was on the very tenterhooks of suspence, for I saw with one glance all the importance of his reply.
After some moments, he shook his head; "I cannot describe the place,"
said he, "for the wood is so thick: yet I know the exact spot so well, that were I in any part of the plantation, I could point it out immediately."
I told him to pause again, and recollect himself; and, at all events, to try to indicate the place. However, his account was so confused and perplexed, that I was forced to give up the point in despair, and he continued.
"After we had done this, Thornton told me to hold the horses, and said he would go alone, to spy whether we might return; accordingly he did so, and brought back word, in about half an hour, that he had crept cautiously along till in sight of the place, and then throwing himself down on his face by the ridge of a bank, had observed a man, (whom he was sure was the person with a cloak we had passed, and whom, he said, was Sir Reginald Glanville,) mount his horse on the very spot of the murder, and ride off, while another person (Mr. Pelham), appeared, and also discovered the fatal place.
"'There is no doubt now,' said he, 'that we shall have the hue-and cry upon us. However, if you are staunch and stout-hearted, no possible danger can come to us; for you may leave me alone to throw the whole guilt upon Sir Reginald Glanville.'
"'We then mounted, and rode home. We stole up stairs by the back-way– Thornton's linen and hands were stained with blood. The former he took off, locked up carefully, and burnt the first opportunity; the latter he washed; and that the water might not lead to detection, drank it. We then appeared as if nothing had occurred, and learnt that Mr. Pelham had been to the house; but as, very fortunately, our out-buildings had been lately robbed by some idle people, the wife and servants had refused to admit him. I was thrown into great agitation, and was extremely frightened. However, as Mr. Pelham had left a message that we were to go to the pond, Thornton insisted upon our repairing there to avoid suspicion."
Dawson then proceeded to say, that, on their return, as he was still exceedingly nervous, Thornton insisted on his going to bed. When our party from Lord Chester's came to the house, Thornton went into Dawson's room, and made him swallow a large tumbler of brandy; [Note: A common practice with thieves, who fear the weak nerves of their accomplices.] this intoxicated him so as to make him less sensible to his dangerous situation. Afterwards, when the picture was found, which circumstance Thornton communicated to him, along with that of the threatening letter sent by Glanville to the deceased, which was discovered in Tyrrell's pocket-book, Dawson recovered courage; and justice being entirely thrown on a wrong scent, he managed to pass his examination without suspicion. He then went to town with Thornton, and constantly attended "the club" to which Jonson had before introduced him; at first, among his new comrades, and while the novel flush of the money, he had so fearfully acquired, lasted, he partially succeeded in stifling his remorse. But the success
of crime is too contrary to nature to continue long; his poor wife, whom, in spite of her extravagant, and his dissolute habits, he seemed really to love, fell ill, and died; on her deathbed she revealed the suspicions she had formed of his crime, and said, that those suspicions had preyed upon, and finally destroyed her health; this awoke him from the guilty torpor of his conscience. His share of the money, too, the greater part of which Thornton had bullied out of him, was gone. He fell, as Job had said, into despondency and gloom, and often spoke to Thornton so forcibly of his remorse, and so earnestly of his gnawing and restless desire to appease his mind, by surrendering himself to justice, that the fears of that villain grew, at length, so thoroughly alarmed, as to procure his removal to his present abode.
It was here that his real punishment commenced; closely confined to his apartment, at the remotest corner of the house, his solitude was never broken but by the short and hurried visits of his female gaoler, and (worse even than loneliness), the occasional invasions of Thornton. There appeared to be in that abandoned wretch what, for the honour of human nature, is but rarely found, viz., a love of sin, not for its objects, but itself. With a malignity, doubly fiendish from its inutility, he forbade Dawson the only indulgence he craved–a light, during the dark hours; and not only insulted him for his cowardice, but even added to his terrors, by threats of effectually silencing them.
These fears had so wildly worked upon the man's mind, that prison itself appeared to him an elysium to the hell he endured; and when his confession was ended, I said, "If you can be freed from this place, would you repeat before a magistrate all that you have now told me?"
He started up in delight at the very thought; in truth, besides his remorse, and that inward and impelling voice which, in all the annals of murder, seems to urge the criminal onwards to the last expiation of his guilt–besides these, there mingled in his mind a sentiment of bitter, yet cowardly, vengeance, against his inhuman accomplice; and perhaps he found consolation for his own fate, in the hope of wreaking upon Thornton's head somewhat of the tortures that ruffian had inflicted upon him.
I had taken down in my book the heads of the confession, and I now hastened to Jonson, who, waiting without the door, had (as I had anticipated) heard all.
"You see," said I, "that, however satisfactory this recital has been, it contains no secondary or innate proofs to confirm it; the only evidence with which it could furnish us, would be the remnant of the broken knife, engraved with Thornton's name; but you have heard from Dawson's account, how impossible it would be in an extensive wood, for any to discover the spot but himself. You will agree with me, therefore, that we must not leave this house without Dawson."
Job changed colour slightly.
"I see as clearly as you do," said he, "that it will be necessary for my annuity, and your friend's full acquittal, to procure Dawson's personal evidence, but it is late now; the men may be still drinking below; Bess may be still awake, and stirring; even if she sleeps, how could we pass her room without disturbing her? I own that I do not see a chance of effecting his escape to-night, without incurring the most probable peril of having our throats cut. Leave it, therefore, to me to procure his release as soon as possible–probably to-morrow, and let us now quietly retire, content with what we have yet got."
Hitherto I had implicitly obeyed Job; it was now my turn to command. "Look you," said I, calmly, but sternly, "I have come into this house under your guidance solely, to procure the evidence of that man; the evidence he has, as yet, given may not be worth a straw; and, since I have ventured among the knives of your associates, it shall be for some purpose. I tell you fairly that, whether you befriend or betray me, I will either leave these walls with Dawson, or remain in them a corpse."
"You are a bold blade, Sir," said Jonson, who seemed rather to respect than resent the determination of my tone, "and we will see what can be done: wait here, your honour, while I go down to see if the boys are gone to bed, and the coast is clear."
Job descended, and I re-entered Dawson's room. When I told him that we were resolved, if possible, to effect his escape, nothing could exceed his transport and gratitude; this was, indeed, expressed in so mean and servile a manner, mixed with so many petty threats of vengeance against Thornton, that I could scarcely conceal my disgust.
Jonson returned, and beckoned me out of the room.
"They are all in bed, Sir," said he–"Bess as well as the rest; indeed, the old girl has lushed so well at the bingo, that she sleeps as if her next morrow was the day of judgment. I have, also, seen that the street door is still unbarred, so that, upon the whole, we have, perhaps, as good a chance to-night as we may ever have again. All my fear is about that cowardly lubber. I have left both Bess's doors wide open, so we have nothing to do but to creep through; as for me, I am an old file, and could steal my way through a sick man's room, like a sunbeam through a keyhole."
"Well," said I, in the same strain, "I am no elephant, and my dancing master used to tell me I might tread on a butterfly's wing without brushing offa tint: poor Coulon! he little thought of the use his lessons would be to me hereafter!–so let us be quick, Master Job."
"Stop," said Jonson; "I have yet a ceremony to perform with our caged bird. I must put a fresh gag on his mouth; for though, if he escapes, I
must leave England, perhaps, for ever, for fear of the jolly boys, and, therefore, care not what he blabs about me; yet there are a few fine fellows amongst the club whom I would not have hurt for the Indies; so I shall make Master Dawson take our last oath–the Devil himself would not break that, I think! Your honour will stay outside the door, for we can have no witness while it is administered."
Job then entered; I stood without;–in a few minutes I heard Dawson's voice in the accents of supplication. Soon after Job returned, "The craven dog won't take the oath," said he, "and may my right hand rot above ground before it shall turn key for him unless he does." But when Dawson saw that Job had left the room, and withdrawn the light, the conscience-stricken coward came to the door, and implored Job to return. "Will you swear then?" said Jonson; "I will, I will," was the answer.
Job then re-entered–minutes passed away–Job re-appeared, and Dawson was dressed, and clinging hold of him–"All's right," said he to me, with a satisfied air.
The oath had been taken–what it was I know not–but it was never broken. [Note: Those conversant with the annals of Newgate, will know how religiously the oaths of these fearful Freemasonries are kept.]
Dawson and Job went first–I followed–we passed the passage, and came to the chamber of the sleeping Mrs. Brimstone. Job leant eagerly forward to listen, before we entered; he took hold of Dawson's arm, and beckoning to me to follow, stole, with a step that a blind mole would not have heard, across the room. Carefully did the practised thief veil the candle he carried, with his hand, as he now began to pass by the bed. I saw that Dawson trembled like a leaf, and the palpitation of his limbs made his step audible and heavy. Just as they had half-way passed the bed, I turned my look on Brimstone Bess, and observed, with a shuddering thrill, her eyes slowly open, and fix upon the forms of my companions. Dawson's gaze had been bent in the same direction, and when he met the full, glassy stare of the beldame's eyes, he uttered a faint scream. This completed our danger; had it not been for that exclamation, Bess might, in the uncertain vision of drowsiness, have passed over the third person, and fancied it was only myself and Jonson, in our way from Dawson's apartment; but no sooner had her ear caught the sound, than she started up, and sat erect on her bed, gazing at us in mingled wrath and astonishment.
That was a fearful moment–we stood rivetted to the spot! "Oh, my kiddies," cried Bess, at last finding speech, "you are in Queer-street, I trow! Plant your stumps, Master Guinea Pig; you are going to stall off the Daw's baby in prime twig, eh? But Bess stags you, my cove! Bess stags you."
Jonson, looked irresolute for one instant; but the next he had decided. "Run, run," cried he, for your lives," and he and Dawson (to whom, fear did indeed lend wings) were out of the room in an instant. I lost no time in following their example; but the vigilant and incensed hag was too quick for me; she pulled violently the bell, on which she had already placed her hand: the alarm rang like an echo in a cavern; below–around– far–near–from wall to wall–from chamber to chamber, the sound seemed multiplied and repeated! and in the same breathing point of time, she sprang from her bed, and seized me, just as I had reached the door.
"On, on, on," cried Jonson's voice to Dawson, as they had already gained the passage, and left the whole room, and the staircase beyond, in utter darkness.
With a firm, muscular, nervous gripe, which almost shewed a masculine strength, the hag clung to my throat and breast; behind, among some of the numerous rooms in the passage we had left, I heard sounds, which told too plainly how rapidly the alarm had spread. A door opened–steps approached–my fate seemed fixed; but despair gave me energy: it was no time for the ceremonials due to the beau sexe. I dashed Bess to the ground, tore myself from her relaxing grasp, and fled down the steps with all the precipitation the darkness would allow. I gained the passage, at the far end of which hung the lamp, now weak and waning in its socket; which, it will be remembered, burnt close by the sick man's chamber that I had so unintentionally entered. A thought flashed upon my mind, and lent me new nerves and fresh speed; I flew along the passage, guided by the dying light. The staircase I had left, shook with the footsteps of my pursuers. I was at the door of the sick thief–I burst it open–seized the sword as it lay within reach on the chair, where Jonson had placed it, and feeling, at the touch of the familiar weapon, as if the might of ten men had been transferred to my single arm, I bounded down the stairs before me–passed the door at the bottom, which Dawson had fortunately left open–flung it back almost upon the face of my advancing enemies, and found myself in the long passage which led to the street-door, in safety, but in the thickest darkness. A light flashed from a door to the left; the door was that of the "Common Room" which we had first entered; it opened, and Spider-shanks, with one of his comrades, looked forth; the former holding a light. I darted by them, and, guided by their lamp, fled along the passage, and reached the door. Imagine my dismay! when, either through accident, or by the desire of my fugitive companions to impede pursuit, I found it unexpectedly closed.
The two villains had now come up to me, close at their heels were two more, probably my pursuers, from the upper apartments. Providentially the passage was (as I before said) extremely narrow, and as long as no firearms were used, nor a general rush resorted to, I had little doubt of being able to keep the ruffians at bay, until I had hit upon the method of springing the latch, and so winning my escape from the house.
While my left hand was employed in feeling the latch, I made such good use of my right, as to keep my antagonists at a safe distance. The one who was nearest to me, was Fib Fakescrew; he was armed with a weapon
exactly similar to my own. the whole passage rung with oaths and threats. "Crash the cull–down with him–down with him, before he dubs the jigger. Tip him the degen, Fib, fake him through and through; if he pikes, we shall all be scragged."
Hitherto, in the confusion I had not been able to recall Job's instructions in opening the latch; at last I remembered, and pressed, the screw–the latch rose–I opened the door; but not wide enough to scape through the aperture. The ruffians saw my escape at hand. "Rush the b– cove! rush him!" cried the loud voice of one behind; and at the word, Fib was thrown forwards upon the extended edge of my blade; scarcely with an effort of my own arm, the sword entered his bosom, and he fell at my feet bathed in blood; the motion which the men thought would prove my destruction, became my salvation; staggered by the fall of their companion they gave way: I seized advantage of the momentary confusion– threw open the door, and, mindful of Job's admonition, turned to the right, and fled onwards, with a rapidity which baffled and mocked pursuit.
CHAPTER LXXXIV.
Ille viam secat ad naves sociosque, revisit. –Virgil.
The day had already dawned, but all was still and silent; my footsteps smote the solitary pavement with a strange and unanswered sound. Nevertheless, though all pursuit had long ceased, I still continued to run on mechanically, till, faint and breathless, I was forced into pausing. I looked round, but could recognize nothing familiar in the narrow and filthy streets; even the names of them were to me like an unknown language. After a brief rest I renewed my wanderings, and at length came to an alley, called River Lane; the name did not deceive me, but brought me, after a short walk, to the Thames; there, to my inexpressible joy, I discovered a solitary boatman, and transported myself forthwith to the Whitehall-stairs.
Never, I ween, did gay gallant, in the decaying part of the season, arrive at those stairs for the sweet purpose of accompanying his own mistress, or another's wife, to green Richmond, or sunny Hampton, with more eager and animated delight than I felt at rejecting the arm of the rough boatman, and leaping on the well-known stones. I hastened to that stand of "jarvies" which has often been the hope and shelter of belated member of St. Stephen's, or bewetted fugitive from the Opera. I startled a sleeping coachman, flung myself into his vehicle, and descended at Mivart's.
The drowsy porter surveyed, and told me to be gone; I had forgotten my strange attire. "Pooh, my friend," said I, "may not Mr. Pelham go to a masquerade as well as his betters?" My voice and words undeceived my Cerberus, and I was admitted; I hastened to bed, and no sooner had I laid my head on my pillow, than I fell fast asleep. It must be confessed, that I had deserved "tired Nature's sweet restorer."
I had not been above a couple of hours in the land of dreams, when I was awakened by some one grasping my arm; the events of the past night were so fresh in my memory, that I sprung up, as if the knife was at my throat–my eyes opened upon the peaceful countenance of Mr. Job Jonson.
"Thank Heaven, Sir, you are safe! I had but a very faint hope of finding you here when I came."
"Why," said I, rubbing my eyes, "it is very true that I am safe, honest Job: but, I believe, I have few thanks to give you for a circumstance so peculiarly agreeable to myself. It would have saved me much trouble, and your worthy friend, Mr. Fib Fakescrew, some pain, if you had left the door open instead of shutting me up with your club, as you are pleased to call it."
"Very true, Sir," said Job, "and I am extremely sorry at the accident; it was Dawson who shut the door, through utter unconsciousness, though I told him especially not to do it–the poor dog did not know whether he was on his head or his heels."
"You have got him safe," said I, quickly.
"Aye, trust me for that, your honour. I have locked him up at home while I came here to look for you."
"We will lose no time in transferring him to safer custody," said I, leaping out of bed; "but be offto–Street directly."
"Slow and sure, Sir," answered Jonson. "It is for you to do whatever you please, but my part of the business is over. I shall sleep at Dover tonight, and breakfast at Calais to-morrow. Perhaps it will not be very inconvenient to your honour to furnish me with my first quarter's annuity in advance, and to see that the rest is duly paid into Lafitte's, at Paris, for the use of Captain Douglas. Where I shall live hereafter is at present uncertain; but I dare say there will be few corners except old England and new England, in which I shall not make merry on your honour's bounty."
"Pooh! my good fellow," rejoined I, "never desert a country to which your talents do such credit; stay here, and reform on your annuity. If ever I can accomplish my own wishes, I will consult your's still farther; for I shall always think of your services with gratitude, though you did shut the door in my face."
"No, Sir," replied Job–"life is a blessing I would fain enjoy a few years longer; and, at present, my sojourn in England would put it woefully in danger of 'club law.' Besides, I begin to think that a good character is a very agreeable thing, when not too troublesome: and, as I have none left in England, I may as well make the experiment abroad. If your honour will call at the magistrate's, and take a warrant and an officer, for the purpose of ridding me of my charge, at the very instant I see my responsibility at an end, I will have the honour of bidding you adieu."
"Well, as you please," said I. "Curse your scoundrel's cosmetics! How the deuce am I ever to regain my natural complexion? Look ye, sirrah! you have painted me with a long wrinkle on the left side of my mouth, big enough to engulph all the beauty I ever had. Why, water seems to have no effect upon it!"
"To be sure not, Sir," said Job, calmly–"I should be but a poor dauber, if my paints washed offwith a wet sponge."
"Grant me patience," cried I, in a real panic; "how, in the name of Heaven, are they to wash off? Am I, before I have reached my twentythird year, to look like a methodist parson on the wrong side of forty, you rascal!"
"The latter question, your honour can best answer," returned Job. "With regard to the former, I have an unguent here, if you will suffer me to apply it, which will remove all other colours than those which nature has bestowed upon you."
With that, Job produced a small box; and, after a brief submission to his skill, I had the ineffable joy of beholding myself restored to my original state. Nevertheless, my delight was somewhat checked by the loss of my ringlets: I thanked Heaven, however, that the damage had been sustained after Ellen's acceptation of my addresses. A lover confined to one, should not be too destructive, for fear of the consequences to the remainder of the female world: compassion is ever due to the fair sex.
My toilet being concluded, Jonson and I repaired to the magistrate's. He waited at the corner of the street, while I entered the house–
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"'Twere vain to tell what shook the holy man, Who looked, not lovingly, at that divan."
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Having summoned to my aid the redoubted Mr. , of mulberry-cheeked recollection, we entered a hackney-coach, and drove to Jonson's lodgings, Job mounting guard on the box.
"I think, Sir," said Mr. , looking up at the man of two virtues, "that I have had the pleasure of seeing that gentleman before."
"Very likely," said I; "he is a young man greatly about town."
When we had safely lodged Dawson (who seemed more collected, and even courageous, than I had expected) in the coach, Job beckoned me into a little parlour. I signed him a draught on my bankers for one hundred pounds–though at that time it was like letting the last drop from my veins–and faithfully promised, should Dawson's evidence procure the desired end (of which, indeed, there was now no doubt), that the annuity should be regularly paid, as he desired. We then took an affectionate farewell of each other.
"Adieu, Sir!" said Job, "I depart into a new world–that of honest men!"
"If so," said I, "adieu, indeed!–for on this earth we shall never meet again!"
We returned to–Street. As I was descending from the coach, a female, wrapped from head to foot in a cloak, came eagerly up to me, and seized me by the arm. "For God's sake," said she, in a low, hurried voice, "come aside, and speak to me for a single moment." Consigning Dawson to the sole charge of the officer, I did as I was desired. When we had got some paces down the street, the female stopped. Though she held her veil closely drawn over her face, her voice and air were not to be mistaken: I knew her at once. "Glanville," said she, with great agitation, "Sir Reginald Glanville! tell me, is he in real danger?" She stopped short– she could say no more.
"I trust not!" said I, appearing not to recognize the speaker.
"I trust not!" she repeated, "is that all!" And then the passionate feelings of her sex overcoming every other consideration, she seized me by the hand, and said–"Oh, Mr. Pelham, for mercy's sake, tell me is he in the power of that villain Thornton? you need disguise nothing from me, I know all the fatal history."
"Compose yourself, dear, dear Lady Roseville," said I, soothingly; "for it is in vain any longer to affect not to know you. Glanville is safe; I have brought with me a witness whose testimony must release him."
"God bless you, God bless you!" said Lady Roseville, and she burst into tears; but she dried them directly, and recovering some portion of that dignity which never long forsakes a woman of virtuous and educated mind, she resumed, proudly, yet bitterly–"It is no ordinary motive, no motive which you might reasonably impute to me, that has brought me here. Sir Reginald Glanville can never be any thing more to me than a friend–but of all friends, the most known and valued. I learned from his servant of his disappearance; and my acquaintance with his secret history enabled me to account for it in the most fearful manner. In short I–I–but explanations are idle now; you will never say that you have seen me here, Mr. Pelham: you will endeavour even to forget it–farewell."
Lady Roseville, then drawing her cloak closely round her, left me with a fleet and light step, and turning the corner of the street, disappeared.
I returned to my charge, I demanded an immediate interview with the magistrate. "I have come," said I, "to redeem my pledge, and acquit the innocent." I then briefly related my adventures, only concealing (according to my promise) all description of my help-mate, Job; and prepared the worthy magistrate for the confession and testimony of Dawson. That unhappy man had just concluded his narration, when an officer entered, and whispered the magistrate that Thornton was in waiting.
"Admit him," said Mr. , aloud. Thornton entered with his usual easy and swaggering air of effrontery; but no sooner did he set his eyes upon Dawson, than a deadly and withering change passed over his countenance. Dawson could not bridle the cowardly petulance of his spite–"They know all, Thornton!" said he, with a look of triumph. The villain turned slowly from him to us, muttering something we could not hear. He saw upon my face, upon the magistrate's, that his doom was sealed; his desperation gave him presence of mind, and he made a sudden rush to the door; the officers in waiting seized him. Why should I detail the rest of the scene? He was that day fully committed for trial, and Sir Reginald Glanville honourably released, and unhesitatingly acquitted.
CHAPTER LXXXV.
The main interest of my adventures–if, indeed, I may flatter myself that they ever contained any–is now over; the mystery is explained, the innocent acquitted, and the guilty condemned. Moreover, all obstacles between the marriage of the unworthy hero, with the peerless heroine, being removed, it would be but an idle prolixity to linger over the preliminary details of an orthodox and customary courtship. Nor is it for me to dilate upon the exaggerated expressions of gratitude, in which the affectionate heart of Glanville found vent for my fortunate exertions on his behalf. He was not willing that any praise to which I might be entitled for them, should be lost. He narrated to Lady Glanville and Ellen my adventures with the comrades of the worthy Job; from the lips of the mother, and the eyes of the dear sister, came my sweetest addition to the good fortune which had made me the instrument of Glanville's safety, and acquittal. I was not condemned to a long protraction of that time, which, if it be justly termed the happiest of our lives, we, (viz. all true lovers) through that perversity common to human nature, most ardently wish to terminate.
On that day month which saw Glanville's release, my bridals were appointed. Reginald was even more eager than myself in pressing for an early day: firmly persuaded that his end was rapidly approaching, his most prevailing desire was to witness our union. This wish, and the interest he took in our happiness, gave him an energy and animation which impressed us with the deepest hopes for his ultimate recovery; and the fatal disease to which he was a prey, nursed the fondness of our hearts
by the bloom of cheek, and brightness of eye, with which it veiled its desolating and gathering progress.
From the eventful day on which I had seen Lady Roseville, in–Street, we had not met. She had shut herself up in her splendid home, and the newspapers teemed with regret, at the reported illness and certain seclusion of one, whose fetes and gaieties had furnished them with their brightest pages. The only one admitted to her was Ellen. To her, she had for some time made no secret of her attachment–and of her the daily news of Sir Reginald's health was ascertained. Several times, when at a late hour, I left Glanville's apartments, I passed the figure of a woman, closely muffled, and apparently watching before his windows–which, owing to the advance of summer, were never closed–to catch, perhaps, a view of his room, or a passing glimpse of his emaciated and fading figure. If that sad and lonely vigil was kept by her whom I suspected, deep, indeed, and mighty, was the love, which could so humble the heart, and possess the spirit, of the haughty and high-born Countess of Roseville.
I turn to a very different personage in this veritable histoire. My father and mother were absent, at Lady H.'s, when my marriage was fixed; to both of them I wrote for their approbation of my choice. From Lady Frances I received the answer which I subjoin:–
"My dearest Son,
"Your father desires me to add his congratulations to mine, upon the election you have made. I shall hasten to London, to be present at the ceremony. Although you must not be offended with me, if I say, that with your person, accomplishments, birth, and (above all) high ton, you might have chosen among the loftiest, and wealthiest families in the country, yet I am by no means displeased or disappointed with your future wife, to say nothing of the antiquity of her name. (The Glanvilles intermarried with the Pelhams, in the reign of Henry II.) It is a great step to future distinction to marry a beauty, especially one so celebrated as Miss Glanville–perhaps it is among the surest ways to the cabinet. The forty thousand pounds which you say Miss Glanville is to receive, makes, to be sure, but a slender income; though, when added to your own, it would have been a great addition to the Glenmorris property, if your uncle–I have no patience with him–had not married again.
"However, you will lose no time in getting into the House–at all events, the capital will ensure your return for a borough, and maintain you comfortably, till you are in the administration; when of course it matters very little what your fortune may be–tradesmen will be too happy to have your name in their books; be sure, therefore, that the money is not tied up. Miss Glanville must see that her own interest, as well as yours, is concerned in your having the unfettered disposal of a fortune, which, if restricted, you would find it impossible to live upon. Pray, how is Sir Reginald Glanville? Is his cough as bad as ever? He has no entailed property, I think?
"Will you order Stonor to have the house ready for us on Friday, when I shall return home in time for dinner? Let me again congratulate you, most sincerely, on your choice. I always thought you had more common sense, as well as genius, than any young man, I ever knew: you have shown it in this important step. Domestic happiness, my dearest Henry, ought to be peculiarly sought for by every Englishman, however elevated his station; and when I reflect upon Miss Glanville's qualifications, and her renommee as a belle celebree, I have no doubt of your possessing the felicity you deserve. But be sure that the fortune is not settled away from you; poor Sir Reginald is not (I believe) at all covetous or worldly, and will not therefore insist upon the point.
"God bless you, and grant you every happiness.
"Ever, my dear Henry,
"Your very affectionate Mother,
"F. Pelham."
"P.S. I think it will be better to give out that Miss Glanville has eighty thousand pounds. Be sure, therefore, that you do not contradict me."
The days, the weeks flew away. Ah, happy days! yet, I do not regret while I recal you! He that loves much, fears even in his best founded hopes. What were the anxious longings for a treasure–in my view only, not in my possession–to the deep joy of finding it for ever my own! The day arrived–I was yet at my toilet, and Bedos, in the greatest confusion (poor fellow, he was as happy as myself), when a letter was brought me, stamped with the foreign post-mark. It was from the exemplary Job Jonson; and though I did not even open it on that day, yet it shall be more favoured by the reader–viz. if he will not pass over, without reading, the following effusion–
```
"Rue des Moulins, No. , Paris. "Honoured Sir,
```
"I arrived in Paris safely, and reading in the English papers the full success of our enterprise, as well as in the Morning Post of the th, your approaching marriage with Miss Glanville, I cannot refrain from the liberty of congratulating you upon both, as well as of reminding you of the exact day on which the first quarter of my annuity will be paid–it is the–of–; for, I presume, your honour kindly made me a present of the draft for one hundred pounds, in order to pay my travelling expenses.
"I find that the boys are greatly incensed against me; but as Dawson was too much bound by his oath, to betray a tittle against them, I trust I shall, ultimately, pacify the club, and return to England. A true
patriot, Sir, never loves to leave his native country. Even were I compelled to visit Van Diemen's land, the ties of birth-place would be so strong as to induce me to seize the first opportunity of returning. I am not, your honour, very fond of the French–they are an idle, frivolous, penurious, poor nation. Only think, Sir, the other day I saw a gentleman of the most noble air secrete something at a cafe, which could not clearly discern; as he wrapped it carefully in paper, before he placed it in his pocket, I judged that it was a silver cream ewer, at least; accordingly, I followed him out, and from pure curiosity–I do assure your honour, it was from no other motive–I transferred this purloined treasure to my own pocket. You will imagine, Sir, the interest with which I hastened to a lonely spot in the Tuileries, and carefully taking out the little packet, unfolded paper by paper, till I came–yes, Sir, till I came to–five lumps of sugar! Oh, the French are a mean people–a very mean people–I hope I shall soon be able to return to England. Meanwhile, I am going into Holland, to see how those rich burghers spend their time and their money. I suppose poor Dawson, as well as the rascal Thornton, will be hung before you receive this–they deserve it richly–it is such fellows who disgrace the profession. He is but a very poor bungler who is forced to cut throats as well as pockets. And now, your honour, wishing you all happiness with your lady,
"I beg to remain, "Your very obedient humble Servant, "Ferdinand De Courcy, etc."
Struck with the joyous countenance of my honest valet, as I took my gloves and hat from his hand, I could not help wishing to bestow upon him a similar blessing to that I was about to possess. "Bedos," said I, "Bedos, my good fellow, you left your wife to come to me; you shall not suffer by your fidelity: send for her–we will find room for her in our future establishment."
The smiling face of the Frenchman underwent a rapid change. "Ma foi," said he, in his own tongue; "Monsieur is too good. An excess of happiness hardens the heart; and so, for fear of forgetting my gratitude to Providence, I will, with Monsieur's permission, suffer my adored wife to remain where she is."
After so pious a reply, I should have been worse than wicked had I pressed the matter any farther.
I found all ready at Berkeley-square. Lady Glanville is one of those good persons, who think a marriage out of church is no marriage at all; to church, therefore, we went. Although Sir Reginald was now so reduced that he could scarcely support the least fatigue, he insisted on giving Ellen away. He was that morning, and had been, for the last two or three days, considerably better, and our happiness seemed to grow less selfish in our increasing hope of his recovery.
When we returned from church, our intention was to set offimmediately to–Hall, a seat which I had hired for our reception. On re-entering the house, Glanville called me aside–I followed his infirm and tremulous steps into a private apartment.
"Pelham," said he, "we shall never meet again! no matter–you are now happy, and I shall shortly be so. But there is one office I have yet to request from your friendship; when I am dead, let me be buried by her side, and let one tombstone cover both."
I pressed his hand, and, with tears in my eyes, made him the promise he required.
"It is enough," said he; "I have no farther business with life. God bless you, my friend–my brother; do not let a thought of me cloud your happiness."
He rose, and we turned to quit the room; Glanville was leaning on my arm; when we had moved a few paces towards the door, he stopped abruptly. Imagining that the pause proceeded from pain or debility, I turned my eyes upon his countenance–a fearful and convulsive change was rapidly passing over it–his eyes stared wildly upon vacancy.
"Merciful God–is it–can it be?" he said, in a low inward tone. At that moment, I solemnly declare, whether from my sympathy with his feelings, or from some more mysterious and undefinable cause, my whole frame shuddered from limb to limb. I saw nothing–I heard nothing; but I felt, as it were, within me some awful and ghostly presence, which had power to curdle my blood into ice, and cramp my sinews into impotence; it was as if some preternatural and shadowy object darkened across the mirror of my soul–as if, without the medium of the corporeal senses, a spirit spake to, and was answered by, a spirit.
The moment was over. I felt Glanville's hand relax its grasp upon my arm-he fell upon the floor–I raised him–a smile of ineffable serenity and peace was upon his lips; his face was as the face of an angel, but the spirit had passed away!
CHAPTER LXXXVI.
Now haveth good day, good men all, Haveth good day, young and old; Haveth good day, both great and small, And graunt merci a thousand fold! Gif ever I might full fain I wold, Don ought that were unto your leve Christ keep you out of cares cold, For now 'tis time to take my leave. –Old Song.
Several months have now elapsed since my marriage. I am living quietly in the country, among my books, and looking forward with calmness, rather than impatience, to the time which shall again bring me before the world. Marriage with me is not that sepulchre of all human hope and energy which it often is with others. I am not more partial to my arm chair, nor more averse to shaving, than of yore. I do not bound my prospects to the dinner-hour, nor my projects to "migrations from the blue bed to the brown." Matrimony found me ambitious; it has not cured me of the passion: but it has concentrated what was scattered, and determined what was vague. If I am less anxious than formerly for the reputation to be acquired in society, I am more eager for honour in the world; and instead of amusing my enemies, and the saloon, I trust yet to be useful to my friends and to mankind.
Whether this is a hope, altogether vain and idle; whether I have, in the self-conceit common to all men, peculiarly prominent in myself, overrated both the power and the integrity of my mind (for the one is bootless without the other,) neither I nor the world can yet tell. "Time," says one of the fathers, "is the only touchstone which distinguishes the prophet from the boaster."
Meanwhile, gentle reader, during the two years which I purpose devoting to solitude and study, I shall not be so occupied with my fields and folios, as to render me uncourteous to thee. If ever thou hast known me in the city, I give thee a hearty invitation to come and visit me in the country. I promise thee, that my wines and viands shall not disgrace the companion of Guloseton: nor my conversation be much duller than my book. I will compliment thee on thy horses, thou shalt congratulate me upon my wife. Over old wine we will talk over new events; and if we flag at the latter, why, we will make ourselves amends with the former. In short, if thou art neither very silly nor very wise, it shall be thine own fault if we are not excellent friends.
I feel that it would be but poor courtesy in me, after having kept company with Lord Vincent, through the tedious journey of three volumes, to dismiss him now without one word of valediction. May he, in the political course he has adopted, find all the admiration his talents deserve; and if ever we meet as foes, let our heaviest weapon be a quotation, and our bitterest vengeance a jest.
Lord Guloseton regularly corresponds with me, and his last letter contained a promise to visit me in the course of the month, in order to recover his appetite (which has been much relaxed of late) by the country air.
My uncle wrote to me, three weeks since, announcing the death of the infant Lady Glenmorris had brought him. Sincerely do I wish that his loss may be supplied. I have already sufficient fortune for my wants, and sufficient hope for my desires.
Thornton died as he had lived–the reprobate and the ruffian. "Pooh," said he, in his quaint brutality, to the worthy clergyman, who attended his last moments with more zeal than success; "Pooh, what's the difference between gospel and go–spell? we agree like a bell and its clapper–you're prating while I'm hanging."
Dawson died in prison, penitent and in peace. Cowardice, which spoils the honest man, often ameliorates the knave.
From Lord Dawton I have received a letter, requesting me to accept a borough (in his gift), just vacated. It is a pity that generosity–such a prodigal to those who do not want it–should often be such a niggard to those who do. I need not specify my answer. One may as well be free as dependant, when one can afford it; and I hope yet to teach Lord Dawton, that to forgive the minister is not to forget the affront. Meanwhile, I am content to bury myself in my retreat with my mute teachers of logic and legislature, in order, hereafter, to justify his lordship's good opinion of my senatorial abilities. Farewell, Brutus, we shall meet at Philippi!
It is some months since Lady Roseville left England; the last news we received of her, informed us, that she was living at Sienna, in utter seclusion, and very infirm health.
"The day drags thro', though storms keep out the sun, And thus the heart will break, yet brokenly live on."
Poor Lady Glanville! the mother of one so beautiful, so gifted, and so lost. What can I say of her which "you, and you, and you–" all who are parents, cannot feel, a thousand times more acutely, in those recesses of the heart too deep for words or tears. There are yet many hours in which I find the sister of the departed in grief, that even her husband cannot console; and I–I–my friend, my brother, have I forgotten thee in death? I lay down the pen, I turn from my employment–thy dog is at my feet, and looking at me, as if conscious of my thoughts, with an eye almost as tearful as my own.
But it is not thus that I will part from my reader; our greeting was not in sorrow, neither shall be our adieus. For thee, who hast gone with me through the motley course of my confessions, I would fain trust that I have sometimes hinted at thy instruction when only appearing to strive for thy amusement. But on this I will not dwell; for the moral insisted upon often loses its effect, and all that I will venture to hope is, that I have opened to thee one true, and not utterly hacknied, page in the various and mighty volume of mankind. In this busy and restless world I have not been a vague speculator, nor an idle actor. While all around me were vigilant, I have not laid me down to sleep–even for the luxury of a poet's dream. Like the school boy, I have considered study as study, but action as delight.
Nevertheless, whatever I have seen, or heard, or felt, has been treasured in my memory, and brooded over by my thoughts. I now place the result before you,
"Sicut meus est mos,
Nescio quid meditans nugarum;–
```
but not, perhaps, –totus in illis."
```
Whatever society–whether in a higher or lower grade–I have portrayed, my sketches have been taken rather as a witness than a copyist; for I have never shunned that circle, nor that individual, which presented life in a fresh view, or man in a new relation. It is right, however, that I should add, that as I have not wished to be an individual satirist, rather than a general observer, I have occasionally, in the subordinate characters (such as Russelton and Gordon), taken only the outline from truth, and filled up the colours at my leisure and my will.
With regard to myself I have been more candid. I have not only shewn–non parca manu–my faults, but (grant that this is a much rarer exposure) my foibles; and, in my anxiety for your entertainment, I have not grudged you the pleasure of a laugh–even at my own expense. Forgive me, then, if I am not a fashionable hero–forgive me if I have not wept over a "blighted spirit," nor boasted of a "British heart;" and allow that, a man, who, in these days of alternate Werters and Worthies, is neither the one nor the other, is, at least, a novelty in print, though, I fear, common enough in life.
And, now my kind reader, having remembered the proverb, and in saying one word to thee, having said two for myself, I will no longer detain thee. Whatever thou mayest think of me and my thousand faults, both as an author, and a man, believe me it is with a sincere and affectionate wish for the accomplishment of my parting words, that I bid thee–FAREWELL!
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Ananda is not bliss
www.discover-vedanta.com
An Article by Swami Dayananda Saraswati | Version 1.01
\tman, the self, is defined as sat-cit-!nanda. In this three-word definition, sat is often translated as existence, cit as consciousness, !nanda as bliss. It is obvious that these three words are not adjectives to the self, for the self is revealed by the Upanishads by these three words. If they are adjectives, there are many self-substantives among whom one is distinguished with the special attributes of sat-cit-!nanda. If we say, "Here is a blue, big, fragrant lily," all three adjectives distinguish the lily from other lilies without those attributes.
That I am is self-evident, but is this existence of the self time-bound? If it is, the self is like any other object. It has to become evident. Every object becomes evident to the self. The existence of the self is evident. To whom does it become evident? It has to be evident only to the self. When the existence of the self is evident to the self, it is understood as self-evident. In fact, the Upanishads present \tman as satyam, self existence, and everything else, including the knowing subject, as one whose existence is drawn from the existence of the self. This selfexistent \tman has got to be self-evident. Otherwise, there is no way of recognizing the existence of the self. So this self-evident nature is what is indicated by the second word cit consciousness. Every evidence being knowledge, there is the presence of consciousness.
The self-existent \tman is in the form of consciousness revealing itself. The nature of sat is consciousness and the nature of consciousness is sat. The third word, !nanda, must have the same status as sat and cit, since it is a word revealing the nature (svar#pa) of \tman. If sat cannot be displaced by a thought, and much less cit can be displaced, how can !nanda ever be displaced by a condition of the mind? If !nanda is translated as limitless (ananta) there is no possibility of it getting displaced at any time. If it is bliss, it has its opposite, unhappiness, displacing it.
© Discover Vedanta. Copyrights reserved and no part shall be reproduced without permission.
Page 1 of 2
Ananda is not bliss
www.discover-vedanta.com
An Article by Swami Dayananda Saraswati | Version 1.01
So this word !nanda has really caused a lot of confusion in the minds of seekers as well as teachers. Happiness and sorrow are opposites, and therefore, they are mutually opposed to each other. When the one is, the other is not. When I am happy I am not sad, and when I am sad I am not happy. But the truth is, the self that is sat and cit sustains every condition of the mind like the water every wave. Whether the condition of the mind is pleasant or unpleasant, it is sustained not only by sat cit, but also !nanda, because sat cit is !nanda.
The reason why there is so much insistence on the experience of the self is that that self is taken as a special experience of bliss. Even if there is a special experience of bliss, how will one recognize that it is the bliss of the self? In fact, the Upanishads are very clear that every experience of happiness is nothing but a condition of the mind which does not stand opposed to the limitlessness of the self. The common experience of this happiness reveals that the subjectobject situation does not oppose the limitlessness, the wholeness of the self, \tman. The nonrecognition of this fact commits a person to seeking such an experience [of happiness] as often and for as long as he or she can have it. That is the life of sa*s!ra, of becoming. The Upanishads stop this pursuit by revealing that the \tman one is seeking is oneself. \nanda is never displaced by any condition of the mind, because it is the nature of \tman, like sat and cit. An unhappy condition of the mind is sustained by consciousness which is sat. If this is true, it is !nanda that sustains the unhappy condition as well as the happy condition.
© Discover Vedanta. Copyrights reserved and no part shall be reproduced without permission.
Page 2 of 2
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An isoperimetric inequality for the Wiener sausage
Yuval Peres ∗
Perla Sousi †
September 9, 2011
Abstract
Let (ξ(s))s≥0 be a standard Brownian motion in d ≥ 1 dimensions and let (Ds)s≥0 be a collection of open sets in R d . For each s, let Bs be a ball centered at 0 with vol(Bs) = vol(Ds). We show that E[vol(∪ s≤t(ξ(s) + Ds))] ≥ E[vol(∪ s≤t(ξ(s) + Bs))], for all t. In particular, this implies that the expected volume of the Wiener sausage increases when a drift is added to the Brownian motion.
Keywords and phrases. Poisson point process, random walk, Brownian motion, coupling, rearrangement inequality.
MSC 2010 subject classifications. Primary 26D15, 60J65, Secondary 60D05, 60G55, 60G50.
1 Introduction
Let (ξ(t))t≥0 be a standard Brownian motion in R d . For any open set A ⊂ R d , the corresponding Wiener sausage at time t is ∪ s≤t(ξ(s) + A).
Kesten, Spitzer and Whitman(1964) (see [4, p. 252]) proved that for d ≥ 3, if A ⊂ R d is an open set with finite volume, then the Wiener sausage satisfies
where Cap(A) is the Newtonian capacity of the set A.
P´olya and Sz¨ego (see [10]) proved that for d ≥ 3, among all open sets of fixed volume, the ball has the smallest Newtonian capacity. Thus, for any open set A ⊂ R d of finite volume,
This naturally raises the question whether (1.1) holds for fixed t without the 1 − o(1) factor. Our main result gives a positive answer in the more general setting where the set A is allowed to vary with time.
∗ Microsoft Research, Redmond, Washington, USA; email@example.com
† University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; firstname.lastname@example.org
Theorem 1.1. Let (ξ(s))s≥0 be a standard Brownian motion in d ≥ 1 dimensions and let (Ds)s≥0 be open sets in R d . For each s, let rs > 0 be such that vol(B(0, rs)) = vol(Ds). Then for all t we have that
Our original motivation for Theorem 1.1 came from our joint work with A. Sinclair and A. Stauffer [8]. In [8] it was proved that in dimension 2 for any continuous function f : R + → R 2 ,
and it was conjectured that for all d ≥ 1 and for any continuous function f : R + → R d ,
where B(x, r) stands for the open ball centered at x of radius r.
In dimension 1 this conjecture was shown in [8] to follow from the reflection principle. Theorem (1.1) above establishes (1.2) without requiring f to be continuous or even measurable, by taking Ds = B(f(s), r).
Remark 1.2. For any collection of open sets (Ds) the set ∪ s≤t(ξ(s) + Ds) is open, and hence Lebesgue measurable. Its volume, namely vol(∪ s≤t(ξ(s) + Ds)), is a random variable. This is explained at the end of the proof of Theorem 1.1 in Remark 3.2.
Remark 1.3. The Wiener sausage determined by a ball, i.e. W (t) = ∪ s≤t B(ξ(s), r), has been studied extensively. Spitzer [11] obtained exact asymptotics as t →∞ for the expected volume of the Wiener sausage in 2 and 3 dimensions and Donsker and Varadhan [2] obtained exact asymptotics for the exponential moments of the volume. Kesten, Spitzer and Whitman (see [11] and [12]) proved laws of large numbers type results and Le Gall in [5] proved fluctuation results corresponding to these laws of large numbers.
Remark 1.4. In [6] (see also [3, Corollary 2.1]) a result analogous to (1.2) for random walks is proved, namely that the expected range of a lattice walk always increases when a drift is added to the walk. The proof of that result and our proof of Theorem 1.1 do not seem to yield each other.
Remark 1.5. A result analogous to (1.2) was proved in [9] for the Hausdorffdimension of the image and the graph of ξ + f, where f is a continuous function. Namely, in [9] it is proved that
and similarly for the dimension of the graph.
To prove Theorem 1.1, we establish an analogous statement for a certain random walk, which we refer to as the ε-ball walk.
(a) Random walk sausage with squares
(b) Random walk sausage with discs
Proposition 1.6. Let ε > 0 and let (z∗(k))k≥0 be a random walk in R d starting from 0 and with transition kernel given by
where ω(d) is the volume of the unit ball in R d . For any integer n and any collection of open sets (Uk)k≥0 in R d we have that
where rk is such that vol(B(0, rk)) = vol(Uk).
Remark 1.7. Proposition 1.6 can be extended to any random walk with transition density p(x, y) = f(|x − y|) with f decreasing. Using that one can deduce an analog of Theorem 1.1 for L´evy processes with a radially decreasing transition density.
In the next section we first state a rearrangement inequality in Theorem 2.1, taken from [1, Theorem 2], and apply it to random walks on the sphere. Then we prove Proposition 1.6. In Section 3, using Proposition 1.6 and Donsker's invariance principle, we give the proof of Theorem 1.1.
In Section 4 we collect some easy convergence lemmas.
Finally, in Section 5 we conclude with some open questions and remarks.
2 Rearrangement inequalities and proof of Proposition 1.6
Let S denote a sphere in d dimensions. We fix x ∗ ∈ S. For a subset A of S we define A ∗ to be a geodesic cap centered at x ∗ such that µ(A ∗ ) = µ(A), where µ is the surface area measure on the sphere. We call A ∗ the symmetric rearrangement of A.
The following theorem is a special case of Burchard and Schmuckenschl¨ager [1, Theorem 2].
Theorem 2.1 ([1]). Let A1, . . . , An be Borel subsets of S and let ψij : S × S → R + be nonincreasing functions of distance. Then we have the following inequality
Let S R ⊂ R d +1 be the sphere of radius R in d + 1 dimensions centered at 0, i.e.
Let ε > 0 and let ˜ ζ be a random walk on the sphere that starts from a uniform point on the surface of the sphere and has transition kernel given by
Again µ stands for the surface area measure on the sphere, ρ(x, y) stands for the geodesic distance between x and y and
We call ˜ ζ the ε-cap walk. For a collection (Θk)k≥0 of Borel subsets of S R we define
Lemma 2.2. Let (Θk)k≥0 be Borel subsets of the sphere, S R. Then for all n we have that
where for each k we define C k to be a geodesic cap centered at (0, . . . , 0, −R) such that µ(C k) = µ(Θk).
Proof. Using the Markov property, we write P(τ Θ > n) as
Let x ∗ = (0, . . . , 0, R). Since the transition kernel ψ is a nonincreasing function of distance, applying Theorem 2.1, we obtain that this last integral is bounded from above by
where for each i, we have that Ai is a geodesic cap centered at x ∗ with µ(Ai) = µ(Θ c i ). Writing C i = A c i , we have that C i is a geodesic cap centered at (0 , . . . , 0 , − R ) such that µ(C i) = µ(Θi) and hence proving the lemma.
It is intuitive and standard that as R →∞ the sphere S R tends to Euclidean space. The following two lemmas make this precise in the situation we need for the proof of Proposition 1.6. These lemmas are established in Section 4.
We define the projection mapping π : S R → R d via
and the inverse map π − 1 (x1, . . . , xd) = (x1, . . . , xd+1) ∈ S R such that xd+1 ≤ 0.
Lemma 2.3. Let r, K > 0. Then for all δ > 0, there exists R0 such that for all x ∈B(0, K we have that
)
Also for all A ⊂ π − 1 (B(0, K)) we have that
Lemma 2.4. Let L, n > 0. Let z be an ε-ball walk in R d started from a uniform point in B(0, L + nε). Let ζ be an ε-cap walk on S R started from a uniform point in the cap C(L) = π − 1 (B(0, L + nε)). Then there exists a coupling of z and π(ζ) such that
The rest of this section is devoted to the proof of Proposition 1.6.
Proof of Proposition 1.6. First note that if the sets (Uk) have infinite volume, then the inequality is trivially true. We will prove the theorem under the assumption that they are all bounded, since then by truncation we can get the result for any collection of unbounded open sets.
Let L > 0 be sufficiently large such that.
We now consider the ball B(0, L+nε) in R d and we take R big enough so that we can ensure that
is a cap (centered at (0, . . . , 0, −R)) of geodesic radius bigger than L + nε.
From Lemma 2.2 we have that
where for each k we define C k to be a geodesic cap centered at (0, . . . , 0, −R) such that µ(C k) = µ(π − 1 (Uk)).
It is clear that
where under P C(L) the starting point of the random walk is uniform on C(L). Similarly for the collection of caps C we have
Hence, using the above equalities together with (2.7) we obtain that
where ζ is an ε-cap walk started from a uniform point in C(L), i.e., it has transition kernel given by (2.2). Now, we will go back to R d . Let (z(k))k be an ε-ball walk that starts from a uniform point in B(0, L + nε), i.e., it has transition kernel given by (1.3). Thus for each k we can write z(k) = z(0) − z∗(k), where z(0) is uniform on B(0, L + nε) and (z∗(k)) is an ε-ball walk that starts from 0. We define
Since z(0) is uniform on B(0, L + nε), we can write
P(T
U
> n) =P(z(0) / ∈ U
0
, z(1) / ∈ U
1
, . . . , z(n) / ∈ U
n
)
It is easy to check that for each k the projection π(C k) is a ball in R d centered at 0. Let r R k be its radius and let rk be such that vol(B(0, rk)) = vol(Uk). Then by Lemma 2.3 we have that
From Lemma 2.4, there exists a coupling of (π(ζ(k)))k=0,...,n with (z(k))k=0,...,n, so that
By the union bound we have that
where coupling fails means that there exists k ∈{0, . . . , n} such that π(ζ(k)) ̸= z(k). Thus, from (2.11) we have
Similarly,
Hence, (2.12) and (2.14) together with (2.8) give that
Therefore, using that π(C k) = B(0, r R k ), we deduce that
Using (2.10) and (2.13) and letting R →∞ in the inequality above concludes the proof of the proposition.
3 Proof of Theorem 1.1
For n ∈ N and t > 0 we define
Lemma 3.1. Let (ξ(s))s≥0 be a standard Brownian motion in d ≥ 1 dimensions and let (Vs)s≥0 be open sets in R d . For each s, let rs > 0 be such that vol(Vs) = vol(B(0, rs)). Then for all n ∈ N and t > 0 we have that
Proof. First note that if the sets (Vs) have infinite volume, then the inequality is trivially true. We will prove the theorem under the assumption that they are all bounded, since then by truncation we can get the result for any collection of unbounded open sets.
Let X1, X2, . . . be i.i.d. random variables with uniform distribution on B(0, 1). Write Sn = ∑ n i=1 X i . Let N ∈ N and let σ 2 be the variance of X 1 . Then for any collection of bounded open sets (Us) we have from Proposition 1.6 that
where rs is such that vol(Us) = vol(B(0, rs)).
We will drop the dependence on t from D n,t to simplify the notation. Since (3.1) holds true for any collection of bounded sets, we have that for N large enough since in (3.1) we can take U ℓ = V ℓ , for ℓ ∈D n and empty otherwise. As before, r ℓ is such that vol( B (0 , r ℓ )) = vol( V ℓ ).
By Donsker's invariance principle (see for instance [7, Theorem 5.22]), for a fixed n, we have that
If for all ℓ ∈D n we have that vol(∂Vℓ) = 0, then by (3.2) and Lemma 4.1 we deduce that
If ∃k such that vol(∂Vk) > 0, then for each ℓ ∈D n we write Vℓ = ∪ ∞ j=1 A j,ℓ , where ( A j,ℓ ) j are all the dyadic cubes that are contained in Vℓ.
Then for every finite K, we have that
where for each ℓ we have that r(ℓ, K) satisfies vol(B(0, r(ℓ, K))) = vol(∪ K j=1 A j,ℓ ), and hence r(ℓ, K) ↗ rℓ as K →∞. Thus, letting K →∞, by monotone convergence we conclude that
Proof of Theorem 1.1. Let M > 0. We will show the theorem under the assumption that Ds ⊂B(0, M), for all s ≤ t, since then by monotone convergence we can get it for any collection of open sets.
For each s, we define the set
which is open. For every ℓ ∈D n, we define
which is again open as a union of open sets. For each s we let rs,n be such that vol(B(0, rs,n)) = vol(Ds,n). From Proposition 1.6 we then get that
where r ∗ ℓ,n satisfies.
We now define the event
We will now show that on Ωn we have that
Let y ∈ ξ(ℓ) + Zℓ, for some ℓ ∈D n. Then there exists ℓ ≤ s < ℓ + t/2 n such that d(y − ξ(ℓ), D c s ) > ( t/ 2 n ) 1 / 3 . Also, since ∥ ξ ( s ) − ξ ( ℓ ) ∥≤ ( t/ 2 n ) 1 / 3 on Ω n , we get by the triangle inequality that
and hence we deduce that y ∈ ξ(s) + Ds.
Therefore, from (3.6) we obtain
Claim 3.1. As n →∞ we have that a.s.
Proof. Indeed it is clear that Ωn ⊂ Ωn+1 and on Ωn we have that
To prove that, we need to show that for each ℓ ∈D n, the ball B(ξ(ℓ), r ∗ ℓ,n ) is contained in the right hand side of (3.8). We may assume that r ∗ ℓ,n > 0. Let y be such that ∥ y − ξ ( ℓ ) ∥ < r ∗ ℓ,n . We set ℓ ′ = ℓ + t/2 n +1 and ℓ ′′ = ℓ + t/2 n . Then there are two cases:
*If sup
ℓ≤s<ℓ
′
r s,n
<sup
ℓ
′
≤s<ℓ
′′
r s,n
, then
For each n we define the set An as follows:
We will now show that
To prove that, we will first show that for each n and ℓ ∈D n on Ωn we have that B(ξ(ℓ), r ∗ ℓ,n ) ⊂ ∪ s≤t B(ξ(s), rs). Again we may assume that r ∗ ℓ,n > 0. Let y be such that ∥ y − ξ ( ℓ ) ∥ < r ∗ ℓ,n . For each ε > 0, there exists u such that ℓ ≤ u < ℓ + t/2 n and ru,n > sup ℓ≤s<ℓ+t/2n rs,n − ε. We have
and by choosing ε small enough, we can make ∥y − ξ(u)∥ smaller than ru,n.
For the other inclusion we will show that for each m fixed on Ωm we have that ∪ s≤t B(ξ(s), rs) ⊂ ∪ nAn. This will be enough since by L´evy's modulus of continuity theorem (see for instance [7, Theorem 1.14]) we have that P(∪ mΩm) = 1. Let y be such that ∥y − ξ(s)∥ < rs. Take ε > 0 small enough so that ∥y − ξ(s)∥ < rs − ε. The sets Ds,n defined in (3.4) are increasing in n. Since Ds is open, Ds = ∪ nDs,n. Hence by monotone convergence, we get that rs,n ↗ rs as n →∞. Thus for n large enough, we get that rs ≤ rs,n + ε. We now take n even larger (also larger than m) so that ∥y − ξ(s)∥ < rs − ε − 2 1 / 3 (t/2 n ) 1 / 3 . If we take ℓ ∈D n such that ℓ ≤ s < ℓ + t/2 n , then, using that the events (Ωn) are increasing, we deduce that
Therefore we showed that y ∈B(ξ(ℓ), r ∗ ℓ,n ) and this proves (3.9). Monotone convergence theorem completes the proof of Claim 3.1.
Finally by the dominated convergence theorem we get that
since P(Ω c n ) → 0 as n →∞ , by L´evy's modulus of continuity theorem and also
since we assumed that the sets (Ds) are all contained in B(0, M). Taking the limit as n →∞ in (3.7) concludes the proof.
Remark 3.2. The proofs of Lemma 3.1 and Theorem 1.1 also give that for any collection of open sets (Ds), the volume of ∪ s≤t(ξ(s) + Ds) is a random variable. Indeed, on ∪ nΩn (which has P(∪ nΩn) = 1) we have that
where Zℓ is as defined in (3.5). If for all n and all ℓ ∈D n we have that vol(∂Zℓ) = 0, then from Lemma 4.1 we get the measurability. Otherwise, we write Zℓ as a countable union of the dyadic subcubes contained in it and then use the monotonicity property together with Lemma 4.1 again, like in the last part of the proof of Lemma 3.1.
4 Relating the sphere to its tangent plane
In this section we give the proofs of Lemmas 2.3 and 2.4. We also establish a useful lemma on continuity of volumes.
Proof of Lemma 2.3. Let c be a sufficiently large positive constant so that for R sufficiently large we have for all x ∈B(0, K) that
Letx
Then
= ( π
x
−1
1
, . . . , x
(y
d
) ∈C(π
) ∈B
−
(0
1
(x
, K) andy= (y
1
, . . . , y
d
) ∈ π(C(π
−1
(x) , r
) , r
)).
) and hence
where θ = θ(π − 1 (x), π − 1 (y)) satisfies
We write ∥· ∥ for the Euclidean distance in R d . We then have
But, since π − 1 (x), π − 1 (y) ∈ S R, we get that xd+1 = R 2 − ∑ d i=1 x 2 i and y d +1 = R 2 − ∑ d i=1 y 2 i and using the fact that x ∈B(0, K) and y ∈B(0, K + c) we obtain that,
uniformly over all x and y in B(0, K) and B(0, K + c) respectively. From (4.1) and the monotonicity of the cos φ function for φ small, we obtain that,
and hence for all R sufficiently large we have that
To prove the other inclusion, it suffices to show that
since B(0, K + c) c is disjoint from π(C(π − 1 (x), r)) and B(x, r − δ). Finally (4.2) can be proved using similar arguments to the ones employed above.
To prove the last statement of the lemma, we write
where α(x) is the angle at the origin between π − 1 (x) and (0, . . . , 0, −R).
Using that α(x) → 0 as R →∞ uniformly over all x ∈B(0, K) we get the desired convergence.
Proof of Lemma 2.4. Since ζ(0) is uniformly distributed on C(L), we have that π(ζ(0)) has density function given by,
where α(x) is the angle between π − 1 (x) and (0, . . . , 0, −R). Also z(0) has density function given by
From Lemma 2.3 we get that fR(x) → f(x) as R →∞ uniformly over all x, and hence the maximal coupling will succeed with probability tending to 1 as R →∞. So, for π(ζ(0)) and z(0) we have used the maximal coupling. Given π(ζ(0)) and z(0), then the density function of π(ζ(1)) is given by
and ξ(1) has density function given by
f (x) =
1
1
(x∈B(ξ(0) , ε))
B vol( (ξ(0) , ε))
.
Thus if the coupling of the starting points has succeeded, then we can use the maximal coupling to couple the first steps and continuing this way we can couple the first n steps. Hence, we get that the probability that the coupling succeeds tends to 1 as R →∞.
Lemma 4.1. Let (Ai)i=1,...,n be measurable sets in R d such that vol(∂Ai) = 0, for all i. Then the function defined by
is continuous.
Proof. Let A δ stand for the δ-enlargement of the set A, i.e. A δ = A+B(0, δ). If vol(∂A) = 0, then it is easy to see that
Let x = (x1, . . . , xn) be such that ∥x∥ < δ. We then have that
But vol((xi + Ai)△Ai) = 2(vol((xi + Ai) ∪ Ai) − vol(Ai)) and vol((xi + Ai) ∪ Ai) ≤ vol(A δ i ), and hence by (4.3) we get the desired convergence.
5 Concluding Remarks and Questions
1. We recall here the detection problem as discussed in [8]. Let Π = {Xi } be a Poisson point process in R d of intensity λ. We now let each point Xi of the Poisson process move according to an independent standard Brownian motion (ξi(s))s≥0. Let u be another particle originally placed at the origin and which is moving according to a deterministic function f. We define the detection time of u analogously to (2.9) via
Then from [8, Lemma 3.1] we have that
In terms of the detection probabilities, Theorem 1.1 then gives that
where T 0 det stands for the detection time when u does not move at all. This means that the best strategy for u to stay undetected for long time is to stay put. This is an instance of the Pascal principle, which is discussed in [3] and [6] for a similar model in the discrete lattice.
2. Let (Ds) be a collection of open sets as in Theorem 1.1. We showed that
where the sets (Bs) are balls as defined in Theorem 1.1. Does the stochastic domination inequality
also hold?
3. Fix an open set D in R d . For any function f : R + → R d , consider the Wiener sausage with drift f determined by D, namely W D f ( t ) = ∪ s ≤ t ( D + ξ ( s )+ f ( s )). For which sets D is it true that the expected volume of W D f is minimized when f = 0?
4. Let f : R + → R d be a measurable function. Consider the convex hull of Cf (t) = (ξ + f)[0, t]. Is the expected volume of Cf (t) minimized when f = 0?
Acknowledgements
We are grateful to Philippe Charmoy, Jason Miller, Alexandre Stauffer and Rongfeng Sun for useful comments and discussions.
References
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Published onNational Catholic Reporter(https://www.ncronline.org)
Miracles, Saints, and healing for both body and mind
Teresa Malcolm | Oct. 21, 2010
Hospitality volunteers assist pilgrims with special needs during a Mass in Lourdes, France, in 2008. (CNS/Nancy Wiechec)
Sociologist Robert A. Scott explains in his prologue to Miracle Cures that he is a proponent of modern scientific medicine and that he is not a religious person. But if his inquiry into Christianity?s healing shrines seeks biomedical and psychological causes underlying claimed miracle cures, it is marked by a respect for the faithful -- especially those in centuries past for whom embarking on a pilgrimage may truly have had more health benefits than what passed for medicine at that time.
While Scott also discusses early modern and contemporary Catholic healing shrines (Lourdes, of course, being prominent), the bulk of his attention is given to the phenomenon in medieval Europe, where chronic malnutrition depressed the immune system and poor sanitation encouraged the spread of disease, and amid all this, illness was viewed as God?s punishment for sin.
MIRACLE CURES: SAINTS, PILGRIMAGE, AND THE HEALING POWERS OF BELIEF
By Robert A. Scott
Published by University of California Press, $24.95
Many common infectious illnesses at that time may have naturally run their course whether or not the sufferer had gone to appeal to a saint. However, a pilgrimage offered changes in diet, climate and living conditions, and, in bonding with fellow travelers, a temporary relief from the shame associated with disease. Scott draws on modern scientific studies on the placebo effect and on various ways that thoughts, beliefs and actions can give a boost to the immune system to illustrate how pilgrims may have begun to effect their own healing from the day they began packing.
What mattered was that it worked, which perhaps has led to the enduring attraction to healing shrines. As Scott notes in his engaging, compassionate book, ?If the sufferers went on pilgrimage, prayed to a saint, and in the end felt better for it, it does not matter whether the recovery was due to spontaneous remission or the natural course of illness. From the pilgrims? point of view, they took action, and it made them feel better; therefore they concluded that what they did had helped.?
BEYOND BLUE: SURVIVING DEPRESSION & ANXIETY AND MAKING THE MOST
OF BAD GENES
Published by Center Street, $21.99
By Therese J. Borchard
Therese Borchard has a mission in her book Beyond Blue -- as well as in her Beliefnet.com blog of the same name: bringing the light of hope to those suffering from mental illness, and working to remove the stigma associated with it.
To this end, she tells her own story, as a woman, wife and mother who suffers from bipolar disorder, depression, addiction, anxiety and other illnesses. While self-help suggestions and medical research appear throughout Beyond Blue, the book is at its most affecting as a personal memoir -- honest, often funny, and sometimes harrowing.
Borchard?s faith is a constant thread, even if, she says, ?I have cussed out God too many times to count, asking him what kind of marijuana he was smoking the day he designed my brain.?
Being Catholic, she writes, ?was both a blessing and a curse. ... I?ve always maintained that Catholicism is the most suitable religion for the mentally ill. Think about it. There is a saint for every neurosis.?
The curse side is most evident in her childhood, when her intense devotion and anxiety about pleasing God ?disguised a serious mood disorder as piety.?
As an adult, she directs some barbs at New Age friends who encouraged her to think her way out of mental illness. But she has just as little regard for one psychiatrist -- nicknamed ?Pharma King? -- who had her taking 16 heavy-duty pills a day.
Borchard came to accept that a holistic approach can include medication as well as exercise, diet, sleep, prayer and meditation. She embraces every tool that works in her ?chase after sanity each day.?
[Teresa Malcolm is NCR special sections editor. Her e-mail address is firstname.lastname@example.org.]
Stories in this Health & Well-being series
Cancer's unknown country [1], by Joe Feuerherd
Measuring quality of care [3], by Jerry Filteau
Life's too short to waste on speed [2], by Rich Heffern
Catholic hospitals serve one in six patients in the United States [3], by Jerry Filteau
US Redemptorists launch day of blessing for arthritics [5], by Dennis Coday
Miracles, Saints, and healing for both body and mind [4], reviews by Teresa Malcolm
Advertisement
Source URL (retrieved on 03/27/2017 - 06:12): https://www.ncronline.org/news/miracles-saints-and-healingboth-body-and-mind
Links:
[2] http://ncronline.org/node/20753
[1] http://ncronline.org/node/20750
[3] http://ncronline.org/node/20693
[5] http://ncronline.org/node/20764
[4] http://ncronline.org/node/20762
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eNEWS January 2012
www.nfarl.org eNEWS is " what's happening " in North Fulton ! Check the headlines of each item and mark your calendar. Go to arrl.org or eHAM.net for the national news, but here is this month's North Fulton ARL eNEWS.
Summary of Upcoming Events and Dates
- Every Wednesday - Hungry Hams Lunch Bunch - 11:00 AM - Slopes BBQ, 34 East Crossville Road, Roswell
- Every Sunday - NF ARES net - 8:30PM - 147.06 MHz (PL 100)
- Every Friday - Youth Net - 5:00 PM - 145.47 MHz (PL 100) - Join Edward Doyle KJ4NRN and others
- Every Monday - Tech Net - 8:30 PM - 145.47 MHz (PL 100) - Check website for "how to"
- Second Tuesday - NF ARES meeting - 7:00 PM at the Sandy Springs City office complex
- Mid-Month Madness - GARS TechFest - January 14, 10:00 AM to 2:00 PM (Boneyard opens at 8:00 AM) – Gwinnett Medical Resource Center, 665 Duluth Highway (Georgia 120), Lawrenceville
- VE Testing Session - January 14 - Alpharetta Adult Activity Center, 13450 Cogburn Road, Alpharetta - 10:00 AM
- Third Tuesday - Club Meeting - January 17 – Alpharetta Adult Activity Center - Paul Manno KG4UVU will give an insider's look at the DXpedition to T32C
It's January 14 ... Do You Know Where Your QSLs Are?
Come to TechFest on Saturday, January 14, at the Gwinnett Medical Resource Center in Lawrenceville. We can help you find your missing QSLs quickly and easily! NFARL and the SEDXC are teaming up to help hams get into the QSLing game with the two best tools available: Logbook of the World and Bureaus.
Attend the seminar on "The Art of QSLing" and visit the booth in the "main tent" where you will learn how to:
- Set up your personal Logbook of the World (LoTW) account (bring your laptop and make it extra easy)
- Set up to receive incoming QSLs coming through the U.S. bureaus (you will leave with everything you need)
- Send QSLs through the ARRL and SEDXC outgoing QSL services
Program Update
When the best-laid plans are foiled three weeks before travel, you can still rely upon the
resourcefulness, engineering, organizational, and operation skills of an excellent group to bring you a record-setting DXpedition. NFARL's own Paul Manno KG4UVU (at left) presents this tale of the recent East Kiribati T32C DXpedition to Christmas Island (Kiritimati) and how you came to be in the log.
Pre-meeting dinner
Some of our members and guests gather for dinner before the meeting at 6:00 PM at Dickey's Barbecue Pit, 13075 Highway 9 North, Milton. It's about a fourth of a mile north of Fry's on Highway 9 in the Target shopping center. Various types of BBQ pork, beef and chicken along with a large number of side dishes are available at reasonable prices. Plus there is free ice cream for dessert! Talk-in on 145.47. We finish dinner in time to arrive at the meeting site by 7:00 PM.
President's Corner for January
I am very excited and humbled over having the opportunity and privilege to serve as your new president for the 2012 calendar year. First of all, I would like to thank the outgoing officers and members of the executive board, along with the enthusiastic membership that achieved so many great accomplishments for the club in 2011. Under John Tramontanis's leadership our club continued to thrive and provide various opportunities for members to grow in and enjoy our wonderful hobby.
I am currently taking a drink from the proverbial "fire hose" and learning more about the inner workings of our club as I assume the role of president. Your executive board has had its first meeting of the year and is hard at work defining goals for 2012, such as additional construction projects and a more robust Elmer program. Your input is welcomed, and you are encouraged to make suggestions to any of the executive board members. The new club officers and executive team are:
Wes Lamboley W3WL - President
Dave Brackett AK4CL - Vice President and Training and Community Services Coordinator
Bill Reed K4YJI - Secretary and NFARL eNEWS Publisher
Fred Moore N4CLA – Treasurer
John Tramontanis N4TOL - Past President and HamJam 2012 Co-Planner
Chuck Catledge AE4CW - Education and Elmer Chairman
John Kludt K4SQC - Program and Mid-Month Madness Chairman
Scott Straw KB4KBS - Field Day Chairman
Jim Paine N4SEC - ARES Liaison
Mike Roden W5JR - Repeater Operations
Bill Cobb K4YJJ – Webmaster
We are here to serve you and the north metro ham community. Feel free to contact any of us at any time. Our e-mail addresses are "our call signs @nfarl.org."
Our goal is to continue to keep NFARL on a progressive track by providing programs of interest to the membership and activities to further develop our amateur radio skills. In addition, we want to continue to be prepared to serve the community in any time of need with our communications skills and resources. Of utmost importance, however, is to enhance the enjoyment that amateur radio provides to all our members and the ham community in general!
73 and Happy New Year!
Wes – W3WL
2011 Another Active Year for Club / John Tramontanis N4TOL
Happy New Year! NFARL closed out a memorable 2011 with a wonderful holiday party with fine food, great friends, and much celebration as we recognized the accomplishments of the club during the past year and many of the folks who contributed to them. I want to especially recognize Joe Urso KJ4IXJ and Bob Citronberg KI4GHT for their efforts in making the event a rousing success.
Additionally, that evening, the club recognized Dave Higdon Jr. KD4ICT as the NFARL 2011 "Ham of the Year" for his many contributions to the club, primarily in the area of promoting amateur youth activity and spearheading the club DXCC LoTW effort.
It was also an honor to present to Jim Stafford W4QO the NFARL "Distinguished Service Award".
It was another active and productive year for NFARL. The club again dominated the ARRL Field Day both nationally and regionally in several categories and all those who participated in our record attendance seemed to have a wonderful time at our signature event. Our gratitude goes out to outgoing Field Day Chairman Ian Kahn KM4IK, whose tireless efforts guided our club to four consecutive record-setting years in this event.
The year began with the TechFest in January, with NFARL members assisting 25 kids building kits, to a world-class event in October, HamJam 2011, to finish out the year.
HamJam 2011 was a huge success by raising funds for amateur youth scholarships and featured a presentation by ARRL President Kay Craigie N3KN. The event was topped off by earning recognition with a photo and mention in QST magazine. Special thanks to Jim Stafford W4QO and Chuck Catledge AE4CW, the co-chairmen who coordinated this special event for the enormous amount of hard work they put forth.
The club was involved in some notable DXpeditions as a sponsor and with members participating. The club was a sponsor for the T32C group to East Kiribati with club member Paul Manno KG4UVU as a member of the team. Incoming club president Wes Lamboley W3WL was a member of the VP8ORK team to South Orkney Islands.
NFARL participated in the International Day event at the Johns Creek NE/Spruill Oaks Library in March and demonstrated the international scope of ham radio to hundreds of visitors. Using a vertical antenna and 100-watt transceiver, club members and visitors contacted 36 countries using the club call sign NF4GA. We were pleased with the interest expressed by all, but especially by the large number of youth who enthusiastically put on the headset and made contacts on their own.
In April, NFARL again took honors in the Georgia QSO Party as the top club in the state for the third straight year.
North Fulton ARES had a busy year, working with the North American Mission Board, participating in Field Day, and conducting a highly successful Simulated Emergency Test in October.
The club again had an exciting outing at a Braves game in September with the home team winning in the bottom of the ninth inning. Thank you, Bob Citronberg KI4GHT for a wonderful treat.
More progress was made on the youth front with HamJam 2010 scholarships awarded to graduating high school seniors Frances Doyle AJ4JQ and Mike Almeter W4MJA. Additionally, Jon Wittlin K4WIT led initiatives with the Boy Scouts in conducting radio merit badge awards and the October Jamboree on the Air.
The club also conducted Technician and General Ham Crams as well as a CW SIG to help initiate new folks into the hobby and enhance their skills and privileges.
There were many other events that could be mentioned and many other members who contributed to the club's successes this past year. Thanks to all of you.
It has been a great pleasure to serve as club president for 2011. I encourage you all to volunteer and become more involved in club activities in the coming year.
I look forward to seeing you at the meetings in 2012, and I hope to hear you on the bands!
LoTW-DXCC Still Going Strong / Dave Higdon Jr. KD4ICT
Did everyone see the January issue of QST? You might recognize a few folks in one of the pictures. Thanks to Steve Mays KS4KJ for the group photo and thanks to everyone who helped us reach DXCC last year.
At the end of 2011, NFARL had 316 QSOs in the log with 187 confirmed contacts. We now have 118 confirmed entities and we have 156 contacts counting toward the DXCC Challenge award. Please continue to send your contacts to email@example.com and see what we can achieve.
Now with the new year here, what would the club like to do for the next project? Anyone interested in the Triple Play Award? This is another LoTW award and is for working all states using three modes: voice, data and CW. We have had some discussion and would like to see if the interest is there.
One last thing, I still have certificates for the members who contributed to our DXCC award. If you have not received your copy, I can mail it to you. Otherwise, see me at Hungry Hams or a club meeting.
This project was a lot of fun. I am looking forward to what we can do this year.
Great Expectations for Field Day / Scott Straw KB4KBS
NFARL has been a national leader at providing maximum exposure of our hobby and our club to the general public and public officials during Field Day on the fourth full weekend of June each year. This tradition will continue. We have also fared well with our point tally in the contest aspect of the event. This will also continue. To help maintain our fine showings, we will try a different management style this year: one that is tried and proven, not too different from "the old way," and is organized and structured for efficiency and accountability.
The National Incident Management System (NIMS) is a comprehensive approach that is used to manage crises, emergencies, and events. It is adaptable, flexible, and scalable. My experience with this process has convinced me that this is an efficient way to assure that Field Day responsibilities are handled in a way that reduces each task to a manageable assignment.
Further, within the NIMS framework, the Incident Command System (ICS) divides the management of any event into four broad categories: Operations, Planning, Logistics, and Administration/Finance. Each area has distinct vertical responsibilities but there is a great deal of horizontal interaction as well. Not every incident requires the deployment of all four sections. Nor does a section need to be fully outfitted if it is used. That is the beauty of this design. Only the resources needed are activated.
For Field Day, we will use many aspects of this organizational structure, but not all. For example, under the Operations Section, we will have a branch for Visitors and Guests, Bonus Stations, Scoring Station, Antennas, and Power/Facilities. Each branch will have a director, and multiple divisions. Each division will have a supervisor, and if necessary the division will have units with designated leaders.
If you would like to be involved, now is the time to sign up. We will be doing many of the same activities as last year – two SSB stations, a Digital Station, and a CW station, a Get-On-The-Air (GOTA) station, a VHF station, and a Satellite station. We will be at the same place, Waller Park Extension off Oxbo Road in Roswell, and, of course, we will have a big dinner on Saturday evening. We will also be trying some new things that will be revealed later. Formal planning meetings will begin at the end of March. As always, please feel free to contact me with your ideas on how to improve the experience.
Here are some links with more information on how NIMS and ICS work:
http://www.fema.gov/emergency/nims/AboutNIMS.shtm http://www.fema.gov/emergency/nims/IncidentCommandSystem.shtm
http://training.fema.gov/EMIWeb/IS/ICSResource/PositionChecklists.htm
BROWSING THE LIBRARY / Keith Plossl K4KRX
On The Air With Ham Radio by Steve Ford WB8IMY will give you some idea what you can do and what you can expect from other hams after you first get your ticket. Don't expect this to be a how-to. Rather, it is a broad overview of the many segments of the amateur radio hobby for those of us just getting our feet wet. Good luck on your ham radio journey; the fun is just getting started.
We have this 183-page book in the NFARL Library and it is good for any beginning ham. The library is here for both experienced and inexperienced hams.
Denny Goodwin KF4BL (SK)
Denny Goodwin KF4BL died January 6 at Kennestone Hospital in Marietta of complications from pneumonia.
Denny was active in attending NFARL meetings and was a frequent diner at Hungry Hams lunches at Slopes BBQ. He could often be found roaming the aisles of Fry's before the monthly NFARL meeting, looking for parts for his latest electronics project. He served as a CW operator during the past couple of Field Day events. At Hungry Hams, he enjoyed conferring with fellow hams about homebrew projects and also often reminisced about his childhood and life in Mississippi and Alabama. Very down-to-earth, Denny enjoyed telling a good story although he said one of the aspects of being a preacher was that people would tell him jokes and stories that, because of his calling, he was unable to repeat.
An Advanced Class licensee who lived in Cherokee County, Dr. James Denton Goodwin was born September 10, 1942, in Pascagoula, Mississippi. He graduated from Pascagoula High School and received a B. A. from Mississippi College, a Master of Divinity Degree from Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary and the Doctor of Ministry Degree from New Orleans Baptist Theological Seminary.
He served churches in Alabama for more than 35 years. In 2007, he and his wife of 46 years, Barbara Davis Goodwin, moved to the Atlanta area to be near family.
The family has established a scholarship fund to benefit a graduating senior of the First Baptist Church of Demopolis. In lieu of flowers, donations may be made to the scholarship fund in Denny's name in care of the First Baptist Church of Demopolis, P.O. Box 1009, Demopolis, AL 36732. A memorial service was held at the First Baptist Church of Demopolis with burial at the Indianola Cemetery in Mississippi.
Public Service / Dave Brackett AK4CL
January
Gwinnett Amateur Radio Society -- TechFest 2012
This event (www.gars.org) is Saturday, January 14, 10:00 AM to 2:00 PM (Boneyard opens at 8:00
AM) at its new location in the Gwinnett Medical Resources
Center, 665 Duluth Highway (Georgia 120); Lawrenceville (33°
57.850'N, 84° 1.030'W).
Chuck Catledge AE4CW and Dave Higdon Jr. KD4ICT will be representing NFARL with their presentation covering QSLing using LoTW and ARRL DX QSL Bureaus.
There are a couple of positions available to assist with this effort and some knowledge/experience with LoTW would be appreciated. Send Chuck an e-mail if you would like to help.
Pre-event breakfast convenes at the Waffle House (#1194), 1205 Lakes Parkway, Lawrenceville, 770-237-3363, at 7:00 AM (33° 57.832'N, 84° 2.264'W).
February
Chattahoochee Challenge Annual Road Race, Saturday, February 11, 6:00 AM to 11:00 AM
If you are available , contact Charles Turner K0CZR via email for more details and to volunteer.
More details on volunteer opportunities for all events are on the NFARL website in the Public Service Section.
________________________________________________________________________________
Need a Name Badge?
Go to the NFARL Mart and order one of these magnetic badges!
Contact Us
| President | Wes Lamboley W3WL 770-642-2087 | firstname.lastname@example.org |
|---|---|---|
| Vice President and Training and Community Services Coordinator | Dave Brackett AK4CL 706-333-1366 | email@example.com |
| Secretary and NFARL eNEWS Publisher | Bill Reed K4YJI 770-993-5758 | firstname.lastname@example.org |
| Treasurer and Repeater Trustee | Fred Moore N4CLA 404-434-4499 | email@example.com |
| Past President and HamJam 2012 Co- Planner | John Tramontanis N4TOL 770-789-9188 | firstname.lastname@example.org |
| Past President and Special Events | Chuck Catledge AE4CW 770-641-7729 | email@example.com |
| Program and Mid- Month-Madness Chairman | John Kludt K4SQC | firstname.lastname@example.org |
| Field Day Chairman | Scott Straw KB4KBS | email@example.com |
| ARES Liaison and Community Relations | Jim Paine N4SEC | firstname.lastname@example.org |
| Repeater Operations | Mike Roden W5JR 404-781-9494 | email@example.com |
| Web Master | Bill Cobb K4YJJ 770-396-5007 | firstname.lastname@example.org |
Club Repeaters
| 145.470 (-) EchoLink Node 560686 NF4GA-R | 100 Hz |
|---|---|
| 147.060 (+) Primary ARES repeater | 100 Hz |
| 224.620 (-) Joint Venture with the MATPARC club | 100 Hz |
| 443.150 (+) | No Tone |
| 444.475(+) | 100 Hz |
| 927.0125(-) | 146.2 Hz |
Click any of the logos above to visit our NFARL supporters and affiliates
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We released this document in response to a Freedom of Information request. Over time it may become out of date.
Department for Work and Pensions
| CCN Number (supplied by the AUTHORITY) | CCN012 |
|---|---|
| Change reference (from USD) | GG:C1353 |
| Title | Schedule 15 amendments for removal of 34k fixed subcontract fee |
WHEREAS the AUTHORITY entered into the Managed Services Agreement (the "Agreement"), the AUTHORITY and the CONTRACTOR now wish to amend the Agreement as follows:
IT IS AGREED that:
With effect from 1 st April 2008, the Agreement shall be amended in accordance with this Contract Change Note.
Save as herein amended, all other terms and conditions of the Agreement shall remain in full force and effect.
Schedule 15 – Charges
Section 5 - Managed Services
The Monthly Managed Services Fixed Charge includes a fixed fee of £34,037 for subcontractor fees. In order to simplify the admin within eDTs accounts department all subcontractor fees are to be invoiced as variable which requires the removal of this fixed fee that is embedded in the Managed Services Fee. This requires an amendment to the monthly charges stated in Schedule 15 as follows (changes are highlighted in blue).
Schedule 15, paragraph 5.1, table 5.1 is replaced with the following:
| Service | Year 1 From Nov 06 to 31st March 2007 | Year 2 Ending 31st March 2008 | Year 3 Ending 31st March 2009 | Year 4 Ending 31st March 2010 | Year 5 Ending 31st March 2011 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Monthly Managed Services Fixed Charge | £ 471,669.36 | £ 455,371.83 | £ 416,379.47 | £ 372,409.42 | £ 377,460.97 |
| Monthly Managed Service Variation | n.a | n.a | n.a | n.a | n.a |
| of which resources relating to Service Builds | £ 40,018 | £ 42,075 | £ 42,075 | £ 28,050 | £ 28,050 |
Schedule 15, paragraph 5.2 is replaced with the following:
The first row of Table 5.1 sets out the Monthly Managed Services Fixed Charges and includes Charges relating to Service Builds.
The second row of Table 5.1 sets out the Monthly Managed Service Variation Charges. These Services are provided by the Subcontractors set out in Table 5.2 in accordance with the scope of services set out in Schedule 18 (Approved Subcontractors). Where the Subcontractors are delivering the scope in accordance with Schedule 18 (Approved Subcontractors) the CONTRACTOR shall charge the AUTHORITY the full amount of Subcontractor fees at cost plus a 5% mark up.
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TOWN OF ALMA BOARD OF TRUSTEES, UTILITY BOARD, BOARD OF ADJUSTMENTS, PLANNING COMMISSION, LIQUOR BOARD AGENDA
HELD AT ALMA TOWN HALL
REGULAR MEETING
TUESDAY JUNE 7, 2011
1. Call to Order
3. Motion to approve the agenda
7:00 PM
2. Roll Call
4. Motion to approve the Minutes of the May 17, 2011 Meeting
6. Citizens Comments:
5. Review Expenditures
Convene as Liquor Board
7. Liquor License Transfer – from Thinksnow LLC to Bobcat's LTD dba Alma's Only Bar – David W. Lawrence
Reconvene as Board of Trustees
8. Ordinance 2011-5 – A Bill for and Ordinance approving and accomplishing the annexation of contiguous unicorporated Town –owned property in the count of Park, and more particularly described in attached exhibit A (cemetery annexation parcel 1)
9. Ordinance 2011-6 – A Bill for and Ordinance approving and accomplishing the annexation of contiguous unicorporated Town –owned property in the count of Park, and more particularly described in attached exhibit A (cemetery annexation parcel 2)
10. Ordinance 2011-7 – A Bill for and Ordinance approving and accomplishing the annexation of contiguous unicorporated Town –owned property in the count of Park, and more particularly described in attached exhibit A (cemetery annexation parcel 3)
11. Ordinance 2011-8 – A Bill for and Ordinance approving and accomplishing the annexation of contiguous unicorporated Town –owned property in the count of Park, and more particularly described in attached exhibit A (cemetery annexation parcel 4)
12. Ordinance 2011- 9 – A Bill for and Ordinance approving and accomplishing the annexation of contiguous unicorporated Town –owned property in the count of Park, and more particularly described in attached exhibit A (cemetery annexation parcel 5)
13. Ordinance 2011-10 – A Bill for and Ordinance approving and accomplishing the annexation of contiguous unicorporated Town –owned property in the count of Park, and more particularly described in attached exhibit A (cemetery annexation parcel 6)
14. Ordinance 2011-11 – A Bill for and Ordinance approving and accomplishing the annexation of contiguous unicorporated Town –owned property in the count of Park, and more particularly described in attached exhibit A (cemetery annexation parcel 7)
15. Ordinance 2011-12 – A Bill for and Ordinance approving and accomplishing the annexation of contiguous unicorporated Town –owned property in the count of Park, and more particularly described in attached exhibit A (cemetery annexation parcel 8)
16. Ordinance 2011-13 – A Bill for and Ordinance approving and accomplishing the annexation of contiguous unicorporated Town –owned property in the count of Park, and more particularly described in attached exhibit A (cemetery annexation parcel 9)
17. Ordinance 2011-14 – A Bill for and Ordinance approving and accomplishing the annexation of contiguous unicorporated Town –owned property in the count of Park, and more particularly described in attached exhibit A (cemetery annexation parcel 10)
18. Ordinance 2011-15 – A Bill for and Ordinance approving and accomplishing the annexation of contiguous unicorporated Town –owned property in the count of Park, and more particularly described in attached exhibit A (cemetery annexation parcel 11)
19. Discussion Animal Ordinance
20. Administrator Report – Nancy Comer
21. Board Comments:
Adjourn
ADA Access Available Upon Request
Town of Alma is an equal opportunity provider and employer
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SALT LAKE COUNTY:
AAA FAIR CREDIT FOUNDATION
Contact: Martha Wunderli, 801.656.1610, firstname.lastname@example.org
Volunteers: AAA Fair Credit Foundation is conducting support groups that provide 10 month financial coaching in a peer supported groups facilitated by a certified financial counselor. Groups help low and moderate income residents of Salt Lake County identify and track financial goals of saving or paying down debt. Volunteers would help create dream boards for participants that provide a visual representation of their progress; AAA Fair Credit will provide suggestions but welcomes innovative responses designed to involve family systems. An example: a Map that tracks savings toward a trip to Disney Land.
AMERICAN DIABETES ASSOCIATION
Contact: Shawnie O ext.: 7069, email@example.com
Donations: Any new items that could be used for an annual silent auction. Game tables, electronics, etc. Volunteers: Helping collect in-kind donations (items, gift cards, etc.) for the upcoming 2015 events. These items will be used for the silent auction and volunteer appreciation throughout the year.
BEST FRIENDS ANIMAL SOCIETY UTAH
Contact: Kristina Stromness, 801.574.2423,
firstname.lastname@example.org
Donations: Dry dog or cat food to help support and provide sustenance for animals cared for by the society.
BIG BROTHERS BIG SISTERS OF UTAH
Contact: Tabb George, 801.313.0303, email@example.com
Donations: Clothing, rugs, small appliances, pots, pans, sports equipment, bed linens, small furniture, books, jewelry, knick-knacks, shoes, boots, drapes, curtains,
Volunteers: Children need guidance and care all year long, not just during the holidays. Many of the children
For additional volunteer opportunities dial 2-1-1 or visit uw.org/volunteer
Please contact the organization for additional details
Volunteer Opportunities
November–December 2014
on our waiting list lack sustained one-to-one adult supervision and attention. This holiday resolve to give your valuable time to a disadvantaged child.
BOYS AND GIRLS CLUBS
Contact: Lauren Wester, 801.284.2465,
firstname.lastname@example.org
Donations: Gently used or new socks, coats, pants, shirts,
hats, gloves, scarves, or toys for children ages 5 to 18.
Volunteers: Thanksgiving Dinner: Volunteers are needed
November 24 and 25 to help cook and serve food to kids
at the annual thanksgiving dinner.
Shoe Drive: Volunteers are needed the first weeks of December to help size kids at various locations for the shoe drive.
Gift Wrapping: Volunteers are needed in December to help wrap gifts that will be distributed to the kids who attend the various clubs.
BOYS AND GIRLS CLUBS OF GREATER SALT LAKE
Contact:
Tiffany Harris, 801.322.4411, email@example.com
Volunteers: Teen Thanksgiving Late Night: Volunteers are needed November 21 st to help cook a Thanksgiving dinner for club teens. Volunteers are also needed to help run and implement games and activities for youth ages 13 to 18.
CHILDRENS SERVICE SOCIETY
Contact
: Tami Hansen, 801.326.4410, firstname.lastname@example.org
Donations: New coats and winter clothing for all ages.
Toys for ages 1 to 13. Amazon, McDonalds, Smiths or iTunes gift cards. Vouchers for a turkey or a ham. Board books for ages 0 to 5. Infant formula. Blankets.
DUAL IMMERSION ACADEMY
Contact: Michael Westover, 801.972.1425 email@example.com
Donations: Help provide adequate winter clothing for children from ages 3 to 13. Items needed include winter coats, winter hats, winter gloves, mittens and boots.
EASTER SEALS-GOODWILL
Contact: Janae Trujillo, 801.946.1860, firstname.lastname@example.org Volunteers: Have fun and help parents and their children learn in a Pediatric Therapy clinic once a week on evenings in December in January. Aides will help parents and their children engage in fun activities while addressing development. Volunteers are needed Tuesdays from 3:30 p.m. to 6:00 p.m.
ENDEAVOR HALL CHARTER SCHOOL
Contact: Kaisa Freeman, 801.972.1153,
email@example.com
Donations: Khaki pants for girls and boys sizes 5-16. Underwear for girls and boys sizes S, M & L. Winter coats sizes S, M & L. Girls and boys shoes for students in grades K-8. Non-perishable food items.
Volunteers: Help assist students with reading, and assist teachers with various projects.
FAMILY SUPPORT CENTER
Contact: Kellie Mieremet, 801.955.9110 ext.: 104,
firstname.lastname@example.org
Donations: Toys (unwrapped) warm clothing, books, baby
formula, and cleaning supplies.
Volunteers: Volunteer groups are needed to adopt one of our families for Christmas. This would be a Secret Santa type opportunity. Volunteers would be assigned a client/family who is in need of support during the holiday season. A list of all the information necessary for helping make this holiday special for the family will be provided. Contact Kellie to arrange details.
FOUNDATION FOR FAMILY LIFE OF UTAH
Contact:
Elaine Fuller, 801.679.3921, email@example.com
Donations:
Mattress pads, sheets, window coverings, lamps, kitchen supplies, garden tools, vegetable garden
supplies, adult bicycles, adult bicycle parts
Ongoing mentoring, service coordination,
Volunteer:
mentor coordination and office support volunteer opportunities are available year round.
GRANITE PARK JUNIOR HIGH
Contact: Carmela Castaneda, 801.694.4285,
firstname.lastname@example.org
Donations: Turkeys for Thanksgiving meals, backpacks filled with food for winter break, books for Jr. High students, hygiene kits, bikes, helmets, clothes for students ages 12-15, shoes, electronics, gift cards to stores, gift cards for restaurants.
Sub for Santa opportunities are available.
Volunteers:
GUADALUPE SCHOOL
Contact: Beth Branson, 801.531.6100 ext.: 308,
email@example.com
Donations: New toys, stuffed animals and activity items
for children ages 0 to 12 years old.
Volunteers: Volunteers are needed for Guadalupe held on December 13, 2014. Parents of our children and adults in our ESL program, who have children, are able to visit the Christmas Store and select gifts for their families. All of the families are living below the poverty level and the Christmas store gives them opportunities to obtain gifts for their children they may not otherwise be able to afford. Volunteers are needed to pass out hot chocolate, greet families, wrap presents and assist families as they pick out toys for their children.
HISTORIC SCOTT SCHOOL
Contact: Trina Valdez, 801.803.3632,
firstname.lastname@example.org
Donations: New socks, scarves, gloves, coats, shoes,
coloring books, crayons, markers and fruit baskets.
HOPEKIDS UTAH
Contact: Kim Lewis, 801.726.9579, email@example.com Donations and Volunteers: HopeKids is in need of a company or group of volunteers to assist with a Christmas party in early December. HopeKids provides on-going events and activities that help restore hope and transform the lives of families whose children have cancer and other life-threatening illnesses. An opportunity to plan and host a hope-filled event that includes a Santa visit and photos, memorable Holiday experience (caroling, elves, etc.) interactive games and crafts, snacks, and a small gift.
HSER NER MOO COMMUNITY & WELCOME CENTER
Contact: Mark Lowe, 801.828.7245,
firstname.lastname@example.org
Donations: Help the Hser Ner Moo Community &
Welcome Center provide refugee and recently resettled
Some examples of items needed include vacuums,
diapers, baby formula, and microwaves.
HUMANE SOCIETY OF UTAH
Contact: Lisa Burningham, 801.261.2919 ext:233,
email@example.com
Donations: Kitten milk replacement, Puppy milk replacement (Esbilac), dry dog food, dry puppy food, dry cat food, dry kitten food, cat litter (clumping or non- clumping) stainless steel food and water bowls, fleece blankets and towels, cat and dog toys, cat and dog treats,
dog shampoo, canned dog and cat food, newspaper, disinfectant wipes, paper towels, bleach, powdered laundry detergent, trash bags, sponges, anti-bacterial dish soap, Windex, and cleaning supplies.
JUNIOR LEAGUE OF SALT LAKE CITY
Contact: Hailey Watanabe, 801.328.1019,
firstname.lastname@example.org
Donations: business clothing including slacks, skirts, dresses, blouses, tops appropriate for the workplace, blazers, coats, jackets, dress shoes, jewelry. Volunteers: Women Helping Women is a project in which Junior League and community volunteers collect, clothing. These clothes are given to women entering the workforce and who are in transition towards selfsufficiency. Clients are referred to the project by government and social service agencies.
KEARNS HIGH SCHOOL
Contact: Steve Whatcott, 801.668.5278, email@example.com Donations: There are a few students at Kearns High School whose family situation is such that they have been alienated by family and belongings have been confiscated. In order to help the families get back on their feet Kearns High would like to help provide gift cards that could be used to help purchase food, essential school and living supplies, clothes and gas. Contact Steve to coordinate more specific details.
KEARNS JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Contact: Lauren Birge, 303.819.9903, firstname.lastname@example.org Donations: Sub for Santa: Each year Kearns Junior High selects 15 families in need and collects donations to make sure their holiday season is bright. Each family receives a family gift, toys for all of the kids in the family, and stocking stuffers. Individual items or sponsors for an entire family are needed. Suggested items include small appliances, electronics, kitchen items, hygiene items, board games, puzzles, toys for kids 0-14 years old and small stocking stuffer items.
Prizes for School Store: Kearns Junior High operates a school store where and leadership. The store is in need of fun donations including colored pencils, markers, notebooks, pens, and any other fun school supplies.
Soccer and Sporting Equipment: New this year, Kearns Junior High has soccer teams. The team is in need of sports and soccer equipment, including soccer cleats for both boys and girls.
Day Care: The day care run on site at Kearns Junior High has recently undergone renovations. It was recently painted, but is still in need of various items. Needed items include a rug, kids sized tables, books and toys for ages 0-5.
Parent Resource Center: Kearns Junior High will be opening a new Parent Resource Center on site. This center will serve as a place for parents to get information about the school, learn how to access student grades, have free use of computers and internet, and receive clothes and food items if needed. Kearns Junior is trying to make this a very welcoming center and is looking for donations of a rug, table lamp, shelves that lock, clothing racks, food, a coffee maker, and decorations.
LINCOLN ELEMENTARY COMMUNITY SCHOOL
Contact: Amanda Matthews, 801.558.0378,
email@example.com
Donations: New socks, shoes, gloves, scarves, coloring books, markers, crayons, and crafts for kids ages 5-12. Small toys, stuffed animals, hygiene items, games, and other small prize type items that can be used in the Lincoln Loot student reward store.
MEADOWBROOK STEM CENTER
Contact: Adrienne Buhler, 801.518.5502,
firstname.lastname@example.org
Donations: Computers, office supplies, book shelves, tables, chairs and books for kids ages 5 to 18.
MILCREEK SENIOR CENTER
Contact:
Judy Madsen, 385.468.3310, email@example.com
Volunteers: Individuals or groups available Monday through Friday between 9:00 a.m. and 6:00 p.m. between November 21 and December 19 are invited to come teach a Christmas Craft, lead a Christmas Singalong, present readers theater using a holiday themed play, lead a holiday dish cooking class, provide singing or music concert, teach a dance class. Volunteers are also welcome to come serve a holiday meal from 11:00 a.m. until 2:00 p.m. on November 21 and December 19.
MURRAY HERITAGE CENTER
Contact: Susan Gregory, 801.284.4237,
firstname.lastname@example.org
Donations: Veterans are honored at a Veterans Day
Brunch. It is the desire of the Heritage Center to provide this brunch free of charge but donations, and or sponsors
are needed to pay for the meals.
Volunteers: Volunteers are needed to help decorate two Christmas trees and to hang garland in all rooms
sometime between November 24 and December 3. There are a number of large lunch events where additional adult volunteers are needed to help in the kitchen, and to help serve meals. Holidays include a Veterans Day Brunch on November 10 from 10:30 a.m.-1:00 p.m., a Holiday Boutique on December 5 from 10:30 a.m.-1:00 p.m., and New Eve Brunch on December 31 from 10:30 a.m.-1:00 p.m.
NAMI UTAH
Contact: Natalee Kasmiskie, 801.323.9900,
email@example.com
Donations: We need any food items for the Holiday Party including rolls, hams, vegetables and pies. Items are also needed for gift bags including hats, scarves, and mittens, hygiene items such as toothbrushes, toothpaste, deodorant, shampoo, and soap.
Volunteers: NAMI will be hosting a Holiday party for homeless individuals with mental illness. Volunteers are needed to help assemble gift bags on December 17 in preparation for the party. Volunteers are also needed to help serve food to attendees on December 18.
NEIGHBORHOOD HOUSE
Contact: Anna Ferris, 801.363.4589,
firstname.lastname@example.org
Donations: New coats and socks for adults.
Volunteers: November Family Fun Night: The November Family Fun Night is a Holiday Dinner and Harvest a Book Night on November 20. Children and their parents are invited to spend a night enjoying a good meal and reveling in the art of storytelling and celebrating literature. Volunteers are needed to help serve the -up for the storytelling and/or puppet shows, and may perform themselves if they are interested.
December Family Fun Night: Volunteers are needed to help set up tables and decorating materials for the night on December 18. Volunteers will also refill trays of gingerbread, frosting, and holiday candies, and help with clean-up afterwards.
Adult Day Care Performances: We are looking for volunteer groups Monday-Friday 8:30 a.m.-4:30 p.m. who can sing, dance, play music, etc. to perform special holiday music for our aging and disable adult clients at Neighborhood House.
OQUIRRH HILLS ELEMENTARY
Contact: Stephanie Linton, 801.455.2774,
email@example.com
Donations: New, small sized coats for 3 to 5 year olds.
Hats and Gloves for students ages 5 to 12.
Volunteers: We are in need of several volunteers to help day, several days, or just part of a day. There will be volunteer training on Tuesday, December 2. The store will run December 8 through the 12 between 9:30 and 3:15.
The Santa Shop is a not for profit service that the PTA puts on that allows students to buy gifts for their families. Volunteers would be in charge of helping students shop, manage their money and gift wrapping.
PAL BOXING CENTER
Contact: Dustin Permann, 801.419.6902,
firstname.lastname@example.org
Donations: Food for Thanksgiving meals. Winter clothing items including coats, gloves, hats, boots and socks. Toys and holiday gift items that could be used for children ages 6 to 18.
Volunteers: Volunteers are needed November 25 from 12:00meals that will be delivered to families in the community. If volunteers are able to help transport the meals that would be of great benefit.
ROOSEVELT ELEMENTARY COMMUNITY SCHOOL
Contact: Becky Land, 801.550.5991, email@example.com Donations: Food baskets (or just food) for families over the holiday break. Clothes, especially boys pants sizes 4, 6, and 8. Athletic pants, shirts, and underwear in all sizes but especially small sizes. Shoes in a variety of sizes for ages 5 to 12 including boots or tennis shoes for boys and girls. Snack items for kids including fruit snacks, chips, pretzels or crackers. White board markers. Glue sticks. Paper towels, paper bowls, tissues, liquid hand soap and hand sanitizer.
SALT LAKE CITY BICYCLE COLLECTIVE
Contact:
Alexandra Parvaz, 801.328.2453, firstname.lastname@example.org
Donations: With winter quickly approaching and a mountain of donated bikes to work on, we would love volunteers to come down and assist with fixing up kids bikes. We aim to give away 400 kids bikes this year, the majority at holiday time to needy families without presents for their small children. Monday nights from 5:30- m. are our prime volunteer nights, you can come in earlier on weekdays between 10:00 a.m. and
5:00 p.m. Call to make an appointment for days other than Monday evenings. Snacks and water are provided for volunteers to consume.
SALT LAKE COUNTY MEALS ON WHEELS
Contact: Vicki Hansen, 385.468.3239,
email@example.com
Volunteers: During the holidays the Meals on Wheels program needs help delivering meals to homebound seniors. Delivery routes consist of about 8-10 clients and are designed to last about an hour a day anytime between 10:00 a.m. and 2:00 p.m. Routes are available throughout the Salt Lake County. Volunteers are needed December 24 through January 2.
SALVATION ARMY
Contact: Vickie Young, 801.323.5888,
firstname.lastname@example.org
Donations and Volunteers: Volunteers and Donations are Program, Turkey Dinner Distribution, Toy Drives, and the Angel Tree Program. Please call for more details on how to get you or your group involved.
SALT LAKE COUNTY AGING SERVICES
Contact: Tracey Gibson, 385.468.3000,
email@example.com
Volunteers: 15 volunteers are needed to serve a
Thanksgiving themed lunch to 160 senior citizens
Tuesday November 18 from 11:00 a.m. 2:00 p.m.
Volunteers will help dish up the meal, serve the meal and
clean up once the meal service is complete.
SOUTH KEARNS ELEMENTARY COMMUNITY SCHOOL
Contact: Nate Salazar, 801.367.6392, firstname.lastname@example.org Donations and Volunteers: Help South Kearns Elementary provide clothing, warm winter gear and toys to their students in need this holiday season. Donated items should be targeted for kids ages 5 to 12. Volunteers are needed to organize the clothing closet where donations are stored, to help make it more user friendly for school staff and parents that need to access items.
SAINT ANDREWS FOOD PANTRY
Contact: Tinisha, 801.871.5080,
email@example.com
Donations: Canned pumpkin, chocolate chips, cake mixes, sugar, flour, green beans, cream soups, stuffing, corn, potatoes, mixed fruit, potato flakes, canned gravy, gravy packets, turkeys, Jell-O, and marshmallows.
Volunteers: Volunteers are needed to help unload the food truck, organize and put away food and portion out family sized food orders. Volunteers are needed
Wednesday mornings at 7:15 a.m. or Thursday from 1:00-4:00 p.m. or 4:30-7:30 p.m.
THE CHILDREN S CENTER
Contact:
Leslie Durhm, 801.578.2329, firstname.lastname@example.org
Donations: Elastic waist knit pants, sweat pants and shorts sizes 2T-7. Unisex shoes and boots in gender neutral colors sizes 3-13. Boys and girls Pull-Ups sizes 3T-5T. Diapers 2T-5T. Boys and Girls underpants 2T-7. Long sleeved shirts 2T-7. socks. Snow pants and snow suits sizes 2T-7. Diverse dolls, storybooks, floor sicle sticks, colored construction paper, plastic cookie cutters, Fischer Price Little People, Giant waffle blocks, wood dollhouse furniture, glitter, wood puzzles, play dough and washable tempura paint.
Volunteers: Volunteers are needed to help at our Holiday Concert on November 15. Shifts are available from 6:00 a.m. to 10:00 p.m. Volunteers will greet guests, work concessions, activity stations, and take tickets.
Volunteers will also help set-up and take down the event.
THE HOPE ALLIANCE
Contact: Mimi Kameshige, 435.333.3334,
email@example.com
Donations: Prescription eyeglasses, and non-prescription
sunglasses.
Volunteers: Volunteers are needed to clean, sort, label and catalogue prescription eyeglasses that have been donated to the organization. These eyeglasses will be supporting multiple vision campaigns and will be distributed to under-served communities throughout Peru, Guatemala and Haiti. Times available upon appointment for individuals and groups.
TURN COMMUNITY SERVICES
Contact: Cynthia Proctor, 801.359.8876,
firstname.lastname@example.org
Donations and Volunteers: TURN provides gifts to adults and children in Salt Lake, Utah, Davis and Weber counties who have disabilities and low-incomes. Each individual receives gifts chosen from their wish lists. Volunteers are needed to purchase, donate, or help wrap and deliver gifts between November 1 and December 23. Spending limit per person receiving items is $100. Please contact Cynthia for more information.
UTAH ASSOCIATION FOR INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES
Contact: Debbie Wyan, 801.654.8449,
email@example.com
Donations: Socks and underwear in all sizes for men and
women. DVDs rated G, PG and PG-13. Adult disposable
undergarments all sizes. Board games and puzzles for ages 2-12. Sweaters and coats in all sizes for men and women. Bath towels.
Volunteers: Volunteers are needed now through December 19 to help with a variety of holiday related tasks including the creation and delivery of over 1,500 holiday gift boxes, decorating 1,500 ornaments, wrapping gifts, sorting gifts and helping with the donation acceptance and thank you process. Volunteers are welcome 11:00 a.m. until 7:00 p.m. Monday through Friday.
FOURTH STREET CLINIC
Contact: Celeste Rich, 385.234.5730,
firstname.lastname@example.org
Donations: The Fourth Street Clinic would like to provide 1,000 Hygiene Kits in Christmas Stockings with a small Christmas treat to patients and homeless that come during the holiday season. Hygiene kits cannot include hand sanitizer or mouth wash.
UNITED WAY OF SALT LAKE
Contact: Amy Worthington, 801.746.2566, email@example.com Donations: Help United Way of Salt Lake warm the winter season for kids by collecting donations of new warm winter clothes. All donations will be given to students at various community schools and community centers throughout Salt Lake, Summit and Davis counties. Items needed include coats, gloves, mittens, scarves, hats and socks for children and youth ages 6-18. Donations are accepted from November 1 through December 12, 2014.
WOODROW WILSON ELEMENTARY COMMUNITY SCHOOL
Contact: Lindsey Edwards, 385.212.0347,
firstname.lastname@example.org
Donations: During the holidays our families often struggle with providing holiday decorations, gifts and meals for their children. We would love to be able to offer gift cards to Walmart, Target, Shopko, other department stores, as well as grocery stores. Also needed are any type of winter gear including hats, scarves, and gloves, as well as snacks and non-perishable food items.
DAVIS COUNTY:
TURN COMMUNITY SERVICES
Contact: Cynthia Proctor, 801.359.8876,
email@example.com
Donations and Volunteers: TURN provides gifts to adults
and children in Salt Lake, Utah, Davis and Weber counties who have disabilities and low-incomes. Each individual receives gifts chosen from their wish lists.
Volunteers are needed to purchase, donate, or help wrap
and deliver gifts between November 1 and December 23. Spending limit per person receiving items is $100. Please contact Cynthia for more information.
SALVATION ARMY
Contact: Vickie Young, 801.323.5888,
firstname.lastname@example.org
Donations and Volunteers: Volunteers and Donations are Program, Turkey Dinner Distribution, Toy Drives, and the Angel Tree Program. Please call for more details on how to get you or your group involved.
UNITED WAY OF SALT LAKE
Contact: Amy Worthington, 801.746.2566, email@example.com Donations: Help United Way of Salt Lake warm the winter season for kids by collecting donations of new warm winter clothes. All donations will be given to students at various community schools and community centers throughout Salt Lake, Summit and Davis counties. Items needed include coats, gloves, mittens, scarves, hats and socks for children and youth ages 6-18. Donations are accepted from November 1 through December 12, 2014.
SUMMIT COUNTY:
THE HOPE ALLIANCE
Contact: Mimi Kameshige, 435.333.3334,
firstname.lastname@example.org
Donations: Prescription eyeglasses, and non-prescription
sunglasses.
Volunteers: Volunteers are needed to clean, sort, label and catalogue prescription eyeglasses that have been donated to the organization. These eyeglasses will be supporting multiple vision campaigns and will be distributed to under-served communities throughout Peru, Guatemala and Haiti. Times available upon appointment for individuals and groups.
SALVATION ARMY
Contact: Vickie Young, 801.323.5888,
email@example.com
Donations and Volunteers: Volunteers and Donations are needed to help support the Salvation Program, Turkey Dinner Distribution, Toy Drives, and the Angel Tree Program. Please call for more details on how to get you or your group involved.
UNITED WAY OF SALT LAKE
Contact: Amy Worthington, 801.746.2566, firstname.lastname@example.org Donations: Help United Way of Salt Lake warm the winter season for kids by collecting donations of new warm
winter clothes. All donations will be given to students at various community schools and community centers throughout Salt Lake, Summit and Davis counties. Items needed include coats, gloves, mittens, scarves, hats and socks for children and youth ages 6-18. Donations are accepted from November 1 through December 12, 2014.
TOOELE COUNTY:
SALVATION ARMY
Contact: Vickie Young, 801.323.5888,
email@example.com
Donations and Volunteers: Volunteers and Donations are Program, Turkey Dinner Distribution, Toy Drives, and the Angel Tree Program. Please call for more details on how to get you or your group involved.
UNITED WAY OF SALT LAKE
Contact: Amy Worthington, 801.746.2566, firstname.lastname@example.org Donations: Help United Way of Salt Lake warm the winter season for kids by collecting donations of new warm winter clothes. All donations will be given to students at various community schools and community centers throughout Salt Lake, Summit and Davis counties. Items needed include coats, gloves, mittens, scarves, hats and socks for children and youth ages 6-18. Donations are accepted from November 1 through December 12, 2014.
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PINELLAS COUNTY SCHOOLS
NETWORK/INTERNET ACCEPTABLE USE AGREEMENT
Pinellas County Schools use computers to support learning and to enhance instruction. Computer networks in the schools allow students and staff to interact with many computers. The Internet, a network of networks, allows people to interact with hundreds of thousands of networks and computers. Internet access is now available to designated students in Pinellas County Schools. This resource offers vast, diverse, and unique resources to students that will allow them to communicate with people from around the world, visit electronic libraries, perform research on a variety of subjects, and participate in special projects with students from all points on the globe. The goal in providing this service is to promote educational excellence in schools by facilitating resource sharing, innovation, and communication. This technology will benefit all students as they prepare for work in a global marketplace.
The student is expected to follow all guidelines stated below, as well as those given orally by the staff, and to demonstrate ethical behavior that is of the highest order in using the network facilities at the school.
1. Acceptable Use:
The purpose of the Internet is to facilitate communications in support of research and education by providing access to unique resources and the opportunity for collaborative work. The use of the student's account must be in support of and consistent with the educational objectives of Pinellas County Schools. Use of other organizations' networks or computing resources must comply with the rules appropriate for that network. Transmission of any material in violation of any U.S. or state regulation is prohibited. This includes, but is not limited to: copyrighted material, threatening or obscene material, or material protected by trade secret. Use for commercial activities is generally not acceptable. Use for product advertisement is also prohibited.
2. Privileges
The use of the Internet is a privilege, not a right, and inappropriate use will result in a cancellation of those privileges. The districtwide network system administrator is the supervisor of distributive and user support systems. In addition, the principal will appoint a staff member to act as the school's network system administrator. Students may not allow others to use their account name or their password. Violation of this rule could jeopardize access to the Internet and students who violate this rule will immediately lose all network and computer access. The school's network system administrators will deem what is inappropriate use and their decision is final. Also, the school's network system administrators may close or restrict an account at any time as required. The administration and staff of the district or the school may also request the districtwide network system administrator or the school's network system administrator to deny, revoke, or suspend specific user access.
3. Network Etiquette
Students are expected to abide by the generally accepted rules of network etiquette. These include, but are not limited to the following:
a. Do not reveal personal address, phone numbers, or other personal information of yourself or classmates.
b. Be polite. Do not get abusive in messages to others.
c. Use appropriate language. Do not swear, use vulgarities, or any other inappropriate language.
d. Do not engage in activities that are prohibited under state or federal law.
e. Do not assume that electronic mail is private. People who operate the system do have access to all mail. Messages relating to or in support of illegal activities may be reported to the authorities.
f. Do not use the network in such a way that would disrupt the use of the network by other users.
g. All communications and information accessible via the network should be assumed to be private property.
4. Services
a. Pinellas County Schools will not be responsible for any charges related to fee for service access to on-line resources services incurred by account holders without prior written approval being received from the district.
b. Pinellas County Schools makes no warranties of any kind, either expressed or implied, for the service it is providing. Pinellas County Schools will not be responsible for any damages suffered. This includes loss of data resulting from delays, non-deliveries, mis-deliveries, or service interruptions caused by its own negligence or errors or omissions including any and all viruses. Use of any information obtained via the Internet is at the student's own risk. Pinellas County Schools specifically denies any responsibility for the accuracy or quality of information obtained through its services.
5. Security
Security on any computer system is a high priority, especially when the system involves many users. If the student can identify a security problem, the student must notify the school's network system administrator or the Pinellas County Schools districtwide network system administrator and should not demonstrate the problem to other users. Attempts to logon to the Internet as a network system administrator will result in cancellation of user privileges. Any user identified as a security risk or having a history of problems with other computer systems may be denied access to the Internet.
6. Vandalism
Vandalism will result in cancellation of Internet privileges. Vandalism is defined as any malicious attempt to harm or destroy data of another user, Internet, or any of the above listed agencies or other networks that are connected to Pinellas County Schools. This includes, but is not limited to the uploading or creation of computer viruses.
STUDENT
I understand and will abide by the Network and Internet Use Agreement. I further understand that any violation of the regulations stated is unethical and may constitute a criminal offense. Should I commit any violation, my access privileges may be revoked and school disciplinary and appropriate legal action may be taken.
Name of Student_________________________________________________________ School ________________________________________________
User Signature________________________________________________________________________________________ Date _____________________
PARENT OR GUARDIAN
As the parent or guardian of this student, I have read the Network and Internet Use Agreement. I understand that my child’s access is designed for educational purposes. I recognize it is impossible for Pinellas County Schools to restrict access to all controversial or offensive materials and I will not hold them responsible for materials acquired on the network. Further, I accept full responsibility for the supervision, if any, when my child’s use is not in a school setting. I have read and understand the information in this agreement and hereby give my permission for my child to use the Internet for classroom curriculum projects.
Parent or Guardian's Name (please print) ______________________________________________________________________________________
Parent or Guardian's Signature______________________________________________________________________ Date _____________________
|
<urn:uuid:3d299571-3526-4ba0-b596-23a6cee502f4>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-13
|
http://ptecwebdev.com/documents/dma-policies/Network-Computer-Use-PCS.pdf
|
2017-03-27T10:43:22Z
|
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HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs
|
Emmer & Graeber
A LAW CORPORATION
Health Care Reform: Action Plan for 2010 and Beyond
In general:
Compliance obligations will vary depending on whether plan is fully insured or self-funded
Even if fully insured, employers will have compliance obligations
Compliance obligations will vary depending on whether plan is grandfathered
Compliance will be an evolving process as guidance is issued
For 2010:
Determine if plan(s) are grandfathered
Analyze impact on plan design if (or if not) grandfathered
Determine deadline for compliance with first set of coverage mandates
First plan year on/after 9/23/10 (different rule for collectively bargained plans)
Coordinate with benefits consultant, carriers, TPAs, payroll, and IT
If the plan covers early retirees, file for early retiree reinsurance subsidy
Determine if any claims qualify and gather supporting documentation
Prepare necessary documents and apply for certification
Submit claims
Determine whether small employer tax credit applies
Consult with tax professional
Amend plan materials to reflect plan design changes
SPDs, plan documents, wrap documents, enrollment materials, web sites, handbooks, etc.
Amend, as necessary, cafeteria plan document by 12/31/10
Adult dependent coverage
No coverage of over-the-counter medications
If not grandfathered, conduct nondiscrimination testing and amend plan terms as necessary (this requirement has been delayed until guidance is issued)
Emmer & Graeber
A LAW CORPORATION
Prepare a communications strategy
At open enrollment, distribute:
Distribute new SPD or summary of material modifications
Include in plan materials statement of grandfather status
Notice of opportunity to enroll adult dependents
Notice that lifetime limit no longer applies and enrollment opportunity
Include in plan materials patient protection notice (designation of primary care provider and pediatrician, and no pre-authorization for ob-gyn)
Model notices available (www.dol.gov/ebsa/healthreform)
Prepare for new W-2 reporting requirements (voluntary for 2011; awaiting further guidance)
Consult with payroll or payroll vendor
Watch for developments
For 2011 and Beyond:
Amend cafeteria plan to reflect limits on health FSA contributions (before 1/1/13)
Calendar new reporting and disclosure obligations (existing requirements still apply; awaiting guidance on all the following reporting and disclosure requirements):
Uniform summary of coverage and notice of material modifications (3/23/12)
Reports on quality of care (3/23/12)
Notice of the availability of Exchange (3/1/13)
Any person who provides "minimum essential coverage" to an individual must report and disclose (1/1/14)
Large employers must report and disclose whether they offer "minimum essential coverage" (1/1/14)
Transparency in coverage reporting (effective date unclear, may be required when Exchanges created)
Implement CLASS Act long-term care program (plan options not available until 10/12)
Emmer & Graeber A LAW CORPORATION
Prepare for plan design changes taking effect with first plan year on/after 1/1/14
Plan for availability of Exchange options (1/1/14)
Plan for need to provide vouchers (1/1/14)
Plan for potential employer penalties (1/1/14)
Plan for imposition of Cadillac Tax (1/1/18)
___________________________________
This is only a brief summary of certain provisions of the health care reform law and the regulations and guidance implementing the law. The terms of the law, and the guidance and regulations implementing the law, can be detailed and complex, and this summary does not purport to cover every aspect of each law, regulation, or other guidance. This summary does not constitute legal advice. Employers should consult their own legal counsel concerning whether and how the law and regulations should be implemented, and whether there are other labor and employee benefit legal standards that need to be put into place or updated.
|
<urn:uuid:a15e8f8f-d0ff-4544-bf0b-d385b38db23f>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-13
|
http://advancedbenefitconsulting.com/HealthCareReform/HealthCareReform/HCR%20Action%20Plan%201-11.pdf
|
2017-03-27T10:39:52Z
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crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189471.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00227-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz
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HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs
|
College Football Bowl Game Predictor
Evan Cheshire Austin Childs Thomas Leung
1 Introduction
College football is one of many great traditions found in American universities. The football team provides a source of entertainment and a sense of community for both students and alumni, and many fans spend three hours every Saturday in the fall rooting for their team. The season is quick, and broken into two parts, a regular season and a playoff. The regular season is composed on average of about 12 games per team, most within the same conference. At the end of the season, many teams with winning records are invited to a bowl game. The bowl game is the final game of the season for every team and is the best part of the season for many college football fans, as teams who appear to be evenly matched play each other in many exciting games.
For many fans, bowl season leads to gambling. Specifically, out of the list of many bowl games, fans pick winners of each separate bowl. They also assign a confidence that their pick is correct, ranging from 1-#of bowl games. The number that is assigned can only be used once. If the fan picks the winner of the game, then he gets the total points assigned for that bowl game. At the end of bowl season, the person with the maximum score wins. A combination of picking winners in bowl games and placing high confidence on bowl games in necessary for winning the game.
The goal of our project is to maximize the potential score of this described game. Based on the regular season statistics of both teams within the matchup of the bowl game, we calculate a winner and a potential difference in score. The greater the score difference between individual teams, the more likely the win. Thus from the predicted score difference, we would have a winner and a confidence measurement for each bowl game.
2 Related Work
Previous Stanford projects have focused on predicting the winners of bowl games based on regular season statistics, predicting upsets in college football, and predicting the winners of NFL games. In general, the past projects were classification problems and used methods including logistic regression, Naive Bayes, and Support Vector Machines [1, 2, 3, 4]. For comparison, we looked at the results of NFL game prediction models such as Microsoft's Cortana model, accurate to 67%, and Nate Silver's Elo model, accurate to 70% [5, 6]. On the other hand, the goal of our project is to also assign a confidence to the predicted outcome of each game, so our goal is regression of either the scores or the differential.
3 Data
For our training and testing data, we did not need to scrape the data as we found the data on a blog [7]. The data from 2000-2010 was reported for all variables that we wished to test. We created a corresponding MySQL database, and were able to use Python and MATLAB to query this data. We averaged the regular season game statistics for each team, which we used as features for our models. The data contained approximately 350 bowl games, and 36 features per team. The features were averages or variances of the offense and defense over their regular season performance.
4 Model Specifications
We took two approaches during our initial modeling stage, both utilizing linear regression. The first was to predict what a team would score given their average offensive statistics over the regular season and their opponent's defensive statistics over the same time period. As an alternative, we built another model to predict a margin of victory given all of the information about both teams in the bowl game.
4.1 Score Regression and SVMs
The first began by running linear regression in order to get the projected scores and from that information calculate a spread between the two teams. The higher the spread, the more confidence we have in the pick. As a baseline model, we included all of the features we had available for the regression. For the test set, we parsed out a single season data and used the remaining ten as training data. This was iterated over every season, thus giving us 11-Fold Cross Validation. When predicting scores, we had an average MSE (across all 11 years) of 174.75. To follow this up we used the predicted scores to calculate which team would win the game and had an average MSE of 0.4857. This provides very little lift over simply using a coin to randomly pick winners.
In an attempt to improve our results and better the model, we implemented Best Subset, Forward Stepwise Selection, and Backward Stepwise Selection for feature selection. These resulted in two subsets of variables to use for predicting score and winning team respectively as seen in Appendix: Table A. Regarding the score predictions, our average MSE was 150.20 and forecasting the victor had an average MSE of 0.4408. Thus we had marginally better results, but still not acceptable
Following feature selection, we attempted to utilize an SVM to both regress the score and classify the winner. Using all features left us with respective average MSEs of 161.99 and 0.4497 respectively. Without tuning, this method performed essentially the same as the linear regression with specific parameters.
Finally, we used a logistic model to predict the probability of each team winning and then selected the team with the highest odds. We ran a baseline model with every parameter and then used the same feature selection methods as before (best subset and stepwise) to narrow them down. This resulted in an MSE of 0.4832 for baseline and 0.4347 for the reduced model. Clearly, the logistic regression was most successful but still not satisfactory. The winner selection accuracy across all seasons can be seen in Figure 1.
4.2 Differential Regression
The second model was a linear regression on score differential. Instead of predicting score based on one team's offense and the opposing team's defense, a score difference was projected from both offensive and defensive factors from both teams. Like the original score model, we used a cross-validation approach on a season by season projection to assess the model. Again, one season would be the test set, and all other season would be considered training data. The initial model used every single variable from both teams offense and defense. This was to establish an initial baseline upon which to improve and compare. The results of this model were less than perfect. The average came to be around a coin flip, which is pretty inadequate for selecting a winner. This is the "Baseline" plot in Figure 2.
On top of this initial model, we ran a feature selection to find out which features truly contributed to the overall model. Essentially, each feature had a p-value, a measurement of how much the feature was contributing to the overall data set. From 2000-2010, 11 different regressions could be had, with one season left out each time. The p-values would be different for the parameters with separate years left out. The initial rule was established that for all 11 models, a feature would remain if the min(p-values) < 0.1 and the max(p-values) < 0.4.
With this initial rule, a jump in performance was noticed immediately. However, certain statistics would appear for one team, but not for the other team, i.e. Team 1 Offense Average Points would be in these statistics, while Team 2 Offense Average Points would not be in the set. Thus we weren't necessarily confident that these features could describe our model correctly.
Figure 2: Prediction Accuracy for Differential Models
We were able to hone in on variables with randomization. Unlike the score linear regression, where the data is set, we could randomize the matchup so that the teams in the Team 1 and Team 2 column would be different for every regression. Running this over 100 randomizations, we saved the features in which the p-values hit the rules, now referred to as α. In Figure 2, the "P-Value Feats" is the average pick percentage where the statistics change for every single iteration of the model based on the p-value rule.
To select finalized features for the differential regression model, we selected the values from α that appeared in at least 20% of the iterations. These values also had to both appear for Team 1 and Team 2. These particular features are in the Appendix table as the differential model. The pick probability on a year by year basis is displayed in Figure 2 as the "DiffReg Feats". The last plot is using the features found in the score regression called "Score Feats". All of these models average around a 66% correct pick probability.
5 Conclusion
Overall, we found the best results using the differential model and running variable selection. The accuracy at 66% is only slightly below professional models, which attain around 69%, and provides a significant lift over the baseline attempts. Predicting individual scores provided little benefit and the methodologies applied to this outcome may be better served in the differential modeling context.
Further improvements could be made given more resources, namely scraping data for different features, running PCA to reduce dimensionality, or developing an anomaly model to try to predict upsets. The last of those suggestions would be the hardest, but also has the highest potential to make significant improvement. Most of the variation between accuracy across seasons is due to the amount of upsets from year to year. Currently, our models are naturally designed to assign predicted victory to the favorite the large majority of the time. A more robust model would incorporate a method to account for upsets.
6 References
[1] B. Hamadani, "Predicting the outcome of NFL games using machine learning." [Online]. Available: http://cs229.stanford.edu/proj2006/BabakHamadani-PredictingNFLGames.pdf.
[2] AS Padron and J. Sinsay, "Upset prediction in college football". [Online]. Available: http://cs229.stanford.edu/proj2013/PadronSinsay-UpsetPredictioninCollegeFootball.pdf
[3] B. Liu and P. Lai, "Beating the NCAA Football Point Spread." [Online]. Available: http://cs229.stanford.edu/proj2010/LiuLai-BeatingTheNCAAFootballPointSpread.pdf
[4] J. Hamann, "What It Takes To Win: A Machine Learning Analysis of the College Football Box Score." [Online]. Available: http://cs229.stanford.edu/proj2011/Hamann-
WhatItTakesToWin.pdf
[5] "Cortana's predictions," Dec. 8, 2015. [Online]. Available:
http://www.cortanapredictions.com/.
[6] "2015 NFL predictions," Dec. 8, 2015. [Online]. Available:
http://projects.fivethirtyeight.com/2015-nfl-predictions/
[7] "Perspectives on College Football," Dec. 8, 2015. [Online]. Available: http://thenationalchampionshipissue.blogspot.com/2005/08/
7 Appendix
Table A: Features for Reduced Models
| Feature | Linear Model Score | Linear Model Win | Logistic Model | Differential Score Features | Differential Model |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variance in Defensive Touchdowns Allowed | X | X | X | X | |
| Defensive Turnovers | X | | | X | X |
| Defensive Punt Return Yards Allowed | X | | X | X | X |
| Defensive Field Goal Percentage Allowed | X | | | X | |
| Defensive Penalty Yards | X | X | X | X | |
| Defensive Points Allowed | X | | | X | |
| Offensive First Downs | X | | | X | X |
| Offensive Kickoff Return Yards | X | | | X | |
| Offensive Completion Percentage | | X | X | | |
| Defensive Completion Percentage Allowed | | X | X | | |
| Defensive Kickoff Return Yards Allowed | | X | | | |
| Defensive Punt Return Yards Allowed | | X | X | | |
| Offensive Penalty Yards | | | | | X |
| Offensive Field Goal Percentage | | | | | X |
| Offensive Punt Return Yards | | | | | X |
|
<urn:uuid:d239b6cf-1689-4221-8a07-6df3ed828363>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-13
|
http://cs229.stanford.edu/proj2015/101_report.pdf
|
2017-03-27T10:38:55Z
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HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs
|
Cartmel College JCR Exec Meeting
Minutes of the meeting held on Sunday 27 January 2013
1. Welcome
SS introduces himself as FTO mentor for the next two terms: advice on all issues.
CA - Is there funds available for Patriots? SS - No money from Innovation fund; sponsorship opportunities may exist. Could offer "sports/Patriots" pack to college to fund events. Revs, Friary, Lounge, V-bar discussing sponsorship opportunities.
SS - Everyone done WOC feedback? TS - break between Day and Evening event too short. BM - Teambuilding game same as last year (SS - will be different next year and will alternate then on)
SS - Constitution review committee this year. Cartmel's bye-law will be reviewed
2. Apologies
Andre and Sam's apologies accepted by JRS
3. Minutes of the last meeting
Passed by majority
4. Matters arising
None
5. Officers reports
5.1. Education and Employability Officer
Read by Joe in Sam's absence.
Campaigns: applying to academic council on Tuesday to do a cross campus assessment feedback campaign.
Meeting with education officers about employability roadshow and setting up a forum with Joe Bourne, college advisors, education officers to formulate ideas for campaigns in the summer term.
Set up a meeting with Cath and Johnny Casey about his involvement in Cartmel Alumni events.
Drop in session was empty as usual, but will run a campaign so people know about them.
Still developing a calendar for relevant events, will look to expanding it to cover Summer term as well.
5.2. Welfare Officers
Sean "Dominoes" Duckers who frankly is a lethal Handball player evening reports that he attended EWD council on Tuesday, discussed issues such as Sober Duty policy. Thursday Environment and Ethics committee, discussed Green Lancaster rebranding and improving Lancaster's position in Green league table. No one attended OH.
RB - Tuesday attended EWD council. Grizedale International Officer hassling over Chinese New Year, referred to Luting. Attended LGBTQ* meeting.
5.3. International Officer
Went to Chinese New Year meeting, to discuss the event and responsibilities of Cartmel (Entertainment). Budget requirements to be determined. Food expected to be £3.50 per head from Wongs. SR - Is £50 from Budget required. LF - No. SS - Funding available from various pots (International events)
5.4. Sports Representatives
KT - went to Carter Shield (Handball) placed 3rd
CA - No significant changes in Patriots planning; photos of some officers required for posters (AE - started work on poster design). Requests draft posters for the next couple of days, posters need to be up soon to maximise publicity - staggered release of poster designs,. BM - design should be landscape to make distribution
easier. CA - Is LZ advertising possible? SR - will investigate further, we can use Barker House TVs already. SS - submit copy to Squeak email. SR - will LUSU poster boxes be accessible; SS will check.
5.5. Social Secretaries
Andre not present
TS - getting over microphone fear. Big Night Out went fairly well. TS and SR met with Lou Davis to discuss bar events. Race event will be taking place soon. New menu launch on the 24th with fruit wines and international beers. Answers on Comedy nights (will be going ahead). Monday 11th February date set for Manchester trip with Lonsdale and Pendle. ZB - Will Super bowl event be going ahead? TS - Probability not.
5.6. Audio-Visual Technician
Set up Indian society event yesterday with TS. JD returned mixing equipment. Training on Monday.
NB, TS, SR and AE will be attending training at 5 to 9 on Monday for PA/Staging/Lighting equipment in Great/Minor Hall. (ZB cannot attend)
5.7. Media and Communications Officers
ZB - Media and comms meeting: plans to make all college websites static. Suggestions to close access to Facebook pages etc, don't believe this is an appropriate approach. Unilever campaign will not go ahead. Added Merchandise, past JCR page to the website.
AE - Started doing the block and welfare posters. Taken photos for patriots and redesigned Patriots logo. Will discuss poster ideas further.
5.8. Magazine Editor
Contacting sports shops in attempt to get sponsorship. Started contacting previous writers to produce future content.
5.9. Democracy and Finance Officer
Unable to attend Election sub comm. due to prior commitments passed on JCR's comments from previous meeting to chair. December financial statements released on Friday, will prepare an overview for next meeting.
5.10. Vice President
Went to EWD council. Also been researching JCR hoodies, two design options (with Griffin design without Cartmel College to go ahead). Speaking to Dan from Nightline, removing internal phones from rooms changing to one per flat. Issue due to lack of phone signal in South West; nightline access and lack of mobile phones among International students. ZB, JRS express concerns about removing phones. SS believes financial savings of £1m is worth the loss of phones. MD states this change will also affect Staff, this is worrying from a contact point of view.
5.11. President
Attended College Council, met with Lou and Jayne to discuss on bar changes. Will focus more on food - will promote the food element outside of South West. New EPOS system is proving problematic. Observed SEG: hierarchy forming in structure - issues with communicating ideas from speakers and observers. Wish to discuss in pres. comm. Everyone else does not have this issue. Those on sober duty did an excellent job, particularly Matt Dunn for helping Bowland.
RM - Revs to New Albert route is too dangerous due to crossings and should not be replicated in the future.
SR - Should look into colleges that do not follow the route because this ruining atmosphere for different colleges.
ZB - Bailrigg may want to do interviews etc during Battle of Band.
6. Agenda Point
6.1. Cartmel Elections Facebook page (JRS)
Proposed to get rid of Cartmel Election page only has 63 likes. Not worth spending time on. Agreed to hide for now and will transfer likes to Cartmel College page.
6.2. The Weekly Griffin (JRS)
Requests addition of link to Facebook page and twitter to weekly griffin email to boost likes on Facebook page
BM, ZB - remove Cartmel group. It is outdated and difficult. SR says it should be kept because groups can be invited to events. No definitive answer found.
6.3. Deletion of old resources (ZB)
Cartmel Fresher's 2012 to merge with main page. Wishes to delete old un-published pages on website. Requests social secs delete previous events to avoid confusion.
6.4. Email permissions for "College Squeak" (ZB)
ISS wish to develop a weekly griffin so it will laid out in a professional manner. MD would be interested in this.
6.5. Entry to Blocks (ZB)
Is there a way to gain access to the blocks so we can put posters up sooner and easier. BM - got master fob for Freshers week to poster. SS - ask porters if they are willing to give you a master fob, or speak to Jayne if you have no success.
6.6. HQ Drop in session (ZB)
HQ is behind pocket Lancaster, want to expand pocket Lancaster so it includes college events. Management School 10 to 4 drop in this Wednesday, can JCR attend to give ideas.
6.7. College Council Reps (JRS)
How are College Council Reps appointed?
SR/BM - supposed to be elected however this did not occur this time due to oversight. New college council reps will be elected in week 8.
6.8. Domestic Violence at University Campaign (RM)
Will be discussed next week
6.9. Patriots Cup Promotion (AE)
Covered in sports officer report
6.10. V-bar Patriots Sponsorship (AE)
Covered in sports officer report
7. AOB
7.1. None
Action Points
AP 1: Everyone - look at Cartmel bye-law: suggest one change
AP 2: Everyone - attend one Cartmel sporting event
AP 3: Everyone - submit nicknames for hoodies to Becky
Joe Regan-Stansfield Democracy and Finance Officer
|
<urn:uuid:3104fa2f-7cb1-4c7d-bbdc-b6d60138061b>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-13
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http://cartmel.lusu.co.uk/files/2013/02/27th-January-2013-Week-2-Lent-Term.pdf
|
2017-03-27T10:41:03Z
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|
Self Assessments in a Culturally Responsive Multi-Level System of Support
Schools use self-assessment tools as a way to measure implementation progress, identify areas of growth, and determine system fidelity of a culturally responsive multilevel system of support. Completing assessments in the different content areas (reading, mathematics or behavior) provides schools with a more complete understanding of their implementation. These assessments measure various components of a multi-level system of support including systemic implementation, a strong universal level of support, leadership, family and community engagement, evidence-based practices, data based continuous improvement, a continuum of support, and positive culture.
PRIMARY TOOLS
These assessment tools should be a part of your action planning and continuous improvement.
Below are recommendations. It is acceptable to complete them at any time during the year that would help achieve targeted functions and purposes.
Tool
| Level of Support | | Time of Year (Recommended) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| | | | Frequency |
| | Specific Purpose | | |
| | | | (Recommended) |
| All levels of support | | Spring for tiers at fidelity. Up to four times per year for tiers not at fidelity | |
| | Evaluate the implementation of | | Annually for tiers in |
| | a school-wide positive behavior | | place. Up to four |
| | support system across all | | times per year for |
| | levels/tiers | | tiers not at fidelity. |
| All levels of support | | Spring or Summer | |
| | Evaluate school-wide | | |
| | | | Annually |
| | implementation using a reading | | |
| | or mathematics lens | | |
| | | | (per content area of |
| | | | reading or |
| | Compare with RtI All Staff | | |
| | | | mathematics) |
| | Perception Survey results | | |
| All levels of support | | Any time of year | |
| | Evaluate staff perceptions of | | |
| | status and priority for | | Annually |
| | improvement regarding school- | | |
| | wide implementation, using a | | (per content area of |
| | reading or mathematics lens | | reading or |
| | | | mathematics) |
| | Compare with SIR results | | |
| Universal/Tier 1 (most items) Selected/Tier 2 and Intensive/Tier 3 (a few items) | Evaluate staff perceptions of | Fall | |
| | status and priority for | | |
| | improvement of a school-wide | | Annually |
| | positive behavior support | | |
| | system | | |
ADDITIONAL/SUPPLEMENTAL TOOLS
Assessment tools that enhance understanding of implementation and can assist with action planning and continuous improvement.
Tool
| Level of Support | | Time of Year (Recommended) | Frequency (Recommended) |
|---|---|---|---|
| | Specific Purpose | | |
| Universal/Tier 1 | | Spring (or in alignment with local annual improvement planning) | Annually |
| | Evaluate the implementation of | | |
| | a school-wide positive behavior | | |
| | support system | | |
| Universal/Tier 1 | | Fall and Winter | Twice a year |
| | Progress monitor during initial | | |
| | implementation of a positive | | |
| | school-wide behavior support | | |
| | system | | |
| | Note: Discontinue after attaining | | |
| | score of 70 on the Benchmarks of | | |
| | Quality (BOQ) | | |
| Selected/Tier 2 Intensive/Tier 3 | | Spring (or in alignment with local annual improvement planning) | Annually |
| | To assess school-wide | | |
| | implementation of Selected and | | |
| | Intensive behavioral supports | | |
| Selected/Tier 2 Intensive/Tier 3 | | Fall and Winter (until reaching fidelity) | Two times a year (per tier) |
| | Progress monitor during initial | | |
| | implementation of advanced | | |
| | tiers of a school-wide positive | | |
| | behavior support system | | |
| | Note: Discontinue after attaining | | |
| | score of 80 on Benchmarks of | | |
| | Advanced Tiers (BAT) | | |
Additional information and access to the self-assessments are located at these websites:
SIR and RtI All Staff Perception Survey
http://wisconsinrticenter.org/educators/rti-in-action/self-assessment-tools.html https://www.pbisapps.org/Applications/Pages/PBIS-Assessment.aspx
TFI, SAS, BoQ, TIC, BAT, and MATT
|
<urn:uuid:73647236-7b6f-43e1-9a14-dfbe7e2ed8c2>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-13
|
http://www.wisconsinrticenter.org/assets/files/resources/1489763828_SelfAssessmentsInCRMLSS.pdf
|
2017-03-27T10:32:51Z
|
crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189471.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00226-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz
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HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs
|
PhD studentship opportunity in Earth observation for flood infrastructure risk management, Newcastle University
The NERC DREAM (Data, Risk and Environmental Analytical Methods) Centre for Doctoral Training, a collaborative CDT between Cranfield, Newcastle, Cambridge and Birmingham Universities, is currently advertising a PhD opportunity entitled "Earth observation for UK-wide flood infrastructure risk management". Hosted by Newcastle University, the aim of this project is to transform the reliability of flood defence condition characterisation by validating and integrating data from new and existing earth observation sources. In particular, the project will exploit the latest developments from ESA's Copernicus programme to augment existing national datasets and determine potential vulnerability in flood asset condition. Enquiries should be addressed to Professor Jon Mills (email@example.com).
The NERC DREAM CDT currently has 15 funded positions open (five before July and 10 from October, 2017). For further information, please see http://www.dream-cdt.ac.uk/studying/application/.
|
<urn:uuid:5ee5e29e-e8c3-4f67-a173-7ae7b25ad2a7>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-13
|
http://www.isprs.org/uploads/jobs/170130_DREAM_PhD.pdf
|
2017-03-27T10:44:08Z
|
crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189471.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00226-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz
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HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs
|
Light Duty Vehicle Hydrogen Refueling Infrastructure GFO-15-605
Pre-Application Workshop 2
May 2, 2016
Zero-Emission Vehicle and Infrastructure Office (ZEVIO)
Agenda
* 10:00 – 10:05 a.m. Welcome and Logistics
* 10:05 – 11:00 a.m. GFO-15-605 Presentation
* 11:00 – 12:00 p.m. Questions
* 12:00 p.m. Adjourn
Commitment to Diversity
The Energy Commission adopted a resolution on April 8, 2015, to firmly commit to:
– Increase participation of women, minority, disabled veteran and LGBT business enterprises in program funding opportunities.
– Increase outreach and participation by disadvantaged communities.
– Increase diversity in participation at Energy Commission proceedings.
– Increase diversity in employment and promotional opportunities.
Commitment to Diversity
Fairness – Increase funding accessibility to all Californians.
Inclusion – Small businesses make up a significant portion of the U.S. economy.
Job Creation – Projects can create jobs for residents of the underserved communities.
Diversity of Ideas – Great ideas occur in a variety of areas.
Diversity in Communities' Needs – Needs vary widely from one area to the next (air quality, socioeconomic, etc.).
Relevant Laws, Codes, and Regulations
* Laws, rules, codes, and regulations.
* Standards and codes required to meet the Minimum Technical Requirements and Renewable Hydrogen Requirements.
* Tools, systems, and guides.
* Policy documents.
Funding
* Up to $17.3 Million available.
* Two separate funding categories.
1. Operation and Maintenance Support Grants.
– $300,000 per station (Page 23).
2. Capital Expense (Cap-X) Grants.
– I-5 Connector Station Competition.
– Main Station Competition.
Cap-X Awards
* Maximum award amounts (Table 3, page 17):
– Depend on station capacity (180-299 kg/day and over 300 kg/day).
– Depend on month station is operational (Page 18).
* Open Retail Station Requirements (Page 19).
– Applications should include a plan for becoming an open retail station no more than 180 days after becoming operational.
– Remain functioning for a minimum of five years after becoming open retail.
Maximum Cap-X Awards
| Station Operational Date | Maximum Cap-X Funding Amount | Monthly Incentive | Maximum Percentage of Total Project Costs |
|---|---|---|---|
| 26 or more Months after Business Meeting Approval | $1,700,000 | N/A | 70% |
| 25 Months after Business Meeting Approval | $1,770,833 | $70,833 | 75% |
| 24 Months after Business Meeting Approval | $1,841,666 | $70,833 | 75% |
| 23 Months after Business Meeting Approval | $1,912,499 | $70,833 | 80% |
| 22 Months after Business Meeting Approval | $1,983,332 | $70,833 | 80% |
| 21 Months after Business Meeting Approval | $2,054,165 | $70,833 | 85% |
| 20 Months after Business Meeting Approval | $2,125,000 | $70,835 | 85% |
180-299 kg/day daily capacity
Maximum Cap-X Awards
| Station Operational Date | Maximum Cap-X Funding Amount | Monthly Incentive | Maximum Percentage of Total Project Costs |
|---|---|---|---|
| 26 or more Months after Business Meeting Approval | $1,870,000 | N/A | 70% |
| 25 Months after Business Meeting Approval | $1,947,915 | $77,915 | 75% |
| 24 Months after Business Meeting Approval | $2,025,832 | $77,917 | 75% |
| 23 Months after Business Meeting Approval | $2,103,749 | $77,917 | 80% |
| 22 Months after Business Meeting Approval | $2,181,666 | $77,917 | 80% |
| 21 Months after Business Meeting Approval | $2,259,583 | $77,917 | 85% |
| 20 Months after Business Meeting Approval | $2,337,500 | $77,917 | 85% |
300+ kg/day daily capacity
Other Solicitation Elements
* Retention: 15% per station; released when Final Report is approved.
* Single Applicant Cap: One applicant can receive no more than 60% of total funds awarded under GFO15-605.
* Agreement Execution Deadline: within 90 days of Business Meeting approval.
* Multiple Station Applications Allowed: Provide separate information for each station.
* Data Collection Requirements: NREL Data Collection Tool.
Enforcement of Proposed Station Locations
* Advised to only submit applications for locations where Applicant has site control and assurance that the station can be successfully constructed.
* The Energy Commission reserves the right to cancel a proposed award or funding agreement if the proposed location becomes unviable.
Special Terms and Conditions (Attachment 14)
* Data collection
* Payment contingency
* Must file initial applications for construction permits with all offices having jurisdiction over the project.
– Critical Milestone 1
– Critical Milestone 2
* Must have control and possession of the project site.
Enforcing Critical Milestones
Must meet Critical Milestones to receive payment under an agreement resulting from this solicitation.
* Stations funded by previous solicitations must meet both Critical Milestones by December 31, 2016.
* Stations funded by GFO-15-605 must meet both Critical Milestone1 and Critical Milestone 2 according to the application's Schedule of Products and Due Dates.
* Provide proof to receive reimbursement for work performed under GFO-15-605.
O&M Support Grants
* Only stations awarded a Cap-X grant under GFO-15-605 are eligible.
* Must meet the Minimum Technical Requirements (Pages 36-41).
* First-come, first-served.
* $300,000 per station.
* NREL Data Collection Tool (Attachment 11).
* See pages 23-26.
Capital Expense (Cap-X) Grants
* I-5 Connector Station Competition
* Main Station Competition
– Core Market Areas (Table 4, Page 28).
* Upgrade of existing non-retail stations is eligible (both I-5 Connector Station and Main Station Competitions).
Overall Eligibility Requirements
* Eligible Applicants
* Project Requirements
* Eligible Costs
* Match Share Funding Requirements
– Stations operational 20 months after Business Meeting: 15%.
– Stations operational 26 or more months after Business Meeting: 30%.
Past Performance of the Applicant
* If substantive progress not demonstrated under previous Energy Commission funding agreements, Applicant may be disqualified.
* Past performance can affect:
‒ Eligibility to apply under GFO-15-605.
‒ Reimbursement for expenses under GFO-15-605.
‒ Termination of a new agreement funded under GFO-15-605.
Minimum Technical Requirements
| Section VI. | Item |
|---|---|
| A. (Page 36) | Hydrogen Quality |
| B. (Page 37) | Type Evaluation for Hydrogen Refueling Station Dispensers |
| C. (Page 38) | Fueling Protocols |
| D. (Page 39) | Minimum Daily Fueling Capacity |
| E. (Page 39) | Minimum Peak Fueling Capacity |
| F. (Page 39) | Fueling Hoses |
| G. (Page 40) | Point of Sale (POS) Terminal |
| H. (Page 40) | Connection to the Station Operational Status System |
| I. (Page 40) | Signage |
| J. (Page 41) | Station Design Requirements |
Hydrogen Quality
* Comply with SAE International J2719.
* Test and report quality at least every 3 months.
* Allow future retrofits to improve or automate contaminant monitoring.
* Monitor humidity if generating onsite hydrogen via electrolysis.
* Monitor CO and CO2 if generating onsite hydrogen via SMR.
Type Evaluation for Hydrogen Refueling Station Dispensers
* Conform to CCR Title 4, Division 9, Chapter 1, Article 1, Section 4002.9 Hydrogen GasMeasuring Devices (3.39).
* Undergo type evaluation according to CTEP.
* Must receive a Temporary Use Permit or Certificate of Approval from CDFA/DMS to dispense hydrogen for retail sale.
* Include a plan for testing dispensers using either DMS or a Registered Service Agent.
Fueling Protocols
* Comply with most recent SAE and CSA standards.
* Describe how station developer will self declare compliance with the standards.
* State how the station will use HyStEP during commissioning, or OEM best practices if HyStEP is unavailable.
* Dispense at mandatory H70-T40.
* Describe optional H35-T20, if applicable.
Minimum Daily Fueling Capacity
* No less than 180 kg per day.
* Must adhere to the minimum daily fueling capacity proposed in the application.
* Over a 12 hour period, between 6 a.m. and 6 p.m..
Minimum Peak Fueling Capacity
* H70-T40: five 4kg fills per hour, back-to-back, between 6 a.m. to 9 a.m. and 3 p.m. to 6 p.m..
* H35-T20 (if opted): four 4kg fills per hour, back-to-back.
* Describe how HyStEP or FCEVs will be arranged to test peak capacity.
Other Min. Tech. Requirements
* Fueling Hoses
– Conform to the latest version of SAE J2600-2012 or ISO 17268-2006.
* Point of Sale (POS) Terminal
– Accept major credit cards, debit cards, and fleet cards.
– Compatible with microprocessor chip technology.
– Use product codes for hydrogen fuel sales.
Other Min. Tech. Requirements
* Connection to SOSS
– Describe plan to install hardware and software.
* Signage
– Must post signage to educate the public about hydrogen and acknowledge public funding.
– Initiate planning for trailblazer and CalTrans signage.
* Station Design Requirements
– Must be able to accept hydrogen from a mobile refueler or tube trailer.
Renewable Hydrogen Requirements
* Must dispense a minimum of at least 33% renewable hydrogen (per kilogram).
* Contingency Plan for actual awarded stations.
* Eligible Renewable Feedstocks.
* Eligible Renewable Electricity Sources.
* Renewable Sources for System Power.
* Biofuel for Delivery Trucks.
* Report of Renewable Hydrogen Dispensed (Attachment 12).
Hydrogen Safety Plan
* Required for each proposed hydrogen refueling station.
* In accordance with the Hydrogen Safety Panel's Safety Planning for Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Projects (March 2016).
* Post-award requirements:
* Release and Incident Reporting.
* Annual Safety Evaluations.
Safety Plan Assistance
* Provided by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), which manages the Hydrogen Safety Panel (HSP)
* Webinar on May 3, 2016 (1:00 p.m. - 3:00 p.m.)
– WebEx information will be posted on the solicitation page.
* Pre-application consultations
– No cost to the applicant.
– First-come, first-served.
Safety Plan Assessment
* HSP will evaluate the submitted Safety Plan(s) for each Cap-X application.
* HSP will provide the Energy Commission with a written assessment and recommendation of the adequacy of each submitted Hydrogen Safety Plan.
Use of CHIT
1. Each Applicant shall contact CARB to obtain CHIT Values for each proposed station.
* Energy Commission staff will verify CHIT values.
2. Each station location will be scored using CHIT Station Coverage Value, CHIT Station Capacity Value, and Market Viability.
3. Remaining Evaluation Criteria will be scored and scores will be totaled.
Use of CHIT (cont.)
4. The highest ranked station will be selected and added to the hydrogen refueling network within CHIT.
5. CHIT Values will be re-calculated.
6. Remaining proposed stations will be re-ranked based on revised CHIT Values.
7. In areas needing more than one station, a second station will be selected for funding.
Table 4: Core Market Areas
CHIT Overview
* CHIT evaluates relative need for hydrogen infrastructure based on a gap analysis between a projected market and current infrastructure
* Markets are estimated by demographic and vehicle registration data indicators
* Pattern analysis of coverage gap guides determination of prioritized Core Market Areas
CHIT Overview
CHIT Public Access
* Technical details of CHIT presented in two public workshops in 2015.
* Interactive CHIT map and full CHIT tool download package posted on CARB website, for informational purposes, on March 9, 2016.
* CARB updated the CHIT maps April 18, 2016 to support GFO Table 1 and Table 4.
http://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/zevprog/hydroge n/h2fueling.htm
Evaluation Process
* Administrative Screening
* Technical Screening
* Technical Scoring
– Proposals will be scored in accordance with the Evaluation Criteria.
– To be eligible for funding, projects must achieve the minimum passing score of 70%.
– Proposals will be ranked according to score.
– Tie breaker.
Evaluation Criteria
* Qualifications of Applicant/Project Team
– 60 points.
– Must achieve a minimum of 70% (or 42 points) under this criterion to be eligible for funding.
* Coverage, Capacity, and Market Viability (applicable to I-5 Connector Station Competition only)
– 100 points.
– Must achieve a minimum of 70% (or 70 points) under this criterion to be eligible for funding.
Evaluation Criteria
* Coverage, Capacity, and Market Viability (applicable to Main Station Competition only)
– 100 points.
– Must achieve a minimum of 70% (or 70 points) under this criterion to be eligible for funding.
* Safety Planning
– 40 points.
– Must achieve a minimum of 70% (or 28 points) under this criterion to be eligible for funding.
Evaluation Criteria
* Project Readiness
– 40 points.
– Must achieve a minimum of 70% (or 28 points) under this criterion to be eligible for funding.
* Station Operation and Maintenance
– 40 points.
* Project Budget
– 25 points.
Evaluation Criteria
* Financial Plan
– 15 points.
* Hydrogen Refueling Station Performance
– 60 points.
– Must achieve a minimum of 70% (or 42 points) under this criterion to be eligible for funding.
* Economic and Social Benefits
– 20 points.
* Innovation
– 20 points.
Evaluation Criteria
* Renewable Hydrogen Content
– 30 points.
– The station (or average of hydrogen dispensed across a collection of one grant recipient's stations funded under this solicitation) exceeds the required 33% renewable hydrogen content by use of renewable energy certificates (RECs).
Evaluation Criteria
* Renewable Hydrogen from Direct Sources
– 30 points.
– The station (or collection of one grant recipient's stations funded under this solicitation)
* has direct renewable hydrogen sources from a project initiated specifically for the proposed station.
* uses direct renewable hydrogen resources from within California.
* Sustainability and Environmental Impacts
– 20 points.
* 11 point font, single-spaced with a blank line between paragraphs.
Application Format, Required Documents, and Delivery
* Project Narrative limited to 70 pages plus 5 pages for each station.
o 5 stations = 70 pages + (5 stations x 5 pages) = 95 pages
* Preferred Method for Delivery is electronic.
* Hard Copy Delivery
* Submit one paper copy and an electronic copy on CD-ROM or USB memory stick.
Electronic Submission
* Energy Commission Grant Solicitation System
– Online tool available at: https://gss.energy.ca.gov/.
– Upload prior to July 15, 2016 at 5:00 p.m..
* Tutorial Video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZDNhPaCt _yk
Application Organization
| Tab Number | Title of Section |
|---|---|
| 1 | Table of Contents |
| 2 | O&M Support Grant Application Form (Attachment 1) |
| 3 | Capital Expense (Cap-X) Grant Application Form (Attachment 2) |
| 4 | Executive Summary |
| 5 | Project Narrative |
| 6 | Hydrogen Safety Plan |
| 7 | Scope of Work (Attachment 3) |
| 8 | Schedule of Products and Due Dates (Attachment 5) |
| 9 | Budget (Attachment 6) |
| 10 | Resumes |
| 11 | Letters of Commitment/Support |
| 12 | Contact List (Attachment 7) |
| 13 | CEQA Compliance Information (Attachment 8) |
| 14 | Localized Health Impacts Form (Attachment 10) |
| 15 | Confidential Business Plan Detached and separately sealed from application |
Attachments
2 Capital Expense (Cap-X) Grant Application Form
1 O&M Support Grant Application Form
3 Scope of Work Template
4 Scope of Work Instructions
5 Schedule of Products and Due Dates
6 Budget Forms
7 Contacts List
8 CEQA Compliance Information
9 ARFVTP Terms and Conditions
10 Localized Health Impacts Form
11 NREL Data Collection Tool
12 Report of Renewable Hydrogen Dispensed
13 Greenhouse Gas Emission Calculation Example
14 Special Terms and Conditions
Confidential Business Plan
* Balance sheet and cash flow statement for the past three (3) years.
– Must be audited and certified by a CPA.
* Five (5) year proforma statement.
* If submitting electronically, be certain to upload under the file description, "Confidential Information."
Confidential Business Plan
* Financial information described in Section IX.H.14 (a and b) will be kept confidential from receipt to seven (7) years following the posting of the Notice of Proposed Awards, after which time the records will become public.
* Document should be detached from the application package, separately sealed, and clearly identified as confidential.
Technical Contacts
US DOE
Jason Marcinkoski
Safety Plan
Nick Barilo
Technology Validation Project Manager Fuel Cell Technologies Office U.S. Department of Energy (202) 413-7389
firstname.lastname@example.org
CHIT
Andrew Martinez, Ph.D.
ECARS/ Advanced Clean Cars Branch ZEV Infrastructure California Air Resources Board (CARB) (916) 322-8449
email@example.com
Hydrogen Safety Panel Manager Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (509) 371-7894
firstname.lastname@example.org
CEQA/Permitting
Tyson Eckerle
Deputy Director of ZEV Infrastructure Governor's Office of Business and Economic Development (GO-Biz) 916-322-0563
email@example.com
* Solicitation and related information posted at: http://www.energy.ca.gov/contracts/transportation.ht
ml#GFO-15-605
Applications due on July 15, 2016, 5:00 PM
Written Questions
by May 2, 2016 at 5 p.m.
Kevyn Piper, Commission Agreement Officer California Energy Commission 1516 Ninth Street, MS-18 Sacramento, California 95814
FAX: (916) 654-4423
Telephone: (916) 654-4845
E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org
Adjournment
Thank you for participating.
|
<urn:uuid:5eb9b0aa-de65-4704-8a95-50b07b0ebdd6>
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CC-MAIN-2017-13
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http://www.energy.ca.gov/contracts/GFO-15-605/GFO-15-605_Presentation_Pre_Application_Workshop_2.pdf
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2017-03-27T10:41:17Z
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HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs
|
EMERGENCY MEETING
PARKS, RECREATION AND HISTORICAL COMMISSION
HIGHLAND HOSPITAL ACUTE CARE TOWER PROJECT
AGENDA Thursday, June 30, 2008 3:30 PM
PLEASE NOTE MEETING LOCATION:
East Bay Regional Park District Headquarters Board Conference Room, 2950 Peralta Oaks Court Oakland, CA 94605-0381
I. CALL TO ORDER - ROLL CALL
II. PRESENTATIONS BY THE HIGHLAND HOSPITAL ACUTE CARE TOWER PROJECT TEAM
III. HIGHLAND HOSPITAL DISCUSSION – The Commission will discuss the Final Environmental Impact Report (FEIR) and other documents relevant to the improvements to take place on the Highland Hospital Campus.
IV. ADJOURNMENT
|
<urn:uuid:6024bd74-65bb-48f9-9932-5967f469b049>
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CC-MAIN-2017-13
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http://www.acgov.org/cda/meetings/documents/AgePRHC2008-06-30.pdf
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2017-03-27T10:33:25Z
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HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs
|
Adaptec Flash Module Zero-Maintenance Cache Protection Kit (AFM 600)
Maximum Data Protection and Cost Savings for Adaptec Series 6 Series 6Q and Series 6T RAID Controllers
Enabling the onboard cache on a RAID controller card signifi cantly enhances performance — especially in RAID 5 and RAID 6 scenarios — by accommodating both read caching and write caching of data. But data stored in the cache for write caching can be lost if the cache is not protected against a power or system failure.
Lithium-ion battery backup units (BBUs) are traditionally employed to protect cached data on RAID controllers, but they are not an optimal solution. BBUs have hidden costs that can drastically increase a RAID controller's Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) by thousands of dollars per year, including monitoring and maintenance expenses. Over time, all batteries lose their ability to hold a charge, so BBUs need to be periodically replaced and the old units must be disposed of in an environmentally-responsible manner.
Once installed, a new BBU will take several hours to reach a full charge, leaving the write cache turned off and aff ecting performance. To make matters worse, even a typical BBU needs to test capacity regularly and performs suboptimal during those test periods. Additionally a fully-charged BBU can only preserve data for a maximum of 72 hours during a power loss before the battery power depletes.
Zero-Maintenance Cache Protection
Now in its second generation, Adaptec ZeroMaintenance Cache Protection (ZMCP) drastically reduces a controller's TCO by using fl ash memory instead of BBUs to provide full protection of cached data without the monitoring, maintenance, replacement, and disposal requirements and costs associated with Lithium-ion batteries.
Adaptec Flash Module 600
ZMCP is available for Adaptec Series 6 and 6T controllers as an optional Adaptec Flash Module (AFM 600) and is preinstalled on all Series 6Q models supporting Adaptec maxCache SSD caching feature. Th e modular aspect of the AFM 600 gives data centers the fl exibility of adding ZMCP at any time, or not adding it at all, depending on budgets and requirements. Competitive alternatives are built into the controller cards — forcing data centers to purchase a new card in order to add cache protection.
Th e AFM 600 features 4GB of NAND fl ash memory and super capacitor technology that work together to save cached data in the event of system power loss. Th e super capacitor charges while the system is booting to provide instant cache protection upon startup. When the module detects loss of power, the super capacitor keeps critical parts of the controller active long enough to allow data to be copied from the onboard controller cache to the fl ash memory.
Once the data has been copied, the fl ash memory can store it for years without power, allowing for less urgency in disaster recovery plans than the 72-hour BBU threshold. When power is returned to the controller, the data in the fl ash memory is copied back to the onboard controller cache and operation resumes as normal with all outstanding I/O requests intact.
>
Product Highlights
Cached Data Protection for 6Gb/s Ecosystem
— Add-on module for Adaptec Series 6 and 6T RAID controllers
— Included with Series 6Q RAID controllers
Single-Level Cell (SLC) Flash
— Faster writes and better reliability than Multi-Level Cell (MLC) Flash
Low Operating Costs
— No monitoring, maintenance, replacement or disposal costs due to batteries
— More than 40% cost savings over a four-year period vs. BBUs
No Data Loss from Power Failures
— Replaces Lithium-ion batteries
Maintenance-Free Cached Data Protection
— No need to monitor battery charge level
— No shutdown required for battery replacement
— Stores protected data for years
Instant RAID Cache Protection
— Charges in minutes instead of hours
— RAID performance optimized immediately
Environmentally Conscious
— No toxic battery disposal
— Simplifi ed IATA compliance
BBUs vs. ZMCP: Maintenance Requirements
BBUs vs. Series 6 with ZMCP Cost Comparison
| Parameter | Typical RAID controller with Lithium-ion BBU | Adaptec RAID 6805 |
|---|---|---|
| Adapter Price | $ 595 SRP | $ 550 SRP |
| Cost for Cache Protection | $ 175 (BBU) | $ 195 SRP |
| Replacement BBU | $ 175 | $ 0 |
| Serviceability | $ 265 | $ 0 |
| Disposal – Hazmat | $ 25 | $ 0 |
| Total 4 year cost | $ 1235 | $ 745 SRP |
In typical real-world scenarios, ZMCP offers cost savings of more than 40% over a four-year period.
Adaptec Flash Module 600 (AFM 600)
PMC-Sierra, Inc.
1380 Bordeaux Dr.
Sunnyvale, CA 94089 USA
Tel: +1 (408) 239-8000
World Wide Web: www.adaptec.com
Pre-Sales Support: US and Canada: 1 (800) 442-7274 or (408) 957-7274 or email@example.com
UK: +44 1276 854 528 or firstname.lastname@example.org
Australia: +61-2-90116787
Singapore: +65-92351044
© Copyright PMC-Sierra, Inc. 2012. All rights reserved. PMC, PMC-SIERRA and Adaptec are registered trademarks of PMC-Sierra, Inc. "Adaptec by PMC" is a trademark of PMC-Sierra, Inc.
Other product and company names mentioned herein may be trademarks of their respective owners. For a complete list of PMC-Sierra trademarks, see www.pmc-sierra.com/legal.
DS_AFM600_012612_US Information subject to change without notice.
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CITY OF LUMBERTON PLANNING & ZONING COMMISSION LUMBERTON CITY HALL COUNCIL CHAMBERS FEBRUARY 21, 2017 6:30 PM
PUBLIC HEARING
AGENDA
Call to Order
Invocation
Pledge of Allegiance
Public Hearing
1) For the purpose of discussion and possible action on a variance request submitted by Bobby Bodle to be granted for lots 13 and 19 to reduce the exterior side setback lines to 15 and 10 feet respectively in order to obtain the minimum lot area required for lots 13-19 for the proposed Cluster Housing Development, Walton Creek Subdivision. This proposed subdivision is approximately 6.3728 acres located in the A. Lancaster/Charles A. Felder Survey, Abstract Number 36/21, Lumberton, Hardin County, Texas.
2 ) For the purpose of discussion and possible action on a variance request submitted by John Boykin to encroach upon side building setback lines by 5 ½ feet to build a concrete driveway for homes located on lots 1-49 of Copper Point Subdivision Phase 1. Copper Point is a residential subdivision approximately 17.773 acres in the R.C. Rogers Survey, Abstract Number 46, Lumberton, Hardin County, Texas.
Citizen Participation
Discussion and Possible Action
Adjournment
I do hereby certify on the 17 th day of February, 2017, at 5:00 p.m., the original of this instrument was posted in the window bulletin board outside City Hall readily accessible to the general public at all times in accordance with the Texas Open Meeting Act, Texas Government Code, Chapter 551.
________________________________________
Steve Clark, City Manager
Attest:
_____________________________________
Anita M. Price, Zoning Clerk
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2010
Monga Zin ®
Old Vines Zinfandel Lopez Vineyard, Cucamonga Valley
We christened the Monga Zin ® as we stumbled while saying its appellation too many times, probably after having too much of this HUMONGOUS mouthful of fruit and rich milk chocolate.
Winemaker's Tasting Notes:
Very bright pomegranate cherry fruit, brown sugary-caramel oak Fragrant Asian spices—Chinese 5-spice in milk chocolate/cocoa; Mouthfeel is still a bit young and chewy, but quite drinkable now Very mouthfilling!
Harvest Date: Average Brix at Harvest: Acid at Harvest: Fermentation:
August 30, 2010 28.0Brix 0.64 g/100ml pH 3.38 3 days of cold soak, déléstaged 3 times before 17Brix, total of 8 days on skins
Cellar Storage/Aging:
25 months aged in: 50% second fill American oak barrels 50% older American oak barrels
Alcohol: Total Acidity: pH:
14.7% 0.65 gm/100ml 3.38
Varietal :
100% Zinfandel
Appellation :
100% Jose Lopez Vineyard, Cucamonga Valley, CCOF organic Planted 1918, dry-farmed bush vines
Approx. Case production:
1386 cases January 2, 2013 August 15, 2013
Bottling Date: Release Date:
Carol Shelton Wines (707) 575-3441 phone 3354-B Coffey Lane email@example.com (707) 575-0245 FAX Santa Rosa, CA 95403 www.carolshelton.com
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Statement by the Chair of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) at the opening session of the 16th Conference of the Parties, Cancun, Mexico, November 29, 2010
Check Against Delivery
Your Excellency, President of Mexico, Mr Filipe Calderon,
First Lady of Mexico. Madame Margarita Zavala,
Your Excellency Foreign Secretary, Madame Patricia Espinoza Cantellano
Your Excellency, Secretary of Environment Mr Juan Rafael Elvira Quesada,
Executive Secretary of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change Madame Christiana Figueres
Ms. Simona Gomez,
Excellencies, Distinguished ladies and Gentlemen, Members of the media and colleagues,
It is a great privilege for me to speak at the opening of this Conference, in the beautiful city of Cancun, Mexico - a country with a rich cultural heritage and contemporary dynamism. I speak, as I have done before, on behalf of the scientific community that carries out assessments of all aspects of climate change under the collective direction of all the governments of the world, which are members of the IPCC. The assessments of the Panel involve a mammoth human effort. To appreciate the scale and complexity of this effort may I mention that the Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) of the IPCC completed in 2007 involved approximately 3750 experts including lead authors, contributing authors and expert reviewers, all of whom volunteered their time without compensation by the IPCC. The AR4 referred to approximately 18,000 items of published literature and dealt with about 90,000 comments provided at various stages of drafting by reviewers from governments and the scientific community.
Let me highlight two important findings of the AR4: "Warming of the climate system is unequivocal as is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperature, widespread melting of snow and ice and rising global average sea level;" and "Most of the observed increase in global average temperatures since the mid twentieth century is very likely due to the observed increase in anthropogenic GHG concentrations. It is likely that there has been significant anthropogenic warming over the past 50 years averaged over each continent (except Antarctica)"
The AR4 found that the resilience of many ecosystems is likely to be exceeded this century by an unprecedented combination of climate change and other global change drivers. Over the course of this century, net carbon uptake by terrestrial ecosystems is likely to peak before mid century and then weaken or even reverse thus amplifying climate change.
Approximately 20 to 30 percent of plant and animal species assessed so far are likely to be at increased risk of extinction if increases in global average temperatures exceed 1.5 to 2.5 degrees Celsius.
Anthropogenic warming could lead to some impacts that are abrupt or irreversible depending upon the rate and magnitude of the climate change. Partial loss of ice sheets on polar land could imply meters of sea level rise, major changes in coast lines and inundation of low-lying areas, with greatest effects in river deltas and low-lying islands.
It is noted that the Copenhagen Accord aimed "to hold the increase in global temperatures below 2 degrees Celsius" and recognized "that deep cuts in global emissions are required" and countries "should cooperate in achieving the peaking of global and national emissions as soon as possible". In fact, the least cost trajectory for stringent mitigation assessed in the AR4 clearly estimated that global emissions should peak no later than 2015 and decline thereafter.
The AR4 assessed a wide range of impacts based on past observations and projected those that are likely to occur in the future for different levels and magnitudes of climate change. Some of these are extremely important to bear in mind, because indeed the ultimate objective of the UNFCCC as stated in Article 2 is to prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. Science cannot determine what constitutes "dangerous", but it can provide substantial scientific evidence and insights on the basis of which negotiators can determine how to integrate this information in the context of Article 2.
To achieve that goal, mitigation efforts and investments over the next 2 to 3 decades will have a large impact on opportunities to achieve lower stabilization levels. Delayed emissions reduction significantly constrains the opportunities to achieve lower stabilization levels and increases the risk of more severe climate change impacts. Neither adaptation not mitigation alone can avoid all climate change impacts; however they can complement each other and together can significantly reduce the risks of climate change. Responding to climate change therefore involves an iterative risk management process that includes both adaptation and mitigation and takes into account climate change damages, co-benefits, sustainability, equity and attitudes.
Changes in lifestyle and behavior patterns can contribute to climate change mitigation across all sectors. Policies that provide a real or implicit price of carbon could create incentives for producers and consumers to significantly invest in low GHG products, technologies and processes.
Mitigation options are associated with a range of co-benefits, which include lower levels of air pollution and associated health benefits, higher levels of energy security, higher levels of employment and higher levels of agricultural production. The AR4 has assessed that for a stabilization level of between 445 to 535 ppm of CO2 equivalent the reduction of average annual GDP growth rates up to 2030 would be less than 0.12 percent. The range of global GDP reduction in 2030, therefore, would be less than 3 percent as part of a least cost trajectory towards different long term stabilization levels. The association of co-benefits, such as those related to the objectives of development, sustainability and equity should also be seen in the context of estimated costs.
The AR4 has assessed a number of mitigation portfolios for achieving stabilization of GHG concentrations, and energy conservation and efficiency are some of the most attractive options available. It was also found that the buildings sector among others had substantial potential for emissions reduction, which remained relatively unaffected by different levels of cost associated with GHG emissions. Another area that has significant potential is the forestry sector, and perhaps in the short term this would provide some attractive opportunities.
Mitigation therefore presents a range of benefits, which can be achieved at very low, and sometimes even negative, costs. In the negotiations to follow during the coming days, it is important for those involved to remember that delay in mitigation actions would only increase costs globally and unfairly for some regions of the world.
The second, perhaps even more important point to remember is that delays in action would only lead to impacts of climate change which would be much larger and in all likelihood more severe than we have experienced so far. Again, these impacts are likely to be most severe for some of the poorest regions and communities in the world. Significantly, in most cases these communities have hardly contributed to the cumulative emissions of GHGs in the past.
Furthermore, even if we could limit global average temperature increase to between 2 – 2.4 degrees Celsius above pre industrial levels at equilibrium, some impacts would be unavoidable and global average sea-level rise on account of thermal expansion alone would lie between 0.4 – 1.4 meters. To this we should add the contribution to sea-level rise from melting of ice across the globe.
The year 2010 has been a challenging period for the IPCC and we have learnt many valuable lessons. In March this year the UN Secretary General and I requested the InterAcademy Council (IAC) to carry out a review of IPCC procedures and processes and provide recommendations for strengthening the organization and its functioning. The IAC submitted its report in August 2010, and the last IPCC plenary held in Busan, Republic of Korea, in October 2010 deliberated on the IAC report, and initiated prompt action to consider and implement its findings. We are confident that the IPCC will emerge stronger as a result of this exercise and live up to the expectations of the global community and stand upto intense public scrutiny of its work. Work on IPCC's Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) is well in hand, and the scientific community has responded splendidly to the Panel's request for its dedicated involvement. A record number of around 3000 nominations of outstanding scientists were submitted for the AR5, and from these a total of 831 have been selected by the IPCC as lead authors and review editors.
The scope of the AR5 has also been expanded over and above previous reports, and would include, for instance, focused treatment of subjects like clouds and aerosols, geo-engineering options, sustainability and equity issues, and much greater focus on the economics and social implications of climate change. The next four years will be marked by intense activity in the IPCC, with two important special reports on renewable energy and extreme events, respectively, due to come out within the next year. In September 2013, the Working Group 1 report as part of the AR5 would be completed, followed rapidly thereafter by the reports of Working Groups II and III respectively. The Synthesis Report of the AR5 will be completed in November 2014, marking the culmination of the AR5 cycle.
In this context, Mr. Prseident, may I salute you for the support you have provided personally along with your government to the scientific community.
As an organization whose relevance to climate change policy is treated as a sacred trust by those working for the IPCC, every effort is being made to ensure that the AR5 is robust, strong and comprehensive, advancing our knowledge and understanding of climate change significantly beyond what we already know. But it is important to remember that what we know already on the basis of the AR4 is enough for us to justify adequate, timely and purposeful action to deal with the growing challenge of climate change. We hope Cancun signifies a major step in action to deal with the challenge of climate change. The available scientific knowledge in this field justifies it and the global community rightly expects it.
Thank you!
ENDS
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www.mindingyourmind.org
Program Overview
Minding Your Mind is a 501c3 not-for-profit organization with a mission of reducing stigma and destructive behaviors associated with mental health issues while promoting help-seeking behavior in youth through education.
Minding Your Mind offers an evidence-based, contact strategy through in-school and community-wide mental health education programs aimed at middle school, high school, and college-age students. Through our professionallycrafted presentations, students hear stories of hope and recovery from young adult speakers who successfully and productively cope with their mental health issues. Our educational programs move away from crisis-based response to prevention through education. Programs create a safe space for communication and aim to normalize the conversation around mental health.
Our Goal
Our goal is to help reduce the incidence of substance abuse, self-harm, isolation, bullying, and suicide in teens and young adults. Suicide is now the second leading cause of death for teens and young adults aged 14 to 23. Suicide almost always is the result of an untreated or under-treated mental health condition. Stigma and shame are the greatest barriers to treatment. Our goal is to create a culture of openness and advocacy.
Since 2007, through our young adult speaker program, Minding Your Mind has reached hundreds of thousands of high school, middle school, and college-aged students, their teachers, families, and caregivers. The programs occur during school assemblies, health classes, and workshops. Issues addressed in these presentations range from mood disorders, suicide ideation and eating disorders, to addictive behavior and bullying.
Our Speakers
Our speakers all have received training to ensure that their presentations are delivered in a professional and knowledgeable fashion. These inspiring presentations provide students with a better understanding of the signs and symptoms of mental health disorders, emphasizing that they are common, treatable, and that help is available. In 2015-2016, Minding Your Mind completed over 1,100 presentations to schools and community organizations. Additionally, Minding Your Mind offers two Best Practice Registry Suicide Prevention Education Programs for school faculty and staff, which qualify for state-mandated training. These presentations often take place during teacher inservice days, at conferences, or during parent nights. All programs are age appropriate and can be tailored to meet the needs of an individual school or community demographic. Our "Be the One" initiative promotes awareness and teaches students how to best take action if their friends or family members are suffering.
All speaker bios, teacher testimonials, and school presentation lists can be viewed on our website www.mindingyourmind.org. To schedule a presentation, please click here to complete the "Book a Speaker Form" found on the upper right hand corner of our Home page. Please feel free to contact our executive director, Trish Larsen, at email@example.com with any questions or comments.
Breaking the Silence through Education
Minding Your Mind • 124 Sibley Avenue • Ardmore, PA 19003 • tel 610.642.3879 • fax 610.896.5704
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- Please inform your server of any food allergies before placing your order.
=Vegetarian, or available as such upon request. Gf ()= Gluten Free
(Gluten free without Bread)
Grilled Chicken Sandwich
Housemade Desserts
Chocolate Cake Pudding Served with whipped cream and powdered sugar. $7.50 Cheesecake
Served with whipped cream, powdered sugar and strawberry sauce. $7.50
Welcome to Johnny D's. We are a family run business since 1969. Our beef is locally raised and 100% grass fed with no hormones added. Our chicken is raised without antibiotics or growth hormones. We are dedicated to using a 100% non-hydrogenated oil for our frying needs, and no hidden meat based broths in soup or sauces.
* Consuming raw or undercooked meats, poultry, or seafood, shellfish, or eggs may increase risk of food borne illness.
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organisation
structure
Board Of Directors
Chief Executive Officer
Audit Committee
Internal Audit
English
& Malay
Newspapers
Subsidiaries
Support
Services
Marketing
Production
Circulation
Chinese
Newspapers
Administration
Corporate
Communications
Corporate
Development
Finance
Human
Resources
Information
Technology
Secretariat/
Legal
12
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Blackboard
WORKSHOP
WORKSHOP OBJECTIVES
1. Grade Center best-practices
2. Reduce time spent managing grades
3. Automatic calculations
WHAT IS BLACKBOARD GRADE CENTER?
The Center for Instructional Design (CID) in collaboration with Technology Support Services will offer a hands-on training workshop that will provide techniques and best practices to reduce the time being spent managing grades using automatic calculations, categories and organization, and other great tools.
Visit tsc.utep.edu/workshops for more information
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Ethiopia Tod ay
Newsletter of the Embassy of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia in Canada
Vol.1 No.7 OCTOBER 2014
IGAD Envoys Condemn Latest Attack
The IGAD Special Envoys for South Sudan have strongly condemned the action of SPLM/A-InOpposition forces in initiating conflict in the area of Bentiu, Unity State. A statement said the ongoing fighting in and around Bentiu, Unity State, demonstrated that the SPLM/A-InOpposition has yet "to abandon the option of war." The IGAD Envoys called on the forces of the SPLM/A-In-Opposition to immediately cease hostilities, for government forces to demonstrate restraint and for all parties to give peace a chance.
They demanded the parties adhere to their commitments, particularly the requirements of the Cessation of Hostilities Agreement to end the recruitment and mobilization of forces, including that of child soldiers, the acquisition of arms and ammunition, and all possible military provocation.
The Envoys also appealed to the IGAD Heads of State and Government, the United Nations, the African Union and the international community to prevail on the parties to immediately cease fighting, commit to a genuine process of peace and dialogue and abandon the option of war.
this war. This "unfortunate development" comes despite progress in the peace talks in Ethiopia and at the start of the current session of talks. It is also taking place on the eve of the convening of the Assembly of the IGAD Heads of State and Government and, at their specific request, direct negotiations between President Kiir and Dr. Machar.
Ethiopia to Help Ebola–affected Countries
Health Minister, Dr. Keseteberhan Admasu, told a press conference on October 24 that Ethiopia was sending 210 health professionals to help deal with the epidemic. The mission, to be deployed in two groups, would be made up of medical doctors, nurses, field epidemiologists, environmental health professionals and public health specialists, drawn from both public and private sectors. They will engage in Ebola case management/treatment, surveillance, contact tracing, social mobilization, and community engagement, and will also assist national health systems in the affected countries to continue their essential and basic health, food, water and sanitation services.
The statement noted that the already dire humanitarian situation throughout South Sudan was further imperiled by this violence, and risked millions of lives and the international effort to address the humanitarian catastrophe induced by
Dr. Keseteberhan Admasu said "This new commitment of deploying medical staff can be considered as a continuation and commitment of Ethiopia's firm stand for African solidarity. Ethiopia shall and will continue to support all efforts until this dreadful crisis is over." He also
1501 - 2 75 Slater Street, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1P 5H9. Tel: 613 565 6637 Fax: 613 565 9175
e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org ,Website: www.ethioembassy canada.org
said Ethiopia would be providing financial support of US$500,000 to Liberia, Guinea and Sierra Leone, the worst affected countries. The African Union, which earlier launched its AU Support to Ebola Outbreak in West Africa (ASEOWA) program recently appealed for more human resources from member states and development partners to fight the Ebola epidemic. The AU Commissioner for Social Affairs, Mustapha Sidiki Kaloko, expressed appreciation to the government and the people of Ethiopia for the contribution and expressed the hope that the positive decision of Ethiopia would encourage other AU member states to respond favorably to the AU's call.
Ethiopian Diaspora Held a Fundraising Event in Winnpeg,Manitoba
Ethiopians and Ethio-Canadians residing in Winnipeg,Brandon and other cities in Manitoba province held a successful fundraising event in Winnipeg city on November 2, 2014, in which a great number of Ethiopian Community members, Candians and officials of provincial administration participated. The event is organized by Ethiopian Community and Winnipeg Area Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam Public Participation Coordinating Council.
Hon. Flor Marcelino, Minister of Multiculturalism and Literacy, Hon. Steve Ashton, Minister of Infrastructure and Transportation of Manitoba province and H.E. Ambassador Birtukan , were among the invited guests that were in attendance at the event.
H.E Birtukan Ayano, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia to Canada, in a speech delivered at the event congratulated the organizers of the event and members of the Ethiopian community of Winnipeg and Manitoba Province for their dedication and strong support towards the development of Ethiopia. H.E further noted that the nation's plan to alleviate poverty and to join the rank of middle income countries is on the right course as evidenced by successful two digit economic growth, recorded over the last eleven years. In order to sustain the viability of the current economic growth it is essential to avail sufficient energy supply, she said.Accordingly, the Ambassador said, the GERD and other hydro power dams under construction in the country by the government and Ethiopian public participation is to satisfy current and future demand of energy of the country and to export to the neighboring countries. Ambassador Birtukan commended Ethiopians and Ethio- Canadians who participated in the actualization of the event and for their
financial contribution and hoped that their current enthusiasm for the development of their country of origin remain intact until the completion of GERD project.
Dr.Seifu Guangul, chairperson of Ethiopian Association Manitoba as well as head of the organizing committee praised fellow participants and called upon all Ethiopian diaspora to exploit current suitable conditions in the country and partake in the development of the country.
UN Ban Ki-moon Announces $8 Billion in new funding to the Horn of Africa
UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon at the start of a tour of the Horn of Africa on Monday (October 27) announced US$8 billion in funding for Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, and Uganda. He said "The countries of the Horn of Africa are making important progress in economic growth and political stability. Now is a crucial moment to support those efforts, end the cycles of conflict and poverty, and move from fragility to sustainability. The UN is joining with other global and regional leaders to ensure a coherent and coordinated approach towards peace, security and development in the Horn of Africa," the UN Secretary General said. The UN Secretary General is accompanied by World Bank President Jim Yong Kim, as well as the President of the Islamic Development Bank Group and high level representatives of the African Union Commission, the European Union, the African Development Bank, and the Intergovernmental Agency for Development (IGAD). On the first day of the visit in Addis Ababa, the World Bank also pledged US$1.8 billion for cross-border activities in a Horn of Africa Initiative intended to boost economic growth and opportunity, reduce poverty, and spur business activity. The African Development Bank announced a pledge of US$1.8 billion over the next three years for countries in the region and the Islamic Development Bank has committed to deploy up to US $1 billion in new financing for its four member countries in the Horn of Africa: Djibouti, Somalia, Sudan and Uganda. The African Union Commission Deputy Chairperson, Erastus Mwencha said that "Our efforts to create peace and stability must be reinforced by investments in the peoples and countries of the Horn."
A conference on IGAD Economies and Federalism in Somalia Held in Addis Ababa
Dr. Tedros Adhanom, Ethiopia's Foreign Minister and Chair of the IGAD Council of Ministers, delivered a keynote address at the Conference on IGAD Economies and Federalism on October 29, co-organized by the Horn Economic and Social Policy Institute (HESPI) and the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD). Dr. Tedros Adhanom; UNECA Deputy Executive Secretary, Dr. Abdalla Hamdock; Ambassador Mohammed Afey, IGAD Special Envoy to Somalia; and Ambassador Ahmed Abdisalam, Somalia's Ambassador to Ethiopia made opening remarks at the opening session of the three-day conference.
HESPI managing director, Dr. Ali Issa Abdi said the conference was the first of its kind despite the fact that federalism had been on the political agenda of Somalia for a long time. He noted that many in Somalia believed that federalism would break up the country by 'balkanizing' the nation while many others believed it was the panacea to Somalia's intractable problems of governance and
its previous state collapse. He said the debate between the two sides had been acrimonious and far from civilized. It was, however, important to have a sober discussion to reconcile differences. Ambassador Ahmed Abdisalam underscored the role of experts in helping Somalis come to a common understanding on issues of federalism through a dialogue based on 'nuanced understanding' of the subject, though he also emphasized that "the expert's role is facilitating the discussion , discussing the way forward is solely the task of the people of Somalia". Ambassador Mohammed Afey noted that that pluralism continued to be a subject that even advanced countries still grappled with. He hailed Ethiopia's bold steps in recognizing self determination and federalism in its constitution, pointing out that peace and stability had followed the coming into force of the constitution. Referring to the IGAD-led process in Somalia to lead to a federal state, he said "Somalia is a federal state: what remains is full implementation, "and he called on Somali MP's to expedite the establishment of the Boundary Demarcation Commission. Dr. Abdalla Hamdock highlighted the changing narrative of the Horn of Africa with its rapid economic development and the increase of FDI while emphasizing the need for underpinning consolidation of these gains. Dr. Tedros Adhanom, in his keynote address, underlined that Somalia was making a good progress in removing the threat of Al-Shabaab and in consolidating local administrations in newly liberated areas. Speaking about the experience of federalism in Ethiopia, he said federalism was a blessing to Ethiopia because it had brought both peace and economic development. The key factor in this, he said, was ownership, adding that "ownership brings commitment and hence positive results. " He said Somalis must take ownership of their common destiny. A federalism prescribed from the outside cannot work as it can endanger commitment to uphold it. He also talked about the need to put Somalia's interest beyond individual or group interest to end to the nation's problems.
News
Addis Ababa Becomes 3rd Largest UN Duty Station
Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn and UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon inaugurated the United Nations' New Office Facility (NOF) in Addis Ababa at the ECA Compound on Tuesday (October 28). Mr. Ban Ki-moon said that Addis Ababa had now become the third largest UN duty station after New York and Geneva.
Speaking on the occasion Ethiopian Prime Minister Hailemariam Dessalegn noted that the continent was struggling against colonialism and apartheid during the establishment of ECA in 1958, Africa is now witnessing development. Today, Africa has liberated itself from colonialism and embarked upon an era of development, stability and good governance, he noted.
"It is for this reason that I am hopeful that this building would herald the consolidation and realization' of this new chapter- an era of African Renaissance." he said.
In his keynote speech, UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-Moon on his part said the opening of the new facility would help to bring the UN staff together, thereby harmonize UN operations, saying "Most of all, it means the United Nations are better placed to deliver better results."
"With the completion of the new facility, we take an important step towards a future of dignity, prosperity and peace." Ban said.
Noting the ECA compound has a rich history, the Secretary-General said Africa Hall, a gift from Ethiopia upon establishment of the ECA in 1958, has seen memorable events, including the founding of the Organization of African Unity more than half a century ago.
"Thanks to this new facility, we have been able to cater for growing demand for office space and increase the number of staff working in the compound to more than 1,000." said Executive Secretary of ECA, Carlos Lopes.
Although, the facility wouldn't allow bringing all UN staff into the compound, it will house UNOAU, UNAMID, UNICEF, UNOPS, WHO and UNHCR representatives to the African Union Commission and ECA, he added
Established as one of the UN's five regional commissions, ECA's mandate is to promote the economic and social development of its member States, foster intra-regional integration, and promote international cooperation for Africa's development.
Ban Hails Ethiopia's Effort to Ensure Peace, Bring Economic Integration
The United Nations Secretary General Ban Kimoon hailed Ethiopia's role to ensure peace and stability and bring about economic integration in the Horn of Africa region.
In a press conference he gave to local and international journalists at the Sheraton Addis on October 27, Ban said that peace and stability cannot be sustained without development and development cannot be sustained without peace.
"The two things are inseparable. Ethiopia has contributed a lot in realizing these needed paths both within itself and in the region," he said.
Ban also congratulated Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn and Foreign Affairs Minister Tedros Adhanom for the prevailing dynamic economic growth and political stability in Ethiopia.He further thanked the government of Ethiopia for its generosity in receiving and sheltering over 600,000 refugees escaping war and repression from various countries.
The World Bank Group (WBG) President, Jim Yong Kim, on his part appreciated Ethiopia's fast economic growth and poverty reduction strategies, which lifted millions out of poverty.
He further said that the World Bank will support Ethiopia's fight against poverty and in its efforts to create economic integration in the region.
Business and Economy
Made in Ethiopia: The Leather Gloves Keeping the World Warm and Stylish
The steady hum of sewing machines fills the air inside a large glove making factory on the outskirts of Addis Ababa, the bustling Ethiopian capital. Patches of leather move through an array of working stations as busy laborers work feverishly to meet the company's export quota: 5,000 gloves a day.
The operation belongs to Pittards, a UK-based company whose trading partnership with Ethiopia dates back to the early 1900s. Here, hardy, durable cow hide is made into work gloves. These are ideal for builders and gardeners, and are mainly exported to the U.S.And then there are the stylish designs created from a different type of animal skin, these are made to keep fingers warm in Tokyo, Paris and Rome.
"The fashion glove is made of sheepskin which is unique to Ethiopia," explains Tsedenia Mekbib, general manager at Pittards Products Manufacturing. "The durability, the stretch ability and the strength make it popular for gloving leather specifically. That has been the one strength of Ethiopia and the leather sector."
Sophisticated designs with decorative touches may be the hallmark of this type of glove, but they must also be practical. Ethiopia's climate makes this animal skin effective in withstanding the winter chill an essential selling point.
And this effective material is in abundant supply. Ethiopia's 90-million cattle, sheep and goat population is one of the world's largest, according to the United Nations Industrial Development Organization. (CNN) (WIC)
Bombardier Transportation Lands Rail Contract in Ethiopia
Bombardier Transportation has landed a contract to deliver mainline signalling for a 400-kilometer stretch of rail in Ethiopia.
The order awarded by Turkish construction company Yapi Merkezi, which is delivering the design and construction of the project, has a value of approximately US$45 million.
"This is one of the longest lines tendered as a turnkey project in sub-Saharan Africa," Yapi Merkezi board member Erdem Arioglu said in a statement Wednesday.
"Yapi Merkezi went through a very detailed selection process to determine its suppliers and subcontractors and Bombardier was selected due to its proven track record and its successful, longterm cooperation with Yapi Merkezi on similar projects worldwide."
Bombardier Transportation is headquartered in Berlin and is a unit of Montreal-based Bombardier Inc. (brandonsun.com)
Ethiopian Receives 10th B787 Dreamliner
Ethiopian Airlines, the largest airline in Africa, announced it has received its 10th B787 Dreamliner dubbed "Niagara Falls" on 2 October 2014.
Ethiopian, an aviation technology leader in Africa, was the first airline in the world outside Japan to receive and operate in August 2012 the B787 Dreamliner, the most technologically advanced commercial aircraft.
The airline has chosen the B787 as its core fleet on its mid and long range routes such as Johannesburg, Lagos, Abuja and Harare in Africa; London, Paris and Frankfurt in Europe; Shanghai, Beijing, Hong Kong, and Seoul in Asia; Washington D.C., Toronto and Brazil in the Americas.The Toronto and Washington, D.C. routes are recorded as the longest non-stop routes using the B787.Ethiopian is Pan-African global carrier serving 83 destinations across five continents from its main hub at Bole International Airport in Addis Ababa.
Indian Companies to Invest 2 Billion USD in Ethiopia
Addis Ababa, October 02/2014 Indian companies with an aggregate capital of 2 billion USD are making preparations to invest in Ethiopia, according to India's Ambassador to Ethiopia.
Ambassador Sanjay Verma told ENA that Indian investors are ready to invest in Ethiopia seizing the favorable investment opportunities created in the country. The reliable peace and fast economic growth in the country have in particular made Ethiopia the most preferred investment destination in Africa for Indian investors, he said.
As a result, the number of Indian businesspersons investing in Ethiopia has been growing from time to time, the ambassador noted, adding that over 600 Indian companies with 4 billion USD have so far invested in the country.
According to Verma, the trade and investment volume of Ethiopia and India has exceeded 1.2 billion USD.In order to further strengthen the trade and investment tie of the countries, India is finalizing preparations to establish the biggest agricultural and science center in Africa and a textile industry cluster in Kombolcha town, the ambassador revealed.
Moreover, the ambassador recalled that India had extended 1 billion USD to Ethiopia's mega projects, specifically electric transmission lines, railway construction, sugar factories and
irrigation.Diplomatic relations between Ethiopia and India started over seventy years ago.
Tourism and Culture
Visitors Say Ethiopia Land of Incredible Destinations
North American National Tour visitors who visited Ethiopia recently said that Ethiopia is an incredibly diverse nation with infinite tourist destinations which could drastically build its image at global level.The group, which included authors, journalists, educators and travel operators made the remark in the early October after they visited the country for ten days.
The visitors during their stay in Ethiopia traveled to great tourist destinations such as Lalibela, Aksum, Gondar and the Blue Nile.
Yuriy Segovia, Author and journalist in the United States said Ethiopia is a country with an absolutely great potential for tourism, but which still needs to promote itself to the rest of the world."Many people still perceive Africa as something backward, poor and continent in misery and sickness, but Ethiopia is different in that it is a country with fantastic tourist sites and fantastic people," Segovia said.
Segovia also said that his perception is that Ethiopia has to work on promoting itself aggressively. This is a unique country, rich in diversity compared to other African countries. As it is difficult to reach tourists in North America and Europe and other parts of the world, it is possible to do it locally."
He says, through people, tourism is much more perceptible and Ethiopia has a great human resource. Visiting Ethiopia for the second time he said road construction has significantly improved over the last nine years, increasing the accessibility of tourism sites in the country."You are on the right track to raise the number of foreign visitors," Segovia added.
NTA Director of International Development Hybina Hao also said that Ethiopian tourism can grow as much as the rest of tourism owning countries provided that it continues to build its capacity to meet the demands of international tourists and promote its endowment.
John William came to Ethiopia to celebrate Maskal two weeks ago. And, it was not his first time visiting Ethiopia but he came to Ethiopia many times. John says that he likes to visit Ethiopia very often not only for its impressive historical features but also to enjoy the humble hospitality and kind approaches of the people.
Christina Bie was also one of Maskal celebrants from Canada. She said: "I have seen no country like Ethiopia which is endowed with some kind of unique scenery and natural heritage in every village and region you move."
By creating websites and other online platforms, the group of visitors noted that the country's image should be posted to communicate and to invite the outside world. They also pledged to introduce Ethiopia to others in various events back home.
Ethiopian Tourism Organization Chief Executive Officer Solomon Tadesse on his part said that the government has planned to launch a website that would enable the country promote itself, providing detail information about its countless natural and historical destinations.(EH)
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Summary of Adverse Health Effects of Noise Pollution
Prepared by Louis Hagler, MD
Based on the World Health Organization Guideline for Community Noise
(See: http://www.who.int/docstore/peh/noise/guidelines2.html for complete report)
As the population grows, there is increasing exposure to noise pollution, which has profound public health implications. Noise pollution creates a need for action at the local level, as well as for improved legislation and management. Urban noise pollution produces direct and cumulative adverse health effects by degrading residential, social, working, and learning environments with corresponding real (economic) and intangible (well-being) losses. The World Health Organization has documented seven categories of adverse health effects of noise pollution on humans.
1. Hearing Impairment: Hearing damage is related to duration and intensity of noise exposure and occurs at levels of 80 dB or greater, which is equivalent to the noise of heavy truck traffic. Children seem to be more vulnerable than adults.
2. Interference with Spoken Communication: Noise pollution interferes with the ability to comprehend normal speech and may lead to a number of personal disabilities, handicaps, and behavioral changes. These include problems with concentration, fatigue, uncertainty, lack of self confidence, irritation, misunderstandings, decreased working capacity, disturbed interpersonal relationships, and stress reactions.
3. Sleep Disturbances: Uninterrupted sleep is known to be a prerequisite for good physiological and mental functioning in healthy persons. Noise pollution is a major cause of sleep disturbances. Apart from various effects on sleep itself, noise pollution during sleep causes increased blood pressure, increased heart rate, increased pulse amplitude, vasoconstriction, cardiac arrhythmias, and increased body movement. These effects do not decrease over time. Secondary effects include fatigue, depressed mood and well-being, and decreased performance. Combinations of noise and vibration have a significant detrimental effect on health, even at low sound pressure levels.
4. Cardiovascular Disturbances: A growing body of evidence suggests that noise pollution may be a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Acute exposure to noise activates nervous and hormonal responses, leading to increased blood pressure and heart rate and to vasoconstriction. If the exposure is of sufficient intensity, there is an increase in heart rate and peripheral resistance; an increase in blood pressure, and increased levels of stress hormones (epinephrine, norepinephrine, and cortisol).
5. Disturbances in Mental Health: Noise pollution is not believed to be a cause of mental illness, but it is assumed to accelerate and intensify the development of latent mental disorders. Noise pollution may cause or contribute to the following adverse effects: anxiety, stress, nervousness, nausea, headache, emotional instability, argumentativeness, sexual impotence, changes in mood, increase in social conflicts, neurosis, hysteria, and
psychosis. Children, the elderly, and those with underlying depression are particularly susceptible to these effects.
6. Impaired Task Performance: The effects of noise pollution on task performance have been well-studied. Noise pollution impairs task performance, increases errors, and decreases motivation. Reading attention, problem solving, and memory are most strongly affected by noise. Noise produces negative after-effects on performance, particularly in children; it appears that the longer the exposure, the greater the damage.
7. Negative Social Behavior and Annoyance Reactions: Annoyance is defined as a feeling of displeasure associated with any agent or condition believed by an individual to adversely affect him or her. Annoyance increases significantly when noise is accompanied by vibration or by low frequency components. The term annoyance does not begin to cover the wide range of negative reactions associated with noise pollution; these include anger, disappointment, dissatisfaction, withdrawal, helplessness, depression, anxiety, distraction, agitation, or exhaustion. Social and behavioral effects are complex, subtle, and indirect. These effects include changes in everyday behavior (closing windows and doors to eliminate outside noises), changes in social behavior (aggressiveness or disengagement), and changes in social indicators (residential mobility, hospital admissions, drug consumption, and accident rates), and changes in mood (increased reports of depression). Noise above 80 dB is consistently associated with decreased helping behavior and increased aggressiveness.
Effects of Multiple Sources of Noise Pollution: Most environments contain a combination of sounds from more than one source (e.g., trains, boom-box cars, car horns and alarms, and heavy trucks). Adverse health effects are related to total noise exposure from all sources. In residential populations, combined sources of noise pollution will lead to a combination of adverse effects, such as sleep disturbances; cardiovascular disturbances; interference at work, school, and home; and annoyance; among others.
Groups Vulnerable to the Effects of Noise Pollution: Although everyone may be adversely affected by noise pollution, groups that are particularly vulnerable include infants, children, those with mental or physical illnesses, and the elderly. Because children are particularly vulnerable to noise induced abnormalities, they need special protection.
Conclusions and Recommendations: The adverse health effects of noise pollution are numerous, pervasive, persistent, and medically and socially significant. These adverse effects represent a significant public health problem that can lead to social handicaps, reduced productivity, impaired learning, absenteeism, increased drug use, and accidents. The aim of enlightened governmental controls should be to protect the population from these adverse effects of noise.
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JUNKINS TO RECEIVE THE ICCES LIFETIME ACHIEVEMENT MEDAL
The International Conference on Computational and Experimental Engineering and Sciences (ICCES) has announced that the ICCES Lifetime Achievement Medal will be awarded to Dr. John L. Junkins, Distinguished Professor in the Department of Aerospace Engineering at Texas A&M University.
"I was really happy when this news came out of the blue," said Junkins, when asked about his most recent honor.
Junkins will be the inaugural recipient of this medal, which recognizes his sustained and significant contributions in the forms of research, teaching and service to the community in the area of "Mechanics and Control, Their Synergism and Interdependence."
Junkins was cited as a world leader in the rigorous fusion of mechanics, control and associated computational methods, as well as being an outstanding academic mentor.
Over the past decade, the ICCES has emerged as a major international forum with thousands of participants from the Americas, Europe and Asia convening to share recent research results in Engineering Science.
ICCES emphasizes the closure of theory, computation and experiment across the sciences, engineering and mathematical modeling.
Drs. John Junkins, Xaioli Bai and Jeremy Davis
Junkins will receive this award at ICCES2011 in April in Nanjing, China, where he will also deliver a lecture. In addition, Junkins will be honored with a "mini-symposium" co-chaired by Dr. K.T. Alfriend and Dr. J.E. Hurtado, also from Texas A&M's aerospace engineering department.
Junkins' current and former Ph.D. students will be invited to contribute papers and present lectures at the minisymposium.
"I have been truly blessed to work with four dozen stellar Ph.D. students who have spawned three descendant generations of Ph.D.s. Together we have collaborated on a variety of research problems over the past four decades. I consider this medal evidence that this group has made contributions that are judged meritorious.
"This mini-symposium is a great opportunity to renew our acquaintances and share our recent work," said Junkins, "and the best part will be seeing some dear friends, including a few that I haven't seen in several years."
Dr. Xiaoli Bai, who is one of Junkins' most recent Ph.D. graduates from Texas A&M, will also serve on the organizing committee and help host the delegates while touring the Nanjing environs. Bai is the co-author the paper Junkins will deliver at the mini-symposium lecture.
"I really look forward to this event. It will be a wonderful occasion to share this honor with lifelong friends, and recognize my former students' many accomplishments. Without question, it is because of their collective contributions that I am receiving this honor," Junkins said.
For more information on ICCES and the Lifetime Achievement Medal, please visit http://icces.org/.
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EX ANTE
EXEMPLARY LEGAL WRITING 2009
ongratulations to this year's Green Bag "exemplary legal writing" honorees. Samples of their good work appear in the 2010 edition of the Green Bag Almanac and Reader. They are: C
Opinions for the Court
Frank H. Easterbrook, Buchmeier v. U.S., 581 F.3d 561 (7th Cir. 2009) (en banc)
Ruth Bader Ginsburg, U.S. v. Hayes, 129 S. Ct. 1079 (2009)
Jed S. Rakoff, SEC v. Bank of America, 653 F.Supp.2d 507 (S.D.N.Y.
2009)
Concurrences, Dissents, etc.
Alex Kozinski, U.S. v. Cruz, 554 F.3d 840 (9th Cir. 2009)
John T. Noonan, Jr., Tucson Herpetological Society v. Salazar, 566 F.3d 870 (9th Cir. 2009)
John G. Roberts, Jr., Virginia v. Harris, 130 S. Ct. 10 (2009)
David H. Souter, U.S. v. Navajo Nation, 129 S. Ct. 1547 (2009)
Ex Ante
Books
(including articles more than 25,000 words long)
Amy Bach, Ordinary Injustice: How America Holds Court (Metropolitan Books 2009)
Annette Gordon-Reed, The Hemingses of Monticello: An American Family (W.W. Norton & Co. 2008)
David G. Post, In Search of Jefferson's Moose: Notes on the State of Cyberspace (Oxford University Press 2009)
Short Articles
Pamela S. Karlan, Voting Rights and the Third Reconstruction, in The Constitution in 2020 (Oxford University Press 2009)
David F. Levi, Autocrat of the Armchair, 58 Duke L.J. 1791 (2009)
Michael J. Morrissey, Dead Men Sometimes Do Tell Tales, in Your Witness: Lessons on Cross-Examination and Life from Great Chicago Trial Lawyers (Law Bulletin 2008)
Long Articles
Lani Guinier, Courting the People: Demosprudence and the Law/Politics Divide, 89 Boston U. L. Rev. 539 (2009)
Frederick Schauer, A Critical Guide to Vehicles in the Park, 83 NYU L. Rev. 1109 (2008)
G. Edward White, Introduction to Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., The Common Law (1881; Harvard University Press 2009 prtg.)
News & Editorial
Eugene R. Fidell, Appellate Review of Military Commissions, Balkinization, Oct. 8, 2009
Dahlia Lithwick, Shit Doesn't Happen: The Supreme Court's 100 percent dirt-free exploration of potty words, Slate, Nov. 4, 2008
Kermit Roosevelt, Justice Cincinnatus: David Souter – a dying breed, the Yankee Republican, Slate, May 1, 2009
Jeffrey Toobin, Are Obama's judges really liberals?, The New Yorker, Sept. 21, 2009
Ex Ante
Miscellany
Elena Kagan et al., Brief for the United States as Amicus Curiae Supporting Petitioners, Migliaccio v. Castaneda, Nos. 08-1529 and 08-1547 (U.S. 2009)
Martin S. Lederman, Constitutionality of the Ronald Reagan Centennial Commission Act of 2009, 33 Op. Office of Legal Counsel (2009)
Elizabeth B. Wydra, Douglas T. Kendall, and David H. Gans, Brief of Constitutional Law Professors as Amici Curiae in Support of Reversal, McDonald v. City of Chicago (7th Cir. 2009)
THESE SHOES ARE MADE FOR ARGUIN'
Leach, it turns out, had just finished his February 22, 2010 argument for the respondent in Astrue v. Ratliff, No. 08-1322, and . . .
aithful reader Professor Robert Rains of the Penn State Dickinson School of Law sent us this photograph (snapped by Dickinson 3L Nolan Meeks) of a man in sneakers standing in front of the Supreme Court building in Washington, DC. We asked Rains for details. He passed our inquiry along to the man in the sneakers, James D. Leach of Rapid City, SD, who emailed the story to us. F
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INTERNATIONAL CONFEDERATION OF FULLBORE RIFLE ASSOCIATIONS
Minutes of the ICFRA Council meeting held at Bisley, United Kingdom, on Wednesday and Thursday 9 th and 10 th July 2003
Present: S.E. Frost (CAN)
-
President & Chairman C& R Committee
Prof. A.R. Horrocks (GBR) -
Vice-President
S.J. Bissonnette (CAN) -
Chairman, Palma Committee
A.H. Bowden (AUS)
G.J.P. Burger (RSA)
-
also representing Namibia
J.R. Cantlay (ZIM)
-
Part Day 2 only, representing D. Elliott
R. Chombart (CPC)
Col. M.S. Gilchrist (USA)
N.D. Gomez (WI)
S. Kihara (KEN)
-
representing A. Vayani
D. Lee (JAM)
-
Day 2 only
Col. C. Le Roux (RSA) -
Chairman, Veterans Committee
C.C. Mallett Jnr. (CI)
R. McVeigh (NIR)
-
Day 2 only
D.M. Mesletzky (GER)
D.T. O'Leary (WAL) -
Day 2 only
M.Z. Pardi (MAS)
-
Day 2 only
M. Persaud (GUY)
-
Day 2 only
Secretary-General: C.C.C. Cheshire (GBR)
In attendance:
R.J. Aitken (SCO)
-
Part Day 2 only
P. Amy (JER)
-
Part Day 2 only, representing C.C. Mallett
A.J.C.B. de Launay (ENG) -
Part Day 2 only
F. Evers (HOL)
M.G. Farnan (GBR)
-
Day 2 only
Ph. Ginestet (CPC)
S. Goslin (RSA)
-
Day 1 only
B. Hawkins (KEN)
-
Part Day 2 only
S. Hijman (HOL)
R. Kloosterman (HOL)
N.C. Mace (GUE)
-
representing Dr. A.M. Jory
J.N. McLaren (NZL) -
Day 2 only, representing A.A.M. Loughnan
Mrs. C. McShane (AUS)
C.S. O'Brien (GBR)
G.R.H. Smith (NZL)
-
Day 2 only
M.W. Tompkins (USA)
Apologies:
Were received from the following: S. Rayner (BER), G.J.F. Gous (NAM), J. Sohal (MAW), J. Rousseau (RSA), W. King (BAR), G. Goodwin (FKI), J.P.S. Bloomfield (ENG), A.A.M. Loughnan (NZL), A. Vayani (KEN),
1. Welcome - The President welcomed everyone to this the first ICFRA Council meeting and hoped that this newly formed World Body for the Governance of International Fullbore rifle shooting would flourish and go from strength to strength.
He advised that there would necessarily be some changes to the order of the Council agenda as sent out and asked the Secretary-General (SG) to cover the first two items.
2. The Minutes - The SG advised that the Minutes of this meeting would be sent out to those present in draft form in late August having first been cleared by the President and Vice-President, he asked that all attendees read the Minutes as quickly as possible and send any e-mail corrections to the SG as soon as possible.
SG also proposed, subject to Council approval, that in order to keep the Minutes to a sensible and readable length that where possible only decisions taken would be recorded in these Minutes but that it was up to individual Council members to decide if they wished a lengthening of any particular item once the draft Minutes were circulated. Council approved.
3. Membership
a. Restriction to those who shoot fullbore only - Clause 4 of the Constitution states that membership is restricted to those NRAs that "controlled fullbore rifle shooting (less 300m) on a daily basis". SG was concerned that prior to his election as SG that Pakistan had applied to become an affiliate member. Neither he, nor any other ICFRA member, was aware that any fullbore rifle shooting took place in that country.
SG recommended that he write to Pakistan NRA and seek clarification of their status regarding fullbore shooting and if it should transpire that they did not participate that their affiliate membership should be withheld until such time they became fully involved in this discipline.
This recommendation was proposed for approval by South Africa and seconded by USA and carried unanimously.
After Note: Following e-mails exchanged between SG and Pakistan the latter has acknowledged that fullbore rifle is not yet a discipline widely practiced in Pakistan. Their SG has said that the matter will be fully discussed at their next meeting and they may decide to become observer members until such time that fullbore rifle is fully integrated into their shooting disciplines.
b. New members - SG reported that St. Helena had agreed to join ICFRA but that he still awaited names of their delegates. Other than that the list as sent out in May was correct. He hoped that Scotland, Isle of Man and England would join following the Commonwealth discussion at the Council meeting on 10 th July.
c. Countries not contacted - Council approved that SG had not contacted Samoa as their only fullbore shooter was resident in NZ, Uganda as they appeared to shoot fullbore with SLRs and Swaziland where there had been no sign of fullbore activity since the 1994 Commonwealth Games.
4. Application for membership by Holland – The President advised that the paperwork for this had been sent to all Council members with the agenda and that the application by Holland for affiliate membership of ICFRA had been opposed by CPC. He proposed that both sides be allowed to present their case and that Council would then vote on the matter.
The Dutch representative, Frans Evers, laid out their case to join ICFRA which included:
a. Their club (IRC of Holland) was recognised by the Royal Netherlands Shooting Association (KNSA).
b. KNSA had provided a letter confirming that IRC was a member of KNSA and that KNSA also advised that IRC represented them for "long distance shooting".
c. IRC was open to all members in Holland.
d. It had provided 9 members of the CPC Palma Team in 1999 in South Africa.
e. Holland was only applying for affiliate membership.
A number of members posed questions to Mr. Evers. These included the confirmation that any Dutch fullbore shooter could join IRC and that the other Dutch fullbore clubs were content with the recognition given by KNSA, these points were both confirmed by Mr. Evers.
M. Philippe Ginestet then laid out the case for the CPC objection to the Holland application for membership. This included that the KNSA was not a fullbore governing body and was an ISSF controlled body and that many Dutch shooters did not recognise the KNSA support of IRC.
The Holland representatives then left the meeting whilst the matter was discussed.
Australia then proposed that "subject to bona fides being established, that ICFRA should accept Holland as an affiliate member". This was seconded by USA and carried unanimously.
It was further agreed that the SG would write a diplomatic letter to KNSA asking them to confirm that all Dutch fullbore clubs supported the KNSA delegation of responsibility for "long distance fullbore shooting" to IRC of Holland and that there was no bar to membership of IRC of Holland for any Dutch fullbore shooter. SG should also request that KNSA advise ICFRA if there was any change to their delegation of responsibility to IRC of Holland in the future.
IRC of Holland members were welcomed back to the meeting, advised of the Council decision and invited to stay on at the meeting as observers.
Mr. O'Brien (GB) proposed that that an ICFRA by-law be established similar to the Appendix 6 in the NRA of GB Bisley "Bible" so that in future there were no misunderstandings on membership. This was unanimously agreed and it was also agreed that GB would draft an appropriate by-law for approval by Council.
After note: The letter to KNSA from the SG was sent on 14 th August.
5. COMMITTEE REPORTS
a. Constitution and Rules Committee
Mr. Frost (CAN), as Chairman of the C&R Committee, reported on the meeting held the previous day. The minutes of this meeting are appended to these Minutes.
Mr. Frost said he wished Council to approve, by a show of hands, each of the recommendations made by his committee (see attached Minutes) and these would be put to the vote:
i. Council to become responsible for the Constitution and that Council appoint a sub committee, which must include the Chairmen of each discipline committee, to assist in the work of amendments as required – Carried
ii. Discipline Committees to be responsible for the drafting of appropriate technical rules, all in a similar format, and then to be approved by Council – Carried
iii. To approve the amendment to Clause 10 – Carried
iv. To move Clause 12.4 to become Clause 12.1 and all other Clause numbers to be renumbered accordingly – Carried
v. Clauses 15.6, 15.7, 15.8, 15.9 and 15.10 to be amended to read at the beginning of each "The Chairman or his authorised deputy" replacing the words "One representative of the" and in 15.10 replacing the word "Representatives" – Carried
vi. 15.8 – delete the word Games after "Commonwealth" and wherever else it appears within the Constitution – Carried
vii. Clause 16.12 – delete "such as chairpersons of ICFRA committees" – Carried
viii. Clause 17.1 – Delete "World Championships LR Committee" in title and insert "Palma and World Championships Committee" – Carried
ix. Clause 17.2 – delete in its entirety BUT leave Council only to amend Rules and move this to Clause 18 – Carried
x. Clause 17.5 – delete Constitution and Rules Committee and wherever else it may appear – Carried
xi. Clause 25 – first line – delete word "will" and replace with word "may". After "another Council member body" add "or suitable individuals" Delete final sentence relating to DCRA – Carried
xii. Clause 34 – delete in its entirety – Carried
The USA proposed at the C& R Committee that all electronic votes must be unanimous. This proposal was not accepted by Council and resulted in considerable discussion and eventually led to the following revised proposal by NZL and seconded by CI:
"That there must be a 75% response to all e-mail votes and that there must be a 75% acceptance" Carried
It was also agreed that the results of all ballots would be made known to all members.
It was also proposed that voting procedures become part of a new by-law and this was carried. However until this and other by-laws were drafted and approved then it was agreed unanimously that the decisions of Council would be binding.
The following amendments were then proposed by GBR who had been unable to be present at the previous days C&R meeting:
i. Clause 15 – To read "ICFRA shall be governed by a General Assembly. The General Assembly will meet every at least every four years, most likely at the Palma and Individual World Long Range Championships, as a general assembly for the following purposes:
a) To receive the President and Secretary General's reports for the 4 year period.
b) To agree the financial statement of accounts for the period.
c) To amend the Constitution and ratify amendments undertaken by the Council in previous Council meetings or postal/electronic votes since the previous General Assembly (see Clauses 33-38).
d) To agree or ratify proposed rule changes
e) To undertake any other business requiring the input of all member organisations irrespective of membership type.
During intervening periods, the Council will meet or communicate as an executive body to discuss and execute business in respect of fulfilling the aims (Clause 12) of ICFRA. Should issues require a General Assembly meeting decision, this will be decided by postal or electronic voting.
ii. The Council will govern in accordance with the following provisions:
Amendment to Clause 15.3 – "One (optional) representative (Councillor) of each affiliate, who shall have a voice but not a vote during a Council meeting but who shall have a vote at a General Assembly meeting unless such affiliate is a Commonwealth country representative and is a member of an Association that is a Full Member of ICFRA, when he shall not have a vote with the exception that on Commonwealth and associated matters the affiliate shall vote and not the parent member association.
iii. Amendment to Clause 31 – "Publication of Financial Reports"
Annual reporting: After final acceptance by the Council, the financial statements, together with a report will be circulated to all member bodies by the Treasurer within 3 months of the end of the financial year.
Four year reporting: At the end of each 4 year period, an audited set of financial statements of accounts and a report will be submitted to the next General Assembly after prior circulation at least 2 months before the date of the meeting for approval.
(It was accepted at the Council meeting that auditing by a member NRA, that was not the account holder, was acceptable).
These amendments generated much discussion but were eventually approved and carried.
Drugs Policy - Mr. Frost sought approval that the NRA of Australia be requested to develop a draft ICFRA drugs policy. This was approved.
Membership fees – see agreement under Accounts
b. F Class Committee – SABU, as hosts of the next F Class World Championships proposed that the 2004 Championships be deferred by one year to 2005. Council approved. Germany were concerned that they had paid money to various outlets in RSA for the proposed Championships in 2004 and it was agreed that SABU would be asked to ensure that such funds be carried over to 2005 or refunded in full.
It was noted that Australia had bid for the F Class World Championships to be held in Australia (Brisbane) in 2009 but agreed that such approval must first be considered by the F Class Committee before being ratified by the Council.
SG advised that he had received, that morning, a set of F Class Rules for approval by Council. After a very short discussion Council agreed that it was not prepared to accept draft Rules for approval at such short notice and especially when there had been no chance to read them and it was felt that these Rules may have been rushed through the Committee stage and Council was not convinced that all member countries' delegates of the F Class Committee had had sight of and approved the proposed Rules.
The F Class Committee were asked to thoroughly review the proposed Rules for the 2005 F Class World Championships and re-submit them in good time for Council approval.
It was also suggested and approved that the F Class and TR Committees get together to ensure that Rules were drafted in a similar format.
c. TR Committee – The TR report had been sent to all Council members (and is attached to these Minutes) and was read out at Council.
USA proposed support of the report and this was seconded by Australia and carried.
USA, however, was very concerned about a drugs policy to be drafted by ICFRA and which may or may not be acceptable to IOC. Whilst USA supported that an ICFRA drugs policy had to be formulated, and that many drugs currently banned by the IOC were not in any way performance enhancing to shooters, it was important that we should remember that IOC drugs policies seemed to change monthly given that "state of the art detection" was also rapidly improving and changing.
As discussed in the C& R Committee report Australia had kindly offered to draft an ICFRA drugs policy and this matter would have to be addressed in due course by ICFRA Council. It was agreed that any future proposal put forward by ICFRA to have bans lifted on some drugs under the IOC and CGF policies for use by shooters would have to have had a thorough medical review and this may well prove prohibitively expensive. It was agreed that for the time being shooters in the Commonwealth Games would have to meet the current rules and that any changes would be necessarily long term.
Council decided that the discipline Committees should interact to ensure that each discipline's technical Rules would be drafted in a similar format as this would reduce complexity, length and cost of production in due course. Council requested that the Palma, TR and F Class Committee Chairmen should exchange views on this matter at the earliest opportunity. It was agreed that cross-referencing was acceptable.
Council asked that the TR committee proceed in a timely manner to establish a standardisation of international fullbore shooting rules and an international calendar (roster), in conjunction with the F Class and Veterans Committees, for international matches and tours.
d. Veterans Committee. Col. Cas le Roux (RSA), Chairman of the Committee, read out the Minutes of the meeting held the on 8 th July and they are attached to these Minutes. Their report and the following recommendations of the committee were proposed for acceptance by RSA and seconded by GBR and carried unanimously:
i. That Veterans World Championships be maintained on 4 year cycle.
ii. That the Veterans World Individual and Team Championships continue to be held in conjunction with the IWLRC and Palma Match.
iii. The withdrawal by the United States of America of their bid to stage a 2005 Veterans World Championships.
iv. That the next Veterans events will be in 2007 in Ottawa and shot after their Grand Aggregate and that Australia would stage the following event in 2011.
v. That the course of fire would be 2 convertible sighters and 10 to count at 300, 600, 900 and 1000 yards (or metric equivalent)
vi. Ammunition would be as issued by the host country for 2007
vii. Team size – 17 – Captain, Adjutant, Main Coach, 2 coaches, 10 firers, and 2 reserves.
e. Palma and World Championships Committee. Mr. Bissonnette (CAN), Chairman of the committee, said that there had been a committee meeting on 8 th July but that it that had not yet completed all the business on Rules for the future and they intended to meet again before the end of the Bisley Imperial meeting.
However there had been agreement to a number of minor rule changes for the matches this year (2003) and other straightforward matters and these were:
Rule changes for 2003
i. The draw for targets this year would be done on a mathematical system where the first draw at 800 yards would determine the draw for the remaining ranges. After the draw at 800 yards on Day 1, which would also give the draw for 900 yards, envelopes related to the initial draw would be handed out before 1000 yards on Day 1 and before 800 yards and 1000 yards on Day 2.
ii. The committee supported the request by USA that the Fulton Trophy, donated by them, be awarded, with effect from 2003, to the team that won the Palma Match and then to be awarded by that Team to the person whom they thought was their most valuable team member.
The future
i. That the 2011 Matches should be staged in Australia (Brisbane) as per their formal request.
ii. That Australia also be permitted to stage a Short Range World Championships in conjunction with the their other matches in 2011.
These matters were proposed for acceptance by Australia and seconded by Canada and carried unanimously.
iii. That the bullet for the future matches be of any commercial manufacture of less that 156gr in weight.
This was proposed by CPC and seconded by Canada and carried but Australia and USA voted against.
Palma Match Director and Umpire for 2003
It was agreed that Maj. M.G. Farnan, as proposed by the NRA of GB, would be the Match Director and Council approved the nomination of The Secretary General as the Match Umpire.
Bailment Agreement for Palma trophy
Mr. Bissonnette advised that USA had requested that ICFRA sign a Bailment Agreement for the Palma Trophy. He had shown this document to a number of members of the committee and to a number of lawyers and recommended that ICFRA should sign the document.
Australia proposed that the Bailment Agreement be signed and this was seconded by Canada and approved unanimously. The Agreement was then signed by the SG and he requested that USA return a copy to him once it had been countersigned by them. This was agreed.
Insurance of trophies
SG enquired if the agreement meant that ICFRA had to insure this trophy to which the answer was affirmative. SG then recommended that it might be cheaper if the trophy remained insured by the NRA of America and that ICFRA repaid the cost. USA said they would investigate the matter but did not foresee a problem.
Bailment Agreements and insurance for other trophies and provision of medals
SG then raised the issue of other trophies and medals for competitions that would in the future be sanctioned by ICFRA. After some discussion the following matters were approved:
i. That Australia would consult the NRAA board over agreement to a similar Bailment Agreement for the Empire Trophy for the Australia Match.
Australia also said that they wished to hold an Australia Match in 2005 and sought ICFRA approval. This was granted. It was also agreed that Australia had to be present for the staging of an Australia Match.
ii. That the F Class World Championship trophies, awarded in Canada in 2002, come under ICFRA control.
iii. That the Fulton Trophy (USA) for the Palma Match, the Paterson Trophy (GBR) for the IWLRC and the 1907 Rose Bowl (GBR) for the Australia Match also be the subject of Bailment Agreements and loaned to ICFRA.
iv. That the insurance for the trophies remains the responsibility of the owning NRA and that ICFRA repays the annual cost if this is the cheaper option.
v. That ICFRA become responsible for the provision of medals for the Palma Match, the IWLRC and IWSRC, the F Class World Championships, The Veterans World Individual and Team Championships, The Australia Match (subject to NRAA approval). It was agreed that these medals would in future have some form of ICFRA detail on the medal and the matter was left with the SG to sort this out in due course and to then seek Council approval.
vi. That the costs for medals would be incorporated into entry fees of each respective match.
vii. It was agreed that all trophies would be returned to the venue of the next event at the cost of the winning country.
Registration of Palma name and logo
USA also wished all countries to note that the Palma name and logo was internationally registered and that it could/should not be used without reference to the NRA of America. USA said that such agreement for use would be given to a host country once an application in writing had been made.
Short Range World Championships
It was agreed that this new event would come under the responsibility of this committee, The Palma and World Championships Committee.
It was also agreed that the World Championships, whether Long or Short Range, should have equal importance.
Name of Committee
It was agreed that the Committee would in future be called the Palma and World Championships Committee and the use of the abbreviated form of Palma Committee was quite acceptable.
Number of teams to warrant the name "World" in the title of a Championship.
After much discussion it was agreed that 4 international teams needed to participate in order for ICFRA to designate a championships a "World" Championships.
World "Cups"
It was agreed that the Palma Committee should consider whether World "Cups" be held in between World Championships and that these would require sanction by ICFRA but no other ICFRA involvement. There was some discussion that World Cups could be misinterpreted for World Championships but it was also stated that in the shooting world these events were well know n and understood.
Mini "Palma Match"
There was much discussion on a proposal by Zimbabwe and WI to allow a smaller version of the Palma Match so that countries with a smaller number of shooters could shoot under these conditions. Mr. Bissonnette said that this matter was still under discussion in Committee.
USA said that they could not support the name "Palma" in such a Match but the principle of such a Match was fully accepted.
It was proposed, and agreed, that this should be for teams of 8 shooters and should be shot alongside (where possible) the main Palma match.
Revised Palma Rules
These are still being drafted and it is hoped that the final draft will be available to Palma Committee members by the end of August. It was agreed that the new Rules should be available and approved by Council before Christmas 2003.
Entries for the IWLRC
There was much discussion on the entry qualification for the IWLRC. Whilst this matter was in the hands of the Palma Committee to recommend to Council the Council felt that entry should be: All Palma Teams, World Veterans Teams, World U25 and Under 21 teams and the top 100 from the previous IWLRC and then allocation of remaining spaces to other countries on a fair and equitable basis based on target space available.
By-law
It was agreed that a by-law was needed to deal with trophies and medals.
f. Commonwealth Committee
The President thanked so many people for turning up to the Commonwealth part of the ICFRA Council meeting. The following opening remarks were made:
i. With regard to the Commonwealth Games (CG) and Commonwealth Shooting Federation Championships (CSFC) ICFRA's intention is to ensure that the fullbore rifle events remain as a discipline in these Championships and Games. It was already the event with the largest number of competitors.
ii. Where fullbore rifle events were competed for that the World Body, in this case ICFRA, ensured that its technical rules applied to these events as already happened in both CG and CSFC where ISSF rules applied to ALL the other matches in these events.
iii. ICFRA had no desire or intention to run or take over the shooting events of CG or CSFC.
iv. CSF had no authority to amend technical rules for any ISSF events at CG or CSFC, especially if Olympic Minimum Qualifying Scores (MQS) have been approved by ISSF, and therefore it followed that fullbore rifle events should have the World Governing Body (ICFRA) technical rules applied.
Mr. de Launay (ENG) said that he felt better having heard these opening comments but thought that the fullbore rifle Rules that applied to CG and CSFC were those of the NRA of GB.
Mr. O'Brien (GBR) said that NRA of GB had passed all responsibility for the fullbore rifle technical rules for CG and CSFC to ICFRA with effect from the end of the 2002 CG.
Mr. O'Brien and the Vice-President then outlined details of their May meeting with Mr. Hooper (Secretary General CGF), Mr. Hudson (President CSF) together with Mr. Cliff Mallett (Vice-President CSF) in London. Mr. O'Brien and Mr. Horrocks said how they felt the meeting had gone well and that all parties had left the meeting feeling that an acceptable agreement had been achieved.
Mr. O'Brien said that he and Mr. Horrocks had sent an e-mail to Mr. Frost after the meeting of which the following is an extract:
That the CSF and CGF welcome the formation of ICFRA and will use its technical rules as the basis of its own rules to cover fullbore rifle shooting (excluding 300m) at future Commonwealth events including the Commonwealth Games.
That CSF will seek membership of ICFRA
That insofar as the rules applicable to competition within the Commonwealth such as the Commonwealth Shooting Federation Championships and Commonwealth Games the rules applicable will be those set by ICFRA unless amended by a majority vote of the Commonwealth fullbore countries at such Commonwealth events at a meeting convened by the CSF.
That ICFRA will be informed of any such amended rules.
However Mr. O'Brien said that he and Mr. Horrocks now expressed their concern that what had been agreed (as above) at that meeting now seemed to be in considerable doubt due to the apparent intransigence, and recent communications, of the President CSF.
Mr. Frost advised that he had sent a letter to Mr. Hooper at CGF expressing his concern at the latest developments and asked for Mr. Hooper's assistance to try to resolve the matter. As of the date of this Council meeting, some three weeks after having sent the letter, he still had had no response.
Many delegates expressed their concern that the CSF allowed voting, at its General Assemblies, on matters to do with fullbore rifle by countries who neither competed in nor had an interest in fullbore rifle events. It was therefore of paramount importance that ICFRA, through its Commonwealth Committee, did discuss CG/CSFC fullbore rifle matters as widely as possible and came to a consensus. It was equally important that ICFRA delegates ensured that they fully briefed their country's CSF delegates so that no "fullbore unfriendly" decisions were made at CSF General Assemblies.
ICFRA delegates were reminded that there was a CSF General Assembly in New Delhi later this year and, that whilst there were no fullbore rifle events at the CSFC in India, there may be fullbore rifle items on the agenda and therefore ICFRA delegates must be aware and ensure that any such items were discussed within the Commonwealth Committee and decisions passed to each country's CSF delegates prior to the CSF General Assembly.
Council agreed unanimously that ICFRA and CSF needed to work together on fullbore rifle matters to do with the CG and CSFC and agreed that the ICFRA President should write again to Mr. Hooper to seek his assistance in the matter.
GBR then proposed 3 further amendments to the ICFRA Constitution that related specifically to Commonwealth matters:
a) Clause 13.4 shall have inserted after "co-operate with", the words – "act as an official source of technical rules". Carried unanimously.
b) Clause 17.3 – Commonwealth Games. The ICFRA Council will provide ratified technical fullbore rifle rules (drafted by its relevant committee) for fullbore rifle events at the CSFC and CG to the CSF. Any proposal by the CSF for major changes to these technical rules should in the first instance, be discussed between the officers of both ICFRA and CSF.
With regard to the technical rules applicable to shooting competitions within the CSFC and CG, then fullbore rifle technical rules will be those set by ICFRA.
The ICFRA Council will be informed of any such proposed amended technical rules after which they may be fully ratified at an ICFRA Council and subsequently, General Assembly meeting. Should a vote have to be taken on Commonwealth issues ICFRA General Assembly members not representing Commonwealth countries or groupings thereof shall not have a vote. Carried unanimously.
c) After Clause 14.4 insert the following new clause 14.5 and renumber old 14.5 as 14.6
New Clause 14.5 – Associate members: Organisations and/or Federations of other International associations having a common but specific fullbore rifle interest (e.g. Commonwealth Games Federation). Carried but Australia and USA opposed.
d) Insert Clause 15.5 (and then re-number later Clauses accordingly) – One (optional) representative of each associate member, who must be or have been an active fullbore rifle shooting member, shall have a vote on all
matters at a General Assembly meeting and a voice and a vote regarding specific areas of interest relating to the associate member only (e.g. Commonwealth matters if the associate member is CSF). Carried but Australia and USA opposed.
In view of some opposition to c) and d) above WI, later in the meeting, proposed and alternative which might, it was hoped, be carried unanimously. This is defined later in Item 12.
6 Accounts
The President advised that the accounts and budget for 2003 had been sent with the agenda.
He requested that the following items be voted on:
a. Approval of accounts – proposed by USA and seconded by Canada and carried.
It was suggested, and approved, that all property values and depreciation be included in the accounts in future.
It was also agreed that the accounting (fiscal) year for ICFRA would be the calendar year starting on 1 st January 2004.
b. That Canadian $ continue to be used for all membership fees – carried
c. That the annual full membership fee remains the same as now ($CAN 325) – proposed by West Indies and seconded Australia and carried.
d. That affiliate members pay half fee ($CAN 162.50) and observer members pay one quarter of the full fee ($CAN 81.25) – proposed by USA and seconded by Australia and carried.
e. That the expenses, as laid out in the budget, for the Secretary General be approved – proposed by Australia and seconded by West Indies and carried.
f. That the Dominion of Canada Rifle Association, through their Executive Director, be appointed as ICFRA Treasurer – proposed by USA and seconded by RSA and carried.
g. That DCRA set up a separate account in the name of ICFRA and that all funds from the previous Palma Council be transferred to itcarried
h. That the President, The Canadian ICFRA Council member and the Executive Director of DCRA become signatories to cheques and that 2 signatories are necessary on all cheques – proposed by Channel Islands and seconded by New Zealand and carried.
7. International Match records
SG reported that the NRA of GB had decided that they no longer required him to maintain the International Match records of those matches shot solely in GBR (National, Mackinnon, Kolapore and other associated records) and that these records would now be undertaken by Mrs. Karen Robertson.
NRA of GB had said that they wished the records of the Australia Match, as undertaken by SG when CEO of NRA of GB, to be transferred to the responsibility of ICFRA and that the Palma Book written by SG might also become the responsibility of ICFRA.
SG explained that he was happy to continue updating the records of the Australia Match if that was the wish of both NRA of Australia and ICFRA. This was confirmed. SG said that it would now be necessary to charge those people in receipt of these records for paper, printing and postage as he could not bear these costs himself, this was agreed. He felt that a charge of £4-£5 was likely with postage on top. His time in updating the records would of course remain free.
The Palma Book, as written by SG, had in the past been updated with the help of the NRA of GB in that updates had been typed by them and posted out at a nominal charge and any small profits had been retained by the NRA of GB for Overseas Teams Fund fund. SG now proposed that he prepare these and that all profits (if any) be retained by ICFRA. He said that he had been asked to produce a 3 rd edition of the Palma book but that this could only be done if there were sufficient orders and that numbers under 80 or so would cost about £72 a book and numbers over that about £46 a book. Amendments to the book would be sent out to all those who had asked for them and a list was maintained. Spare copies of the 1992, 1995 and 1999 amendments are held by the NRA of GB and can be obtained at a small charge (refer to secretary to Secretary General NRA of GB).
SG advised that his son, Kit, who was in the printing business, had now scanned in the whole of the Palma book and it was his firm (Printwise of Lymington) who would undertake future amendments and its posting and any new book.
Council strongly agreed that the records of all ICFRA sanctioned International matches should be held for record by the SG and was grateful to SG for his work in this matter.
SG said that he would be grateful if DCRA could send him a complete record of the F Class World Championships results from 2002 and that the records for the matches in 2003 (IWLRC, World Veterans Individual and Team Championships) he hoped would be sent to him by the NRA of GB
Afternote: There were only orders for 50 new Palma books and therefore it is felt that a new edition of the book should be left until 2007. If 80 books were printed now at say £46 = £3680 and 50 sold this would leave a shortfall of £1380. ICFRA Council may feel that it might be worth having a supply of such books available for sale between now and the next Palma Match if ICFRA was prepared to bear the outlay from its funds. SG would be happy to hear from Council members on this topic.
8. 2009
RSA had formally requested that they hold a World Championships in 2009 to celebrate the 80 th anniversary of their foundation. However RSA accepted that World Championships were now to be held only every 4 years and they agreed that they would withdraw their request and would seek permission to hold a World Cup in that year.
Afternote: SABU has subsequently advised that it wishes to continue with a special SA Open Championships to celebrate SABU's 80 th birthday, under the new title "SA Bisley 80 International Championships". This is submitted for approval. (Comment by SG – unless there are any objections then this matter will be deemed to be accepted unless any opposition is received by SG by 30 th September 2003.)
9. Drugs
It had been discussed at the C&R committee and Australia had kindly agreed to develop the first draft of the ICFRA drugs policy. Council concurred.
10. By-laws
The President said that it was quite clear that a number of by-laws need to be drafted and that it would be helpful if some countries would volunteer to assist in this matter.
It was agreed that the following by-laws needed to be drafted:
a. Election procedures
b. Membership
c. ICFRA trophies and medals
d. Voting procedures
Col. Gilchrist (USA) and Mr. O'Brien (GBR) agreed to form a small committee to complete the first draft of these by-laws.
11. Election of President, Vice-President and Secretary Genera
l
It was pointed out by RSA that under the Constitution Council was required at this meeting to elect or re-elect the President, Vice-President and Secretary-General.
RSA proposed and Canada seconded that the President, Vice-President and Secretary-General be re-elected, this was carried unanimously and by acclamation.
12 New Associate membership amendment
Following a proposal by the West Indies, and after a considerable discussion, GBR proposed, and this was seconded by West Indies, that the following amendment to the Associate membership rule:
Associate Members: Upon nomination by a Full member, the ICFRA Council may decide by majority vote to grant associate membership to organizations and/or federations of other international associations having a common but specific fullbore rifle interest.
This was carried unanimously.
13. Nomination of CSF as an Associate member
GBR proposed and this was seconded by RSA that the Commonwealth Shooting Federation (CSF) be elected as an Associate member.
This was carried but with Australia voting against.
REPORT OF THE ICFRA CONSTITUTION & RULES COMMITTEE
The ICFRA Constitution and Rules Committee met at Bisley on Tuesday, 8 July, 2003.
Attendance: S.E. Frost, Canada, Chairman
C.C.C. Cheshire, Secretary General
G.J.P. Burger, South Africa
J.R. Cantlay, Zimbabwe
A.H. Bowden, Australia
Mrs. C. McShane, Australia
M.S. Gilchrist, USA
M.W. Tompkins, USA
C.C. Mallett Jnr., Channel Islands N.D. Gomez, West Indies
W. Schattenburg, Germany
C.S. O'Brien, Great Britain
M. Zaidon Pardi, Malaysia
Committee Future
The future need for the Constitution and Rules Committee was discussed. There was a general desire to reduce the number of committees. The constitution was viewed as being more the direct responsibility of the Council, particularly after the current review is complete, after which there should be few amendments required.
It was also agreed that the major responsibility for rules should lie with the discipline committees. However, the need was recognised for some overall consideration of rules for uniformity of format and to ensure that different disciplines were not in conflict on their rules. It was also recognised that certain issues such as drugs are of general interest and need a broader view than a single discipline committee.
As a result of these deliberations, the following two motions were made by the USA, seconded by South Africa and passed:
1. The C&R Committee recommends to Council that in future the Council take responsibility for the constitution, appointing a subcommittee to assist in the work of amendments as required.
2. The C&R Committee recommends to Council that Council take responsibility for rules, with the assistance of a subcommittee that includes the chairman of each discipline committee.
SABU Proposals
Deon Burger led the committee through the SABU proposed amendments to the constitution, resulting in the following recommendations to Council. Numbering follows the SABU document.
1. Amend Clause 10 to read: The vision of the ICFRA is: "Fullbore shooting is a well-established international competitive shooting sport with world-wide recognition."
2. Replaced with the following.
3. Replaced with the following
In Clauses 15.6 to 15.9, replace the "one representative" with "the chairman".
4. In Clause 15.8, delete the word Games from the name of the committee and similarly deal with any consequential changes in subsequent sections.
5. Clause 16.12 delete the phrase "such as chairpersons of ICFRA committees".
6. The committee recommends the restoration of the word Palma in Clause 17.1, creating several consequential changes in this clause. The committee should be known as the Palma and World Championships Committee. Further refinements of this Clause should be done by the Palma Committee.
7. Delete Clause 17.2, eliminating the C&R Committee. However, the sentence noting that only the Council may adopt or amend rules, by postal vote if necessary, should be retained in the constitution.
8. Discussion of the Commonwealth Committee was tabled until the Council discussion on this matter.
9. Delete from Clause 17.5 the phrase in brackets, referring to the C&R Committee.
10. Clause 25 should be amended to read "The Secretariat may be provided… …another council member body or suitable individuals to perform… Delete the final sentence referring to the DCRA.
11. Delete Clause 34, since the current review completes this requirement.
USA Proposals
The USA proposed and the committee recommends to Council that Clause 12 (Aims) be re-ordered, placing the current 12.4 (safety) first and renumbering the others.
The USA also expressed dislike for e-mail votes on rules. It was recognised that such votes may be necessary to deal quickly with unexpected circumstances that may affect an upcoming event. However, it was agreed that unless an e-mail vote on rules was unanimous, it would not be written into the ICFRA rule book without discussion at a general meeting.
GBNRA Proposals
Because of the absence of any GBNRA representative to lead the discussion on their proposed amendments, it was moved by the USA, seconded by South Africa, and carried that the consideration of these proposals be tabled until the Council meeting.
World Championships
After discussion it was agreed that the frequency of world championships should be recommended by the discipline committees for Council approval.
The minimum international participation in an event before it can be deemed a world championship was discussed. It was recommended to Council that a minimum requirement should be stipulated and that Council should decide whether it should be in the constitution or by-laws or rules. The debate was between 3 and 4 countries for the minimum, with another option being a minimum percentage of the countries participating in the particular discipline.
Drug Rules
Some countries have national requirements imposed upon them for drug testing for all drugs on the banned list for the Olympics. It is recognised that few, if any, of these drugs are beneficial for shooting. It was suggested that a suitable medical expert be sought within the ICFRA membership, who could take on the task of developing a case for elimination or reduction of drug testing for shooting; however, this is recognised as a longer-term project. The NRA of Australia has put considerable effort into the drug issue and they were asked to further develop a draft ICFRA drug policy. Since the C&R Committee is recommended to be disbanded, this report should go to the Council and any rules subcommittee that it may form.
Membership Fees
After discussion of a fee structure, a motion was put forward by the NRAA, seconded by Channel Islands, and carried that the Council develop a fee structure whereby full members pay the full fee, affiliate members pay half this fee and observer members pay one-quarter of the full fee.
By-laws
It was recommended by the GBNRA and supported by the committee that Council develop a set of by-laws to cover such matters as election procedures and membership fees.
Respectfully submitted by
Stan E. Frost Chairman C&R
ICFRA VETERANS COMMITTEE
MINUTES OF A MEETING HELD AT BISLEY ON 8 TH JULY 2003
Present: Australia
Canada
Germany
Great Britain
South Africa
United States of America
The following was agreed for recommendation to the ICFRA Council:
1. That the Veterans World Championship be maintained on a 4 year cycle
2. That the Veterans World Championship be held in conjunction with the Individual World Long Range Championships and Palma Match
3. The United States withdrew their request to hold the next Veterans World Championships in 2005
4 The Committee confirmed that it was their wish to hold the next event in 2007 at Ottawa in Canada and that the event was to be shot after their Grand Aggregate.
The 2011 event was to be staged in Australia (Brisbane) .
5. Course of fire effective from 2007: 2 convertible sighters and 10 shots for record at 300, 600, 900 and 1000 yards (or metric equivalent).
6. Ammunition: to be issued by the host country
7. Team size – 17 – Captain, Adjutant, Main Coach, 2 coaches, 10 firers and 2 reserves.
Signed
Cas le Roux Chairman
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Travel Tales
by
Llewellyn Toulmin
Things to Do Before You Cruise: Part 1
Congratulations! You're going on a cruise – that's great. This two-part article will give you some ideas on things you can do before you depart for your cruise vacation, to make it more enjoyable. To help you, I will draw on my cruising experience and on discussions I had with Laurie Martz, President of Travel and Tours Unlimited, (PO Box 354, Westminster, MD 21158, www.traveltoursunlimited.com, firstname.lastname@example.org, 410-876-6123, 800-7955399), and a CLIA (Cruise Line International Association, Inc.) Master Cruise Counsellor. Off we go!
Find a parking place: It may sound odd to talk about parking when you are going on a ship, but many people these days drive to the departure dock. Unfortunately, the parking provided by most cruise lines right beside the dock is quite expensive per day. The solution: check out the chain motels (e.g. Holiday Inn Express, Ramada, Quality Inn, etc.) that are near the port. Many of these will allow overnight guests to park free for a week or ten days while on a cruise, and a few will charge a modest amount. This can also work if are flying to your port; park your car near the airport at a chain motel that you have made an arrangement with.
Medications: Be sure to bring plenty of your prescription meds (including an extra two weeks supply in case you get stranded somewhere), and a typed or handwritten doctor's prescription. Bring plenty of sun block, mosquito repellant, toothpaste and other items that will cost five times more aboard ship than they will in your local shop.
Document copies: Make a copy of your documents, including your passport(s), credit cards, driver's license, itinerary, cruise and air tickets, and keep them in a separate place from your wallet or purse. Put a copy of the itinerary, including your full name, telephone, email, cruise ship and cabin number, inside your checked air luggage, on top of your stuff.
Specialty restaurants: Most cruise ships now have one to four specialty restaurants with high end food and service, and charge an extra $25 to $35 per person to have dinner at each restaurant. Usually these are worth the price. These restaurants are of course in addition to the normal, included, food service in the main dining room or buffet. Some writers suggest booking your table(s) shortly after arriving on board. In fact, on almost all major lines it is now possible to book these tables well in advance of boarding, by using the line's website, "cruise enhancement phone line," or via your travel agent.
According to Laurie Martz, "Many specialty restaurants are now so popular that they book up before the ship sails, especially at the most desirable times. You can usually make specialty restaurant and other experience bookings – like on-board ice-skating shows, Broadway-style shows, Cirque de Soleil-type shows – as soon as you have paid your cruise deposit or sometimes your final payment." She also notes that, "Special occasions like birthdays and anniversaries should be registered in advance of cruising. Most lines will give you a free cake, and of course the waiters will come out and sing 'Happy Birthday' for you. And your travel agent may be able to get you a small gift or voucher for a purchase. But Carnival Cruise Lines is now charging $10 for a small cake and $16 for a large one, so this may be a trend to watch out for."
Dining Room: Some cruise writers suggest seeing the main dining room maître d' in the afternoon before the first dinner on board, to secure a table at the time you want. In my experience you would be well advised to book your table before the cruise. Many cruises have two sittings, at about 6:00 or 6:30 pm and at about 8:00 or 8:30 pm, and the earlier time (which I like) often books up faster. I also suggest specifying the size of table you want. I always cruise with my wife Susan, and we don't like being stuck at a 4-person table for an entire cruise, listening to repeated stories.
We prefer a round table of 6, 8 or 10, so we can meet various people, avoid sitting next to any "bores" every night, and so we don't feel guilty if we disappear to the specialty restaurants or the Captain's table for one or more nights of the cruise.
Your seating preference can be recorded via phone call to the line, on the planning website, via a printed form sent you from the line, or via your travel agent. I do advise going to the maître d' immediately upon boarding, and checking to make sure that your preferences have been correctly pre-registered. Make him your friend (no tip necessary, just ask him to remember your name and tell him if you have cruised on that line before), in case your table is problematic and you want to move urgently.
At your first dinner, get to know your table waiter. Learn his name, ask him where he is from, and ask him if any unique dishes from his country could be made as a special custom treat for your table. You will get great service, and he will remember you forever.
Tell the rels: Of course the most important thing to do before you cruise is to run around and tell all your relatives, neighbors and friends that you are going on a cruise, and they are not! That's the whole point, right?
* * *
Lew Toulmin lives in Silver Spring, Maryland and Port Vila, Vanuatu, has sailed on every ocean, and is a member of the Descendants of Pirates and Privateers.
* * *
#end#
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The betrayal that is unjust war
George J. Bryjak | Apr. 16, 2010
Viewpoint
Former chaplain Fr. William Mahedy served in Vietnam with the U.S. Army. In his 1997 book, Out of the Night: The Spiritual Journey of Vietnam Veterans, Mahedy relates an incident wherein a young soldier approached him one day after Mass.
?Hey, Chaplain,? he said quietly, ?how come it?s a sin to hop in bed with a mama-san, but it?s okay to blow away gooks in the bush??
Mahedy asks: ?Consider the question that he and I were forced to confront that day in a jungle clearing. How is it that a Christian can, with a clear conscience, spend a year in a war zone killing people and yet place his soul in jeopardy by spending a few minutes with a prostitute? If the New Testament prohibitions of sexual misconduct are to be stringently interpreted, why, then, are Jesus? injunctions against violence not binding in the same way??
One possible response to the soldier?s query, Mahedy notes, is that it?s not a sin to kill Vietcong because we?re fighting to stop them from attacking the United States. ?If I had told him that,? Mahedy states, ?he wouldn?t have believed it anymore than I did. But it is the answer that both he and I had previously assimilated. The problem was that he could no longer accept it. The first crack in his religious faith was beginning to develop. Either the Gospel itself made no sense, or the people who were interpreting it to him really didn?t believe it themselves. ... He was being ?scandalized? in the biblical sense by immoral acts he had been told were now morally permissible. Still, somewhere deep within his soul he knew, even in the midst of combat, that this was evil.?
The unsatisfactory answer Mahedy offered soldiers was that you can kill people who are trying to kill you, that it?s morally justifiable to take the life of another in self-defense. ?The answer is legitimate on one level but not on others. It is perhaps inescapable, given a combat situation, but it leaves much unresolved.? Mahedy does not discuss the ?just war? doctrine. From this perspective, inasmuch as the United States was not facing an imminent attack -- an impossibility as the North Vietnamese had virtually no air power or seaworthy warships -the Vietnam War was unjust.
As the war escalated, more than a few soldiers had a gut feeling this conflict was immoral even if they were unfamiliar with the just war position.
Veteran war correspondent and Harvard Divinity School graduate Chris Hedges argues, ?War is always betrayal. The institutions, including religious institutions, that mold us into compliant citizens can never again be trusted by those who return. This betrayal is so deep that many never find their way back to religious faith. They nurse a self-destructive anger and resentment, understandable, but also crippling.?
Hedges believes the ?Where was God in Vietnam? question, applicable in Iraq and Afghanistan today, is something all soldiers ponder as war is ultimately a godless endeavor. ?When love, compassion and human kindness are replaced by the vast, grotesque phenomenon of violence and destruction, God is banished. Human beings, who have the freedom to choose between good and evil, cannot find within them the power of the divine when they embrace a world of sin. ... And war is a state of almost unadulterated sin.?
One especially devastating consequence of war is the tremendous guilt many veterans harbor, remorse that some will carry for the rest of their lives. Mahedy states that as American soldiers ?discovered the truth about war, many experienced a profound and altogether appropriate sense of guilt. Widespread destruction of villages and peasant dwellings, and the slaughter of Vietnamese civilians affected everyone who was there.?
While some soldiers railed against God, others plunged headfirst into religion, searching for divine absolution to alleviate their guilt. A combat veteran related the details of a particularly bloody battle, a day of fighting when 175 U.S. soldiers held off an onslaught of roughly 1,000 North Vietnamese troops.
After the fighting, which culminated in hand-to-hand combat, the ground was littered with the dead and dying of both armies. The soldier told Mahedy: ?I began to weep uncontrollably and put the barrel of my weapon in the dead and dying enemy soldiers? mouths, ripping off three to five rounds. ... I stalked the perimeter reciting the act of contrition and Hail Marys, stopping to kiss and bless dead Americans and Vietnamese while begging God?s forgiveness for our involvement in the raw carnage that morning. ... After returning from the hospital I informed my colonel that I had ?lost my punch? and spent my last three months ... in a virtual stupor. Thou shall not kill is ringing in my ears.?
In November 2002, the U.S. bishops released a statement noting that a war in Iraq ?would not meet the strict conditions in Catholic teaching for overriding the strong presumption against the use of military force.? Just prior to the invasion of Iraq by U.S. forces in March 2003, Pope John Paul II stated that a war with that country could not be legally or morally justified. After the invasion, the Holy Father stated: ?When war, as in these days in Iraq, threatens the fate of humanity, it is ever more urgent to proclaim, with a strong and decisive voice, that only peace is the road to follow to construct a more just and united society. Violence and arms can never resolve the problems of man.?
I?ve never understood why, in the light of these forceful statements, priests have not been speaking out against the Iraq war with the same passion they exhibit when condemning abortion. It?s certainly not because they hesitate to involve the church in matters of state, as abortion is one of the most contentious issues in American politics, and Catholic clergy have no qualms addressing that practice.
With the exception of Christian evangelical associations, the leadership of virtually every major Christian denomination in the United States condemned the Iraq war. And like their Catholic brethren, they failed (with too few exceptions) to carry this unambiguous message to their congregations, to tell the faithful: ?This is an immoral war. Do not support it. Do not send your son and daughters, husbands and wives to fight in it. Do everything you can to oppose it?
The ambivalent attitudes toward the Vietnam, Iraq and Afghanistan wars by religious leaders exacerbates the deep sense of betrayal and loss of religious faith that Hedges discovered in so many combat veterans. In an 1816 letter, Thomas Jefferson noted, ?It is in our lives, and not our words, that our religion must be read.? On this score Christian leaders have been sorely lacking. While condemning the war in proclamations, they failed to instill in their congregations the imperative to oppose unjust wars and obey the commandments.
[George Bryjak is professor of sociology at the University of San Diego.]
Advertisement
Source URL (retrieved on 03/27/2017 - 06:50): https://www.ncronline.org/news/peace-justice/betrayal-unjustwar
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CURRICULUM VITAE
Research interest:
High Frequency Oscillation Head Injury and Hypertonic Saline Lung Function in Infants Stroke in Children
Memberships
Teaching Activities
since 1.10.1986
Lectures in General Pediatrics
since 1.10.1993
Lectures in Pediatric Intensiv Care Medicine,
both Medical University Innsbruck
Grants
VIVIT (Vorarlberg Institute for Vascular Investigation and Treatment) Constitution of a competence center for biomedical research Max. € 1.340.850.-
Publications
I. Original articles (57 peer-reviewed article, accessed pubmed Januray 30th, 2011) (most relevant)
1. Simma B, Spehler D, Burger R, Uehlinger J, Ghelfi D, Dangel P, Hof E, Fanconi S. Tracheostomy in children. Eur J Pediatr 1994;153:291-6
2. Simma B, Luz G, Trawöger R, Hörmann C, Klima G, Kreczy A, Baum M. Comparison of different high-frequency ventilation modes in surfactantdeficient rabbits. Pediatr Pulmonol 1996;22:263-70
3. Simma B, Fritz M, Trawöger R, Geiger R, Fink C, Hammerer I. Changes in left ventricular function in shocked newborns. Intensive Care Med 1997;23:982-6
4. Simma B, Burger R, Falk M, Sacher P. Fanconi S. Fluid resuscitation in severe head injury: Ringer´s lacatate versus hypertonic saline: a prospective, randomised, and controlled study in children. Crit Care Med 1998;26:1265-70
5. Ellemunter H, Simma B, Trawöger R, Maurer H. Use of interosseous lines in preterm and full-term newborn infants. Arch Dis Child Fetal and Neonatal Edition 1999;80:F74-5
6. Burger R, Fanconi S, Simma B. Paralysis of ventilated newborn babies does not influence resistance of the total respiratory system. Eur Respir J 1999;14:357-62
7. Simma B, Fritz M, Fink C, Hammerer I. Conventional ventilation versus high-frequency oscillation: hemodynamic effects in newborn babies. Crit Care Med 2000;28:227-31
8. Simma B, Gülberg V, Schobel P, Trawöger R, Ulmer H, Gerbes AL, Putz G. High frequency oscillatory ventilation does not decrease endothelin release in lung-lavaged rabbits. Scand J Clin Lab Inv 2000;60:213-20
9. Simma B, Skladal D, Falk M. Predicting survival in infants ventilated with high-frequency oscillation. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2000;112:804-810
10. Simma B, Burger R, Falk M, Sacher P, Torresani T, Fanconi S. Release of antidiuretic hormone is appropriate in response to hyovolemia and/or sodium load in children with severe head injury: a trial of lactated ringer´s solution versus hypertonic saline. Anesth Analg 2001;92:641-5
11. Simma B, Tscharre A, Hejazi N, Krasznai L, Fae P. Neurologic outcome after decompressive craniectomy in children. Intensive Care Med 2002;28:1000
12. Frühwirth M, Janecke AR, Muller T, Carlton VE, Kronenberg F, Offner F, Knisely AS, Geleff S, Song EJ, Simma B, Konigsrainer A, Margreiter R, Van Der Hagen CB, Eiklid K, Aagenaes O, Bull L, Ellemunter H. Evidence for genetic heterogeneity in lymphedema-cholestasis syndrome. J Pediatr 2003;14:441-7
13. Möller JC, Schaible T, Roll C et al, and Simma B as a member of the Surfactant ARDS Study Group. Treatment with bovine surfactant in severe
acute respiratory distress syndrome in children. A randomized multicenter study. Intensive Care Med 2003;29:437-46.
14. Mann C, Sepp N, Simma B. Congenital cutaneous mastocytosis J Pediatr 2004;145:135
15. Skladal D, Horak E, Frühwirth M, Maurer H, Simma B. Successful treatment of ARDS and severe pulmonary hypertension in a child with Bordetella pertussis infection. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2004;116:760-2
16. Biebl A, Hartmann G, Bernhard C, Bechter E, Luckner-Hornischer A, Frühwirth M, Heuberger S, Offner F, Barbieri V. Simma B. Vaccine strategies of meningococcal disease: results of a 10-year populationbased study. Eur J Pediatr 2005;164:735-40
17. Huemer M, Vonblon K, Fodinger M, Krumpholz R, Hubmann M, Ulmer H, Simma B. Total homocysteine, folate, and cobalamin, and their relation to genetic polymorphisms, lifestyle and body mass index in healthy children and adolescents. Pediatr Res 2006;60:764-9
18. Moffatt MF, Kabesch M, Liang L, Dixon AL, Strachan D, Heath S, Depner M, von Berg A, Bufe A, Rietschel E, Heinzmann A, Simma B, Frischer T, Willis-Owen SA, Wong KC, Illig T, Vogelberg C, Weiland SK, von Mutius E, Abecasis GR, Farrall M, Gut IG, Lathrop GM, Cookson WO. Genetic variants regulating ORMDL3 expression contribute to the risk of childhood asthma. Nature 2007;448:470-3
19. Simma B, Martin G, Müller T, Huemer M. Risk factors for pediatric stroke: consequences for therapy and quality of life. Pediatr Neurol 2007;37:121-6
20. Moritz B, Fritz M, Mann C, Simma B., Simma B. Nasal continuous positive airway pressure (n-CPAP) does not change cardiac output in preterm babies. Am J Perinatol 2008;25:105-9
21. Seick-Barbarini D, Haslinger V, Schmidt K, Patch AM, Müller G, Simma B. Neonatal diabetes mellitus due to pancreas agenesis: a new case report and review of the literature. Pediatr Diab 2009;10:487-91
22. Rüdiger M, Küster H, Herting E, Berger A, Müller C, Urlesberger B, Simma B, Poets C, Wauer RR, Tschirch E. Variations of Apgar Score of Very Low Birth Weight Infants in different Neonatal Intensive Care Units. Acta Paediatr 2009;98:1433-6
23. Biebl A, Muendlein A, Kazakbaeva Z, Heuberger S, Sonderegger G, Drexel H, Lau S, Nickel R, Kabesch M, Simma B. CD14 C-159T and tolllike receptor 4 Asp299Gly polymorphisms in surviving meningococcal disease patients. PLoS One 2009;7:e7374
24. vanKaam AH, Riemensberger PC, Borensztajn D, DeJaegere AP. (including Simma B as a member of the NeVent survey group). Ventilation practices in the neonatal intensive care unit: a cross-sectional study. J Pediatr 2010;157:35-7
25. Höliner I, Simma B, Reiter A, Sass JO, Zschocke J, Huemer M. Complinace to clinical guidelines determines outcome in glutaric aciduria type I in the era of newborn screeining. Klin Padiatr. 2010;222:35-7
26. Michel S, Liang L, Depner M, Klopp N, Ruether A, Kumar A, Schedel M, Vogelberg C, von Mutius E, von Berg A, Bufe A, Rietschel E, Heinzmann
A, Laub O, Simma B, Frischer T, Genuneit J, Gut IG, Schreiber S, Lathrop M, Illig T, Kabesch M. Unifying candidate gene and GAWS Approaches in Asthma . PLoS One. 2010;5:e13894.
27. Huemer M, Simma B, Mayr D, Mühl A, Rami B, Schober E, Ulmer H, Zanier U, Bodamer OA. Low Levels of Asymmetric Dimethylarginine in Children with Diabtes Mellitus Type I Compared to Healthy Children. J Pediatr 2010;
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Company No: 80408
Founded 1 November 1886
Interim Report for the six months ended 30 June 2004
CHAIRMAN'S STATEMENT
results for the half year ended 30 June 2004
The Group profit before tax for the first half of 2004 was £437,357 (2003: £801,684) after £nil (2003: £412,500) merger expenses and interest payable.
Group net assets, taking investments at market value, were £61,544,417 (equal to 516p per stock unit) against £64,963,076 at 31 December 2003 (equal to 544p per stock unit) a decrease of £3,418,659 and a decrease of 5.26% compared with a rise of 0.96% for the FTSE All Share index over the same period.
The euphoria that gripped mining markets over the New Year period, with an escalating gold price and heady rises in the prices of other metals, particularly nickel and copper, subsided during March, dragging down with it the prices of most mining companies, especially newly-quoted ones. We were unable to match the gains on gold achieved in the comparable period last year. Some of our larger holdings suffered from the fickle finger of fortune, in the shape of currency (Anglogold, Harmony, and Impala) or managerial problems (Shell and Gulf International). The silver lining, albeit above ground, has been in the continued appreciation in the property sector. The buyout of Peel Holdings of its minority shareholders ends a long and rewarding association with what was once the Manchester Ship Canal. Whilst one can always quibble over the take-out price, full marks and thanks go to John Whitaker for his tenacious pursuit of his prey and for his vision and persistence in overturning planning objections to make the Trafford Centre the stirring success it is today. Patience with planners has also paid off with Latham(J) and London and Associated, both of whom have seen substantial uplifts in their share prices. Our thanks are due to their management teams.
As we embark on the last quarter of the current year, we hope that we keep our noses in front, just as the British Four did so valiantly and memorably in the Athen's final. We retain some potent positions in our portfolio, and are encouraged to learn that Glenmorangie's success in marketing may now attract the attention of a more powerful parent. We also note the recent strength of Lendu, following the sale of their cotton plantations in Australia. Our old favourite, Troy Resources, has substantially upgraded its reserves, and the share price has begun to respond to the good news. Uruguay Minerals has also regained much of its fortitude from the end of the year, and its discoveries should lead to further strength. We have even received, with not unalloyed pleasure, a cash injection from Hunting, in the form of repayment of their Convertible Stock. We cannot admit to approving this action, done at one pound after an extended period trading well above par, albeit to the benefit of the ordinary shareholders and hope it does not set a portent for other companies, reviewing historically high loan stock levels.
On the broader horizon we note the continued assault on the owners of capital, highlighted in the most recent proposals for an increase in the level of inheritance tax. The Common Agriculture Policy's Single Payment Scheme effectively transfers income from landowner to tenant, leaving the land at the whim and good nature of whoever farmed it 4 years earlier. Likewise the whole production of food, already rocked by rain, is now hemmed in by permits and regulations: little surprise that the Civil Service expanded by 69,000 last year, or not far short of the total size of our armed forces, who face further emasculation whilst being expected to perform an ever expanding array of tasks and in ever more diverse areas. Their contribution to our society, economy and security is now obscured by the need to show a return on assets, not something the Railways find a problem any longer.
The rise in benefit claimants and the compensation culture are two more unholy hags that bode badly for our economy in the months ahead. Their malicious allies are the looming iceberg of the private
CHAIRMAN'S STATEMENT continued
sector pension deficit and the rising cost of raw materials, especially oil. We learn that the price of West End property is being inflated by the demand from Hedge Funds and Government Agencies. Whilst it is reasonable for the investors in the former to pay for their proximity to Purdey's and Wilton's, it is baffling to the point of incomprehension why the Curriculum and Qualifications Agency or its ilk needs to occupy a prime position on Piccadilly; particularly if BSkyB can thrive in the obscurity of Isleworth; the gravy train of government contracts ultimately seeps out of the productive pockets of the tax payer.
The tepid improvement in the US economy, its escalating trade and pension deficits, combined with an American election campaign whose main issue would appear to be the geographic location of a boat 30 years ago are additional causes for concern. Russia, 'a riddle wrapped in a mystery inside an enigma' as Churchill so aptly described it, seems determined to punish its oil producers for evading taxation by circumventing the legislation governing the higher price of oil for export. Dual pricing structures inevitably lead to leakage or conflict and anyone, particularly BP, dealing in Russia would do well to look to the laurels of their lawyers. We meanwhile mourn the theft of our Sibir shares, part of whose proceeds are to be seen strutting the stage at Stamford Bridge. The dismissal of the editor of Izvestia indicates the absence of a Free Press and those checks and balances that could restrain the return to totalitarian government and the arbitrary action that entails. More concerning is the increasing dependence of Western economies on the gas and oil supplies of this unpredictable Colossus. The setback to the Indian economy as a result of the unexpected victory of the Congress Party may yet demonstrate that democracy and the rule of law will in the longer term underpin progress and unleash the potential of that other Asian powerhouse.
Summarising our fears, we return to the words of Cicero:
'If some lose their whole fortunes, they will drag many more down with them... believe me that the whole system of credit and finance which is carried on here at Rome in the Forum, is inextricably bound up with the revenue of the Asiatic province. If those provinces are destroyed our whole system of credit will come down with a crash' (66BC). The symbiotic relationship between the United States and the Far East, particularly China, is portrayed in this quotation. Any disruption of this relationship, any unwinding of global consumption due to the rise in the world's main source of energy, carries the risk of major turbulence. Whilst no one will be immune, we remain wary and prepared for harsher climes ahead.
On the home front we salute Shrewsbury's refurbishment and reinstatement of the statue of Clive of India, resplendent in reburnished bronze. We celebrate Rosanna's recent marriage and the arrival of our fourth child.
The value of the portfolio has in the past few weeks shown an encouraging resurgence and we remain confident of its strength and breadth to surmount any storms.
Chairman
14 September 2004
2
CONSOLIDATED PROFIT AND LOSS ACCOUNT
(Unaudited)
for the half year ended 30 June 2004
The exceptional costs incurred in the prior period, for which no corporation tax allowance may be claimed, relate to the merger costs incurred in that period.
The financial statements, including comparatives, have been prepared on the same basis used in preparing the statements for the year ended 31 December 2003.
STATEMENT OF TOTAL RECOGNISED GAINS AND LOSSES
(Unaudited)
for the half year ended 30 June 2004
3
BALANCE SHEETS
(Unaudited) at 30 June 2004
The potential corporation tax liability if the Group's net assets were realised at their market valuation or at Directors' valuation would be approximately £10,610,000 (2003: £11,702,000) calculated at the rate of 30%.
4
CONSOLIDATED CASH FLOW STATEMENT
(Unaudited)
for the half year ended 30 June 2004
Merger costs in the prior period amounting to £412,500 are included in the Net cash inflow from operating activities in the above statement.
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FRMO Corporation Q2 2013 Conference Call
Tuesday, January 22, 2013 4:15 PM ET
Operator
Good day everyone and welcome to FRMO Corporation's second quarter 2013 earnings conference call. As a reminder, this call is being recorded. At this time, I'd like to turn the conference over to Ms. Thérèse Byars for opening remarks. Go ahead, ma'am.
Thérèse Byars – Corporate Secretary of FRMO Corp.
Thank you, Farrah. Good afternoon, everyone. My name is Thérèse Byars. I'm the Corporate Secretary of FRMO Corporation. We appreciate all of you joining us for today's discussion of FRMO's earnings during the second quarter of the fiscal year 2013. The statements made on this call apply only as of today. The information on this call should not be construed as a recommendation to purchase or sell any particular security or investment fund. The opinions referenced on this call today are not intended to be a forecast of future events or a guarantee of future results. It should not be assumed that any of the security transactions referenced today have been or will prove to be profitable, or that future investment decisions will be profitable or will equal or exceed the past performance of the investments.
For additional information, you may visit FRMO Corporation's website at www.frmocorp.com. Today's discussion will be led by Murray Stahl, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of FRMO Corp and Steven Bregman, President and Chief Financial Officer. They will review key points related to the quarter's earnings. Once Murray and Steven complete their remarks, we will move to Q&A. A summary transcript of this call will be posted on the FRMO Corp. website, which again is www.frmocorp.com. With that, I'll turn the discussion over to Steven.
Steven Bregman – President & Chief Financial Officer of FRMO Corp.
Good afternoon, all. Thank you for joining us. I was thinking just now that as the voice of FRMO Corp it might be possible for shareholders to get the voice of Ms. Thérèse Byars on their home answering machine. Anyway, to review the most recent quarterly financial information, in terms of the numbers you see there on the balance sheet and on the income statement, I think there is not a lot of information I can add to what you see.
We have a certain amount of income from the existing programs, we have a certain amount of dividend and interest income, we have a certain amount of returns on our capital, and that all filters nicely through our income statement and balance sheet to our shareholders' equity, which is up another few percent. All that is easily observable and calculable. Book value per share, fully diluted, I calculate now at roughly $1.49. It was $1.43 in the prior quarter, and $1.38 in fiscal 2012.
I would say one thing that occurred to me—I'll discuss it briefly—and it really couldn't have occurred to me earlier than last Friday, because one of the significant operating assets we've got in FRMO Corp. is a hedge fund we advise for an entity called Horizon Global Advisors, and we get management fees from that. If there were ever to be any performance fees, we would get performance fees as well. I don't know how many of you follow that at all or can follow it, but this particular hedge fund, which we've
FRMO Corporation Q2 2013 Conference Call Tuesday, January 22, 2013 4:15 PM ET
been managing on behalf of Horizon Asset Management LLC, the subadviser since 2007 has had—at least for those involved in it—a somewhat storied history.
It was started in 2007, not that long before the 2008-2009 financial crisis and, I hesitate to say this—on the other hand, I suppose, in full disclosure you should know who it is who's involved in helping to manage the capital of the firm in which you hold stock—but that particular fund in 2008 was down over 70%. Seven-zero. That's a strange thing to say. For those of you who are familiar with professional investing and hedge fund managers as a class, I dare say it would be very unusual to conceive of a hedge fund being down well over 70% and staying open. Because for most managers, they're very much focused upon and enthused about the performance fees that they can get and there are high water marks. So for that particular fund, for instance, it would have to have been up subsequently almost four times in order to get to breakeven or the high water mark, in order to perhaps earn some incentive fees. Who in his right mind would think that could be done if the focus is to generate incentive fees?
In any event, we didn't close it and we continue to manage it without incentive fees. We have quite a bit of our own capital in it. I think for us, as of December 31, the figure is about $5.2 million of limited partner capital of FRMO's in there. By my estimation, as of Friday night, we probably crossed the breakeven mark. So, that fund has about $80-plus million of limited partner capital in it, other than FRMO's. If we were to work out just one scenario, let us say that the fund were to be up 20% on a gross basis this coming year, that could easily add in excess of $1 million of incentive fee income to FRMO Corp, which is not insignificant. That doesn't include the base fee, it doesn't include another million dollars or so of increase on limited partner valuation, but that's something that we haven't been able to enjoy yet, but we might be able to enjoy it fairly shortly.
Much the same could be said of all the various hedge fund assets that exist at Horizon Kinetics. There's a not unsizable fund at Horizon Kinetics, which is in a very similar circumstance. I just thought I'd add that because that's something I can add. The rest of what I might tell you is fairly observable. The assets under management at Horizon Kinetics are marginally higher than they were last quarter, no obvious changes there. So, in terms of information you might want to have that'll be helpful to you, most important will be about things that we might be able to do in the future, as opposed to what you see in this past quarter.
In terms of being able to add anything of value, maybe like the old promotional saying from The New York Times, "All the news that's fit to print," that's really all that I've got to say that's fit to say. Now, I'll defer to my colleague, Murray Stahl.
Murray Stahl – Chairman & Chief Executive Officer of FRMO Corp.
Thank you, Steve. First I'll provide a few highlights from the balance sheet. The way I like to look at it is to compare the most recent quarter end, which is November 30, 2012, to one year ago, November 30, 2011. I think you'll find these figures interesting in a comparative sense. Cash and equivalents in November 2012 were up to $21.7 million, a not inconsiderable amount of money by any standards. A year ago at November 30, 2011, that figure was $13.6 million. So that's a fairly substantial increase. Our investments on a mark to market basis were $42.7 million on November 30, 2012 and $37 million on
FRMO Corporation Q2 2013 Conference Call Tuesday, January 22, 2013 4:15 PM ET
November 30, 2011. That's a $5 million increase. Going down to shareholders' equity, you'll see that now we're at, I believe, the record amount we've ever had: $58.3 million of shareholders' equity, and we were at a little bit less than $50 million a year ago. So, that's a fairly substantial increase as well.
It's also worth observing that when our assets increase in value, we're required to provide for taxes. So if we were to buy any asset that's a publicly traded security—XYZ Corporation, for instance—if I put $100 in XYZ Corporation and we were fortunate enough that it doubled, in an accounting sense we wouldn't enjoy the full doubling at once, but would have to provide for taxes that would be payable if we were to sell that investment. Towards that end, you will observe that the deferred tax liability as of the most recent quarter is up to $4.3 million. But, of course, we haven't sold those securities, so you need to think of it, at least at the moment, as a tax-free loan from the government. Unless we intend to liquidate those positions, we actually have more money working on our behalf than you might think from merely looking at shareholders' equity.
In that regard, it's worth noting not just the difference between the available for sale investments and their cost basis, which is not inconsiderable, but you should also pay very close attention, I think, to securities sold, not yet purchased, because those are our shorts. With net proceeds of roughly $3.7 million, we have a market value, at least as of November 30, 2013, of $1.7 million and we continue to hold essentially all of those positions. There are many interesting things going on in that sense and I think it merits close scrutiny. Obviously, it's our objective to continue to increase the shareholders' equity.
Another pathway for increasing shareholders' equity is what might be happening in Horizon Kinetics. I think last time we talked about a new hedge fund that's involved in index arbitrage. We also have a mutual fund that, while not new, has had its investment objective changed from investing in waterrelated securities to being a fund meant to simulate a bond rate of return using out-of-the money options. The fund's name is now the Kinetics Alternative Income Fund. The idea is to generate a 3-plus percent rate of return with minimal variability in unit value. We only changed the fund on December 31, so it's very early to say whether or not we'll be successful. However, I think it's worth paying very close attention to how that fund behaves, and not merely to what the performance is. If we're right in our contention that the unit value won't fluctuate very much, if at all, and we can actually generate the returns that we expect, that could be a very successful investment product.
In the investment management sense, there's enormous opportunity in the world of bonds at the moment, because rates are low and the high coupon bonds that do exist are rapidly either maturing or being called for redemption. According to the Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association (SIFMA) 1 , the size of the bond market is over $37 trillion. That's a lot bigger than the equity market. I would argue that there's currently a bond market panic going on in that bonds will always be an important part of everyone's asset allocation but, at the moment, they just don't earn a rate of return even equal to the presumptive inflation rate. So, the people who can solve that problem, I think, will be extraordinarily successful. We're paying a lot of attention to that segment of the marketplace.
1 http://www.sifma.org/
FRMO Corporation Q2 2013 Conference Call Tuesday, January 22, 2013 4:15 PM ET
I also think it's worth noting that in the last 10 or 15 years, a tremendous number of managers have made a lot of money in the bond market by essentially leveraging bonds to the degree that the beta on the leveraged bond portfolio, meaning the volatility, would actually be equivalent to that of an index like the S&P. As long as rates were in an exponentially smooth declining pathway, it was a very viable strategy. Open your newspaper and look at where rates are and you can clearly see that it's not a viable strategy anymore. At least going forward, the idea of leveraging bonds with a view to providing equitylike returns without equity-like risk is a strategy that can't possibly produce the successes that it has in the past two decades. I think the emphasis is going to shift to creating bond returns synthetically using equities, which very few people are doing.
The point is not that we started yet another product. The point is that you should not forget the objective of FRMO; you should not forget the objective of Horizon Kinetics. The idea is to use our research capability and use our so-called intellectual capital, to the degree that we have intellectual capital, to create revenues without the requirement of commensurate large capital investments. The difference between the cost of the products we create and the revenues that we receive, if we're right, should result in a reasonably robust return on equity. A lot of seedlings have been planted in the last year and in the next couple of months we will see whether or not they actually bear fruit.
That's essentially a tour de raison, so to speak, of what's going on in the various companies. Why don't we can open it up for questions and we can address whatever might be on your mind. Operator, if you can facilitate that, I'd appreciate it.
Operator
We have no questions from our telephone audience at this time.
Murray Stahl – Chairman & Chief Executive Officer of FRMO Corp.
Okay, well, in that case we thank the telephone audience for their attention, we hope we've addressed whatever is on your mind in the prepared remarks and, in roughly three months, we will reprise this and will give you an opportunity to ask questions again at that time. Thanks very much and good afternoon.
Operator
Ladies and gentlemen that concludes today's conference. Thank you all for your participation. You may now disconnect.
FRMO Corporation Q2 2013 Conference Call
Tuesday, January 22, 2013 4:15 PM ET
DISCLAIMERS:
THE INFORMATION CONTAINED HERE IS A TEXTUAL REPRESENTATION OF THE COMPANY'S SECOND QUARTER 2013 EARNINGS CONFERENCE CALL AND, WHILE EFFORTS ARE MADE TO PROVIDE AN ACCURATE TRANSCRIPTION, THERE MAY BE MATERIAL ERRORS, OMISSIONS, OR INACCURACIES IN THE REPORTING OF THE SUBSTANCE OF THE PRESENTATIONS. AS SUCH, THE COMPANY DOES NOT ASSUME RESPONSIBILITY FOR ANY INVESTMENT DECISIONS MADE BASED UPON THE INFORMATION CONTAINED HERE. READERS ARE ENCOURAGED TO READ THE COMPANY'S FILINGS WITH OTC MARKETS AND THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION BEFORE MAKING INVESTMENT OR OTHER DECISIONS.
Past performance is not a guarantee for future results. The information contained herein should not be construed to be a recommendation to purchase or sell any particular security or investment fund. It should not be assumed that any of the security transactions referenced herein have been or will prove to be profitable or that future investment decisions will be profitable or will equal or exceed the past performance of the investments referenced.
No part of this material may be: a) copied, photocopied, or duplicated in any form, by any means; or b) redistributed without prior written consent of FRMO Corp™. © All rights reserved.
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NOTICE OF MEETING CANCELLATION
NORTH COAST RAILROAD AUTHORITY
The NCRA Board of Directors Meeting scheduled for January 11, 2017 has been cancelled due to extreme weather conditions and flooding throughout Northern California.
The next NCRA Board Meeting is scheduled for Wednesday, February 8, 2017 at 10:30 a.m. at the Healdsburg City Council Chambers located at 401 Grove Street in Healdsburg.
If you require additional information, please call the NCRA office at (707) 463-3280
Mitch Stogner Executive Director NCRA
January 10, 2017
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DARRELL MANNING
vs.
Civil Case No. 5:09CV00081 HLJ
LARRY NORRIS, Director, Arkansas Department of Correction
PETITIONER
RESPONDENT
ORDER
The Court has reviewed the Proposed Findings and Recommended Disposition received from Magistrate Judge Henry L. Jones, Jr. There have been no objections. The Findings and Recommendations are adopted in their entirety as this Court's findings.
Accordingly, judgment shall be entered dismissing this petition in its entirety, with prejudice.
IT IS SO ORDERED this 13 day of July , 2009.
UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE
Dockets.Justia.com
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT EASTERN DISTRICT OF ARKANSAS PINE BLUFF DIVISION
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TECHNICAL SUPPORT ENGINEER
CastLabs is one of the key players in the fast growing online video delivery market. We offer exciting technologies on the leading edge of digital video by providing software and cloud services to online retailers, distributors, and system integrators. Our range of offerings help businesses worldwide deliver premium movie and TV content to their customers for high-quality video experiences across multiple platforms and devices.
To assist with our growing client-base, we are looking for a Technical Support Engineer to join our Beijing-based team. You will work with our globally distributed development team in order to support our Chinese DRMtoday customers. With your experience in video delivery technology and telecommunication projects, you will help to deliver a stable, reliable and highly secure service to Chinese media companies as a basis for cutting-edge solutions in the digital entertainment, television, and movie retailer sector.
You will be part of a highly-qualified, diverse, and motivated international team of experts working with leading companies in the technology and online movie/TV entertainment industry. We offer a flexible working environment with a high level of employee empowerment and responsibility as well as attractive remuneration and benefits.
As we expand into China, you will also be working with our sales and marketing teams located in Europe. While you will mainly work with clients remotely, occasional travel to meet with customers as well as attending trade shows and seminars will also sometimes be part of your role.
Requirements
Proven track record of experience with OTT video delivery technology
Excellent general problem solving skills
Ability to spot and identify everyday desktop issues under Windows, Linux, and MacOS
Good knowledge of all aspects of TCP/IP networking
Capacity for abstract thought and willingness to learn
Committed, determined, reliable
A higher-education degree (Bachelors)
Good written and spoken Chinese and English language skills
Two years in a comparable position
Nice to haves
Knowledge of specific online video distribution building blocks and technologies (for example MPEG-DASH, HLS, Smooth Streaming, H.264/H.265)
Experience with industry-grade DRM systems (any of Microsoft PlayReady, Google Widevine, OMA DRM, Adobe Access, Marlin, Apple FairPlay Streaming)
What we offer
A startup work environment in an established company
Open-minded and friendly team from all corners of the world
Home office/remote work possible
If you feel you are a good match for this position then we look forward to receiving your PDF application including your resume, project history, expected salary, and terms of notice.
Please send your application to: email@example.com.
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PRIVATE LIFE OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE - V9
CONSTANT ∗
PREMIER VALET DE CHAMBRE
TRANSLATED BY WALTER CLARK
1895
CONTENTS:
CHAPTER I. to CHAPTER VII.
CHAPTER I.
In September, 1811, the Emperor decided to make a journey into Flanders in company with the , Empress, that he might personally ascertain if his orders had been carried out in all matters concerning both the civil and religious administration. Their Majesties left Compiegne on the 19th, and arrived at Montreuil-sur-Mer at nine o'clock in the evening. I accompanied the Emperor on this journey. I have read in O'Meara's Memorial that M. Marchand was at that time in the service of Napoleon. This is incorrect; for M. Marchand did not enter the Emperor's private service until 1814, at Fontainebleau. His Majesty at that time ordered me to select from the domestics of the service an intelligent young man to assist me in my duties near his person, since none of the ordinary 'valets de chambre' were to remain on the island of Elba. I mentioned the name of M. Marchand, son of a nurse of the King of Rome, as a suitable person for the place. He was accepted by his Majesty, and from that time M. Marchand formed a part of the private service of the Emperor. He may have been on this journey to Holland; but Napoleon was not aware of it, as his duties did not bring him near his Majesty's person.
∗ PDF created by pdfbooks.co.za
I will now relate some of the circumstances which occurred on this journey, and are not generally known to the public, and at the same time take advantage of the opportunity to refute other assertions similar to those I have just mentioned, and which I have read with surprise, sometimes mixed with indignation, in the Contemporary Memoirs. I deem it important that the public should have correct information as to everything pertaining to this journey, in order that light may thus be thrown on certain incidents, by means of which calumny has attacked the honor of Napoleon, and even my own. A devoted though humble servant of the Emperor, it is natural that I should be deeply interested in explaining all that seems doubtful, in refuting all falsehoods, and in giving minute corrections of many incorrect statements which might influence the judgment of the public concerning my master and myself. I shall fulfil this duty with perfect frankness, as I have sufficiently proved in the foregoing volumes of these Memoirs.
A little incident occurred at Montreuil, which I take pleasure in narrating, since it proves how carefully Napoleon examined both the fortifications and improvements being made in the towns, either by his personal orders, or from the impulse given by him to these important departments of public service. After investigating the work done in the past year on the fortifications of Montreuil, and having made a tour of all the ramparts, the Emperor returned to the citadel, whence he again emerged to visit the exterior works. An arm of the river Canche, which lies at the foot of the wall on one side of the city, intercepted his route. The whole suite set to work to construct a temporary bridge of planks and logs; but the Emperor, impatient at the delay, walked through the stream in water up to his knees. The owner of a mill on the opposite shore took his Majesty by the arm to assist him in mounting the bank, and profited by this opportunity to explain to the Emperor that his mill, being in the line of the projected fortifications, would necessarily be torn down; whereupon the Emperor turned to the engineers and said, "This brave man must be indemnified for any loss he may sustain." He then continued his rounds, and did not re-enter his carriage until he had examined everything at leisure, and held a long interview with the civil and military authorities of Montreuil. On the route a soldier who had been wounded at Ratisbon was presented to him; and his Majesty ordered that a present should be made him on the spot, and that his petition should be presented to him on his arrival at Boulogne on the 20th.
This was the second time Boulogne had received the Emperor within its walls. Immediately on his arrival he went on board the flotilla and held a review. As an English frigate was evidently preparing to approach in order to observe more closely what was taking place in the roadstead, his Majesty immediately sent out a French frigate under full sail against the hostile ship, whereupon the latter, taking the alarm, at once disappeared. On the 29th of September his Majesty reached Flushing, and from Flushing went to visit the fortifications at Tervueren. As he was overlooking the various works at that place, a young woman threw herself at his feet, her cheeks wet with tears, .and extended a petition to the
Emperor with a trembling hand. Napoleon most graciously assisted her to rise, and inquired the object of her petition. "Sire," said the poor woman between her sobs, I am the mother of three children, whose father is conscripted by your Majesty; the children and the mother are in the deepest distress."–"Monsieur," said his Majesty to some one of his suite, "make a note of this man's name; I will make him an officer." The young woman tried to express her gratitude, but her emotion and tears prevented the utterance of a word, and the Emperor went on his way.
Another kind act marked his departure from Ostend. On leaving that town he followed the course of the Estrau, and as he did not care to pass through the locks, in order to cross the Swine, entered a fishing-boat in company with the Duke of Vicenza, his grand equerry, Count Lobau, one of his aides-de-camp, and two chasseurs of the guard. This boat, which was owned by two poor fishermen, was worth only about one hundred and fifty florins, including its equipment, and was their only source of wealth. The crossing required about half an hour, and his Majesty alighted at Fort Orange, on the island of Cadsand, where the prefect with his suite awaited him; and as he was wet and suffering with the cold, a large fire was kindled, by which he warmed himself with evident enjoyment. The fishermen were then asked how much they charged for the passage, and upon their replying a florin for each passenger, Napoleon ordered that a hundred napoleons should be counted out to them, and they should be granted a pension of three hundred francs for life. It is impossible to give an idea of the joyful surprise of these poor men, who had not in the least suspected the exalted rank of their passenger; but no sooner were they informed than the whole country was told, and thus many hearts were won for Napoleon; while at the same time the Empress Marie Louise was being welcomed on his account at the theater, and whenever she appeared on the streets, with sincere and vociferous applause.
Preparations had been made everywhere in Holland two months before the arrival of their Majesties, in order that they might be suitably received; and there was no village on the Emperor's route so small that it was not eager to earn his approbation by the proportional magnificence of the welcome accorded his Majesty. Almost the whole court of France accompanied him on this journey, and grand dignitaries, ladies of honor, superior officers, aides-de-camp, chamberlains, equerries, ladies of attire, quartermasters, valets de chambre, regulators of soldiers' quarters, the kitchen service–nothing was wanting. Napoleon intended to dazzle the eyes of the good Dutchmen by the magnificence of his court; and, in truth, his gracious manner, his affability, and the recital of the numerous benefits he scattered around his path, had already had their effect in conquering this population, in spite of the frowning brows of a few, who, as they smoked their pipes, murmured against the impediments to commerce caused by the Continental system.
The city of Amsterdam, where the Emperor had decided to remain some time, found itself suddenly in a condition of peculiar embarrassment, owing to
the following circumstance: This town had a very extensive palace, but no coaches nor stables attached to them, which for the suite of Napoleon was a prime necessity; and the stables of King Louis, besides their insufficiency, were placed too far from the palace to be occupied by even a portion of the Emperor's service. Consequently there was great embarrassment in the city, and much difficulty was experienced in quartering the Emperor's horses; since to improvise stables in a few days, almost in a moment, was impossible, and to build carriage-houses in the midst of courts would have had a ludicrous effect. But fortunately this difficult situation was ended by one of the quartermasters of the palace named M. Emery, a man of great intelligence, and an old soldier, who, having learned from Napoleon and the force of circumstances never to be overcome by difficulties, conceived the happy thought of converting the flower-market into stables and coach-houses, and placing the equipages of the Emperor there under immense tents.
The Emperor at last rejoined his august spouse at Brussels, where the enthusiasm excited by his presence was unanimous. On a suggestion from him, which was as delicate as politic, Marie Louise during her stay bought laces to the value of one hundred and fifty thousand francs, in order to encourage the manufacturers. The introduction into France of English merchandise was at that time severely prohibited, and all that was found was indiscriminately burned.
Of the whole system of offensive policy maintained by Napoleon against the maritime tyranny of England, nothing more nearly aroused open opposition than the vigorous observance of prohibitory decrees. Belgium then contained a quantity of English merchandise, which was most carefully concealed, and which every one was anxious to obtain, as is ever the case with forbidden fruit. All the ladies in the suite of the Empress made large purchases of these articles; and one even filled several carriages with them, not without fear, however, that Napoleon might be informed of this, and might seize everything on its arrival in France. These carriages, bearing the arms of the Emperor, passed the Rhine filled with this precious luggage, and arrived at the gates of Coblentz, which furnished an occasion of painful uncertainty to the officers of the custom-house, while they deliberated whether they should arrest and examine the carriages, or should permit a convoy to pass unmolested because it professed to belong to the Emperor. After mature deliberation, the majority adopted this alternative; and the carriages successfully passed the first line of French custom-houses, and reached port in safety,–that is to say, Paris,–with its cargo of prohibited merchandise. If the carriages had been stopped, it is probable that Napoleon would have highly applauded the courage of the inspectors of customs, and would have pitilessly burned the confiscated articles.
Their Majesties arrived at Utrecht the 6th of October, and found every house on the quays as well as the streets decorated with ribbons and garlands. The rain was falling in torrents; but this did not prevent the authorities being on foot from early in the morning, and the population
filling the streets. As soon as he alighted from his carriage, Napoleon, in spite of the weather, mounted his horse, and went to hold a review of several regiments stationed at the gates of Utrecht, accompanied by a numerous staff, and a large number of curious persons, most of them wet to the skin. After the review Napoleon entered the palace, where the entire deputation awaited him in an immense hall, still unfurnished, though it had been built by King Louis, and without changing his clothing gave audience to all who were eager to congratulate him, and listened with most exemplary patience to the harangues addressed to him.
The entrance of their Majesties into Amsterdam was most brilliant. The Empress, in a chariot drawn by splendid horses, was a few hours in advance of the Emperor, who made his entry on horseback, surrounded by a brilliant staff, glittering with gold and embroideries, who advanced at a slow pace amid shouts of admiration and astonishment from the good Hollanders. Through his simple and unaffected bearing there shone a profound satisfaction, and perhaps even a natural sentiment of pride, in seeing the welcome accorded to his glory here as elsewhere, and the universal sympathy aroused in the masses by his presence alone. Drapery in three colors, which produced a very fine effect, hung from posts erected at regular intervals and formed the decoration of the streets through which his Majesty was to pass; and he who three years later was to enter the palace of the Tuileries by night, and as a fugitive, after having with much difficulty gained admission through the gates of the chateau, passed then under arches of triumph, with a glory yet unsullied by defeat, and a fortune still faithful. These reminiscences are painful to me, but they recur to my mind even against my will; for no year of the Empire was marked by more fetes, more triumphant entries, or more popular rejoicings, than that which preceded the disastrous year of 1812.
Some of the actors of the French Theater at Paris had accompanied the court to Holland, and Talma there played the roles of Bayard and d'Orosmane; and M. Alissan de Chazet directed at Amsterdam the performance by French comedians of a vaudeville in honor of their Majesties, the title of which I have forgotten. Here, again, I wish to refute another assertion no less false made by the author of these 'Contemporary Memoirs', concerning a fictitious liaison between the Emperor and Mademoiselle Bourgoin. I cite the passage in question: "Mademoiselle Bourgoin, one of the delegates from the court of Thalia, in order to be permitted to accompany the party on this journey, had thoughtlessly succumbed to the temptation of making indiscreet revelations; even boasting aloud that she attracted the Emperor to the theater in which she played; and these boasts, which were by no means virtuous, having reached the Emperor's ears, he would no longer attend the theater. He charged Talma, for whom he had much consideration, to urge the pretty actress to be silent; and to inform her that on the slightest indiscretion she would be reconducted to France under good escort."
This by no means agrees with what his Majesty said one day in regard to this actress while at Erfurt. These words, which the author of the Memoirs would do well to recall, prove that the Emperor had no views in regard to her; and the most important proof of all, is the great discretion which the Emperor always exercised in regard to his amours.
During the entire passage through Holland, the Emperor showed himself cordial and affable, welcoming every one most kindly, and accosting each in a suitable manner, and at no time was he ever more amiable or anxious to please. He visited the manufactures, inspected dock-yards, reviewed troops, addressed the sailors, and attended the ball's given in his honor in all the towns through which he passed; and amid this life of seeming pleasure and distraction, he exerted himself almost more than in the quiet, monotonous life of the camp, and was affable, gracious, and accessible to all his subjects. But in these processions, in the very midst of these fetes, amid all this acclamation of whole cities rushing out to meet him, eager to serve as his escort, under these arches of triumph which were erected to him sometimes even at the entrance of an obscure village, his abstraction was deeper than ever, and his heart more oppressed with care; for his thoughts were from this time filled with the expedition to Russia. And perhaps into this amenity of manner, this friendliness, and these acts of benevolence, most of which were foreign to his character, there entered the design of lessening in advance the discontent which this expedition would produce; and perhaps in attaching all hearts to himself, in exhausting every means of pleasing, he imagined he was obtaining pardon in advance, by means of the enthusiasm of his subjects, for a war which, whatever might be the result, was to cost the Empire so much blood and so many tears.
During their Majesties' stay at Amsterdam, there was placed in the apartments of the Empress a piano so constructed as to appear like a desk with a division in the middle, and in this space was placed a small bust of the Emperor of Russia. Soon after, the Emperor wished to see if the apartments of the Empress were suitable, and while visiting them perceived this bust, which he placed under his arm without a word. He afterwards said to one of the ladies of the Empress, that he wished this bust removed; and he was obeyed, though this caused considerable astonishment, as it was not then known that any coolness had arisen between the two Emperors.
A few days after his arrival at Amsterdam, the Emperor made several excursions into the country, accompanied by a somewhat numerous suite. He visited at Saardam the thatched cottage which sheltered Peter the Great when he came to Holland under the name of Pierre Michaeloffto study ship-building; and after remaining there half an hour, the Emperor, as he left, remarked to the grand marshal of the palace. "That is the finest monument in Holland." The evening before, her Majesty the Empress had visited the village of Broek, which is the pride of the whole north of Holland. Almost all the houses of the village are built of wood, and are of one story, the fronts ornamented with numerous paintings in accordance with the caprice of the owners. These paintings are cared for
most zealously, and preserved in a state of perfect freshness. Through the windows of clearest glass are seen curtains of embroidered China silk, and of painted muslin and beautiful India stuffs. The streets are paved with brick and very clean, and are washed and rubbed daily, and covered with fine white sand, in which various figures are imitated, especially flowers. Placards at the end of each street forbid the entrance of carriages into the village, the houses of which resemble children's toys. The cattle are cared for by hirelings at some distance from the town; and there is, outside the village, an inn for strangers, for they are not permitted to lodge inside. In front of some houses I remarked either a grass plot or an arrangement of colored sand and shells, sometimes little painted wooden statues, sometimes hedges oddly cut. Even the vessels and broom-handles were painted various colors, and cared for like the remainder of the establishment; the inhabitants carrying their love of cleanliness so far as to compel those who entered to take offtheir shoes, and replace them with slippers, which stood at the door for this singular purpose. I am reminded on this subject of an anecdote relating to the Emperor Joseph the Second. That prince, having presented himself in boots at the door of a house in Broek, and being requested to remove them before entering, exclaimed, "I am the Emperor!" –"Even if you were the burgomaster of Amsterdam, you should not enter in boots," replied the master of the dwelling. The good Emperor thereupon put on the slippers.
During the journey to Holland their Majesties were informed that the first tooth of the King of Rome had just made its appearance, and that the health of this august child was not impaired thereby.
In one of the little towns in the north of Holland, the authorities requested the Emperor's permission to present to him an old man aged one hundred and one years, and he ordered him brought before him. This more than centenarian was still vigorous, and had served formerly in the guards of the Stadtholder; he presented a petition entreating the Emperor to exempt from conscription one of his grandsons, the support of his old age. His Majesty assured him, through an interpreter, that he would not deprive him of his grandson, and Marshal Duroc was ordered to leave with the old man a testimonial of Imperial liberality. In another little town in Friesland, the authorities made the Emperor this singular address: "Sire, we were afraid you would come with the whole court; you are almost alone, and thereby we see you the better, and the more at our ease." The Emperor applauded this loyal compliment, and honored the orator by most touching thanks. After this long journey, passed in fetes, reviews, and displays of all kinds, where the Emperor, under the guise of being entertained, had made profound observations on the moral, commercial, and military situation of Holland, observations which bore fruit after his return to Paris, and even while in the country, in wise and useful decrees, their Majesties left Holland, passing through Haarlem, The Hague, and Rotterdam, where they were welcomed, as they had been in the whole of Holland, by fetes. They crossed the Rhine, visited Cologne and Aix-la-Chapelle, and arrived at Saint-Cloud early in November, 1811.
CHAPTER II.
Marie Louis was a very handsome woman. She had a majestic figure and noble bearing, fresh complexion, blond hair, and blue eyes full of expression; her hands and feet were the admiration of the court. Her figure was, perhaps, a trifle too stout; but she lost some of this superfluous flesh during her stay in France, though thereby she gained as much in grace and beauty. Such was her appearance. In her intercourse with those immediately around her she was affable and cordial; and the enjoyment she felt in the freedom of these conversations was depicted on her countenance, which grew animated, and took on an infinite grace. But when she was obliged to appear in public she became extremely timid; formal society served of itself to isolate her; and as persons who are not naturally haughty always appear so with a poor grace, Marie Louise, being always much embarrassed on reception days, was often the subject of unjust criticism; for, as I have said, her coldness in reality arose from an excessive timidity.
Immediately after her arrival in France, Marie Louise suffered from this embarrassment to a very great degree, which can be easily understood in a young princess who found herself so suddenly transported into an entirely new society, to whose habits and tastes she felt obliged to conform, and in which, although her high position must naturally attract the world to her, the circumstances of this position rendered it necessary that she should take the initiative in any advances made, a fact which explains the awkwardness of her early relations with the ladies of her court. After intimacies had been formed, and the young Empress had chosen her friends with all the abandon of her young heart, then haughtiness and constraint vanished, or reappeared only on occasions of ceremony. Marie Louise was of a calm, thoughtful character; it took little to arouse her sensitive spirit; and yet, although easily moved, she was by no means demonstrative. The Empress had received a very careful education, her mind was cultivated and her tastes very simple, and she possessed every accomplishment.
She detested the insipid hours passed in idleness, and liked occupation because it suited her tastes, and also because in a proper employment of her time she found the only means of driving away ennui. I think she was, in fact, a most congenial wife for the Emperor. She was too much interested in the concerns of her own private life to ever mingle in political intrigues, and, although she was both Empress and Queen, very often was in entire ignorance of public affairs, except what knowledge she obtained from the journals. The Emperor at the end of days filled with agitation could find a little relaxation only in a quiet domestic hearth, which restored to him the happiness of family life; and,
consequently, an intriguing woman or a talkative politician would have annoyed him exceedingly.
Nevertheless, the Emperor sometimes complained of the want of affability the Empress showed to the ladies of her court, and said that this excessive reserve was injurious to him in a country where the opposite extreme is most common.
This was because he was recalling the past somewhat, and thinking of the Empress Josephine, whose constant gayety was the chief charm of the court. He was necessarily struck by the contrast; but was there not some injustice at the foundation of this? The Empress Marie Louise was the daughter of an Emperor, and had seen and known only courtiers, and, having no acquaintance with any other class, knew nothing of any world outside the walls of the palace of Vienna. She arrived one fine day at the Tuileries, in the midst of a people whom she had never seen except as soldiers; and on this account the constraint of her manner towards the persons composing the brilliant society of Paris seems to me to a certain point excusable. It seems to me, besides, that the Empress was expected to show a frankness and simplicity which were entirely misplaced; and, by being cautioned over and over again to be natural, she was prevented from the observance of that formality also suitable on the part of the great, who should be approached only when they themselves give the signal. The Empress Josephine loved the people because she had been one of them; and in mounting a throne her expansive nature had everything to gain, for she found it was only extending her friendship among a larger circle. Inspired by her own kind heart, the Empress Marie Louise sought to make those around her happy; and her benevolent deeds were long the subject of conversation, and, above all, the delicate manner in which they were performed. Each month she took from the sum allotted for her toilet ten thousand francs for the poor, which was not the limit of her charities; for she always welcomed with the greatest interest those who came to tell her of distresses to be alleviated. From the eagerness with which she listened to those soliciting aid, it would seem that she had been recalled suddenly to a duty; and yet it was simply an evidence that the chords of her sensitive heart had been touched. I do not know if any one ever received from her a refusal of a demand of this sort. The Emperor was deeply touched each time that he was informed of a benevolent act of the Empress. At eight o'clock in the morning the curtains and blinds were half opened in the apartments of the Empress Marie Louise, and the papers were handed her; after reading which, chocolate or coffee was served, with a kind of pastry called tongue. This first breakfast she took in bed. At nine o'clock Marie Louise arose, made her morning toilet, and received those persons privileged to attend at this hour. Every day in the Emperor's absence, the Empress ascended to the apartment of Madame de Montebello, her lady of honor, followed by her service, composed of the chevalier of honor, and some of the ladies of the palace; and on her return to her apartments, a light breakfast was served, consisting of pastry and fruits. After her lessons in drawing, painting, and music, she commenced her grand toilet. Between six and seven o'clock
she dined with the Emperor, or in his absence with Madame de Montebello, the dinner comprising only one course. The evening was spent in receptions, or at concerts, plays, etc.; and the Empress retired at eleven o'clock. One of her women always slept in the room in front of her bedroom, and it was through this the Emperor was obliged to pass when he spent the night in his wife's room.
This customary routine of the Empress was changed, however, when the Emperor was at the chateau; but when alone she was punctual in all her employments, and did exactly the same things at the same hours. Her personal domestics seemed much attached to her; for though cool and distant in her manner, they always found her good and just.
In the Emperor's absence the portrait of the Duchess of Montebello ornamented the Empress's room with those of the entire Imperial family of Austria; but when the Emperor returned, the portrait of the duchess was removed; and during the war between Napoleon and the Emperors of Austria and Russia, the portrait of Francis II. was removed from his daughter's room, by order of his Majesty, and was, I think, consigned to some secret spot.
The King of Rome was a very fine child; and though he resembled the Emperor less than the son of Hortense had done, his features were an agreeable union of those of his father and mother. I never knew him except in his infancy, and what was most remarkable in him at that age was the great kindness and affection he showed to those around him. He was much devoted to a young and pretty person named Fanny Soufflot, daughter of the first lady of the bedchamber, who was his constant companion; and, as he liked to see her always well dressed, he begged of Marie Louise, or his governess, Madame the Countess of Montesquiou, any finery that struck his fancy, which he wished to give to his young friend. He made her promise to follow him to the war when he was grown, and said many charming things which showed his affectionate disposition.
There was chosen as companion for the little king (as he styled himself) a young child named Albert Froment, I think, the son of one of the ladies of honor. One morning as they were playing together in the garden on which the apartments of the king opened at Saint-Cloud, Mademoiselle Fanny was watching them without interfering with their games, Albert tried to take the king's wheelbarrow; and, when the latter resisted, Albert struck him, whereupon the king exclaimed, "Oh, suppose some one had seen you! But I will not tell!" I consider this a fine evidence of character.
One day he was at the windows of the chateau with his governess, amusing himself by looking at the passers-by, and pointing out with his finger those who attracted his attention. While standing there he saw below a woman in deep mourning, holding by the hand a little boy also dressed in mourning. The little child carried a petition, which he waved from a distance to the prince, and seemed to be entreating him to receive.
Their black clothing made a deep impression on the prince, and he asked why the poor child was dressed all in black. " Doubtless because his papa is dead," replied the governess, whereupon the child expressed an earnest desire to speak to the little petitioner. Madame de Montesquiou, who especially desired to cultivate in her young pupil this disposition to mercy, gave orders that the mother and child should be brought up. She proved to be the widow of a brave man who had lost his life in the last campaign; and by his death she had been reduced to poverty, and compelled to solicit a pension from the Emperor. The young prince took the petition, and promised to present it to his papa. And next day when he went as usual to pay his respects to his father, and handed him all the petitions presented to him the evening before, one alone was kept apart; it was that of his little protege. "Papa," said he, "here is a petition from a little boy whose father was killed on your account; give him a pension." Napoleon was deeply moved, and embraced his son, and orders for the pension were given that day. This conduct in so young a child gives undeniable evidence of an excellent heart.
His early training was excellent; as Madame de Montesquiou had an unbounded influence over him, owing to the manner at once gentle and grave in which she corrected his faults. The child was generally docile, but, nevertheless, sometimes had violent fits of anger, which his governess had adopted an excellent means of correcting, which was to remain perfectly unmoved until he himself controlled his fury. When the child returned to himself, a few severe and pertinent remarks transformed him into a little Cato for the remainder of the day. One day as he was rolling on the floor refusing to listen to the remonstrances of his governess, she closed tie windows and shutters; and the child, astonished by this performance, forgot what had enraged him, and asked her why she did this. "I did it because I was afraid you would be heard; do you suppose the French people would want you as their prince, if they knew that you gave way to such fits of anger?"–"Do you think they heard me?" he inquired; "I would be very sorry if they had. Pardon, Mamma Quiou [this was his name for her], I will not do it again."
The Emperor was passionately devoted to his son; took him in his arms every time he saw him, and jumped him up and down most merrily, and was delighted with the joy he manifested. He teased him by carrying him in front of the glass and making grimaces, at which the child laughed till he cried. While at breakfast he took him on his knee, dipped his finger in the sauce and made him suck it, and smeared his face with it; and when the governess scolded, the Emperor laughed still more heartily, and the child, who enjoyed the sport, begged his father to repeat it. This was an opportune moment for the arrival of petitions at the chateau; for they were always well received at such times, thanks to the all-powerful credit of the little mediator.
The Emperor in his tender moods was sometimes even more childish than his son. The young prince was only four months old when his father put his
three-cornered hat on the pretty infant.
The child usually cried a good deal, and at these times the Emperor embraced him with an ardor and delight which none but a tender father could feel, saying to him,
"What, Sire, you crying! A king weeping; fie, then, how ugly that is!" He was just a year old when I saw the Emperor, on the lawn in front of the chateau, place his sword-belt over the shoulders of the king, and his hat on his head, and holding out his arms to the child, who tottered to him, his little feet now and then entangled in his father's sword; and it was beautiful to see the eagerness with which the Emperor extended his arms to keep him from falling.
One day in his cabinet the Emperor was lying on the floor, the king riding horseback on his knee, mounting by jumps up to his father's face, and kissing him. On another occasion the child entered the council chamber after the meeting had ended, and ran into his father's arms without paying attention to any one else, upon which the Emperor said to him, "Sire, you have not saluted these gentlemen." The child turned, bowed most gracefully, and his father then took him in his arms. Sometimes when going to visit the Emperor, he ran so fast that he left Madame de Montesquiou far behind, and said to the usher, "Open the door for me, I want to see papa." The usher replied, "Sire, I cannot do it." –"But I am the little king."–"No, Sire, I cannot open it." At this moment his governess appeared; and strong in her protection he proudly repeated, "Open the door, the king desires it."
Madame de Montesquiou had added to the prayers which the child repeated morning and evening, these words: "My God, inspire papa to make peace for the happiness of France." One evening the Emperor was present when his son was retiring, and he made the same prayer, whereupon the Emperor embraced him in silence, smiling most kindly on Madame de Montesquiou.
The Emperor was accustomed to say to the King of Rome when he was frightened at any noise or at his grimaces, "Come, come! a king should have no fear."
I recall another anecdote concerning the young son of the Emperor, which was related to me by his Majesty himself one evening when I was undressing him as usual, and at which the Emperor laughed most heartily. "You would not believe," said he, "the singular reward my son desired of his governess for being good. Would she not allow him to go and wade in the mud?" This was, true, and proves, it seems to me, that the greatness which surrounds the cradle of princes cannot eradicate from their minds the singular caprices of childhood.
CHAPTER III.
All the world is familiar with the name of the Abbe Geoffroy of satirical memory, who drove the most popular actors and authors of the time to desperation. This pitiless Aristarchus must have been most ardently enamored of this disagreeable profession; for he sometimes endangered thereby, not his life, which many persons would have desired earnestly perhaps, but at any rate his health and his repose. It is well, doubtless, to attack those who can reply with the pen, as then the consequences of the encounter do not reach beyond the ridicule which is often the portion of both adversaries. But Abbe Geoffroy fulfilled only one of the two conditions by virtue of which one can criticise,–he had much bitterness in his pen, but he was not a man of the sword; and every one knows that there are persons whom it is necessary to attack with both these weapons.
An actor whom Geoffroy had not exactly flattered in his criticisms decided to avenge himself in a piquant style, and one at which he could laugh long and loud. One evening, foreseeing what would appear in the journal of the next day, he could think of nothing better than to carry offGeoffroy as he was returning from the theater, and conduct him with bandaged eyes to a house where a schoolboy's punishment would be inflicted on this man who considered himself a master in the art of writing.
This plan was carried out. Just as the abbe regained his lodging, rubbing his hands perhaps as he thought of some fine point for tomorrow's paper, three or four vigorous fellows seized him, and conveyed him without a word to the place of punishment; and some time later that evening, the abbe, well flogged, opened his eyes in the middle of the street, to find himself alone far from his dwelling. The Emperor, when told of this ludicrous affair, was not at all amused, but, on the contrary, became very angry, and said that if he knew the authors of this outrage, he would have them punished. "When a man attacks with the pen," he added, he should be answered with the same weapon." The truth is also that the Emperor was much attached to M. Geoffroy, whose writings he did not wish submitted to censure like those of other journalist. It was said in Paris that this predilection of a great man for a caustic critic came from the fact that these contributions to the Journal of the Empire, which attracted much attention at this period, were a useful diversion to the minds of the capital. I know nothing positively in regard to this; but when I reflect on the character of the Emperor, who wished no one to occupy themselves with his political affairs, these opinions seem to me not devoid of foundation.
Doctor Corvisart was not a courtier, and came rarely to the Emperor, except on his regular visit each Wednesday and Saturday. He was very candid with the Emperor, insisted positively that his directions should
be obeyed to the letter, and made full use of the right accorded to physicians to scold their negligent patient. The Emperor was especially fond of him, and always detained him, seeming to find much pleasure in his conversation.
After the journey to Holland in 1811, M. Corvisart came to see the Emperor one Saturday, and found him in good health. He left him after the toilet, and immediately went to enjoy the pleasures of the chase, of which he was exceedingly fond. He was in the habit of not announcing where he was going, solely in order that he might not be interrupted for some slight cause, as had happened to him sometimes, for the doctor was most obliging and considerate. That day after his breakfast, which, according to custom, he had devoured rapidly, the Emperor was taken suddenly with a violent colic, and was quite ill. He asked for M. Corvisart, and a courier was dispatched for him, who, not finding him in Paris, hastened to his country house; but the doctor was at the chase, no one knew where, so the courier was obliged to return without him. The Emperor was deeply vexed, and as he continued to suffer extremely, at last went to bed, and Marie Louise came and spent a few moments with him; at last M. Yvan was summoned, and administered remedies which soon relieved the Emperor.
M. Corvisart, somewhat anxious perhaps, came on Monday instead of Wednesday; and when he entered Napoleon's room, the latter, who was in his dressing-gown, ran to him, and taking him by both ears, said, "Well, Monsieur, it seems that if I were seriously ill, I should have to dispense with your services." M. Corvisart excused himself, asked the Emperor how he had been affected, what remedies he had used, and promised always to leave word where he could be found, in order that he might be summoned immediately on his Majesty's orders, and the Emperor was soon appeased. This event was really of advantage to the doctor; for he thus abandoned a bad habit, at which it is probable his patients rejoiced.
M. Corvisart had a very great influence with the Emperor, so much so that many persons who knew him gave him the soubriquet of doctor of petitions; and it was very rarely he failed to obtain a favorable answer to his requests. Nevertheless, I often heard him speak warmly in favor of M. de Bourrienne, in order to impress upon the Emperor's mind that he was much attached to his Majesty; but the latter always replied, "No, Bourrienne is too much of an Englishman; and besides, he is doing very well; I have located him at Hamburg. He loves money, and he can make it there."
It was during the year 1811 that Cardinal Fesch came most frequently to the Emperor's apartments, and their discussions seemed to me very animated. The cardinal maintained his opinions most vehemently, speaking in a very loud tone and with great volubility. These conversations did not last more than five moments before they became very bitter, and I heard the Emperor raise his voice to the same pitch; then followed an exchange of harsh terms, and each time the cardinal arrived I felt distressed for the Emperor, who was always much agitated at the close of
these interviews. One day as the cardinal was taking leave of the Emperor, I heard the latter say to him sharply, "Cardinal, you take advantage of your position."
A few days before our departure for Russia the Emperor had me summoned during the day, and ordered me to bring from the treasury the box of diamonds, and place it in his room, and not to go far away, as he had some important business for me. About nine o'clock in the evening I was again summoned, and found M. de Lavalette, director-general of the post, in the Emperor's room. His Majesty opened the box in my presence, and examined the contents, saying to me, "Constant, carry this box yourself to the count's carriage, and remain there till he arrives." The carriage was standing at the foot of the grand staircase in the court of the Tuileries; and I opened it, took my seat, and waited until half-past eleven, when M. de Lavalette arrived, having spent all this time in conversation with the Emperor. I could not understand these precautions in delivering the diamonds to M. de Lavalette, but they were certainly not without a motive.
The box contained the sword, on the pommel of which was mounted the regent diamond, the handle also set with diamonds of great value; the grand collar of the Legion of Honor; the ornaments, hatcord, shoulderpiece, and buttons of the coronation robes, with the shoe-buckles and garters, all of which were of immense value.
A short time before we set out for the Russian campaign, Josephine sent for me, and I went at once to Malmaison, where this excellent woman renewed her earnest recommendations to watch most carefully over the Emperor's health and safety; and made me promise that if any accident, however slight, happened to him, I would write to her, as she was exceedingly anxious to know the real truth concerning him. She wept much; talked to me constantly about the Emperor, and after a conversation of more than an hour, in which she gave full vent to her emotions, presented me with her portrait painted by Saint on a gold snuff-box. I felt much depressed by this interview; for nothing could be more touching than to see this woman disgraced, but still loving, entreating my care over the man who had abandoned her, and manifesting the same affectionate interest in him which the most beloved wife would have done.
On entering Russia, a thing of which I speak here more according to the order of my reminiscences than in the order of time, the Emperor sent out, on three different roads, details of select police to prepare in advance lodgings, beds, supplies, etc. These officers were Messieurs Sarrazin, adjutant-lieutenant, Verges, Molene, and Lieutenant Pachot. I will devote farther on an entire chapter to our itinerary from Paris to Moscow.
A short time before the battle of La Moskwa, a man was brought to the camp dressed in the Russian uniform, but speaking French; at least his language was a singular mixture of French and Russian. This man had
escaped secretly from the enemy's lines; and when he perceived that our soldiers were only a short distance from him, had thrown his gun on the ground, crying in a very strong Russian accent, "I am French," and our soldiers had at once taken him prisoner.
Never was prisoner more charmed with his change of abode. This poor fellow, who seemed to have been forced to take arms against his will in the service of the enemies of his country, arrived at the French camp, called himself the happiest of men in finding again his fellowcountrymen, and pressed the hand of all the soldiers with an ardor which delighted them. He was brought to the Emperor, and appeared much overawed at finding himself in the presence of the King of the French, as he called his Majesty. The Emperor questioned him closely, and in his reply he declared that the noise of the French cannon had always made his heart beat; and that he had feared only one thing, which was that he might be killed by his compatriots. From what he told the Emperor it appeared that he belonged to that numerous class of men who find themselves transplanted by their family to a foreign land, without really knowing the cause of their emigration. His father had pursued at Moscow an unremunerative industrial profession, and had died leaving him without resources for the future, and, in order to earn his bread, he had become a soldier. He said that the Russian military discipline was one of his strongest incentives to desert, adding that he had strong arms and a brave heart, and would serve in the French army if the general permitted. His frankness pleased the Emperor, and he endeavored to obtain from him some positive information on the state of the public mind at Moscow; and ascertained from his revelations, more or less intelligent, that there was much disturbance in that ancient capital.
He said that in the street could be heard cries of, "No more of Barclay!
–[Prince Michael Barclay de Tolly, born in Livonia, 1755, of Scottish extraction; distinguished himself in wars against Sweden, Turkey, and Poland, 1788 and 1794, and against the French, 1806; commanded Russian army against Napoleon in 1812, until superseded, after battle of Smolensk, by Kutusoff, and commanded the right wing at Borodino; afterwards commanded at Bautzen and Leipsic; died 1818]–
Down with the traitor! dismiss him! Long live Kutusoff!" The merchant class, which possessed great influence on account of its wealth, complained of a system of temporizing which left men in uncertainty, and compromised the honor of the Russian arms; and it was thought unpardonable in the Emperor that he had bestowed his confidence on a foreigner when old Kutusoff, with the blood and the heart of a Russian, was given a secondary position. The Emperor Alexander had paid little attention to these energetic complaints, until at last, frightened by the symptoms of insurrection which began to be manifest in the army, he had yielded, and Kutusoffhad been named generalissimo, over which important event there had been rejoicings and illuminations at Moscow. A great
battle with the French was talked of; enthusiasm was at its height in the Russian army, and every soldier had fastened to his cap a green branch. The prisoner spoke with awe of Kutusoff, and said that he was an old man, with white hair and great mustaches, and eyes that struck him with terror; that he lacked much of dressing like the French generals; that he wore very ordinary clothes–he who could have such fine ones; that he roared like a lion when he was angry; that he never started on a march without saying his prayers; and that he crossed himself frequently at different hours of the day. "The soldiers love him because they say he so much resembles Suwarrow. I am afraid he will do the French much harm," said he. The Emperor, satisfied with this information, dismissed the prisoner, and gave orders that he should be allowed the freedom of the camp; and afterwards he fought bravely beside our soldiers. The Emperor made his entrance into Gjatsk with a most singular escort.
Some Cossacks had been taken in a skirmish; and his Majesty, who was at this time very eager for information from every quarter, desired to question these savages, and for this purpose had two or three brought to his headquarters. These men seemed formed to be always on horseback, and their appearance when they alighted on the ground was most amusing. Their legs, which the habit of pressing their horses' sides had driven far apart, resembled a pair of pincers, and they had a general air of being out of their element. The Emperor entered Gjatsk, escorted by two of these barbarians on horseback, who appeared much flattered by this honor. I remarked that sometimes the Emperor could with difficulty repress a smile as he witnessed the awkward appearance made by these cavaliers from the Ukraine, above all when they attempted to put on airs. Their reports, which the interpreter of the Emperor had some difficulty in comprehending, seemed a confirmation of all his Majesty had heard concerning Moscow. These barbarians made the Emperor understand by their animated gestures, convulsive movements, and warlike postures, that there would soon be a great battle between the French and the Russians. The Emperor had brandy given them, which they drank like water, and presented their glasses anew with a coolness which was very amusing. Their horses were small, with cropped manes and long tails, such as unfortunately can be seen without leaving Paris.
It is a matter of history that the King of Naples made a most favorable impression on these barbarians. When it was announced to the Emperor one day that they desired to appoint him their hetman, the Emperor was much amused by this offer, and said jestingly that he was ready to indorse this choice of a free people. The King of Naples had something theatrical in his appearance which fascinated these barbarians, for he always dressed magnificently. When his steed bore him in front of his column, his beautiful hair disordered by the wind, as he gave those grand saber strokes which mowed down men like stubble, I can well comprehend the deep impression he made on the fancy of these warlike people, among whom exterior qualities alone can be appreciated. It is said that the King of Naples by simply raising this powerful sword had put to flight a horde of these barbarians. I do not know how much truth there is in this
statement, but it is at least possible.
The Cossacks, in common with all races still in their infancy, believe in magicians. A very amusing anecdote was told of the great chief of the Cossacks, the celebrated Platoff. Pursued by the King of Naples, he was beating a retreat, when a ball reached one of the officers beside him, on which event the hetman was so much irritated against his magician that he had him flogged in presence of all his hordes, reproaching him most bitterly because he had not turned away the balls by his witchcraft. This was plain evidence of the fact that he had more faith in his art than the sorcerer himself possessed.
On the 3d of September, from his headquarters at Gjatsk, the Emperor ordered his army to prepare for a general engagement. There had been for some days much laxity in the police of the bivouacs, and he now redoubled the severity of the regulations in regard to the countersigns. Some detachments which had been sent for provisions having too greatly prolonged their expedition, the Emperor charged the colonels to express to them his dissatisfaction, adding that those who had not returned by the next day could not take part in the battle. These words needed no commentary.
The country surrounding Gjatsk was very fertile, and the fields were now covered with rye ready for the sickle, through which we saw here and there broad gaps made by the Cossacks in their, flight. I have often since compared the aspect of these fields in November and September. What a horrible thing is war! A few days before the battle, Napoleon, accompanied by two of his marshals, made a visit of inspection on foot in the outskirts of the city.
On the eve of this great event he discussed everything in the calmest manner, speaking of this country as he would have done of a beautiful, fertile province of France. In hearing him one might think that the granary of the army had here been found, that it would consequently furnish excellent winter quarters, and the first care of the government he was about to establish at Gjatsk would be the encouragement of agriculture. He then pointed out to his marshals the beautiful windings of the river which gives its name to the village, and appeared delighted with the landscape spread before his eyes. I have never seen the Emperor abandon himself to such gentle emotions, nor seen such serenity manifested both in his countenance and conversation; and at the same time I was never more deeply impressed with the greatness of his soul.
On the 5th of September the Emperor mounted the heights of Borodino, hoping to take in at a glance the respective positions of the two armies; but the sky was overcast. One of those fine, cold rains soon began to fall, which so often come in the early autumn, and resemble from a distance a tolerably thick fog. The Emperor tried to use his glasses; but the kind of veil which covered the whole country prevented his seeing any distance, by which he was much vexed. The rain, driven by the wind,
fell slanting against his field-glasses, and he had to dry them over and over again, to his very great annoyance. The atmosphere was so cold and damp that he ordered his cloak, and wrapped himself in it, saying that as it was impossible to remain there, he must return to headquarters, which he did, and throwing himself on the bed slept a short while. On awaking he said, "Constant, I hear a noise outside; go see what it is." I went out, and returned to inform him that General Caulaincourt had arrived; at which news the Emperor rose hastily, and ran to meet the general, asking him anxiously, "Do you bring any prisoners? " The general replied that he had not been able to take prisoners, since the Russian soldiers , preferred death to surrender. The Emperor immediately cried, "Let all the artillery be brought forward." He had decided that in his preparations to make this war one of extermination, the cannon would spare his troops the fatigue of discharging their muskets.
On the 6th, at midnight, it was announced to the Emperor that the fires of the Russians seemed less numerous, and the flames were extinguished at several points; and some few said they had heard the muffled sound of drums. The army was in a state of great anxiety. The Emperor sprang wildly from his bed, repeatedly exclaiming, "It is impossible!"
I tried to hand him his garments, that he might clothe himself warmly, as the night was so cold; but he was so eager to assure himself personally of the truth of these statements, that he rushed out of the tent with only his cloak wrapped around him. It was a fact that the fires of the bivouac had grown paler, and the Emperor had reason for the gravest suspicions. Where would the war end if the Russians fell back now? He re-entered his tent much agitated, and retired to bed again, repeating many times, "We will know the truth to-morrow morning."
On the 7th of September, the sun rose in a cloudless sky, and the Emperor exclaimed, "It is the sun of Austerlitz!" These words of the Emperor were reported to the army, and repeated by them amid great enthusiasm. The drums were beaten, and the order of the day was read as follows:
SOLDIERS,–Behold the battle you have so long desired! Henceforth that victory depends on you which is so necessary to us, since it will furnish us abundant provisions, good winter quarters, and a prompt return to our native land. Conduct yourselves as at Austerlitz, at Friedland, at Witepsk, at Smolensk, and let the most remote posterity refer with pride to your conduct on this day; let it be said of you, "He took part in the great battle under the walls of Moscow."
The army replied by reiterated acclamations. The Emperor, a few hours before the battle, had dictated this proclamation, and it was read in the morning to the soldiers. Napoleon was then on the heights of Borodino; and when the enthusiastic cries of the army struck his ear, he was standing with folded arms, the sun shining full in his eyes, reflected from the French and Russian bayonets. He smiled, then became more
serious until the affair was terminated.
On that day the portrait of the King of Rome was brought to Napoleon. He needed some gentle emotion to divert his mind from this state of anxious suspense. He held this portrait long on his knees, contemplating it with delight, and said that it was the most agreeable surprise he had ever received, and repeated several times in a low tone, "My good Louise! This is a charming attention!" On the Emperor's countenance there rested an expression of happiness difficult to describe, though the first emotions excited were calm and even melancholy. "The dear child," was all that he said. But he experienced all the pride of a father and an Emperor when by his orders officers, and even soldiers, of the old guard came to see the King of Rome. The portrait was placed on exhibition in front of the tent; and it was inexpressibly touching to see these old soldiers uncover themselves with respect before this image, in which they sought to find some of the features of Napoleon. The Emperor had at this moment the expansive joy of a father who knows well that next to him his son has no better friends than his old companions in endurance and glory.
At four o'clock in the morning, that is to say one hour before the battle opened, Napoleon felt a great exhaustion in his whole person, and had a slight chill, without fever, however, and threw himself on his bed. Nevertheless, he was not as ill as M. de Segur states. He had had for some time a severe cold that he had somewhat neglected, and which was so much increased by the fatigue of this memorable day that he lost his voice almost entirely. He treated this with the soldier's prescription, and drank light punch during the whole night, which he spent working in his cabinet without being able to speak. This inconvenience lasted two days; but on the 9th he was well, and his hoarseness almost gone.
After the battle, of every six corpses found, one would be French and five Russian. At noon an aide-de-camp came to inform the Emperor that Count Auguste de Caulaincourt, brother of the Duke of Vicenza, had been struck by a ball. The Emperor drew a deep sigh, but said not a word; for he well knew that his heart would most likely be saddened more, than once that day. After the battle, he expressed his condolences to the Duke of Vicenza in the most touching manner.
Count Auguste de Caulaincourt was a young man full of courage, who had left his young wife a few hours after his marriage to follow the French army, and to find a glorious death at the battle of La Moskwa. He was governor of the pages of the Emperor, and had married the sister of one of his charges. This charming person was so young that her parents preferred that the marriage should not take place until he returned from the campaign, being influenced in this decision by the fate of Prince Aldobrandini after his marriage with Mademoiselle de la Rochefoucault before the campaign of Wagram. General Auguste de Caulaincourt was killed in a redoubt to which he had led the cuirassiers of General Montbrun, who had just been fatally wounded by a cannon-ball in the attack on this same redoubt.
The Emperor often said, in speaking of generals killed in the army, "Such an one is happy in having died on the field of honor, while I shall perhaps be so unfortunate as to die in my bed." He was less philosophical on the occasion of Marshal Lannes's death, when I saw him, while at breakfast, weeping such large tears that they rolled over his cheeks, and fell into his plate. He mourned deeply for Desaix, Poniatowski, and Bessieres, but most of all for Lannes, and next to him Duroc.
During the whole of the battle of the Moskwa the Emperor had attacks resembling stone in the bladder. He had been often threatened with this disease unless he was more prudent in his diet, and suffered much, although he complained little, and only when attacked by violent pain uttered stifled groans. Now, nothing causes more anxiety than to hear those complain who are unaccustomed to do so; for then one imagines the suffering most intense, since it is stronger than a strong man. At Austerlitz the Emperor said, "Ordener is worn out. There is only one time for military achievement in a man's life. I shall be good for six years longer, and after that I shall retire."
The Emperor rode over the field of battle, which presented a horrible spectacle, nearly all the dead being covered with wounds; which proved with what bitterness the battle had been waged. The weather was very inclement, and rain was falling, accompanied by a very high wind. Poor wounded creatures, who had not yet been removed to the ambulances, half rose from the ground in their desire not to be overlooked and to receive aid; while some among them still cried, Vive l'Empereur!" in spite of their suffering and exhaustion. Those of our soldiers who had been killed by Russian balls showed on their corpses deep and broad wounds, for the Russian balls were much larger than ours. We saw a color-bearer, wrapped in his banner as a winding-sheet, who seemed to give signs of life, but he expired in the shock of being raised. The Emperor walked on and said nothing, though many times when he passed by the most mutilated, he put his hand over his eyes to avoid the sight. This calm lasted only a short while; for there was a place on the battlefield where French and Russians had fallen pell-mell, almost all of whom were wounded more or less grievously. And when the Emperor heard their cries, he became enraged, and shouted at those who had charge of removing the wounded, much irritated by the slowness with which this was done. It was difficult to prevent the horses from trampling on the corpses, so thickly did they lie. A wounded soldier was struck by the shoe of a horse in the Emperor's suite, and uttered a heartrending cry, upon which the Emperor quickly turned, and inquired in a most vehement manner who was the awkward person by whom the man was hurt. He was told, thinking that it would calm his anger, that the man was nothing but a Russian. "Russian or French," he exclaimed, "I wish every one removed!"
Poor young fellows who were making their first campaign, being wounded to
the death, lost courage, and wept like children crying for their mothers. The terrible picture will be forever engraven on my memory.
The Emperor urgently repeated his orders for removing the wounded quickly, then turned his horse in silence, and returned to his headquarters, the evening being now far advanced. I passed the night near him, and his sleep was much disturbed; or, rather, he did not sleep at all, and repeated over and over, restlessly turning on his pillow, "Poor Caulaincourt! What a day! What a day!"
CHAPTER IV.
As I have announced previously, I shall endeavor to record in this chapter some recollections of events personal to the Emperor which occurred during the journey between the frontiers of France and Prussia. How sad a contrast results, alas! as we attempt to compare our journey to Moscow with that of our return. One must have seen Napoleon at Dresden, surrounded by a court of princes and of kings, to form an idea of the highest point which human greatness can reach. There more than ever elsewhere the Emperor was affable to all; fortune smiled upon him, and none of those who enjoyed with us the spectacle of his glory could even conceive the thought that fortune could soon prove unfaithful to him and in so striking a manner. I remember, among other particulars of our stay at Dresden, a speech I heard the Emperor make to Marshal Berthier, whom he had summoned at a very early hour. When the marshal arrived, Napoleon had not yet risen, but I received orders to bring him in at once; so that while dressing the Emperor, I heard between him and his major-general a conversation of which I wish I could remember the whole, but at least I am sure of repeating correctly one thought which struck me. The Emperor said in nearly these words:–
"I wish no harm to Alexander; it is not on Russia that I am making war, no more than on Spain; I have only one enemy,–England, and it is her I am striving to reach in Russia; I will pursue her everywhere." During this speech the marshal bit his nails, as was his constant habit. On that day a magnificent review was held, at which all the princes of the Confederation were present, surrounding their chief as great vassals of his crown.
When the various army-corps marshaled from the other side of the Elbe had advanced to the confines of Poland, we left Dresden, meeting everywhere the same enthusiasm on the advent of the Emperor. We were as a result sumptuously entertained in every place at which we halted, so anxious were the inhabitants to testify their regard for his Majesty, even in the person of those who had the honor of serving him.
At this time there was a general rumor in the army, and among the persons of the Emperor's household, that his intention was to re-establish the kingdom of Poland. Ignorant as I was, and from my position should naturally be, of all political matters, I heard no less than others the expression of an opinion which was universal, and which was discussed openly by all. Sometimes the Emperor condescended to ask me what I heard, and always smiled at my report, since I could not tell the truth and say anything that would have been disagreeable to him; for he was then, and I do not speak too strongly, universally adored by the Polish population.
On the 23d of June we were on the banks of the Niemen, that river already become so famous by the interview between the two Emperors, under circumstances very different from those in which they now found themselves.
The passage of the army began in the evening, and lasted for forty-eight hours, during which time the Emperor was almost constantly on horseback, so well he knew that his presence expedited matters. Then we continued our journey to Wilna, the capital of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and on the 27th arrived in front of this town, occupied by the Russians; and it may truly be said that there, and there alone, military operations began, for up to this time the Emperor had traveled as he would have done in the departments of the interior of France. The Russians, being attacked, were beaten and fell back, so that two days after we entered Wilna, a town of considerable size, which seemed to me to contain about thirty thousand inhabitants. I was struck with the incredible number of convents and churches which are there. At Wilna the Emperor was much gratified by the demand of five or six hundred students that they should be formed into a regiment. It is needless to say that such solicitations were always eagerly granted by his Majesty.
We rested for some time at Wilna; the Emperor thence followed the movement of his armies, and occupied himself also with organizing the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, of which this town, as is well known, is the capital. As the Emperor was often on horseback, I had sufficient leisure to acquaint myself thoroughly with the town and its environs. The Lithuanians were in a state of enthusiasm impossible to describe; and although I have seen during my life many fetes, I shall never forget the joyous excitement of the whole population when the grand national fete of the regeneration of Poland was celebrated, which owing either to a singular coincidence, or the calculation of the Emperor, was appointed for the 14th of July. The Poles were still uncertain as to the ultimate fate which the Emperor reserved for their country; but a future bright with hope shone before their eyes, until these visions were rudely dispelled by the Emperor's reply to the deputation from the Polish confederation established at Warsaw. This numerous deputation, with a count palatine at its head, demanded the integral re-establishment of the ancient kingdom of Poland. This was the Emperor's reply:–
"Messieurs, deputies of the Confederation of Poland, I have heard with interest what you have just said. Were I a Pole, I should think and act as you have done, and I should have voted like you in the assembly at Warsaw; for love of country is the first virtue of civilized man.
In my position I have many opposing interests to reconcile, and many duties to fulfill. If I had reigned at the time of the first, second, or third division of Poland, I would have armed all my people to sustain you. As soon as victory permitted me to restore your ancient laws to your capital and to a part of your provinces, I have done so readily, without, however, prolonging a war which would have shed the blood of my subjects.
I love your nation. For sixteen years I have seen your soldiers by my side on the fields of Italy as on those of Spain.
I applaud all that you have done; I authorize the efforts you wish to make; and all that depends on me to carry out your resolutions shall be done.
If your efforts are unanimous, you may indulge the hope of forcing your enemies to recognize your rights. But in these countries, so distant and so extensive, any hope of success can be founded only on the unanimous efforts of the population which occupies them.
I have maintained the same position since my first appearance in Poland. I should add here that I have guaranteed to the Emperor of Austria the integrity of his States, and I could authorize no movement tending to disturb him in the peaceful possession of what remains to him of the Polish provinces. Let Lithuania, Samogitia, Witepsk, Polotsk, Mohilow, Wolhynia, Ukraine, and Podolia be animated by the same spirit I have seen in great Poland, and Providence will crown with success the holiness of your cause; it will recompense this devotion to your native country which has made you such an object of interest, and has obtained for you the right to my esteem and protection, on which you may rely under all circumstances."
I have thought it best to give here the entire reply of the Emperor to the deputies of the Polish confederation, as I was a witness of the effect it produced at Wilna. A few Poles with whom I was associated spoke to me of it with sorrow; but their consternation was not loudly expressed, and the air did not the less resound with cries of "Vive l'Empereur!" each time the Emperor showed himself in public, which is to say almost every day.
During our stay at Wilna some hopes were entertained that a new peace was about to be concluded, as an envoy had arrived from the Emperor Alexander. But these hopes were of short duration; and I have since ascertained that the Russian officer, M. Balochoff, fearing, like almost all of his nation, a reconciliation between the two emperors, delivered
his message in such a manner as to rouse the pride of his Majesty, who sent him back after a cool reception. Everything smiled on the Emperor. He was then at the head of the most numerous as well as most formidable army he had ever commanded. On M. Balachoff's departure everything was set in order for the execution of his Majesty's plans.
When on the point of penetrating into the Russian territory, his Majesty no longer maintained his customary serenity; at least, I had occasion to remark that he was unusually silent at the hours I had the honor to approach him; and, nevertheless, as soon as his plans were made, and he had brought his troops from the other side of the Vilia, the river on which Wilna is situated, the Emperor took possession of the Russian territory with the enthusiastic ardor one would expect in a young man. One of the escort which accompanied him related to me that the Emperor spurred his horse to the front, and made him run at his utmost speed nearly a league through the woods alone, and notwithstanding the numerous Cossacks scattered through these woods which lie along the right bank of the Vilia.
I have more than once seen the Emperor much annoyed because there was no enemy to fight. For instance, the Russians had abandoned Wilna, which we had entered without resistance; and again, on leaving this town scouts announced the absence of hostile troops, with the exception of those Cossacks of whom I have spoken. I remember one day we thought we heard the distant noise of cannon, and the Emperor almost shuddered with joy; but we were soon undeceived, the noise was the sound of thunder, and suddenly the most frightful storm I have ever seen burst over the army. The land for a space of more than four leagues was so covered with water that the road could not be seen; and this storm, as fatal as a battle could have been, cost us a large number of men, several thousand horses, and a part of the immense equipments of the expedition.
It was known in the army that the Russians had done an immense amount of work at Drissa, where they had constructed an enormous intrenched camp; and the number of troops collected there, the considerable sums expended in the works, all gave reason to believe that the Russian army would await the French at this point; and this belief was all the more reasonable since the Emperor Alexander, in his numerous proclamations disseminated through the army, and several of which fell into our hands, boasted of conquering the French at Drissa, where (said these proclamations) we should find our grave. It was otherwise ordained by destiny; for the Russians, constantly falling back towards the heart of Russia, abandoned this famous camp of Drissa on the approach of the Emperor: I heard it said by many general officers that a great battle would have been at that time a salutary event for the French army, in which discontent was beginning to increase, first, for want of enemies to fight, and second; because privations of every kind became each day more unendurable. Whole divisions lived, so to speak, by pillage. The
soldiers devastated the dwellings and cottages found at rare intervals in the country; and, in spite of the severe orders of the Emperor against marauding and pillaging, these orders could not be executed, for the officers themselves lived for the most part on the booty which the soldiers obtained and shared with them.
The Emperor affected before his soldiers a serenity which he was far from feeling; and from a few detached words which I heard him pronounce in this grave situation, I am authorized to believe that the Emperor desired a battle so ardently, only in the hope that the Emperor Alexander would make him new overtures leading to peace. I think that he would then have accepted it after the first victory; but he would never have consented to retrace his steps after such immense preparations without having waged one of those great battles which furnish sufficient glory for a campaign; at least, that is what I heard him say repeatedly. The Emperor also often spoke of the enemies he had to combat with an affected disdain which he did not really feel; his object being to cheer the officers and soldiers, many of whom made no concealment of their discouragement.
Before leaving Wilna, the Emperor established there a kind of central government, at the head of which he had placed the Duke of Bassano, with the object of having an intermediate point between France and the line of operations he intended to carry on in the interior of Russia. Disappointed, as I have said, by the abandonment of the camp of Drissa by the Russian army, he marched rapidly towards Witepsk, where the greater part of the French forces were then collected: but here the ire of the Emperor was again aroused by a new retreat of the Russians; for the encounters of Ostrovno and Mohilev, although important, could not be considered as the kind of battle the Emperor so ardently desired. On entering Witepsk, the Emperor learned that the Emperor Alexander, who a few days before had his headquarters there, and also the Grand Duke Constantine, had quitted the army, and returned to St. Petersburg.
At this period, that is to say, on our arrival at Witepsk, the report was spread abroad that the Emperor would content himself with taking position there, and organizing means of subsistence for his army, and that he would postpone till the next year the execution of his vast designs on Russia. I could not undertake to say what his inmost thoughts were on this subject; but what I can certify is that, being in a room adjoining his, I one day heard him say to the King of Naples, that the first campaign of Russia was ended, and that he would be the following year at Moscow, the next at St. Petersburg, and that the Russian war was a three years' campaign. Had it pleased Providence that his Majesty had executed this plan, which he outlined to the King of Naples so earnestly, so many of the brave would not have laid down their lives a few months after in the frightful retreat, the horrors of which I shall hereafter describe.
During our stay at Witepsk, the heat was so excessive that the Emperor was much exhausted, and complained of it incessantly; and I have never seen him under any circumstances so oppressed by the weight of his
clothing. In his room he rarely wore his coat, and frequently threw himself on his bed to rest. This is a fact which many persons can attest as well as I; for he often received his general officers thus, though it had been his custom never to appear before them without the uniform which he habitually wore. Nevertheless, the influence which the heat had on his physical condition had not affected his great soul; and his genius ever on the alert embraced every branch of the administration. But it was easily seen by those whose positions enabled them best to know his character that the source of his greatest suffering at Witepsk was the uncertainty whether he should remain in Poland, or should advance without delay into the heart of Russia. While he was hesitating between these two decisions he was nearly always sad and taciturn.
In this state of vacillation between repose and motion, the Emperor's preference was not doubtful; and at the end of a council where I heard it said that his Majesty met with much opposition, I learned that we were to move forward and advance on Moscow, from which it was said that we were only twenty days' march distant. Among those who opposed most vehemently this immediate march on Moscow, I heard the names cited of the Duke of Vicenza and the Count of Lobau; but what I can assert of my own knowledge, and which I learned in a manner to leave no room for doubt, is that the grand marshal of the palace tried on numerous occasions to dissuade the Emperor from this project. But all these endeavors were of no avail against his will.
We then directed our course towards the second capital of Russia, and arrived after a few days march at Smolensk, a large and beautiful city. The Russians, whom he thought he had caught at last, had just evacuated it, after destroying much booty, and burning the greater part of the stores.
We entered by the light of the flames, but it was nothing in comparison to what awaited us at Moscow. I remarked at Smolensk two buildings which seemed to me of the greatest beauty,–the cathedral and the episcopal palace, which last seemed to form a village in itself, so extensive are the buildings, and being also separated from the city.
I will not make a list of the places with barbarous names through which we passed after leaving Smolensk. All that I shall add as to our itinerary during the first half of this gigantic campaign is that on the 5th of September we arrived on the banks of the Moskwa, where the Emperor saw with intense satisfaction that at last the Russians were determined to grant him the great battle which he so ardently desired, and which he had pursued for more than two hundred leagues as prey that he would not allow to escape him.
CHAPTER V.
THE day after the battle of the Moskwa, I was with the Emperor in his tent which was on the field of battle, and the most perfect calm reigned around us. It was a fine spectacle which this army presented, calmly reforming its columns in which the Russian cannon had made such wide gaps, and proceeding to the repose of the bivouac with the security which conquerors ever feel. The Emperor seemed overcome with fatigue. From time to time he clasped his hands over his crossed knees, and I heard him each time repeat, with a kind of convulsive movement, "Moscow! Moscow!" He sent me several times to see what was going on outside, then rose himself, and coming up behind me looked out over my shoulder. The noise made by the sentinel in presenting arms each time warned me of his approach. After about a quarter of an hour of these silent marches to and fro, the sentinel advanced and cried, "To arms!" and like a lightning flash the battalion square was formed around the Emperor's tent. He rushed out, and then re-entered to take his hat and sword. It proved to be a false alarm, as a regiment of Saxons returning from a raid had been mistaken for the enemy.
There was much laughter over this mistake, especially when the raiders came in sight, some bearing quarters of meat spitted on the ends of their bayonets, others with half-picked fowls or hams which made the mouth water. I was standing outside the tent, and shall never forget the first movement of the sentinel as he gave the cry of alarm. He lowered the stock of his gun to see if the priming was in place, shook the barrel by striking it with his fist, then replaced the gun on his arm, saying, "Well, let them come; we are ready for them." I told the occurrence to the Emperor, who in his turn related it to Prince Berthier; and in consequence the Emperor made this brave soldier drink a glass of his best Chambertin wine.
It was the Duke of Dantzic who first entered Moscow, and the Emperor came only after him. This entry was made in the night, and never was there a more depressing scene. There was something truly frightful in this silent march of an army halted at intervals by messages from inside the city, which seemed to be of a most ominous character. No Muscovite figures could be distinguished except those of a few beggars covered with rags, who watched with stupid astonishment the army file past; and as some few of these appeared to be begging alms, our soldiers threw them bread and a few pieces of money. I cannot prevent a sad reflection on these unfortunate creatures, whose condition alone remains unchanged through great political upheavals, and who are totally without affection and without national sympathies.
As we advanced on the streets of the faubourgs, we looked through the windows on each side, and were astonished to perceive no human being; and if a solitary light appeared in the windows of a few houses, it was soon
extinguished, and these signs of life so suddenly effaced made a terrible impression. The Emperor halted at the faubourg of Dorogomilow, and spent the night there, not in an inn, as has been stated, but in a house so filthy and wretched that next morning we found in the Emperor's bed, and on his clothes, vermin which are by no means uncommon in Russia. We were tormented by them also to our great disgust, and the Emperor did not sleep during the whole night he passed there. According to custom, I slept in his chamber; and notwithstanding the precaution I had taken to burn vinegar and aloes wood, the odor was so disagreeable that every moment the Emperor called me.
"Are you asleep, Constant?"–"No, Sire."–"My son, burn more vinegar, I cannot endure this frightful odor; it is a torment; I cannot sleep." I did my best; but a moment after, when the fumes of the vinegar were evaporated, he again recommended me to burn sugar or aloes wood.
It was two o'clock in the morning when he was informed that a fire had broken out in the city. The news was received through Frenchmen residing in this country, and an officer of the Russian police confirmed the report, and entered into details too precise for the Emperor to doubt the fact. Nevertheless, he still persisted in not believing it. "That is not possible. Do you believe that, Constant? Go, and find out if it is true." And thereupon he threw himself again on his bed, trying to rest a little; then he recalled me to make the same inquiries.
The Emperor passed the night in extreme agitation, and when daylight came he knew all. He had Marshal Mortier called, and reprimanded both him and the young guard. Mortier in reply showed him, houses covered with iron the roofs of which were uninjured, but the Emperor pointed out to him the black smoke which was issuing from them, pressed his hands together, and stamped his heels on the rough planks of his sleeping-room.
At six o'clock in the morning we were at the palace of the Kremlin, where Napoleon occupied the apartment of the Czars, which opened on a vast esplanade reached by a broad stone staircase. On this same esplanade could be seen the church in which were the tombs of the ancient sovereigns, also the senatorial palace, the barracks, the arsenal, and a splendid clock tower, the cross on which towers above the whole city. This is the gilded cross of Ivan. The Emperor threw a satisfied glance over the beautiful scene spread out before him; for no sign of fire was yet seen in all the buildings which surrounded the Kremlin. This palace is a mixture of Gothic and modern architecture, and this mingling of the two styles gives it a most singular appearance.
Within these walls lived and died the old dynasties of the Romanoffand Ruric; and this is the same palace which has been so often stained with blood by the intrigues of a ferocious court, at a period when all quarrels were settled with the poniard. His Majesty could not obtain there even a few hours of quiet sleep.
In fact, the Emperor, somewhat reassured by the reports of Marshal Mortier, was dictating to the Emperor Alexander words of peace, and a Russian flag of truce was about to bear this letter, when the Emperor, who was promenading the length and breadth of his apartment, perceived from his windows a brilliant light some distance from the palace. It was the fire, which had burst out again fiercer than ever; and as the wind from the north was now driving the flames in the direction of the Kremlin, the alarm was given by two officers who occupied the wing of the building nearest the fire. Wooden houses of many various colors were devoured in a few moments, and had already fallen in; magazines of oil, brandy, and other combustible materials, threw out flames of a lurid hue, which were communicated with the rapidity of lightning to other adjoining buildings. A shower of sparks and coals fell on the roofs of the Kremlin; and one shudders to think that one of these sparks alone falling on a caisson might have produced a general explosion, and blown up the Kremlin; for by an inconceivable negligence a whole park of artillery had been placed under the Emperor's windows.
Soon most incredible reports reached the Emperor; some said that Russians had been seen stirring the fire themselves, and throwing inflammable material into the parts of houses still unburned, while those of the Russians who did not mingle with the incendiaries, stood with folded arms, contemplating the disaster with an imperturbability which cannot be described. Except for the absence of cries of joy and clapping of hands they might have been taken for men who witness a brilliant display of fireworks. It was soon very evident to the Emperor that it was a concerted plot laid by the enemy.
He descended from his apartment by the great northern staircase made famous by the massacre of the Strelitz. The fire had already made such enormous progress that on this side the outside doors were half burned through, and the horses refused to pass, reared, and it was with much difficulty they could be made to clear the gates. The Emperor had his gray overcoat burned in several places, and even his hair; and a moment later we were walking over burning firebrands.
We were not yet out of danger, and were obliged to steer clear of the burning rubbish which encumbered our path. Several outlets were tried, but unsuccessfully, as the hot breezes from the fire struck against our faces, and drove us back in terrible confusion. At last a postern opening on the Moskwa was discovered, and it was through this the Emperor with his officers and guard succeeded in escaping from the Kremlin, but only to re-enter narrow streets, where the fire, inclosed as in a furnace, was increased in intensity, and uniting above our heads the flames thus formed a burning dome, which overshadowed us, and hid from us the heavens. It was time to leave this dangerous place from which one means of egress alone was open to us,–a narrow, winding street encumbered with debris of every kind, composed of flaming beams fallen from the roofs, and burning posts. There was a moment of hesitation among us, in which some proposed to the Emperor to cover him from head to foot with their cloaks, and transport him thus in their arms through this dangerous passage. This proposition the Emperor rejected, and settled the question by throwing himself on foot into the midst of the blazing debris, where two or three vigorous jumps put him in a place of safety.
Then ensued a touching scene between the Emperor and the Prince of Eckmuhl, who, wounded at the Moskwa, had himself borne back in order to attempt to save the Emperor, or to die with him. From a distance the marshal perceived him calmly emerging from so great a peril; and this good and tender friend by an immense effort hastened to throw himself into the Emperor's arms, and his Majesty pressed him to his heart as if to thank him for rousing such gentle emotions at a moment when danger usually renders men selfish and egotistical.
At length the air itself, filled with all these flaming masses, became so heated that it could no longer be breathed. The atmosphere itself was burning, the glass of the windows cracked,' and apartments became untenable. The Emperor stood for a moment immovable, his face crimson, and great drops of perspiration rolling from his brow, while the King of Naples, Prince Eugene, and the Prince de Neuchatel begged him to quit the palace, whose entreaties he answered only by impatient gestures. At this instant cries came from the wing of the palace situated farthest to the north, announcing that the walls had fallen, and that the fire was spreading with frightful rapidity; and seeing at last that his position was no longer tenable, the Emperor admitted that it was time to leave, and repaired to the imperial chateau of Petrovskoi.
On his arrival at Petrovskoi the Emperor ordered M. de Narbonne to inspect a palace which I think had belonged to Catherine. This was a beautiful building, and the apartments handsomely furnished. M. de Narbonne returned with this information; but almost immediately flames burst from every side, and it was soon consumed.
Such was the fury of these wretches who were hired to burn everything, that the boats which covered the Moskwa laden with grain; oats, and other provisions, were burned, and sunk beneath the waves with a horrible crackling sound. Soldiers of the Russian police had been seen stirring up the fire with tarred lances, and in the ovens of some houses shells had been placed which wounded many of our soldiers in exploding.
In the streets filthy women and hideous, drunken men ran to the burning houses and seized flaming brands, which they carried in every direction, and which our soldiers were obliged repeatedly to knock out of their hands with the hilts of their swords before they would relinquish them. The Emperor ordered that these incendiaries when taken in the act should be hung to posts in the public squares; and the populace prostrated themselves around these gallows, kissing the feet of those executed, praying, and signing themselves with the sign of the cross. Such fanaticism is almost unparalleled.
One incident of which I was a witness proves that those hired to carry out this vast plot acted, evidently, according to instructions given by higher authorities. A man covered with a sheepskin, old and tattered, with a miserable capon his head, boldly mounted the steps of the Kremlin. Under this filthy disguise an elegant costume was concealed; and when a stricter surveillance was instituted, this bold beggar himself was suspected, arrested, and carried before the police, where he was questioned by the officer of the post. As he made some resistance, thinking this proceeding somewhat arbitrary, the sentinel put his hand on his breast to force him to enter; and this somewhat abrupt movement pushing aside the sheepskin which covered him, decorations were seen, and when his disguise was removed he was recognized as a Russian officer. He had on his person matches which he had been distributing to the men of the people, and when questioned admitted that he was specially charged to keep alive the fire of the Kremlin. Many questions were asked, each eliciting new confessions, all of which were made in the most indifferent manner, and he was put in prison, and was, I think, punished as an incendiary; but of this I am not certain. When any of these wretches were brought before the Emperor, he shrugged his shoulders, and with gestures of scorn and anger ordered that they should be removed from his sight, and the grenadiers sometimes executed justice on them with their bayonets; but such exasperation can be well understood in soldiers thus driven by these base and odious measures from a resting-place earned by the sword.
In Petrovskoi, a pretty residence belonging to one of Alexander's chamberlains, a man was found concealed in one of the apartments his Majesty was to occupy; but not being armed he was released, as it was concluded that fright alone had driven him into this dwelling. The Emperor arrived during the night at his new residence, and waited there in intense anxiety till the fire should be extinguished at the Kremlin, intending to return thither, for the pleasure house of a chamberlain was no suitable place for his Majesty. Thanks to the active and courageous actions of a battalion of the guard, the Kremlin was preserved from the flames, and the Emperor thereupon gave the signal for departure.
In order to re-enter Moscow it was necessary to cross the camp, or rather the several camps, of the army; and we wended our way over cold and miry ground, through fields where all was devastation and ruin. This camp presented a most singular aspect; and I experienced feelings of bitter melancholy as I saw our soldiers compelled to bivouac at the gates of a large and beautiful city of which they were the conquerors, but the fire still more than they. The Emperor, on appointing Marshal Mortier governor of Moscow, had said to him, "Above all, no pillage; you will answer for it with your head." The order was strictly enforced up to the moment the fire began; but when it was evident that the fire would devour everything, and that it was useless to abandon to the flames what would be of much value to the soldiers, liberty was given them to draw largely from this great storehouse of the north.
It was at once sad and amusing to see around poor plank sheds, the only tents our soldiers had, the most magnificent furniture, silk canopies, priceless Siberian furs, and cashmere shawls thrown pell-mell with silver dishes; and then to see the food served on these princely dishes,– miserable black gruel, and pieces of horseflesh still bleeding. Good ammunition-bread was worth at this time treble all these riches, and there came a time when they had not even horseflesh.
On re-entering Moscow the wind bore to us the insufferable odor of burning houses, warm ashes filled our mouths and eyes, and frequently we drew back just in time before great pillars which had been burned in two by the fire, and fell noiselessly on this calcined soil. Moscow was not so deserted as we had thought. As the first impression conquest produces is one of fright, all the inhabitants who remained had concealed themselves in cellars, or in the immense vaults which extend under the Kremlin; and driven out by the fire like wolves from their lairs, when we re-entered the city nearly twenty thousand inhabitants were wandering through the midst of the debris, a dull stupor depicted on faces blackened with smoke, and pale with hunger; for they could not comprehend how having gone to sleep under human roofs, they had risen next morning on a plain. They were in the last extremity of want; a few vegetables only remained in the gardens, and these were devoured raw, while many of these unfortunate creatures threw themselves at different times into the Moskwa, endeavoring to recover some of the grain cast therein by Rostopchin's orders;
–[Count Feodor Rostopchin, born 1765; died 1826. He denied that Moscow was burnt by his authority. He claimed that it was burnt partly by the French, and partly by Russians without orders.]–
and a large number perished in the water in these fruitless efforts. Such was the scene of distress through which the Emperor was obliged to pass in order to reach the Kremlin.
The apartments which he occupied were spacious and well lighted, but almost devoid of furniture; but his iron bedstead was set up there, as in all the chateaux he occupied in his campaigns. His windows opened on the Moskwa, and from there the fire could still be plainly seen in various quarters of the city, reappearing on one side as soon as extinguished on the other. His Majesty said to me one evening with deep feeling, "These wretches will not leave one stone upon another." I do not believe there was ever in any country as many buzzards as at Moscow. The Emperor was annoyed by their presence, and exclaimed, Mon -Dieu! will they follow us everywhere?"
There were a few concerts during our stay at the Emperor's residence in Moscow; but Napoleon seemed much dejected when he appeared at them, for the music of the saloons made no impression on his harassed mind, and the only kind that ever seemed to stir his soul was that of the camp before and after a battle.
The day after the Emperor's arrival, Messieurs Ed—- and V—- repaired to the Kremlin in order to interview his Majesty, and after waiting some time without seeing him, were expressing their mutual regret at having failed in this expectation, when they suddenly heard a shutter open above their heads, and, raising their eyes, recognized the Emperor, who said, "Messieurs, who are you?"–"Sire, we are Frenchmen!" He requested them to mount the stairs to the room he occupied, and there continued his questions. "What is the nature of the occupation which has detained you in Moscow?"–"We are tutors in the families of two Russian noblemen, whom the arrival of the French troops have driven from their homes. We have submitted to the entreaties made by them not to abandon their property, and we are at present alone in their palaces." The Emperor inquired of them if there were still other Frenchmen at Moscow, and asked that they should be brought to him; and then proposed that they should charge themselves with maintaining order, appointing as chief, M. M—-, whom he decorated with a tri-colored scarf. He recommended them to prevent the pillage of the French soldiers in the churches, and to have the malefactors shot, and enjoined them to use great rigor towards the galley-slaves, whom Rostopchin had pardoned on condition that they would set fire to the city.
A part of these Frenchmen followed our army in its retreat, seeing that a longer stay at Moscow would be most disagreeable to them; and those who did not follow their example were condemned to work on the streets.
The Emperor Alexander, when informed of the measures of Rostopchin, harshly rebuked the governor, and ordered him at once to restore to liberty these unfortunate Frenchmen.
CHAPTER VI.
We re-entered the Kremlin the morning of the 18th of September. The palace and the hospital for foundlings were almost the only buildings remaining uninjured. On the route our carriages were surrounded by a crowd of miserable Muscovites begging alms. They followed us as far as the palace, walking through hot ashes, or over the heated stones, which crumbled beneath their feet. The poorest were barefoot; and it was a heart-rending sight to see these creatures, as their feet touched the burning debris, give vent to their sufferings by screams and gestures of despair. As the only unencumbered part of the street was occupied by our carriages, this swarm threw themselves pell-mell against the wheels or under the feet of our horses. Our progress was consequently very slow, and we had so much the longer under our eyes this picture of the greatest of all miseries, that of a people burned out of their homes, and without food or the means to procure it. The Emperor had food and money given
them.
When we were again established at the Kremlin, and had resumed our regular routine of living, a few days passed in perfect tranquillity. The Emperor appeared less sad, and in consequence those surrounding him became somewhat more cheerful. It seemed as if we had returned from the campaign, and taken up again the customary occupations of city life; but if the Emperor sometimes indulged in this illusion, it was soon dispelled by the sight Moscow presented as seen from the windows of his apartments, and each time Napoleon's eyes turned in that direction it was evident that he was oppressed by the saddest presentiments, although he no longer manifested the same vehement impatience as on his first stay at the palace, when he saw the flames surrounding him and driving him from his apartments. But he exhibited the depressing calm of a careworn man who cannot foresee how things will result. The days were long at the Kremlin while the Emperor awaited Alexander's reply, which never came. At this time I noticed that the Emperor kept constantly on his table Voltaire's history of Charles XII.
The Emperor was a prey to his genius for administration, even in the midst of the ruins of this great city; and in order to divert his mind from the anxiety caused by outside affairs, occupied himself with municipal organization, and had already arranged that Moscow should be stocked with provisions for the winter.
A theater was erected near the Kremlin, but the Emperor never attended. The troupe was composed of a few unfortunate French actors, who had remained in Moscow in a state of utter destitution; but his Majesty encouraged this enterprise in the hope that theatrical representations would offer some diversion to both officers and soldiers. It was said that the first actors of Paris had been ordered to Moscow, but of that I know nothing positively. There was at Moscow a celebrated Italian singer whom the Emperor heard several times, but only in his apartments, and he did not form part of the regular troupe.
Until the 18th of October the time was spent in discussions, more or less heated, between the Emperor and his generals, as to the best course to be pursued. Every one well knew that retreat had now become inevitable, and the Emperor was well aware of this fact himself; but it was plainly evident that it cost his pride a terrible struggle to speak the decisive word. The last days preceding the 18th were the saddest I have ever known. In his ordinary intercourse with his friends and counselors his Majesty manifested much coldness of manner; he became taciturn, and entire hours passed without any one present having the courage to begin a conversation. The Emperor, who was generally so hurried at his meals, prolonged them most surprisingly. Sometimes during the day he threw himself on a sofa, a romance in his hand which he simply pretended to read, and seemed absorbed in deep reverie. Verses were sent to him from Paris which he read aloud, expressing his opinion in a brief and trenchant style; he spent three days writing regulations for the French
comedy at Paris. It is difficult to understand this attention to such frivolous details when the future was so ominous. It was generally believed, and probably not without reason, that the Emperor acted thus from motives of deep policy, and that these regulations for the French comedy at this time, when no bulletin had yet arrived to give information of the disastrous position of the French army, were written with the object of making an impression on the inhabitants of Paris, who would not fail to say, "All cannot be going so badly, since the Emperor has time to occupy himself with the theater."
The news received on the 18th put an end to all uncertainty. The Emperor was reviewing, in the first court of the Kremlin palace, the divisions of Ney, distributing the cross to the bravest among them, and addressing encouraging words to all, when an aide-de-camp, young Beranger, brought the news that a sharp engagement had taken place at Winkowo between Murat and Kutusoff, and that the vanguard of Murat had been overwhelmed and our position taken. Russia's intention to resume hostilities was now plainly evident, and in the first excitement of the news the Emperor's astonishment was at its height. There was, on the contrary, among the soldiers of Marshal Ney an electric movement of enthusiasm and anger which was very gratifying to his Majesty. Charmed to see how the shame of a defeat, even when sustained without dishonor, excited the pride and aroused a desire to retrieve it in these impassioned souls, the Emperor pressed the hand of the colonel nearest to him, continued the review, and ordered that evening a concentration of all the corps; and before night the whole army was in motion towards Woronowo.
A few days before quitting Moscow, the Emperor had the churches of the Kremlin stripped of their finest ornaments. The ravages of the fire had relaxed the protection that the Emperor had extended to the property of the Russians.
The most magnificent trophy in this collection was the immense cross of the great Ivan. It was necessary to demolish a part of the tower on which it stood in order to take it down, and it required stupendous efforts to break this vast mass of iron. It was the Emperor's intention to place it upon the dome of the Invalides, but it was sunk in the waters of Lake Semlewo.
The evening before the Emperor was to hold a review, the soldiers were busily employed polishing their arms and putting everything in order, to conceal as far as possible the destitute condition to which they were reduced. The most imprudent had exchanged their winter clothing for provisions, many had worn out their shoes on the march, and yet each one made it a point of honor to make a good appearance on review; and when the glancing rays of the sun shone on the barrels of the well-polished guns, the Emperor felt again in witnessing this scene some slight return of the emotions with which his soul was filled on the glorious day of his departure for the campaign.
The Emperor left twelve hundred wounded at Moscow, four hundred of whom were removed by the last corps which quitted the city. Marshal Mortier was the last to go. At Feminskoe, ten leagues from Moscow, we heard the noise of a frightful explosion; it was the Kremlin which had been blown up by the Emperor's orders. A fuse was placed in the vaults of the palace, and everything arranged so that the explosion should not take place within a certain time. Some Cossacks came to pillage the abandoned apartments, in ignorance that a fire was smoldering under their feet, and were thrown to a prodigious height in the air. Thirty thousand guns were abandoned in the fortress. In an instant part of the Kremlin was a mass of ruins. A part was preserved, and a circumstance which contributed no little to enhance the credit of their great St. Nicholas with the Russians was that an image in stone of this saint remained uninjured by the explosion, in a spot where almost everything else was destroyed. This fact was stated to me by a reliable person, who heard Count Rostopchin himself relate it during his stay in Paris.
On the 28th of October the Emperor retraced his way to Smolensk, and passed near the battle-field of Borodino. About thirty thousand corpses had been left on this vast plain; and on our approach flocks of buzzards, whom an abundant harvest had attracted, flew away with horrible croakings. These corpses of so many brave men presented a sickening spectacle, half consumed, and exhaling an odor which even the excessive cold could not neutralize. The Emperor hastened past, and slept in the chateau of Oupinskoe which was almost in ruins; and the next day he visited a few wounded who had been left in an abbey. These poor fellows seemed to recover their strength at the sight of the Emperor, and forgot their sufferings, which must have been very severe, as wounds are always much more painful when cold weather first begins. All these pale countenances drawn with suffering became more serene. These poor soldiers also rejoiced to see their comrades, and questioned them with anxious curiosity concerning the events which had followed the battle of Borodino. When they learned that we had bivouacked at Moscow, they were filled with joy; and it was very evident that their greatest regret was that they could not have been with the others to see the fine furniture of the rich Muscovites used as fuel at the bivouac fires. Napoleon directed that each carriage of the suite should convey one of these unfortunates; and this was done, everybody complying with the order with a readiness which gratified the Emperor exceedingly; and the poor wounded fellows said in accents of most ardent gratitude, that they were much more comfortable on these soft cushions than in the ambulances, which we could well believe. A lieutenant of the cuirassiers who had just undergone an amputation was placed in the landau of the Emperor, while he traveled on horseback.
This answers every accusation of cruelty so gratuitously made against the memory of a great man who has passed away. I have read somewhere with intense disgust that the Emperor sometimes ordered his carriage to pass over the wounded, whose cries of agony made not the slightest impression on him; all of which is false and very revolting. None of those who
served the Emperor could have been ignorant of his solicitude for the unfortunate victims of war, and the care he had taken of them. Foreigners, enemies, or Frenchmen,–all were recommended to the surgeon's care with equal strictness.
From time to time frightful explosions made us turn our heads, and glance behind us. They were caissons which were being exploded that we might no longer be encumbered with them, as the march became each day more painful. It produced a sad impression to see that we were reduced to such a point of distress as to be compelled to throw our powder to the winds to keep from leaving it to the enemy. But a still sadder reflection came into our minds at each detonation,–the grand army must be rapidly hastening to dissolution when the material remaining exceeded our needs, and the number of men still left was so much short of that required to use it. On the 30th, the Emperor's headquarters were in a poor hovel which had neither doors nor windows. We had much difficulty in enclosing even a corner sufficient for him to sleep. The cold was increasing, and the nights were icy; the small fortified palisades of which a species of post relays had been made, placed from point to point, marked the divisions of the route, and served also each evening as Imperial headquarters. The Emperor's bed was hastily set up there, and a cabinet arranged as well as possible where he could work with his secretaries, or write his orders to the different chiefs whom he had left on the road and in the towns.
Our retreat was often annoyed by parties of Cossacks. These barbarians rushed upon us, lance in hand, and uttering rather howls of ferocious beasts than human cries, their little, long-tailed horses dashing against the flanks of the different divisions. But these attacks, though often repeated, had not, at least at the beginning of the retreat, serious consequences for the army. When they heard this horrible cry the infantry was not intimidated, but closed ranks and presented bayonets, and the cavalry made it their duty to pursue these barbarians, who fled more quickly than they came.
On the 6th of November, before leaving the army, the Emperor received news of the conspiracy of Malet and everything connected with it. He was at first astonished, then much dissatisfied, and ended by making himself very merry over the discomfiture of the chief of police, General Savary; and said many times that had he been at Paris no one would have budged, and that he could never leave at all without every one losing their heads at the least disturbance; and from this time he often spoke of how much he was needed in Paris.
Speaking of General Savary recalls to my memory an affair in which he was somewhat nonplussed. After quitting the command of the gendarmerie, to succeed Fouche in the office of minister of police, he had a little discussion with one of the Emperor's aides-de-camp. As he went so far as to threaten, the latter replied, "You seem to think you have handcuffs always in your pockets."
On the 8th of November the snow was falling, the sky covered with clouds, the cold intense, while a violent wind prevailed, and the roads were covered with sleet. The horses could make no progress, for their shoes were so badly worn that they could not prevent slipping on the frozen ground.
The poor animals were emaciated, and it was necessary that the soldiers should put their shoulders to the wheels in order to lighten their burdens.
There is something in the panting breath which issues from the nostrils of a tired horse, in the tension of their muscles, and the prodigious efforts of their loins, which gives us, in a high degree, the idea of strength; but the mute resignation of these animals, when we know them to be overladen, inspires us with pity, and makes us regret the abuse of so much endurance.
The Emperor on foot in the midst of his household, and staffin hand, walked with difficulty over these slippery roads, meanwhile encouraging the others with kind words, each of whom felt himself full of good-will; and had any one then uttered a complaint he would have been badly esteemed by his comrades. We arrived in sight of Smolensk. The Emperor was the least fatigued of all; and though he was pale, his countenance was calm, and nothing in his appearance indicated his mental sufferings; and indeed they must needs have been intense to be evident to the public. The roads were strewn with men and horses slain by fatigue or famine; and men as they passed turned their eyes aside. As for the horses they were a prize for our famished soldiers.
We at last reached Smolensk on the 9th, and the Emperor lodged in a beautiful house on the Place Neuve. Although this important city had suffered since we had passed through before, it still had some resources, and we found there provisions of all kinds for the Emperor's household and the officers; but the Emperor valued but little this privileged abundance, so to speak, when he learned that the army needed food for man and beast. When he learned of this his rage amounted to frenzy, and I have never seen him so completely beside himself. He had the commissary in charge of the provisions summoned, and reproached him in such unmeasured terms that the latter turned pale, and could find no words to justify himself, whereupon the Emperor became still more violent, and uttered terrible threats. I heard cries from the next room; and I have been told since that the quartermaster threw himself at the feet of his Majesty, beseeching pardon, and the Emperor, when his rage had spent itself, pardoned him. Never did he sympathize more truly with the sufferings of his army; never did he suffer more bitterly from his powerlessness to struggle against such overwhelming misfortunes.
On the 14th we resumed the route which we had traversed a few months before under far different auspices. The thermometer registered twenty
degrees, and we were still very far from France. After a slow and painful march we arrived at Krasnoi. The Emperor was obliged to go in person, with his guard, to meet the enemy, and release the Prince of Eckmuhl. He passed through the fire of the enemy, surrounded by his old guard, who pressed around their chief in platoons in which the shell made large gaps, furnishing one of the grandest examples in all history of the devotion and love of thousands of men to one. When the fire was hottest, the band played the air, 'Where can one be better than in the bosom of his family?' Napoleon interrupted them, exclaiming, "Play rather, 'Let us watch over the safety of the Empire.'" It is difficult to imagine anything grander.
The Emperor returned from this combat much fatigued. He had passed several nights without sleeping, listening to the reports made to him on the condition of the army, expediting orders necessary to procure food for the soldiers, and putting in motion the different corps which were to sustain the retreat. Never did his stupendous activity find more constant employment; never did he show a higher courage than in the midst of all these calamities of which he seemed to feel the weighty responsibility.
Between Orcha and the Borysthenes those conveyances for which there were no longer horses were burned, and the confusion and discouragement became so great that in the rear of the army most of the stragglers threw down their arms as a heavy and useless burden. The officers of the armed police had orders to return by force those who abandoned their corps, and often they were obliged to prick them with their swords to make them advance. The intensity of their sufferings had hardened the heart of the soldier, which is naturally kind and sympathizing, to such an extent that the most unfortunate intentionally caused commotions in order that they might seize from some better equipped companion sometimes a cloak, sometimes food. "There are the Cossacks!" was their usual cry of alarm; and when these guilty tricks became known, and our soldiers recovered from their surprise, there were reprisals, and the confusion reached its height.
The corps of Marshal Davoust was one of those which suffered most in the whole army. Of the seventy thousand men with which it left France, there only remained four or five thousand, and they were dying of famine. The marshal himself was terribly emaciated. He had neither clothing nor food. Hunger and fatigue had hollowed his cheeks, and his whole appearance inspired pity. This brave marshal, who had twenty times escaped Russian bullets, now saw himself dying of hunger; and when one of his soldiers gave him a loaf, he seized it and devoured it. He was also the one who was least silent; and while thawing his mustache, on which the rain had frozen, he railed indignantly against the evil destiny which had thrown them into thirty degrees of cold. Moderation in words was difficult while enduring such sufferings.
For some time the Emperor had been in a state of great anxiety as to the fate of Marshal Ney, who had been cut off, and obliged to clear for himself a passage through the midst of the Russians, who followed us on every side.
As time passed the alarm increased. The Emperor demanded incessantly if Ney had yet been seen, accusing himself of having exposed this brave general too much, asking for him as for a good friend whom one has lost. The whole army shared and manifested the same anxiety, as if this brave soldier were the only one in danger. A few regarding him as certainly lost, and seeing the enemy threaten the bridges of the Borysthenes, proposed to cut them; but the army was unanimous in their opposition to this measure.
On the 20th, the Emperor, whom this idea filled with the deepest dejection, arrived at Basanoni, and was dining in company with the Prince of Neuchatel and the Duke of Dantzic, when General Gourgaud rushed in with the announcement that Marshal Ney and his troops were only a few leagues distant. The Emperor exclaimed with inconceivable joy, "Can it be true?" M. Gourgaud gave him particulars, which were soon known throughout the camp. This news brought joy to the hearts of all, each of whom accosted the other eagerly, as if each had found a long-lost brother; they spoke of the heroic courage which had been displayed; the talent shown in saving his corps in spite of snows, floods, and the attacks of the enemy. It is due Marshal Ney, to state here, that according to the opinion I have heard expressed by our most illustrious warriors, his safe retreat is a feat of arms to which history furnishes no parallel. The heart of our soldiers palpitated. with enthusiasm, and on that day they felt the emotions of the day of victory! Ney and his division gained immortality by this marvelous display of valor and energy. So much the better for the few survivors of this handful of braves, who can read of the great deeds they have done, in these annals inspired by them. His Majesty said several times, "I would give all the silver in the vaults of the Tuileries to have my brave Ney at my side."
To Prince Eugene was given the honor of going to meet Marshal Ney, with a corps of four thousand soldiers. Marshal Mortier had disputed this honor with him, but among these illustrious men there were never any but noble rivalries. The danger was immense; the cannon of Prince Eugene was used as a signal, understood by the marshal, to which he replied by platoon fires. The two corps met, and even before they were united, Marshal Ney and Prince Eugene were in each other's arms; and it is said that the latter wept for joy. Such scenes make this horrible picture seem somewhat less gloomy. As far as the Beresina, our march was only a succession of small skirmishes and terrible sufferings.
The Emperor passed one night at Caniwki, in a wooden cabin containing only two rooms. The one at the back was selected by him, and in the other the whole service slept pell-mell. I was more comfortable, as I slept in his Majesty's room; but several times during the night I was
obliged to pass into this room, and was then compelled to step over the sleepers worn out by fatigue. Although I took care not to hurt them, they were so close together that it was impossible not to place my feet on their legs or arms.
In the retreat from Moscow, the Emperor walked on foot, wrapped in his pelisse, his head covered with a Russian cap tied under the chin. I marched often near the brave Marshal Lefebvre, who seemed very fond of me, and said to me in his German-French, in speaking of the Emperor, "He is surrounded by a set of who do not tell the truth; he does not distinguish sufficiently his good from his bad servants. How will he get out of this, the poor Emperor, whom I love so devotedly? I am always in fear of his life; if there were needed to save him only my blood, I would shed it drop by drop; but that would change nothing, and perhaps he may have need of me."
CHAPTER VII.
The day preceding the passage of the Beresina was one of terrible solemnity. The Emperor appeared to have made his decision with the cool resolution of a man who commits an act of desperation; nevertheless, councils were held, and it was resolved that the army should strip itself of all useless burdens which might harass its march. Never was there more unanimity of opinion, never were deliberations more calm or grave. It was the calm of men who decide to make one last effort, trusting in the will of God and their own courage. The Emperor had the eagles brought from each corps and burned, since he thought that fugitives had no need of them. It was a sad sight to see these men advancing from the ranks one by one, and casting in the flames what they valued more than their lives, and I have never seen dejection more profound, or shame more keenly felt; for this seemed much like a general degradation to the brave soldiers of the battle of La Moskwa. The Emperor had made these eagles talismans, and this showed only too plainly he had lost faith in them. And although the soldiers realized that the situation of affairs must be desperate to have come to this, it was at least some consolation to think that the Russians would have only the ashes. What a scene was presented by the burning of these eagles, above all to those who like myself had been present at the magnificent ceremonies attending their distribution to the army in the camp of Boulogne before the campaign of Austerlitz!
Horses were needed for the artillery, and at this critical moment the artillery was the safeguard of the army. The Emperor consequently gave orders that the horses should be impressed, for he estimated the loss of a single cannon or caisson as irreparable. The artillery was confided to the care of a corps composed entirely of officers, and numbering about five hundred men. His Majesty was so much touched at seeing these brave officers become soldiers again, put their hand to the cannon like simple cannoneers, and resume their practice of the manual of arms in their devotion to duty, that he called this corps his sacred squadron. With the same spirit which made these officers become soldiers again, the other superior officers descended to a lower rank, with no concern as to the designation of their grade. Generals of division Grouchy and Sebastiani took again the rank of simple captain.
When near Borizow we halted at the sound of loud shouts, thinking ourselves cut offby the Russian army. I saw the Emperor grow pale; it was like a thunderbolt. A few lancers were hastily dispatched, and we saw them soon returning waving their banners in the air. His Majesty understood the signal, and even before the cuirassiers had reassured us, so clearly did he keep in mind even the possible position of each corps of his army, he exclaimed, "I bet it is Victor." And in fact it was Marshal Victor, who awaited us with lively impatience. It seemed that the marshal's army had received very vague information of our disasters, and was prepared to receive the Emperor with joy and enthusiasm. His soldiers still fresh and vigorous, at least compared with the rest of the army, could hardly believe the evidence of their own eyes when they saw our wretched condition; but the cries of "Vive l'Empereur" were none the less enthusiastic.
But a different impression was made when the rear guard of the army filed before them; and great confusion ensued, as each one of the marshal's army who recognized a friend rushed out of the ranks and hastened to him, offering food and clothing, and were almost frightened by the voracity with which they ate, while many embraced each other silently in tears. One of the marshal's best and bravest officers stripped offhis uniform to give it to a poor soldier whose tattered clothing exposed him almost naked to the cold, donning himself an old cloak full of holes, saying that he had more strength to resist the freezing temperature. If an excess of misery sometimes dries up the fountains of the heart, sometimes also it elevates men to a great height, as we see in this instance. Many of the most wretched blew out their brains in despair; and there was in this act, the last which nature suggests as an end to misery, a resignation and coolness which makes one shudder to contemplate. Those who thus put an end to their lives cared less for death than they did to put an end to their insupportable sufferings, and I witnessed during the whole of this disastrous campaign what vain things are physical strength and human courage when the moral strength springing from a determined will is lacking. The Emperor marched between the armies of Marshal Victor and Marshal Oudinot; and it was a depressing sight to see these movable masses halt sometimes in succession,–first those in front, then those who came next, then the last. And when Marshal Oudinot who was in the lead suspended his march from any unknown cause, there was a general movement of alarm, and ominous rumors were circulated; and since men who have seen much are disposed to believe anything, false rumors were as readily credited as true, and the alarm lasted until the front of the army again moved forward, and their confidence was somewhat restored.
On the 25th, at five o'clock in the evening, there had been thrown across the river temporary bridges made of beams taken from the cabins of the Poles. It had been reported in the army that the bridges would be finished during the night. The Emperor was much disturbed when informed that the army had been thus deceived; for he knew how much more quickly discouragement ensues when hope has been frustrated, and consequently took great pains to keep the rear of the army informed as to every incident, so that the soldiers should never be left under cruel delusions. At a little after five the beams gave way, not being sufficiently strong; and as it was necessary to wait until the next day, the army again abandoned itself to gloomy forebodings. It was evident that they must endure the fire of the enemy all the next day. But there was no longer any choice; for it was only at the end of this night of agony and suffering of every description that the first beams were secured in the river. It is hard to comprehend how men could submit to stand up to their mouths in water filled with ice, and rallying all the strength which nature had given them, with all that the energy of devotion furnished, and drive piles several feet deep into a miry bed, struggling against the most horrible fatigue, pushing back with their hands enormous blocks of ice, which would have submerged and sunk them with their weight; in a word, warring even to the death with cold, the greatest enemy of life. This marvelous feat was accomplished by our French pontoon corps. Many perished, borne away by the current or benumbed by the cold. The glory of this achievement, in my opinion, exceeds in value many others.
The Emperor awaited daylight in a poor hut, and in the morning said to Prince Berthier, "Well, Berthier, how can we get out of this? "He was seated in his room, great tears flowing down his cheeks, which were paler than usual; and the prince was seated near him.
They exchanged few words, and the Emperor appeared overcome by his grief. I leave to the imagination what was passing in his soul. At last the King of Naples opened his heart to his brother-in-law, and entreated him, in the name of the army, to think of his own safety, so imminent had the peril become. Some brave Poles had offered themselves as escort for the Emperor; he could cross the Beresina higher up, and reach Wilna in five days. The Emperor silently shook his head in token of refusal, which the king understood, and the matter was no longer considered.
Amid overwhelming disasters, the few blessings which reach us are doubly felt. I observed this many times in the case of his Majesty and his unfortunate army. On the banks of the Beresina, just as the first supports of the bridge had been thrown across, Marshal Ney and the King of Naples rushed at a gallop to the Emperor, calling to him that the enemy had abandoned his threatening position; and I saw the Emperor, beside himself with joy, not being able to believe his ears, go himself at a run to throw a searching glance in the direction they said Admiral Tschitzakoffhad taken. This news was indeed true; and the Emperor,
overjoyed and out of breath from his race, exclaimed, "I have deceived the admiral." This retrograde movement of the enemy was hard to understand, when the opportunity to overwhelm us was within his reach; and I doubt whether the Emperor, in spite of his apparent satisfaction, was very sure of the happy consequences which this retreat of the enemy might bring to us.
Before the bridge was finished, about four hundred men were carried part of the way across the river on two miserable rafts, which could hardly sustain themselves against the current; and we saw them from the bank rudely shaken by the great blocks of ice which encumbered the river. These blocks came to the very edge of the raft, where, finding an obstacle, they remained stationary for some time, then were suddenly ingulfed under these frail planks with a terrible shock, though the soldiers stopped the largest with their bayonets, and turned their course aside from the rafts.
The impatience of the army was at its height. The first who reached the opposite bank were the brave Jacqueminot, aide-de-camp of Marshal Oudinot, and Count Predzieczki, a brave Lithuanian, of whom the Emperor was very fond, especially since he had shared our sufferings with such fidelity and devotion. Both crossed the river on horseback, and the army uttered shouts of admiration as they saw that the chiefs were the first to set the example of intrepidity. They braved enough dangers to make the strongest brain reel. The current forced their horses to swim diagonally across, which doubled the length of the passage; and as they swam, blocks of ice struck against their flanks and sides, making terrible gashes.
At one o'clock General Legrand and his division were crossing the bridge constructed for the infantry, while the Emperor sat on the opposite bank, and some of the cannon becoming entangled had for an instant delayed the march. The Emperor rushed on the bridge, put his hand to the work, and assisted in separating the pieces. The enthusiasm of the soldiers was at its height; and it was amid cries of "Vive l'Empereur" that the infantry set foot on the opposite bank.
A short time after, the Emperor, learning that General Partonneaux had laid down his arms, was deeply affected by this news, and gave vent to reproaches which were somewhat unjust to the general. Later, when he had received more correct information, he understood perfectly the part which necessity and despair had played in this surrender.
It is a fact that the brave general did not come to this decision till he had done all that a brave man could under the circumstances; for it is permitted a man to recoil when there is nothing left but to let himself be killed to no purpose.
When the artillery and baggage-wagons passed, the bridge was so overloaded that it fell in; and instantly a retrograde movement took
place, which crowded together all the multitude of stragglers who were advancing, like a flock being herded, in the rear of the artillery. Another bridge had been constructed, as if the sad thought had occurred that the first might give way. But the second was narrow and without a railing; nevertheless, it at first seemed a very valuable makeshift in such a calamity. But how disasters follow each other! The stragglers rushed there in crowds. The artillery, the baggage-wagons, in a word, all the army material, had been in the front on the first bridge when, it was broken; and when, from the sudden panic which seized on those in the rear of this multitude, the dreadful catastrophe was learned, the last there found themselves first in gaining the other bridge. It was urgent the artillery should pass first, consequently it rushed impetuously towards the only road to safety which remained. No pen can describe the scene of horror which now ensued; for it was literally over a road of trampled human bodies that conveyances of all sorts reached the bridge. On this occasion could be seen how much brutality, and even cold-blooded ferocity, can be produced in the human mind by the instinct of self-preservation. There were some stragglers most frantic of all, who wounded, and even killed, with their bayonets, the unfortunate horses which obeyed the lash of their guides; and several caissons were left on the road in consequence of this slaughter.
As I have said, the bridge had no railing; and crowds of those who forced their way across fell into the river and were ingulfed beneath the ice. Others in their fall tried to stop themselves by grasping the planks of the bridge, and remained suspended over the abyss until their hands, crushed by the wheels of the vehicles, lost their grasp, and they went to join their comrades as the' waves closed over them. Entire caissons, with drivers and horse were precipitated into the water.
Poor women were seen holding their children out of the water in the effort to delay for a few instants their death, and death in such a frightful form, a truly admirable maternal incident, which the genius of the painter has divined in painting scenes from the Deluge, and which we saw in all its heartrending and frightful reality! The Emperor wished to retrace his steps, believing that his presence might restore order; but he was dissuaded from this project so earnestly, that he withstood the promptings of his heart and remained, though certainly it was not his elevated rank which kept him on the bank. All the suffering he endured could be seen when he inquired every instant where the crossing was, if they could still hear cannon rolling over the bridge, if the cries had not ceased somewhat in that direction. "The reckless creatures! Why could they not wait a little?" said he.
There were fine examples of devotion under these distressing circumstances. A young artilleryman threw himself into the water to save a poor mother with two children, who was attempting to gain the other shore in a little canoe. The load was too heavy; an enormous block of ice floated against and sunk the little boat. The cannoneer seized one of the children, and, swimming vigorously, bore it to the bank; but the
mother and the other child perished. This kind young man adopted the orphan as his son. I do not know if he had the happiness of regaining France.
Officers harnessed themselves to sleds to carry some of their companions who were rendered helpless by their wounds. They wrapped these unfortunates as warmly as possible, cheered them from time to time with a glass of brandy when they could procure it, and lavished on them most touching attentions.
There were many who behaved in this manner, many of whose names we are ignorant; and how few returned to enjoy in their own country the remembrance of the most admirable deeds of their lives.
The bridge was burned at eight o'clock in the morning.
On the 29th the. Emperor quitted the banks of the Beresina, and we slept at Kamen, where his Majesty occupied a poor wooden building which the icy air penetrated from all sides through the windows; nearly all the glass of which being broken, we closed the openings as well as we could with bundles of hay. A short distance from us, in a large lot, were penned up the wretched Russian prisoners whom the army drove before it. I had much difficulty in comprehending this delusion of victory which our poor soldiers still kept up by dragging after them this wretched luxury of prisoners, who could only be an added burden, as they required their constant surveillance.
When the conquerors are dying of famine, what becomes of the conquered? These poor Russians, exhausted by marches and famine, nearly all perished this night. In the morning they were found huddled pell-mell against each other, striving thus to obtain a little warmth. The weakest had succumbed; and their stiffened bodies were propped the whole night against the living without their even being aware of it. Some in their hunger ate their dead companions. The hardihood with which the Russians endure pain has often been remarked. I can cite one instance which surpasses belief. One of these fellows, after being separated from his corps, had been struck by a cannonball which had cut offboth his legs and killed his horse. A French officer on a reconnoitering tour on the bank of the river where this Russian had fallen, perceived at some distance an object which appeared to be a dead horse, and yet he could see that it moved.
He approached, and saw the bust of a man whose extremities were concealed in the stomach of the horse.
This poor creature had been there four days, inclosing himself in his horse as a shelter against the cold, and feeding upon infected morsels torn from this horrible retreat.
On the 3d of December we arrived at Malodeczno. During the whole day the Emperor appeared thoughtful. and anxious. He had frequent confidential conversations with the grand equerry, M. de Caulaincourt, and I suspected some extraordinary measure. I was not deceived in my conjectures. At two leagues from Smorghoni, the Duke of Vicenza summoned me, and told me to go on in front and give orders to have the six best horses harnessed to my carriage, which was the lightest of all, and keep them in constant readiness. I reached Smorghoni before the Emperor, who did not arrive till the following night. The cold was excessive; and the Emperor alighted in a poor house on a square, where he established his headquarters. He took a light repast, wrote with his own hand the twenty-ninth bulletin of the army, and ordered all the marshals to be summoned.
Nothing had yet transpired as to the Emperor's plans, but in great and desperate measures there is always something unusual which does not escape the most clear-sighted. The Emperor was never so amiable nor so communicative, and one felt that he was endeavoring to prepare his most devoted friends for some overwhelming news. He talked for some time on indifferent subjects, then spoke of the great deeds performed during the campaign, referring with pleasure to the retreat of General Ney whom they had at last found.
Marshal Davoust appeared abstracted; and the Emperor said to him, "At least say something, Marshal." There had been for some time a little coolness between him and the Emperor, and his Majesty reproached him with the rarity of his visits, but he could not dissipate the cloud which darkened every brow; for the Emperor's secret had not been as well kept as he had hoped. After supper the Emperor ordered Prince Eugene to read the twenty-ninth bulletin, and spoke freely of his plan, saying that his departure was essential in order to send help to the army. He gave his orders to the marshals, all of whom appeared sad and discouraged. It was ten o'clock when the Emperor, saying it was time to take some repose, embraced all the marshals and retired. He felt the need of withdrawing; for he had been oppressed by the constraint of this interview, as could easily be seen by the extreme agitation his countenance manifested at its close. About half an hour after, the Emperor called me into his room and said, "Constant, I am about to leave; I thought I should be able to take you with me, but I have taken into consideration the fact that several carriages would attract attention; it is essential that I experience no delay, and I have given orders that you are to set out immediately upon the return of my horses, and you will consequently follow me at a short distance." I was suffering greatly from my old malady; hence the Emperor would not allow me to go with him on the boot as I requested, in order that he should receive his customary attentions from me. He said, "No, Constant, you will follow me in a carriage, and I hope that you will be able to arrive not more than a day behind me." He departed with the Duke of Vicenza, and Roustan on the box; my carriage was unharnessed, and I remained to my great regret. The Emperor left in the night.
By daybreak the army had learned the news, and the impression it made cannot be depicted. Discouragement was at its height; and many soldiers cursed the Emperor, and reproached him for abandoning them. There was universal indignation. The Prince of Neuchatel was very uneasy, and asked news of every one, though he would naturally have been the first to receive any information. He feared lest Napoleon, who had a feeble escort, should be made prisoner by the Cossacks, who, if they had learned his departure, would make the greatest efforts to carry him off.
This night, the 6th, the cold increased greatly; and its severity may be imagined, as birds were found on the ground frozen stiffwith the cold. Soldiers who had seated themselves with their head in their hands, and bodies bent forward in order to thus feel less the emptiness of their stomachs, were found dead in this position. As we breathed, the vapor from our lips froze on our eyebrows, little white icicles formed on the mustaches and beards of the soldiers; and in order to melt them they warmed their chins by the bivouac fire, and as may be imagined a large number did not do this with impunity. Artillerymen held their hands to the horses' nostrils to get a little warmth from the strong breathing of these animals. Their flesh was the usual food of the soldiers. Large slices of this meat were thrown on the coals; and when frozen by the cold, it was carried without spoiling, like salted bacon, the powder from the cartridge-boxes taking the place of salt.
This same night we had with us a young Parisian belonging to a very wealthy family, who had endeavored to obtain employment in the Emperor's household. He was very young, and had been received among the boys of the apartments, and the poor child was taking his first journey. He was seized with the fever as we left Moscow, and was so ill this evening that we could not remove him from the wagon belonging to the wardrobe service in which he had been made as comfortable as possible. He died there in the night, much to be regretted by all who knew him. Poor Lapouriel was a youth of charming character, fine education, the hope of his family,, and an only son. The ground was so hard that we could not dig a grave, and experienced the chagrin of leaving his remains unburied.
I set out next day armed with an order from the Prince de Neuchatel that all on the road should furnish me horses in preference to all others. At the first post after leaving Smorghoni, whence the Emperor had set out with the Duke of Vicenza, this order was of invaluable aid to me, for there were horses for only one carriage. I found myself a rival to M. the Count Daru, who arrived at the same time. It is useless to say that without the Emperor's orders to rejoin him as quickly as possible I would not have exercised my right to take precedence over the intendant general of the army; but impelled by my duty I showed the order of the Prince de Neuchatel to M. the Count Daru, and the latter, after examining it, said to me, "You are right, M. Constant; take the horses, but I beg you send them back as quickly as possible." How crowded with disasters was this retreat.
After much suffering and privation we arrived at Wilna, where it was necessary to pass a long, narrow bridge before entering the town. The artillery and wagons occupied the whole bridge so entirely that no other carriage could pass; and it was useless to say "His Majesty's service," as we received only maledictions. Seeing the impossibility of advancing, I alighted from my carriage, and found there the Prince of Aremberg, ordnance officer of the Emperor, in a pitiable condition, his face, nose, ears, and feet having been frozen. He was seated behind my carriage. I was cut to the heart, and said to the prince that if he had informed me of his condition I would have given him my place. He could hardly answer me. I helped him for some time; but seeing how necessary it was that we should both advance, I undertook to carry him. He was delicate, slender, and about medium height. I took him in my arms; and with this burden, elbowing, pushing, hurting some, being hurt by others, I at last reached the headquarters of the King of Naples, and deposited the prince there, recommending that he should receive every attention which his condition required. After this I resumed my carriage.
Everything had failed us. Long before reaching Wilna, the horses being dead, we had received orders to burn our carriages with all the contents. I lost heavily in this journey, as I had purchased several valuable articles which were burned with my baggage of which I always had a large quantity on our journeys. A large part of the Emperor's baggage was lost in the same manner.
A very handsome carriage of Prince Berthier, which had just arrived and had not been used, was also burned. At these fires, four grenadiers were stationed, who with fixed bayonet prevented any one from taking from the fire what had been ordered to be sacrificed.
The next day the carriages which had been spared were visited in order to be assured that nothing had been kept back. I was allowed to keep only two shirts. We slept at Wilna; but the next day very early the alarm was given that the Russians were at the gates of the town. Men rushed in, beside themselves with terror, crying, "We are lost!" The King of Naples was quickly aroused; sprang from his bed; and the order was instantly given that the Emperor's service should leave at once. The confusion made by all this can be imagined. There was no time for any arrangements; we were obliged to start without delay. The Prince of Aremberg was put into one of the king's carriages with what could be secured for the most pressing needs; and we had hardly left the town before we heard shouts behind us, and the thunder of cannon accompanied by rapid firing. We had to climb a mountain of ice. The horses were fatigued, and we made no progress. The wagon with the treasure-chest of the army was abandoned; and a part of the money was pillaged by men who had not gone a hundred steps before they were obliged to throw it away in order to save their lives.
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1
Legislation Applicable to Cat B Settlement Land
This summary is intended for the convenience of people working with this legislation on Category B Settlement Lands. CAFN Final Agreement (CAFNFA), Yukon Environmental and Socio-economic Assessment Act (YESAA), Yukon Quartz Mining Act (QMA), Yukon Placer Mining Act (PMA), CAFN Traditional Activities Protection Act (TAPA) and CAFN Lands Act have been excerpted. These excerpts are not intended to replace the original documents but rather to provide a quick reference. Users must rely on the original documents for the full context of the references and the complete legislative authority of CAFN.
CAFN Final Agreement Clauses:
General Provisions
184.108.40.206 Where there is any inconsistency or conflict between any federal, territorial or municipal Law and a Settlement Agreement, the Settlement Agreement shall prevail to the extent of the inconsistency or conflict.
2.6.7 Objectives in Settlement Agreements are statements of the intentions of the Parties to a Settlement Agreement and shall be used in the interpretation of doubtful or ambiguous expressions.
Definitions
Consult or Consultation means:
a) to the party to be consulted, notice of a matter to be decided in sufficient form and detail to allow that party to prepare its views on the matter;
b) a reasonable period of time in which the party to be consulted may prepare its views on the matter, and an opportunity to present such views to the party obliged to consult; and
c) full and fair consideration by the party obliged to consult of any views presented.
Mineral Right means any licence permit or other right to explore for, locate, develop, produce or transport any Minerals other than Specified Substances and to enter the land for those purposes.
Minerals means precious and base metals and non-living, naturally occurring substances, whether solid, liquid or gaseous, and includes coal, Petroleum and Specified Substances.
Right to Work includes the right to enter on, use and occupy the land or as much thereof and to such extent as may be necessary for the purposes of the working and extraction of Minerals.
Tenure and Management of Land
5.4.1 A YFN shall have by virtue of this chapter:
220.127.116.11 for Category B Settlement Land (Cat B) the rights, obligations and liabilities equivalent to fee simple reserving therefrom the Mines and Minerals and the Right to Work the Mines and Minerals but including the Specified Substance Right.
5.4.2 The rights titles and interests described in 5.4.1 of a YFN in Settlement Land are subject to the following exceptions and reservations:
18.104.22.168 any right, title or interest less than the entire fee simple therein existing at the date the land became Settlement Land;
22.214.171.124 any licence, permit and other right issued by Government for the use of
land or other resources existing at the date the land became Settlement Land;
126.96.36.199 any renewal or replacement of a right, title or interest described in 188.8.131.52 or a licence, permit or other right described in 184.108.40.206.
220.127.116.11 any new licence, permit or other right in respect of,
(b) Mines and Minerals which may be granted pursuant to theQuartz
Mining Act, R.S.C., c. Y-4 or theYukon Placer Mining Act
, R.S.C. 1985, c. Y-3 to a Person holding a right, title or interest described in 18.104.22.168,
22.214.171.124 or 126.96.36.199.
5.5.1 Subject to its Settlement Agreement, each Yukon First Nation, as owner of Settlement Land, may exercise the following powers of management in relation to its Settlement Land:
188.8.131.52 to enact bylaws for the use of and occupation of its Settlement Land;
184.108.40.206 to develop and administer land management programs related to its Settlement Land;
220.127.116.11 to charge rent or other fees for the use and occupation of its Settlement Land; and
18.104.22.168 to establish a system to record interests in its Settlement Land.
5.6.1 For the purposes of 5.6.0, "Encumbering Right" means every licence, permit or other right, and every right, title or interest described in 5.4.2.
5.6.2 Subject to 6.3.6, Government shall continue to administer every Encumbering Right including granting renewals and replacements described in 22.214.171.124 … in the public interest and in accordance with the Legislation which would apply if Settlement Land were Crown Land.
5.6.7 Government shall not have any fiduciary obligation to a YFN for the exercise of any discretionary or other power in relation to the administration of an Encumbering Right.
5.6.9 Government shall Consult with the Effected YFN before exercising any discretion to renew or replace an Encumbering Right, to issue a new Encumbering Right, or to set any Royalty, rent or fee described in 5.6.3, 5.6.4 and 5.6.6.
5.6.8 Government shall indemnify and forever save harmless the YFN from and against all suits and actions, causes of action, claims, demands, and damages by any Person arising from the continuing administration of the Encumbering Right by Government.
5.9.1 Upon and subsequent to the happening of any of the following events:
126.96.36.199 the registration in the Land Titles Office of any interest in a Parcel of Settlement Land, less than the entire interest set out in … 188.8.131.52;
184.108.40.206 the granting of any interest in a Parcel of Settlement Land less than the entire interest in … 220.127.116.11 to any Person not enrolled under that YFN Final Agreement, the interest registered … shall take priority for all purposes over:
18.104.22.168 any aboriginal claims, rights, titles and interests of the YFN and all Person's eligible to be YIP it represents and their heirs, descendants and successors, and
22.214.171.124 the right to harvest described in 16.4.2...
5.6.11 Subject to the consent of the Minister, a YFN and the holder of an Encumbering Right may agree that the right be cancelled and replaced by an interest provided by the YFN.
Access
6.1.1 Laws of General Application in respect of access to land and use incidental thereto, of privately held land shall apply to Settlement Land, except as altered by a Settlement Agreement.
6.1.2 Government and an Effected YFN may agree … to amend, revoke or reinstate a right of access provided by a Settlement Agreement to address a specific circumstance of a specific Parcel of Settlement Land.
6.1.3 A YFN owes the same duty of care to a Person exercising a right of access on Undeveloped Settlement Land pursuant to Settlement Agreements as the Crown owes to a Person on unoccupied Crown Land.
6.3.1 A person has a right of access, without the consent of the affected YFN, to enter, cross and make necessary stops on Undeveloped Settlement Land to reach adjacent NonSettlement Land for commercial and non-commercial purposes if:
126.96.36.199 the access is of a casual and insignificant nature; or
188.8.131.52 the route used is generally recognized and was being used for access on a regular basis, whether year round or intermittently, either,
(a) prior to notification of the final land selection for that YFN's Final Agreement, or
(b) where the land became Settlement Land after the Effective Date for
the Yukon First Nation Final Agreement, on the date the land became Settlement Land.
6.3.3 Where no right of access is provided by a Settlement Agreement, a Person has a right of access to enter, cross and make necessary stops on Undeveloped Settlement Land to reach adjacent land for commercial and non-commercial purposes with the consent of the YFN or, failing consent, with an order of the Surface Rights Board setting out terms and conditions of access.
6.6.1 If a YFN wishes to establish terms and conditions for the exercise of a right of access provided by:
184.108.40.206… 18.3.1, 18.4.1
the YFN and Government shall attempt to negotiate the terms and conditions.
6.6.2 Failing agreement pursuant to 6.6.1, the YFN may refer the matter to the Surface Rights Board. The Surface Rights Board may establish terms and conditions only for the exercise of a right of access which specify seasons, times, locations, method or manner of access.
6.6.3 Unless Government and the affected YFN otherwise agree, a condition established pursuant to 6.6.2 affecting the exercise of a right of access shall be established only to;
220.127.116.11 protect the environment;
18.104.22.168 protect Fish and Wildlife or their habitat;
22.214.171.124 reduce conflicts with traditional and cultural uses of Settlement Land by
the YFN or a YIP; or
126.96.36.199 protect the use and peaceful enjoyment of land used for communities or residences.
6.6.4 A condition established pursuant to 6.6.2 affecting the exercise of a right of access shall not:
188.8.131.52 restrict law enforcement or any inspection authorized by Law;
184.108.40.206 impose a fee or charge for the exercise of that right of access; or
220.127.116.11 unreasonably restrict the right of access.
Development Assessment
12.1.1 The objective of this chapter is to provide for a development assessment process that:
18.104.22.168 recognizes and enhances, to the extent possible, the traditional economy of Yukon Indian People and their special relationship with the wilderness Environment;
22.214.171.124 provides for guaranteed participation by Yukon Indian People and utilizes the knowledge of Yukon Indian People in the development assessment process;
126.96.36.199 protects and promotes the well-being of Yukon Indian People and of their communities and of other Yukon residents and the interests of other Canadians;
188.8.131.52 requires Project proponents to consider the environmental and socioeconomic effects of Projects and Project alternatives and to incorporate appropriate mitigative measures in the design of Projects.
12.4.2 YDAB and each Designated Office shall consider the following matters:
184.108.40.206 the need to protect the special relationship between Yukon Indian Person (YIP) and the Yukon Wilderness Environment;
220.127.116.11 the need to protect the cultures, traditions, health and lifestyles of YIP and other residents of the Yukon;
18.104.22.168 measures of mitigation of and compensation for significant environmental and socio-economic effects.
22.214.171.124 YDAB shall upon request by Government, or with the consent of Government, upon request from a YFN,
(a) conduct a review;
(b) review a temporary shut down, abandonment, decommissioning or significant change;
(c) conduct an audit, or
(d)
monitor effects of a Project or Existing Project, as the case may be.
126.96.36.199 YDAB may review Plans which may have significant environmental or socioeconomic effects in the Yukon, upon request of Government or with the consent of Government, upon request from a YFN.
12.9.1 In accordance with YESAA, the Executive Committee shall, before exercising any of its functions relating to the screening or review of a Project, satisfy itself that the Project proponent has,
(a) Consulted with affected communities
(b) taken into account the matters identified in 12.4.2.
12.10.1 Where the Executive Committee determines that the primary significant adverse environmental or socio-economic effects of a Project are on Settlement Land, two thirds of the members of a panel shall be members nominated to YDAB by CYFN and one third of the members of the panel shall be members nominated to YDAB by Government.
12.13.1 Where a Project is located wholly or partially on Settlement Land, a Decision Document is required from:
188.8.131.52 a YFN where the YFN is empowered by a YFN self government Legislation or Settlement Agreements to require its approval or other authorization, other than for access to Settlement Land as provided in Settlement Agreements; or
184.108.40.206 a YFN, where the Project does not require a decision from Government; and
220.127.116.11 Government, where the Project involves the Right to Work Mines and Minerals on Cat B or Fee Simple Settlement Land, or where the Project requires an approval or other authorization from Government.
12.13.3 Government and the YFN shall Consult with each other before issuing a Decision Document for a Project where Decision Documents for the Project are required from both
Decision Bodies.
12.13.4 Where a Decision Document is required from both Decision Bodies and the Project involves the Right to Mines and Minerals on Cat B or Fee Simple Settlement Land:
18.104.22.168 the Decision Bodies shall endeavor to make the terms and conditions of their Decision Document conform;
22.214.171.124 notwithstanding 12.6.3 and 126.96.36.199, the Decision Bodies may only reject or vary the terms and conditions contained in the recommendations of
YDAB or a Designated Office on the grounds that, to accomplish the objectives this chapter, any of the terms and conditions are,
(a) insufficient to achieve an acceptable level of environmental and socioeconomic impact in the Yukon, or
(b) more onerous than necessary to achieve an acceptable level of environmental and socio-economic impact in the Yukon, or
(c) so onerous as to undermine the economic viability of the Project; and
188.8.131.52 where the terms and conditions of the Decision Documents conflict, Government and the YFN shall, subject to 12.14.8, exercise any discretion in granting an interest in, or authorizing the use of land, water, or other resources, in conformity with the terms and conditions of the Decision Document issued by Government.
Heritage
Heritage Resources includes Moveable Heritage Resources, Heritage Sites and Documentary Heritage Resources.
Heritage Site means an area of land which contains moveable Heritage Resources or which is of value for aesthetic or cultural reasons.
Yukon First Nation Burial Site means a place outside a recognized cemetery where the remains of a cultural ancestor of a Yukon Indian Person has been interred, cremated or otherwise placed.
13.3.1 Each YFN shall own and manage Moveable Heritage Resources and nonMoveable Heritage Resources and Non-Public Records, other than records which are the private property of any Person, found on its Settlement Land and on the Beds of water bodies owned by that YFN.
184.108.40.206 The heritage routes identified in Schedule A - Heritage Routes, attached to this chapter, … are recognized as having cultural and heritage significance to Champagne and Aishihik People and CAFN.
1. The Shakat Trail that goes from Aishihik Village to Nisling River to Onion Creek to Tincup Lake to Talbot Creek to Albert Creek to Aishik Village. 2. Isaac Creek Trail which goes from Aishihik Village to Thetchal Mun (Sekulmun Lake) to Isaac Creek to Gladstone Creek to Kluane Lake to Talbot Arm (Kluane Lake) to Talbot Creek where it meets with Route 1. Above.
of
3. Hutshi trail that goes from Hutshi to Giltana lake to Thechal Mun (Sekelmun Lake) to Aishihik Village to Nisling River to Carmacks.
4. Kloo Lake to Aishihik Village trail that goes from Kloo Lake to Dry Pass to Bear Lakes to Thetchal Mun (Sekulmun Lake) to Aishihik Village.
5. Selkirk Lake trail that goes from Kusawa Lake (west side) to Takhini River to Klusha Creek to Nordenskiold River to Yukon River to Fort Selkirk (with a branch from Kusawa Lake to Klukshu Village.
13.4.7 Any granting of access to the public, third parties or Government to Settlement Land shall not divest the YFN of ownership or management of Heritage Resources on Settlement Land.
220.127.116.11 When requested by CAFN, Government shall consider protection within existing Legislation, for a period of time, of a Heritage Site directly related to the culture and heritage of Champagne and Aishihik People which is on Non-Settlement Land, Cat B land or Fee Simple Settlement Land within CAFN Traditional Territory, pending a decision of the Minister whether to designate the Heritage Site as a Designated Heritage Site.
18.104.22.168 A person who accidentally discovers a Heritage Resource on CAFN Settlement Land shall take such steps as are reasonable in all circumstances to safeguard the Heritage Resource and shall report as soon as practicable that discovery to the CAFN.
22.214.171.124 A Person described in 126.96.36.199 who is exercising a right of access or a right to use CAFN Settlement Land provided for in this Agreement shall not further disturb a Heritage Site or a Moveable Heritage Resource unless permitted by Laws of General Application, and that Person obtains:
(a) the consent of CAFN; or
(b) failing consent, an order of the Surface Rights Board setting out terms and conditions of further disturbing the Heritage Site or Moveable Heritage Resource.
13.9.1 Government and YFNs shall each establish procedures to manage and protect YFN Burial Sites which shall:
188.8.131.52 restrict access to YFN Burial Sites to preserve the dignity of the YFN Burial Sites;
13.9.3 provide that, subject to 13.9.2, where a YFN Burial Site is discovered, the YFN whose Traditional Territory the YFN Burial Site is located shall be informed, and the YFN Burial Site shall not be further disturbed.
13.9.2 Where a Person discovers a YFN Burial Site in the course of carrying on an activity authorized by Government or a YFN, as the case may be, that Person may carry on the activity with the agreement of the YFN in whose Traditional Territory the YFN Burial Site is located.
Water Management
14.3.1 The property in Water in the Yukon shall be determined by Laws of GA.
14.5.1 Subject to Laws of GA, a YIP shall have the right to use Water for a Traditional Use in the Yukon.
14.5.4 Notwithstanding 14.3.1, and subject to the provisions of the UFA, a YFN shall have the exclusive right to use water which is on or flowing through its Settlement Land when such water is on or flowing through its Settlement Land.
14.5.7 A YFN may Assign in whole or in part a right to use Water set out in 14.5.4 and an assignee's Use of water shall be subject to 14.5.5 and 14.5.6.
14.8.1 Subject to the rights of Water users authorized in accordance with this chapter and the Laws of GA, a YFN has the right to have water which is on or flowing through or adjacent to its Settlement Land remain substantially unaltered as to quality, quantity and rate of flow, including seasonal rate of flow.
14.8.3 The Board shall not grant a Licence that interferes with the rights provided in favour of a YFN in 14.8.1 unless:
184.108.40.206 notice, in the form prescribed by the Board, of receipt of an application has been given to an affected YFN; and
220.127.116.11the Board is satisfied that,
(a) there is no alternative which could reasonably satisfy the requirements of the applicant, and
(b) there are no reasonable measures whereby the applicant could avoid the interference.
14.8.4 In deciding whether to grant a Licence that interferes with the rights provided in favour of a YFN in 14.8.1, the Board shall consider:
18.104.22.168 the effect of the Water Use on the YFN or a YIP enrolled pursuant to that YFN Final Agreement; and
22.214.171.124 means of mitigating the interference.
14.8.5 If the Board grants a Licence that interferes with the rights provided in favour of a YFN in 14.8.1, the Board shall order the licencee to pay compensation for loss or damage to the affected YFN in accordance with 14.12.0.
14.8.8 A YFN has a cause of action against any Person in respect of any Use of Water in violation of the terms and conditions of a licence to Use Water or contrary to the Laws of GA, which violation or contrary use substantially alters the quality, quantity or rate of flow, including seasonal rate of flow, of Water which is on or flowing through or adjacent to its Settlement Land, with such remedies as if the YFN had riparian rights.
14.8.9 A YFN shall have standing at all times in a court of competent jurisdiction in the Yukon to seek a declaration as to whether any Person substantially altering the quality, quantity or rate of flow, including seasonal rate of flow, of Water in that YFN's Traditional Territory has lawful authority to do so.
14.8.10 In any civil court proceedings pursuant to 14.8.8 or 14.8.9, if the YFN proves the defendant who is in violation of a Water Licence is substantially altering the quality, quantity or rate of flow, including seasonal rate of flow, at the place in the body of Water where the defendant's Use of Water is taking place, then the onus shall rest on the defendant to prove that such Use of Water is not substantially altering the quality, quantity or rate of flow, including seasonal rate of flow, at any place downstream where the YFN has the exclusive right to Use Water…
14.9.1 Before granting a Licence in any drainage basin in the Yukon that causes substantial alteration in the quality, quantity or rate of flow, including seasonal rate of flow, of Water so as to adversely affect a Traditional Use by a Yukon Indian Person (YIP) in that YIP's Traditional Territory, the Board shall:
126.96.36.199 give notice, in a form prescribed by the Board, of receipt of an application to the affected YFN; and
188.8.131.52 upon request of an affected YFN, consider whether,
(a) there is an alternative which could reasonably satisfy the requirements of the applicant while avoiding any adverse effect on the Traditional Use, and
(b) there are reasonable measures whereby the applicant could avoid the adverse effect.
14.9.2 a licencee who substantially alters the quality, quantity or rate of flow, including seasonal rate of flow, of Water in violation of a Licence or contrary to Law in a manner which causes loss or damage arising from an interference with a Traditional Use by a YIP within that YIP's Traditional Territory shall be liable to pay compensation pursuant to 14.12.0 for such loss or damage thereby caused to that YIP.
14.11.1 A YFN may apply to the Board to determine whether:
184.108.40.206 there is an alternative that will reasonably satisfy the requirements of a licencee without interfering with the right of the YFN to have Water which is on or flowing through or adjacent to its Settlement Land remain substantially unaltered…
220.127.116.11 measures can be taken to avoid interference with Water rights referred to in 18.104.22.168 and Uses of Water of the YFN;
22.214.171.124 the Water licencee is in compliance with the terms and conditions of the Licence;
126.96.36.199 the terms and conditions of the Licence need to be reviewed due to unforeseen impacts on the YFN; or
188.8.131.52 the YFN is entitled to compensation under the provisions of this chapter.
14.11.2 In addition to any other powers available to the Board on application being made to the Board under 14.11.1, the Board may make an order amending, suspending or canceling the Licence, or deciding the YFN is entitled to compensation by the licencee, or a combination of the foregoing.
14.11.3 Where an application under 14.11.1 is being considered by the Board and prior to the Board's decision thereon, the Board may make an interim order restraining the water licencee from exercising such rights with respect to water as are specified in an interim order and containing such terms and conditions as the Board may determine including the payment of interim compensation.
14.11.5 A YIP may apply to the Board to determine whether he is entitled to compensation pursuant to 14.9.2.
Fish and Wildlife
16.1.1 The objectives of the Fish and Wildlife Chapter are as follows:
184.108.40.206 to preserve and enhance the culture, identity and values of Yukon Indian People;
220.127.116.11 to honor the Harvesting and Fish and Wildlife management customs of YIP and to provide for YIP's ongoing needs for Fish and Wildlife.
16.4.2 YIP shall have the right to harvest for Subsistence within their Traditional Territory, … all species of Fish and Wildlife for themselves and their families at all seasons of the year and in any numbers on Settlement Land…, subject only to limitations prescribed pursuant to Settlement Agreements.
16.5.3 A YFN shall have standing as an interested party to participate in public proceedings of any agency, board or commission on matters that effect the management and Conservation of Fish, Wildlife and their habitat in its Traditional Territory.
16.5.4 Government shall consult with a YFN prior to taking action on Fish and Wildlife matters which may affect the YFN's management responsibilities or the exercise of Harvesting rights under a Settlement Agreement of YIP enrolled under that YFN Final Agreement.
16.11.13 YIP holding traplines whose Furbearer Harvesting opportunities will be diminished due to other resource development activities shall be compensated. Government shall establish a process for compensation, including designating the Person responsible for compensation.
18.104.22.168 Nothing in 16.11.13 shall be construed to effect a YIP's right to compensation pursuant to Law before the process in 16.11.13 is established.
Forest Resources
17.2.1 Subject to its Settlement Agreement, each YFN shall own, manage, allocate and Protect the Forest Resources on its Settlement Land.
Non-Renewable Resources
Specified Substance means any of carving stone, flint, limestone, marble, gypsum, shale, slate, clay, sand, gravel, construction stone, sodium chloride, volcanic ash, earth, soil,
diatomaceous earth, ochre, marl, peat.
Specified Substances Right means the right of a YFN to take and use, without payment of any royalty, a Specified Substance.
18.1.1 A YFN having a Specified Substance Right and a Person having a Mineral Right shall exercise those rights so far as practicable in a manner that the exercise of one right does not interfere with the exercise of the other right.
18.1.2 In the event there is a conflict between the exercise of the Specified Substance Right and the exercise of the Mineral Right, either the YFN or the Person having the Mineral Right may apply to the Surface Rights Board.
18.1.3 Subject to 18.1.4, on an application under 18.1.2, the Surface Rights Board shall make an order specifying the terms and conditions of either the Specified Substance Right or the Mineral Right or both so as to reduce interference as far as practicable and, to the extent that the Specified Substance Right cannot be avoided, The Board shall give priority to the Person having the Mineral Right subject only to the payment of compensation to the YFN for:
22.214.171.124 interference with the exercise of the Specified Substance Right; and
126.96.36.199 loss of opportunity to exercise the Specified Substance Right, taking into account the associated production cost incurred by the Person holding the Mineral Right.
18.1.5 Subject to any order of the Surface Rights Board issued pursuant to 18.1.3, any Person exercising a Mineral Right has the right to take, use, encounter, damage or destroy any Specified Substance incidental to the exercise of that Mineral Right without compensation to a YFN.
18.1.6 Subject to 18.1.7, any Specified Substance taken, used, encountered, damaged or destroyed under 18.1.5 shall become the property of the Person exercising the Mineral Right.
18.1.7 A Person who has acquired a property interest in any Specified Substance pursuant to 18.1.6 is deemed to have forfeited all his proprietary rights therein upon expiry of termination of his Mineral Right, and thereafter the YFN shall have the right to take and use that Specified Substance without compensation to that Person.
18.4.1 Subject to 6.6.0, any Person having a New Mineral Right on Cat B or Fee Simple Settlement Land or on Non-Settlement Land has a right of access, for purposes of exercising that New Mineral Right, to cross and make necessary stops on Settlement Land without the consent of the affected YFN if:
188.8.131.52 the access is of a casual and insignificant nature; or
184.108.40.206 the route used is generally recognized and was being used for access on a regular basis, whether year round or intermittently, either,
(a) prior to public notification of the final land selection for that YFN's
Final Agreement, or
(b)
where the land becomes Settlement Land after the Effective Date of the YFN Final Agreement, on the date the land became Settlement Land
on the condition that the exercise of the right of access does not result in a significant alteration being made to that route.
18.4.2 Subject to 6.6.0, any Person having a New Mineral Right on Cat B or Fee Simple Settlement Land has a right of access for purposes of exercising that New Mineral Right, to use that Parcel of Settlement Land without consent of the affected YFN if the exercise of the right of access does not require the use of heavy equipment or methods more disruptive or damaging to the land than hand methods.
18.4.3 Any Person having a New Mineral Right on Cat B or Fee Simple Settlement Land who does not have a right of access under 18.4.1 or 18.4.2, or a right of access included in the right described in 5.4.2, has a right of access, for purposes of exercising that New Mineral Right, to use, cross and make necessary stops on Settlement Land with the consent of the affected YFN or failing consent, with an order of the Surface Rights Board setting out terms and conditions of access.
18.6.1 The rights of access provided in 18.3.1 and 18.4.1 are subject to the conditions that there shall be no:
220.127.116.11 significant damage to the Settlement Land or to improvements on the Settlement Land;
18.104.22.168 mischief committed on the Settlement Land;
22.214.171.124 significant interference with the use and peaceful enjoyment of the Settlement Land by the YFN;
18.6.4 permanent structures erected on the Settlement Land;
18.6.5 fee or charge payable to the affected YFN; or
18.6.6 compensation for damage other than for significant damage.
18.6.2 The rights of access provided by 18.3.2 and 18.4.2 are subject to the condition that there shall be no:
126.96.36.199 unnecessary damage to the Settlement Land or significant damage to improvements on the Settlement Land;
188.8.131.52 mischief committed on the Settlement Land;
184.108.40.206 unnecessary interference with the use and peaceful enjoyment of the Settlement Land by the YFN;
220.127.116.11 fee or charge payable to the affected YFN; or
18.104.22.168 compensation for damage other than unnecessary damage to the Settlement Land or for significant damage to improvements on the Settlement Land.
18.6.3 A Person who fails to comply with the conditions in 22.214.171.124, 126.96.36.199, 188.8.131.52, 184.108.40.206, 220.127.116.11, 18.104.22.168 shall be considered a trespasser with respect to that incident of access.
18.7.1 Nothing in this chapter shall be construed to prevent the holder of a Mineral Right from exercising a right of access pursuant to a Settlement Agreement.
Economic Development Measures
Chapter 22 Schedule A, Part I,
2.2 Where the Yukon has the jurisdiction to issue a Decision Document for a Project in CAFN Traditional Territory which is reviewed by a panel of YDAB, the Yukon Minister may require in the Decision Document that the developer, CAFN and the Yukon negotiate a Project agreement.
2.3 Project agreements referred to in 2.2 may include:
2.3.1 employment opportunities for Champagne and Aishihik people;
2.3.2 business opportunities for CAFN, including contracts and the provision of goods and services;
2.3.3 investment opportunities for CAFN including equity purchase; and
2.3.4 other measures to mitigate negative socio-economic effects of the project on CAFN or Champagne and Aishihik people.
3.1 Government may enter into economic development agreements with CAFN which provide:
3.1.1 technical and financial assistance for economic development purposes to residents of the CAFN Traditional Territory and to organizations, businesses and corporations owned by those residents
Yukon Indian Self Government
24.1.2 Subject to negotiation of an agreement pursuant to 24.1.1 and in conformity with the Constitution of Canada, the powers of a YFN may include the powers to:
22.214.171.124 enact laws and regulations of a local nature for the good government of its Settlement Land and the inhabitants of such land, and for the general welfare and development of the YFN;
126.96.36.199 allocate, administer and manage Settlement Land;
CAFN Self Government Agreement Clauses:
13.3 The CAFN shall have the power to enact laws of a local or private nature on Settlement Land in relation to the following matters:
13.3.1 use, management, administration, control and protection of Settlement Land;
13.3.2 allocation or disposition of rights and interests in and to Settlement Land, including expropriation by CAFN for CAFN purposes;
13.3.6 licensing and regulation of any person or entity carrying on any business, trade, profession or other occupation;
13.3.8 control of the construction, maintenance, repair and demolition of
buildings or other structures;
13.3.10 control of the sanitary conditions of buildings or property;
13.3.13 control or prohibition of the operation or use of vehicles;
13.3.15 establishment, maintenance, provision, operation or regulation of local services or facilities;
13.3.20 control or prevention of pollution and protection of the environment;
13.3.21 control or prohibition of the possession or use of firearms, other weapons and explosives;
13.3.22 control or prohibition of the transportation of dangerous substances.
CAFN Traditional Activities Protection Act Clauses:
Application
4. This act applies to the Settlement Land of CAFN.
5. This Part does not apply to:
(a) persons engaged in activities in accordance with a right of access provided in the final agreement: or
(b) persons engaged in activities that are licensed or otherwise authorized to be undertaken by another enactment.
6. Every person who undertakes a development on Settlement Land must do so in accordance with a permit.
Development is defined as:
any human project, industry, undertaking, enterprise, operation or any alteration or expansion of the same that involves the use of the surface of Settlement Land or resources found on the surface of Settlement Land unless exempt by regulations, but does not include traditional activities or activities undertaken in conjunction with traditional activities.
7. (1) An application for a permit shall be made on a form provided by the Director and shall state
(a) name and the mailing address of the applicant;
(b) the location in which the applicant intends to undertake the development;
(c) the description of the development or be undertaken;
(d) the proposed dates the development is to occur
(e) the potential impact the development may have on traditional activities, the lifestyle and land use of citizens;
(f) the anticipated impact of the development on Settlement Land and resources, including fish and wildlife habitat;
(g) the action proposed to be undertaken to restore or rehabilitate Settlement Land or resources ;
(h) alternatives to the development which may lessen the impact on Settlement Land, resources or citizens;
(i) information detailing the need for development and the anticipated outcome of the development; and
(k) any other information as required by the Director.
7. (2) The Director may waive a portion of the information requested on the application form.
8. The Director may with written reasons, request that an applicant provide information in addition to that required on the application form.
10. (1) The Director may issue or renew a permit subject to any terms and conditions that the Director considers necessary to meet the purposes of this Act or the Director may refuse to issue a permit to the permittee (or applicant).
10. (2) The Director may issue or renew a permit for a period not to exceed two years.
10.(3) It is a condition of every permit that every permittee report the results of all activities under the authority of the permit on a form provided by the director as soon as practicable after the development occurs or at the end of every calendar year, whichever comes first.
10. (4) Any development undertaken by the permittee must be carried out in a manner that shows respect to citizens, Settlement Land and resources.
12. The Director may require, before a permit is issued, that an applicant enter into an agreement to compensate
(a) holders of Category 1 or Category 2 traplines or holders of other rights of a similar nature;
(b) citizens possessing improvements on Settlement Land;
(c) citizens engaging in traditional activities: or
(d) any other person that the Director identifies,
for any loss or damage resulting from development.
13. The Director may require, before a permit is issued, that an applicant enter into a benefits agreement with the council to address
(a) employment and training opportunities;
(b) supply of goods and services for the permittee and any contractors of the permittee; and
(c) any related benefits to citizens.
Accidental Discoveries
21.(1) If a person accidentally finds, discovers or otherwise locates any object that is or may be a heritage resource or a yukon First Nation burial site, they shall take all necessary steps to safeguard the object and shall report the discovery as soon as practicable to the Director.
21.(2) No person shall take any action that may jeopardize the safety or integrity of an object found as set out in subsection (1) or further disturb the area of Settlement Land which contains or contained the object, regardless of whether the activity was authorized by a permit or not, unless
(a) the person was engaged in an activity using Settlement Land in accordance with a right of access or use povided in the final agreement and they intend to resume the same activity, they have obtained a permit which contains terms and conditions respecting the object or the area of Settlement Land which contains the object, or if the Director refuses to issue this permit, an order of the Yukon Surface Rights Board ... or
(b) the person is engaged in an activity not described in paragraph (a), they have obtained a permit which contains terms and conditions respecting the object or the area of Settlement Land which contains the object.
21.(3) A person who fails to safeguard an object or site as required by subsection (1) commits an offence.
23. No person shall take, remove or otherwise bring into their possession any moveable heritage resources, non-moveable heritage resources or non-public records found on Settlement Land and those beds of waterbodies owned by CAFN, other than records which are the private property of any person at the time this Act comes into effect, except as provided in a permit.
Fire Protection for land and Resources
24.(1) There shall be a fire season in each year beginning on April 1 and ending on September 30, which may, by order, be extended or shortened by the Director.
24.(2) During the fire season, the Director may, by order, restrict or prohibit the kindling or starting of a fire for some or all purposes.
24.(8) When a fire is burning on Settlement Land, whether the fire is burning under the authority of a permit or not, the person responsible for the fire shall do their utmost to prevent the fire from spreading and to extinguish it if it does spread, and at the person's own expense, shall place their services and the services of their employees or contractors at the disposal of the officer for the purpose of preventing the fire from spreading and to extinguish the fire.
Closure and Use of Land
27. For the purpose of conserving and protecting Settlement Land and resources, the Council may
(a) withdraw Settlement Land from use and occupation; and
(b) designate Settlement Land for certain uses consistent with the purposes of this Act, including designation of Settlement Land
(i) to protect and promote cultural, heritage, archeological or anthropological values of citizens;
(ii) to preserve and promote traditional activities, languages, beliefs and
oral histories including legends and the cultural knowledge of citizens; and,
(iii) to conserve and protect fish, wildlife and their habitats.
Penalties
52.(1) Every person who violates a provision of this Act commits an offence and is liable upon summary conviction to a fine not exceeding five thousand dollars or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding six months or both.
52.(2) On a court's own initiative or on application by counsel for the prosecution, a court that convicts a person of an offense under this Act, in addition to any other penalty imposed by the court, may order the person to take all or part of the action necessary to prevent, decrease or eliminate the impact of the offence on Settlement Land or resources and to restore Settlement Land and resources within a period of time specified in the order.
52.(3) An order under subsection (2) may contain other conditions relating to the circumstances of the offences and of the person that contributed to the offence as the court considers appropriate to prevent similar unlawful conduct or to contribute to rehabilitation.
CAFN Lands Act Clauses:
3. The First Nation Council shall establish a committee to be called the Lands Committee.
4.(1) The purpose of the committee is to encourage responsible and respectful land use and management.
4.(2)Without restricting the generality of subsection (1), the committee shall make recommendations to the First Nations Council on all applications for dispositions and shall provide advice on any matters relating to land use and management as may be directed by the First Nations Council.
Leases
21.(1) The First Nation Council may lease land to
(b) any other person for residential use, commercial use, industrial use or agricultural use.
21.(2) Prior to executing any lease, the First Nation Council must provide fourteen days notice of the proposed lease to citizens and invite their comments on the proposed lease.
Terr Lands Act for Coal? Audience is also CAFN staff for quick reference as well as users.
Yukon Environmental and Socio-economic Assessment Act
Clauses:
The CAFN Final Agreement provisions are supported by the Yukon Environmental and Socio-economic Assessment Act in the following clauses:
Decision Body, in relation to a Project, means
(a) a first nation if the project is located wholly or partially on its Settlement Land and
(i) the first nation has the power under the Yukon First Nations Self Government Act or under its final agreement to issue an authorization that is required for the project to be undertaken, or
(ii) no decision document is required for the project from any federal agency or the territorial minister;
(b) by the territorial minister, if any territorial agency, municipal government or territorial independent regulatory agency
(i) is responsible for the administration of mines and minerals in Cat B or fee simple Settlement Land ….
3. Where, in relation to any matter, a reference is made in this Act to consultation, the duty to consult shall be exercised
(a) by providing, to the party to be consulted,
(i) notice of the matter in sufficient form and detail to allow the party to prepare its view on the matter,
(ii) a reasonable period for the party to prepare its views, and
(iii) an opportunity to present its views to the party having the duty to consult; and
(b) by considering, fully and fairly, any views it so presented.
5.(2) The purposes of this Act are
(d) to protect and promote the well-being of YIPs and their societies and Yukon residents generally, as well as the interests of other Canadians;
(f) to recognize and, to the extent practicable, enhance the traditional economy of YIPs and their special relationship with the wilderness environment;
(g) to guarantee opportunities for participation of YIPs - and to use their knowledge and experience - in the assessment process.
Rules and Bylaws
30. (2) The Board may make rules with respect to
(a) the manner in which proponents of projects must consult with first nations and residents of communities for the purpose of subsection 50(3).
31.(1) the Board shall make rules with respect to the conduct of evaluations of projects by designated offices, which may include rules providing for
(b) different types of evaluations for different categories of evaluation.
39. A designated office, the executive committee or a panel of the Board shall give full and fair consideration to scientific information, traditional knowledge and other information provided to it or obtained by it under this Act.
Assessment Process and Decision Documents
42. (1) In conducting an assessment of a project or an existing project, a designated office, the executive committee or a panel of the Board shall take the following matters into consideration;
(g) the need to protect the rights of YIPs under final agreements, the special relationship between YIPs and the wilderness environment of Yukon, and the cultures, transitions, health and lifestyles of YIPs and other residents of Yukon, (i) any matter that a Decision Body has asked it to take into consideration.
43. A designated office, the executive committee or a panel of the Board may require a Proponent to provide any supplementary information that it considers necessary for its assessment, whether or not it has commenced the assessment.
47. (1) The Governor in Council may make regulations
(a) listing activities that may be made subject to assessment; and
(b) making exceptions from activities so listed.
47.(2) An activity listed under paragraph (1)(a) -- and not excepted under paragraph (1)(b) -- is subject to assessment if proposed to be undertaken in Yukon and if an authorization or the grant of an interest in land by … a first nation is
(c) required for the activity to be undertaken;
48. (1) Where an activity is listed under 47.(1)(a) but is exempted under 47(1)(b), a declaration that the activity is subject to assessment may nevertheless be made, in circumstances referred to in subsection (3) or (4), by
(d) a first nation that is the proponent of the activity or that has the power to issue an authorization or to grant an interest in land required for the activity to be undertaken.
48. (3) A declaration that an activity is subject to assessment may be made by the … first nation if they are of the opinion that the activity might
(a) have significant adverse environmental or socio-economic effects inside or outside Yukon; or
(b) contribute significantly to cumulative adverse environmental or socioeconomic effects in combination with projects for which proposals have been submitted under subsection 50(1) or with other activities known to them that are proposed, undertaken or completed in or outside Yukon.
(4) A declaration that an activity is subject to assessment may also be made in respect of an activity if the activity is to be undertaken
(a) in an area that contains a heritage resource, other than a record only, or that is a heritage resource, and that is for that reason protected by federal,
territorial or first nation law … .
50. (3) Before submitting a proposal to the executive committee, the proponent of a project shall consult any first nation in whose territory, or resident of any community in which, the project will be located and might have significant environmental or socioeconomic effects.
Evaluation of Projects by Designated Offices
55.(1) Where a proposal for a project is submitted to a designated office under 50(1) (b), the designated office shall
(b) determine whether the project will be located, or might have significant environmental or socio-economic effects, in the territory of a first nation.
55. (4) Before making a recommendation under any of paragraph 56 (1), a designated office shall seek the views about the project, and information that it believes relevant to the evaluation, from any first nation identified under 55(1) (b) … or first nation that has notified the designated office of its interest in the project or in projects of that kind.
Request for a Review
60. (1) A request for a review of a project may be made to the executive committee (c) by a first nation with the consent of the federal minister and, if the territorial minister is a decision body for the project, with the consent of the territorial minister.
Panels of the Board
65.(5) A panel of the Board shall be constituted as follows:
(a) if the executive committee concludes under subsection (3) that effects are likely to occur primarily on Settlement Land, two thirds of the members of the panel must be members nominated to the Board by CYFN and one third must be members, excluding the Chairperson of the Board, who are not so nominated.
Consideration of Recommendations and Issuance of a Decision Document
74. (1) A decision body considering a recommendation in respect of a project shall give full and fair consideration to scientific knowledge, traditional knowledge and other information that is provided with the recommendation.
77. (3) Every decision body shall, within the period prescribed by the regulations, issue a decision document accepting, rejecting or varying the new recommendation, and that decision document replaces any previous decision document issued by it in respect of a project.
78. (1) Where a decision document must be issued in relation to a project by more than one decision body, the decision bodies shall, before issuing the documents, consult one another in accordance with the regulations with a view to making their documents conform.
78.(2) Any two or more decision bodies in respect of a project may agree to consolidate their decision documents.
79. Notwithstanding sections 75 and 76, where a project involves a right to work mines and minerals situated in Cat B or fee simple Settlement Land, ..., and decision documents must be issued in relation to the project by a first nation as well as a federal decision body or the territorial minister, neither of those decision bodies may reject or vary any recommendation made in respect of a project except on the ground that a recommended term or condition is
in
a) insufficient to prevent unacceptable environmental or socio-economic effects Yukon:
(b) more onerous than necessary to prevent such effects; or
(c) so onerous as to undermine the economic viability of the project.
Quartz Mining Act Clauses:
Right to acquire mineral claims
12. Any individual eighteen years of age or over may enter, locate, prospect, and mine for minerals on
(a) any vacant territorial lands; and
(b) any lands in respect of which the right to enter, prospect, and mine is under the administration and control of the Commissioner.
Certificate of Improvement
70(1) The lawful holder of a mineral claim is entitled to receive from the mining recorder a certificate of improvement... unless proceedings by a person claiming an adverse right under section 75 have been taken, whenever he or she has, to the satisfaction of the mining recorder,
(a) done or caused to be done work on the claim in developing a mine to the value of five hundred dollars, exclusive of the cost of all houses, buildings and other improvements, or made payment in lieu of work as provided in section 59...;
(b) found a lode or a vein within the limits of the claim;
(c) had the claim surveyed at his or her own expense in accordance with instructions from the Surveyor General, and had said survey duly approved;
(d) posted on a conspicuous part of the land embraced in the survey a copy of the plan of the claim signed and certified as accurate under oath by the surveyor...;
(e) inserted a copy of the notice in a Canadian newspaper...
(f) filed with the mining recorder a copy of the surveyor's original plan of the claim,,,; and
(g) filed with the mining recorder an affidavit of the holder of the claim, or their duly authorized agent, in Form 9 of Schedule 1.
When holder entitled to lease
74. The holder of a mineral claim for which a certificate of improvement has been granted and recorded is entitled to a lease of the claim on payment being made within
three months of the rental and fee prescribed by Schedule 2.
Holder's entitlement
78. (1) The holder of a mineral claim, by entry or by lease, located on vacant territorial lands is entitled to
(a) all minerals found in veins or loads, whether the minerals are found separate or in combination with each other in, on or under the lands included in the entry or lease, together with the right to enter on and use and occupy the surface of the claim or any portion of it and to such extent as the Minister may consider necessary, for the efficient and miner-like operation of the mines and minerals contained in the claim, but for no other purpose; and
(b) the right to cut free of dues such of the timber on the claim or such portion of it as may be necessary for the working of the claim, but not for sale or traffic, except where the timber has been granted or disposed of prior to the date of entry.
Lease of Surface Rights
79. (1) The Minister may, on application, grant to the holder of a mineral claim in good standing, located on vacant territorial lands, and acquired by entry or by lease, a lease of the whole or any portion of the available surface rights of the mineral claim at a rental of one dollar an acre per annum, payable yearly in advance.
Effect when Prospecting rights reserved
81. A lease of a mineral claim located on lands the surface rights of which have been disposed of but the right to enter, prospect and mine for minerals has been reserved to the administration and control of the Commissioner conveys to the lessee the minerals found in the veins or lodes, whether the minerals are found separately or in combination with each other, that may be in, on or under the land described in the lease, but conveys no right of entry on the surface.
Reservation of timber
82. Where a mineral claim is located on land lawfully occupied under a timber license, the lease conveys the minerals found in veins and loads, subject to section 16, but reserves the timber.
When right to mine gold and silver reserved
83. A lease of a mineral claim located on lands the surface rights of which have been disposed of but the right to enter and mine gold and silver has been reserved to administration and control of the Commissioner conveys to the lessee the right to the gold and the silver found in veins or lodes that may be in, on or under the land described in the lease, but conveys no right of entry on the surface.
Water for Mining purposes
84. A lease of a mineral claim issued under this Part reserves to the Commissioner such right or right-of-way and of entry as may be required under any law or regulation in force on or after July 19, 1924 in connection with the construction, maintenance and use of works for the conveyance of water for mining purposes.
Form of lease
106. A lease of a mineral claim shall be in such form as may be determined by the Minister in accordance with this Part.
Permission necessary for entry
107. Where the surface rights of a mineral claim are covered by a timber license, by a petroleum, grazing, or coal mining lease, or by any other form of terminable grant, the lease shall not authorize entry on the claim without the permission of the Minister being first obtained; and that permission shall be given subject to such conditions for the protection of rights of the lessee and licensee as it may be considered necessary to impose.
Referral to Yukon Surface Rights Board
108. (1) Where the surface rights of a mineral claim have been patented, or have been disposed of by the Crown under any Act or regulation that contemplates the earning of a patent for the surface rights, or have been disposed of by the Commissioner, and the holder or lessee of the mineral claim cannot make an arrangement with the owner or occupant of the surface rights… for the acquisition of such interest in the surface rights as may be necessary for the efficient and economical operation of the rights acquired under the record or lease, the holder or lessee may, …, apply to the Minister for permission to refer the matter in dispute to the Surface Rights Board established by the Yukon Surface Rights Board Act (Canada).
(2) On receiving written permission from the Minister, the holder or lessee may refer the matter in dispute to the Surface Rights Board.
(3) For greater certainty, (1) and (2) apply in respect of settlement land … .
(5) Where the matter is referred to the Yukon Surface Rights Board pursuant to subsection (2), the Board shall, after taking into consideration the rights of the owner or occupant and the needs of the lessee, or holder of a mineral claim, make an order in accordance with the Yukon Surface Rights Board Act in respect of the matter determining the portion of the surface rights that the lessee or holder may reasonably require for the efficient and economical operation of the right s granted under the lease or record, the exact position thereof and the amount of compensation thereof to which the owner or occupant is entitled.
Placer Mining Act
Right of Grantee
48(1) Every person who receives a grant of a claim or the permission to record a claim within the period not exceeding six months authorized by this Part,
(a) may during the continuance of their grant or permission fish and shoot for their own use subject to the provision of any law for the protection of fish and
game,
(b) may cut timber not otherwise acquired for their own use and for any purpose incidental and necessary in the operation of their claim,
(c) has the exclusive right to enter on their claim for the miner-like working of it and the construction and maintenance of structures, including a residence, that are required for the miner-like working of it and,
(d) is entitled exclusively to all the proceeds realized from it...
Rights of Claim Owner to Water
54. Every person who owns a claim is entitled to the seepage water on their claim and to the use of so much of the water naturally flowing through or past their claim, and not already lawfully appropriated, as, in the opinion of the mining inspector, is necessary for the due working of the claim, and they are entitled to drain their own claim free of charge.
Lease to Prospect
92(1) The Minister may grant a lease to prospect for the purposes of placer mining on lands that are under the administration and control of the Commissioner, or the mining rights of which are eligible for disposal under this Part, on receipt of an application accompanied by evidence satisfactory to the Minister of the applicant's financial ability and intention to incur the expenditures to thoroughly prospect the area described in the application.
(4) The term of the lease granted under subsection (1) shall be one year, renewable for two additional periods of one year each...
(6) The rental of the lands leased under this section shall be at the rate of twenty-five dollars a mile or fraction of a mile payable to the Minister ...
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2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin CAS No. 1746-01-6
Known to be a human carcinogen First listed in the Second Annual Report on Carcinogens (1981) Also known as dioxin, TCDD, or 2,3,7,8-TCDD
Carcinogenicity
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is known to be a human carcinogen based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from stud ies in humans, both epidemiological and on the mechanism of car cinogenesis. TCDD was first listed in the Second Annual Report on Carcinogens as reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen. Sub sequently, a number of studies were published that examined cancer in human populations exposed to TCDD occupationally or through industrial accidents. A concerted research effort examined the mo lecular and cellular events that occur in tissues of humans and an imals exposed to TCDD. Based on the new information, the listing was revised to known to be a human carcinogen in the January 2001 addendum to the Ninth Report on Carcinogens.
Cancer Studies in Humans
Epidemiological studies of four industrial cohorts with high exposure to TCDD, in Germany (two separate studies), the Netherlands, and the United States, found increases in overall mortality from cancer. An exposure-response relationship was observed in the largest and most heavily exposed German cohort. The International Agency for Research on Cancer evaluated data from the most heavily exposed subcohorts in studies published through 1996 and found that the risks of all cancer combined, lung cancer, and non-Hodgkin lym phoma were significantly increased. Increased risks of certain types of cancer also were found in an updated examination of the popula tion exposed to TCDD during a 1976 industrial accident in Seveso, Italy (IARC 1997). After TCDD was listed in the Ninth Report on Carcinogens, IARC concluded that there was sufficient evidence of the carcinogenicity of TCDD in humans based on increased risk of all cancer combined (Baan et al. 2009).
Studies on Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis
There is scientific consensus for a common mode of action of TCDD and other chlorinated dibenzodioxins, dibenzofurans, and planar polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). In humans and rodents, this mode of action involves events that stem from the initial binding of TCDD to the aryl or aromatic hydrocarbon (Ah) receptor. The Ah receptor is a ubiquitous protein in the cells of vertebrates (including rodents and humans), which acts as a signal transducer and activator for gene transcription. Of all the chlorinated dioxins and furans, TCDD has the highest affinity for both rodent and human forms of the Ah re ceptor. Through activation of the Ah receptor, TCDD causes a wide spectrum of biological responses considered important to the carci nogenic process, including changes in gene expression, altered me tabolism, altered cell growth and differentiation, and disruption of steroid-hormone and growth-factor signal-transduction pathways. Similar Ah-receptor-mediated responses have been observed in hu mans and rodents at similar body burdens or tissue concentrations of TCDD (DeVito et al. 1995). The scientific consensus is that bind
National Toxicology Program, Department of Health and Human Services ing to the Ah receptor is a necessary, but not sufficient, step in elic iting these TCDD-induced responses, including cancer.
TCDD is not believed to be mutagenic. In vivo and in vitro geno toxicity studies of TCDD in human and animal cells have given incon sistent findings, and findings of chromosomal aberrations in humans exposed in vivo to TCDD are equivocal (IARC 1997).
One major difference between humans and rodents has been noted: TCDD has a half-life of 5.8 to 11.3 years in humans (Olson 1994), compared with generally 10 to 30 days in rodents (IARC 1997). Thus, TCDD accumulates in human tissue at a higher rate than in most experimental animals as a result of chronic low-level exposure. This increased accumulation suggests that TCDD-induced responses would occur in humans following prolonged exposure at lower daily intakes than would be required to elicit similar responses in exper imental animals.
Cancer Studies in Experimental Animals
Since 1977, many independent studies have all found TCDD to be carcinogenic in experimental animals. TCDD caused tumors in var ious strains of rats, mice, and hamsters, in both sexes, at numerous tissues sites, and by several different routes of exposure, including oral (dietary or by stomach tube), dermal, and intraperitoneal. Tissue sites at which cancer occurred included the liver, thyroid gland, lym phatic system, respiratory tract, adrenal cortex of the kidney, hard palate, nasal turbinates, tongue, and skin (Huff et al. 1994). TCDD caused cancer in a dose-dependent fashion and was also a potent pro moter of liver and skin cancer in initiation-promotion studies. In ad dition, a compelling body of evidence indicates that the biochemical and toxicological responses to TCDD in experimental animals and humans have a similar mechanism of action.
Properties
TCDD is the index constituent for the class of compounds called di oxins. It occurs as colorless-to-white needles at room temperature. It is insoluble in water and very slightly soluble in o-dichlorobenzene, chlorobenzene, benzene, chloroform, acetone, n-octanol, methanol, and lard oil. Physical and chemical properties of TCDD are listed in the following table.
Source: HSDB 2009.
Use
TCDD has no known commercial applications, but it is used as a research chemical. It was tested, but never used commercially, as a flameproofing agent and as a pesticide against insects and wooddestroying fungi (ATSDR 1998, HSDB 2009). TCDD occurred as a contaminant in chlorophenoxy herbicides, including 2,4,5-trichloro phenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5‑T), that were widely used in the 1960s and 1970s to control weeds (including controlling weeds on pastureland and food crops) and as a defoliant during the Vietnam War (see Pro duction and Exposure, below).
Production
TCDD is not currently produced commercially in the United States, but it is synthesized on a laboratory scale. In 2009, TCDD was avail able from at least six U.S. suppliers (ChemSources 2009). TCDD is not imported into the United States (ATSDR 1998). Polychlorinated
Report on Carcinogens, Fourteenth Edition
dibenzo-p-dioxins (CDDs), including TCDD, are inadvertently pro duced by paper and pulp bleaching (Silkworth and Brown 1996), by incineration of municipal, toxic, and hospital wastes, in PCB-filled electrical transformer fires, in smelters, and during production of chlorophenoxy herbicides (Schecter 1994, IARC 1997, Schecter et al. 1997b). The greatest unintentional production of CDDs occurs from waste incineration, metal production, and fossil-fuel and wood combustion (ATSDR 1998).
Because TCDD is a by-product of the manufacture of polychlo rinated phenols, it has been detected in commercial samples of 2,4,5-trichlorophenol (2,4,5-TCP), pentachlorophenol (a wood pre servative), and the herbicide 2,4,5-T. Before 1965, commercial 2,4,5‑T contained TCDD at concentrations of up to 30 ppm or more. By the mid 1980s, however, commercial 2,4,5‑T contained no more than 0.01 ppm TCDD. Since 1971, regulatory agencies in a number of countries worldwide have enforced a maximum TCDD concentra tion of 0.1 ppm in 2,4,5‑T. Millions of gallons of Agent Orange (a 50:50 mixture of the N-butyl esters of 2,4,5‑T and 2,4-dichlorophen oxyacetic acid [2,4‑D]) used as a defoliant in the Vietnam War dur ing 1962 to 1970 contained 2 to 30 ppm TCDD. TCDD has also been detected in the herbicide 2‑(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)propionic acid (Silvex) and may be present in o‑chlorophenol, 1,2,4,5-tetrachloro benzene, Ronnel (fenchlorphos), and 2,4‑D. Chlorophenoxy herbi cides were banned from use on food crops, pastures, rice paddies, or rangelands in 1983, and the use of 2,4,5‑T was completely banned in the United States (ATSDR 1998).
Exposure
CDDs and their structural analogues and usual co-contaminants (the polychlorinated dibenzofurans, or CDFs) are highly persistent and widespread environmental contaminants. Exposure to these com pounds is typically expressed in terms of TCDD equivalents based on the concentrations and relative toxicity of the specific CDD and CDF congeners compared with TCDD. CDDs and CDFs have been detected in air, water, soil, sediments, and animal and human tissues. They are known to bioaccumulate throughout the food chain because of their lipophilic character and slow metabolism in vivo. TCDD is very persistent in the environment and readily accumulates in the food chain, because of its extreme lipophilicity.
Other pathways of exposure for the general population include in halation of TCDD from municipal, medical, and industrial waste in cinerators or other combustion processes (about 2% of daily intake) and ingestion of TCDD in drinking water (< 0.01% of daily intake). Fires involving capacitors or transformers containing chlorobenzene and PCBs are potential sources of CDDs. TCDD has been found
The general population may be exposed to CDDs by inhalation, ingestion, and dermal contact. Foods are an important source of ex posure (Schecter et al. 1997a). Meat, fish, and dairy products are the major source (> 90%) of human exposure to CDDs. The average daily intake of TCDD for a U.S. adult from meat alone was estimated at 23 pg, or approximately 50% of the total daily intake from food sources. The average daily intake of TCDD was 13 pg from milk, 5 pg from produce, and 5 pg from fish; however, for certain subpopula tions (recreational and subsistence fishers), fish consumption may be the most important source of exposure. The maximum daily intake of TCDD for residents of the Great Lakes region who regularly con sumed fish was estimated to range from 390 to 8,400 pg. The devel oping fetus may be exposed to CDDs transferred across the placenta, and breastfed infants may be exposed to CDDs in their mother's milk. In the United States, breastfed infants might have been exposed to TCDD equivalents at 35 to 53 pg/kg of body weight per day through their mother's milk during their first year of life (ATSDR 1998).
National Toxicology Program, Department of Health and Human Services in plastic packaging, clothes-dryer lint, vacuum-cleaner dust, room and car air filters, furnace-filter dust, and bleached paper products (ATSDR 1998). In a survey of 116 chemicals in blood and urine from 2,500 people across the United States in 1999 and 2000, the average concentration of TCDD was below the limit of detection for people of all ages (CEN 2003).
Both Love Canal and Times Beach were evacuated after the con tamination was discovered. Love Canal was contaminated with many different organic and inorganic chemicals, but dioxins were the only chemicals of concern at Times Beach. Dioxin contamination at Times Beach was confirmed in November 1982; all residents (about 2,000 people) and businesses were permanently relocated, and all structures were torn down (EPA 2001). TCDD concentrations in some soil sam ples exceeded 100 ppb, with a maximum concentration of 317 ppb (Tiernan et al. 1985). More than 37,000 tons of dioxin-contaminated soil and other materials was removed from Times Beach and inciner ated (EPA 2001). The ash residue from the incinerator was disposed of on site (on land), and all areas with residual dioxin concentra tions between 1 and 20 ppb were covered with clean soil and reveg etated (EPA 1988).
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's National Dioxin Study, conducted in the mid 1980s, detected TCDD at about 8% of urban sites and less than 1% of rural sites that were not expected to be contaminated with dioxins (i.e., background sites). The maximum concentration reported for these background sites was 11.2 ppt. How ever, soil concentrations in areas with past sources of TCDD con tamination (i.e., hazardous-waste sites or sites where 2,4,5-TCP was produced and stored) typically were in the parts-per-billion range, with a maximum of about 2,000 ppm (ATSDR 1998). The data from the National Dioxin Study were consistent with concentrations of TCDD reported from previous studies of contaminated sites at Love Canal, in Niagara Falls, New York, and at various sites in Missouri that were sprayed for dust control in the early 1970s with dioxin-con taminated waste oil (Tiernan et al. 1985). TCDD concentrations in storm-sewer sediments collected at Love Canal in the late 1970s and early 1980s ranged from below detection (typically 10 to 100 ppt) to about 670 ppm. Concentrations of TCDD reported in the mid 1970s to early 1980s in soil from contaminated sites throughout Missouri, including the town of Times Beach, ranged from 4.4 to 1,750 ppb.
Occupational exposure to CDDs, including exposure of military personnel to Agent Orange in Vietnam, has been primarily through inhalation and dermal contact (ATSDR 1998). In occupations where CDDs may be present as contaminants (e.g., waste incineration; fire fighting; chemical research; paper bleaching; chlorophenoxy herbi cide production, use, and disposal; or production and use of penta chlorophenol and other chlorinated compounds), workers may be at an increased risk of exposure; however, the number of workers po tentially exposed to CDDs is not known.
Many studies of Vietnam veterans exposed to Agent Orange have been conducted (ATSDR 1998). Elevated exposure to TCDD was confirmed in the Air Force unit that was responsible for spraying herbicides in Vietnam (known as Operation Ranch Hand) (Pavuk et al. 2003). Operation Ranch Hand veterans were divided into three groups: background, low exposure, and high exposure. The mean se rum TCDD concentration in the background group was 5.8 ppt and was not significantly different from that for a matched comparison group (4.6 ppt). Mean serum concentrations in the exposed groups were much higher, at 69.4 ppt (range = 18 to 617.8 ppt) in the highexposure group and 15.6 ppt (range = 10 to 25.6 ppt) in the lowexposure group. Based on the biological half-life of TCDD, mean serum concentrations were extrapolated back to the end of the last
2
Report on Carcinogens, Fourteenth Edition
tour of duty in Vietnam and were estimated at 55 ppt for the lowexposure group and 302.5 ppt for the high-exposure group.
Regulations
Department of Transportation (DOT)
TCDD is considered a hazardous material, and special requirements have been set for transporting this material in tank cars.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
Clean Air Act
Mobile Source Air Toxics: Dioxin and furans are listed as a mobile-source air toxic for which regulations are to be developed.
Urban Air Toxics Strategy: Identified as one of 33 hazardous air pollutants that present the greatest threat to public health in urban areas.
National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants: Listed as a hazardous air pollutant. New Source Performance Standards: Regulations to limit dioxin emissions from various types of waste combustion and incineration units have been developed.
Clean Water Act
Effluent Guidelines: Listed as a toxic pollutant.
Dioxin-containing wastes are prohibited from underground injection.
Water Quality Criteria: Based on fish or shellfish and water consumption = 5×10 –9 μg/L; based on fish or shellfish consumption only = 5.1×10 –9 μg/L.
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act Reportable quantity (RQ) = 1 lb.
Emergency Planning and Community Right-To-Know Act
Toxics Release Inventory: Listed substance subject to reporting requirements.
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
Listed Hazardous Waste: Waste codes for which the listing is based wholly or partly on the presence of TCDD = F020, F022, F023, F026, F027, F028, F032, K174. Listed as a hazardous constituent of waste.
Safe Drinking Water Act
Maximum contaminant level (MCL) = 3×10 –8 mg/L.
Toxic Substances Control Act
Manufacturers, importers, or processers of chemical substances specified under 40 CFR 766.25 must test for halogenated dibenzodioxins/dibenzofurans.
Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
Maximum permissible level in bottled water = 3×10 –8 mg/L.
Guidelines
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
Listed as a potential occupational carcinogen.
References
ATSDR. 1998. Toxicological Profile for Chlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp104.pdf.
Baan R, Grosse Y, Straif K, Secretan B, El Ghisassi F, Bouvard V, et al. 2009. A review of human carcinogens— Part F: Chemical agents and related occupations. Lancet Oncol 10: 1143-1144.
CEN. 2003. Environmental chemicals. Chem Eng News 81(9): 33-36.
ChemSources. 2009. Chem Sources - Chemical Search. Chemical Sources International. http://www. chemsources.com/chemonline.html and search on tetrachlorodibenzodioxin. Last accessed: 10/22/09.
DeVito MJ, Birnbaum LS, Farland WH, Gasiewicz TA. 1995. Comparisons of estimated human body burdens of dioxinlike chemicals and TCDD body burdens in experimentally exposed animals. Environ Health Perspect 103(9): 820-831.
EPA. 1988. Times Beach: Abstract. Record of Decision System (RODS). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. http://cfpub.epa.gov/superrods/index.cfm?fuseaction=data.rodinfo&id=0701237&mRod=070123719 88ROD015.
EPA. 2001. Times Beach deleted from National Priorities List. Cleanup News no. 8: 1, 3. http://www.epa. gov/compliance/resources/newsletters/cleanup/cleanup8.pdf.
HSDB. 2009. Hazardous Substances Data Bank. National Library of Medicine. http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/ cgi-bin/sis/htmlgen?HSDB and search on CAS number. Last accessed: 10/22/09.
Huff J, Lucier G, Tritscher A. 1994. Carcinogenicity of TCDD: experimental, mechanistic, and epidemiologic evidence. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 34: 343-372.
IARC. 1997. Polychlorinated Dibenzo-para-dioxins and Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans, vol. 69. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. 666 pp.
Olson JR. 1994. Pharmacokinetics of dioxin and related chemicals. In Dioxins and Health. Schecter A, ed. New York: Plenum Press. pp. 163-167.
National Toxicology Program, Department of Health and Human Services
Pavuk M, Schecter AJ, Akhtar FZ, Michalek JE. 2003. Serum 2,3,7,8‑tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) levels and thyroid function in Air Force veterans of the Vietnam War. Ann Epidemiol 13(5): 335-343.
Schecter A. 1994. Exposure assessment: measurement of dioxins and related chemicals in human tissue. In Dioxins and Health. Schecter A, ed. New York: Plenum Press. pp. 449-485.
Schecter A, Cramer P, Boggess K, Stanley J, Olson JR. 1997a. Levels of dioxins, dibenzofurans, PCB and DDE congeners in pooled food samples collected in 1995 at supermarkets across the United States. Chemosphere 34(5-7): 1437-1447.
Schecter A, Papke O, Isaac J, Hrimat N, Neiroukh F, Safi J, El-Nahhal Y. 1997b. 2,3,7,8-Chlorine substituted dioxin and dibenzofuran congeners in 2,4-D, 2,4,5-T and pentachlorophenol. In Dioxin '97: 17th International Symposium on Chlorinated Dioxins and Related Compounds, Indianapolis, Indiana, August 25-29, 1997, vol. 31. Hites R, ed. Indianapolis, IN: Symposium Secretariat, Dioxin '97. pp. 51-55.
Silkworth JB, Brown, JF Jr. 1996. Evaluating the impact of exposure to environmental contaminants on human health. Clin Chem 42(8 Pt 2): 1345-1349.
Tiernan TO, Taylor ML, Garrett JH, VanNess GF, Solch JG, Wagel DJ, Ferguson GL, Schecter A. 1985. Sources and fate of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins, dibenzofurans and related compounds in human environments. Environ Health Perspect 59: 145-158.
3
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FEMA RII Design Comments for Discussion
1. Area of Potential Effect (APE)
a. Per the 6-14-10 drawings, it appears the APE is larger than the referenced 1,100 feet identified in the final draft "consensus" Memorandum of Agreement (MOA). APE requires discussion with Consulting Parties to determine if a revised MOA shall be drafted or if deviation from the 4-10-2009 partially-signed MOA can be made per Consulting Party agreement.
2. Width
a. The 6-14-10 drawings illustrate minimized widening in vicinity to the boulder; representing an impact minimization measure from approximately Station 2+60 to 3+50.
b. The remainder of the widening from Station 1+00 to Station 5+50 is similar to previous design iterations, as well as the "uniform" widening from the proposed Town project reach from Station 5+50 to Station 14+00. Why does the 6-14-10 drawing set not include additional impact minimization?
3. Design Details
a. Drop-curbing is a new element. Add detail illustrating drop-curbing to design set.
b. Add detail for tree planting, and list/schedule of potential native tree plantings as potential replacement trees per Stipulation I.5.b. Tree species should match trees to be removed (if native species). Recommend size of 3" dbh for replacement of trees with >5"dbh.
c. Please add Station Limits (1+00 to 5+50) to detail for Asphalt Curb & Pavement Detail.
4. Materials - Specification
a. Road Surface Specification will be required for review by Consulting Parties. i. Reference Stipulation I.A.1. Road Surface.
1. How will the NYSDOT standard 403.198902 Hot Mix Asphalt Type 7 Top Course be utilized to meet this stipulation?
b. What materials will be used for the road surface from Station 5+50 to Station 14+00?
5. Other Specifications
a. Environmental Protection Specification: Discussion of a specification for protection of environmental & cultural resources, and to outline protocol for construction archaeological monitoring and protocol for discoveries of archaeological resources, including human remains.
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2017-03-27T10:43:41Z
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IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK
_______________________________________________
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff
DECLARATION OF Richard Stinson
v
Case No. 06-CV-0263 (GLS)
NEW YORK STATE BOARD OF ELECTIONS; PETER KOSINSKI and STANLEY L. ZALEN, Co-Executive Directors of the New York State Board of Elections, in their official capacities; and, STATE OF NEW YORK,
Defendants
_______________________________________________
Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. sec 1746, Richard Stinson, declares as follows:
1. I am Co-Chairman of Del4Change
2. Del4Change is a nonpartisan progressive group in Delaware County dedicated to preserving and defending the Constitution and the Bill of Rights. We have members in 16 of the 19 towns in our county. For the past 2+ years we have had a presence at every town and county event in Delaware County with a booth, banners and literature on voting machines, health care and many other issues of importance to the citizens of the county.
3. Del4Change is opposed to the use of Direct Recording Electronic voting machines and their potential use as Ballot Marking Devices. These machines have proven themselves, world wide, to be unreliable due to their record of breakdowns and malfunctions and untrustworthy due to their vulnerability to hacking, improper programming and rigging of the votes. DREs do not provide for a truly auditable paper trail since the paper printout may show the voter which candidates he or she voted for but there is no guarantee that the computer will actually record his vote accurately. Once the votes are cast there is no way to get an accurate audit. It is imperative that every voter has the assurance that their vote will be accurately counted as cast. The only truly transparent, honest and auditable voting system requires a paper ballot filled out by the voter and available for an audit or recount as needed.
4. Del4Change has pledged to assist in organizing citizens in our county to be trained and available to hand count elections in our county should the Court order same.
I declare under penalty of perjury that the foregoing is true and correct.
/s/_______________________________
Executed on December 9th , 2007
Richard Stinson
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INFORMATION BULLETIN
#13 REVOCATION OF BARGAINING RIGHTS
I. INTRODUCTION
When unions negotiate and enforce a collective agreement, they are exercising their bargaining rights. Unions acquire the right to bargain for a unit of employees either by being certified by the Labour Relations Board or by being voluntarily recognized by an employer. See: Section 50; PSERA Section 18.
Employees, unions and employers may apply to have these rights revoked. The Labour Relations Board can also revoke these rights on its own initiative in some cases. The most common type of revocation application is one filed by employees in a bargaining unit. Filing an employee revocation entails the following steps:
- at least 40% of the employees in the bargaining unit must sign a petition supporting the revocation of a union's bargaining rights;
- the Board investigates and may hold hearings about the application;
- the petition and a completed application form is submitted to the Labour Relations Board at a time when employees are allowed to file for revocation;
- if the application meets the requirements of the Code, the Board holds a secret ballot vote of the affected employees; and
- if the majority of the employees voting vote in favour of the revocation, the Board normally revokes the union's bargaining rights. This terminates any existing collective agreement.
This Bulletin describes when, how and why bargaining rights can be revoked.
II. OVERVIEW
The Labour Relations Board supervises the revocation process. Its duties are to:
- receive applications for revocation;
- conduct investigations and hold hearings to make sure the applicant applied at the right time, in accordance with the Code's requirements, and with the necessary support if it is an employee application;
- notify the affected parties of the application;
- if the application is made by employees or an employer, hold a secret ballot vote among the affected employees; and
- revoke bargaining rights if the application is successful.
- All of this takes place within a short time frame. The Code requires the Board to investigate applications and hold representation votes as quickly as possible. See: Section 53(3).
III. WHO CAN APPLY
Employees in the bargaining unit, the trade union, the employer or a former employer may apply for revocation. See: Section 51(1); PSERA Section 18(1).
IV. TIMING OF THE APPLICATION
Applications must be timely. The Code imposes specific time limits on applications. For example, no party can apply during a legal strike or lockout without the Board's consent. Employees in the unit may apply during one of five open periods. These open periods are normally:
- at any time, if there is no certification and no collective agreement in effect;
- 10 months after certification, if no collective agreement is in force and no judicial review regarding the certification is in progress; See: Certain Employees of Bosco Home v. AUPE and Bosco Homes. [2002] Alta. L.R.B.R. 125.
- 10 months after the date of the Court's decision on a challenge to the certification, if the certification is not overturned;
- within the last 2 months of a collective agreement; or
- in the 11th or 12th month of the second or subsequent year of a collective agreement with a term of more than 2 years, but not less than 10 months before the end of the agreement. See: Section 52.
Where a trade union is a certified bargaining agent of employees who are engaged in work in the construction industry, such employees have additional time periods in which they may apply for revocation. These employees may apply for revocation anytime before the earliest of the following:
(a) the date of the expiry of the 90-day period immediately following the date of the certification of the trade union;
(b) if a collective agreement is entered into between the employer and the trade union after the date of certification, the date on which a majority of the employees in the bargaining unit confirm that they accept being bound by that collective agreement;
(c) if the employer and the employees are bound by a collective agreement entered into under Part 3, Division 3, the date on which the employer and a majority of the employees in the bargaining unit confirm that they accept being bound by that collective agreement.
[amended September, 2008]
A trade union can apply when there is no collective agreement in effect.
An employer or former employer can apply in two instances:
- if there has been no collective bargaining with the union for three years from the date of certification; or
- if there has been no collective bargaining for three years since the original expiry date of the last collective agreement.
See: Section 52(5); J.S. Mechanical [1979] 2 Can. L.R.B.R. 87 (Ont).
V. FORM OF THE APPLICATION
Applications must be in writing (i.e., by letter, application form or petition). Parties can get copies of the optional forms and blank petitions from the Board's offices or download them from the Board's website at: http://www.alrb.gov.ab.ca/forms.html.
Employee Applications
Employees normally use petitions when applying to the Board.
It is important to identify who is the applicant, the contact person for any investigation, and the spokesperson at the hearing. One employee may act in all three capacities.
Employees may use an agent or legal counsel as their contact or spokesperson.
The names of persons acting in these capacities are the only names that the Board releases. The Board does not reveal who signed the petition.
Unwarranted pressures from an employer may jeopardize the validity of an employee application and petition. When preparing to file a revocation application, employees should ensure that:
- the application was not management's idea;
- the application or the purpose of the application was not discussed with anyone from management;
- no one from management offered any of the employees any reward or benefit for starting or proceeding with the revocation application;
- no one from management threatened termination of employment, wage reduction, or anything relating to employment with the employer if an individual did not support the application; and
- the spokesperson has not been led to believe that the revocation application will be funded in whole or in part by the employer.
The following information must accompany the petition:
- The full name, address, and phone number of the applicant. The applicant must have signed the petition.
- The name, address and phone number of a spokesperson.
- The full name, address and phone number of the trade union.
- The full name, address and phone number of the employer.
- The section of the Code relied upon, (i.e., Section 51(1)).
- The relevant certificate number, if known.
- A statement of the purpose of the application.
- An identical heading on each page of the petition explaining the purpose of the petition. The header must clearly identify the employer and the union involved. The header must be on the petition before anyone signs it and must remain unaltered.
- The signature, printed name, address, and date of signing of each person.
- A witness's signature for each person signing. A person can witness more than one signature.
The Board only accepts petition evidence if satisfied that the petition represents a free and voluntary expression of employees' wishes. When circulating a petition to gather signatures, ensure that:
- the statement of intent at the top of each page is completed before any person signs;
- each person is given the opportunity to read the statement of intent at the top of the petition in order to understand what the individual is supporting by signing;
- the signatures are witnessed as they are collected;
- the signatures are not gathered during working hours; and
- the organizer(s) of the petition is always in physical possession of the petition(s). See: Certain Employees of Lansdowne Foods v. UFCW 401 et al. [1992] Alta.L.R.B.R. 413.
The petition for revocation of bargaining rights must contain the signatures of at least 40% of the employees in the bargaining unit. See: Section 51(2).
Trade Union or Employer Applications
Unions and employers normally use letters when applying. These letter applications must include:
- the full name, address, and phone number of the applicant;
- the name, address and phone number of the applicant's contact person;
- the full name, address and phone number of the other affected party (employer or union);
- a statement of the purpose of the application and of the result desired.
- the section of the Code relied upon; and
See: Rules of Procedure, Rules 5, 6; Bulletin 2.
VI. PROCESSING OF THE APPLICATION
The Director of Settlement appoints an Officer to investigate and issue a report. The Officer contacts the parties and advises them of the application. The employer and trade union receive written notice. Employees receive notice by posting at the work site. All parties receive notice of the scheduled hearing date. See: Sections 13, 16(4); Rules of Procedure, Rules 14, 22(1)(g); Bulletin 3.
The employer provides the Officer with a list of employees in the bargaining unit and the date each employee commenced employment with the employer.
[amended September, 2008]
When investigating employee applications, the Board Officer examines the voluntariness of a revocation petition. The investigation is based on the criteria outlined earlier related to management involvement and the gathering of petition signatures. Based on an interview with the spokesperson or other enquiries, the officer's report will either contain a finding that the petition appears voluntary (which any affected party may then object to) or indicate that no conclusion is reached on voluntariness. In that case, the petitioners' spokesperson will have to testify at the Board hearing as
to the voluntariness of the petition.
The Officer accepts objections to the application. Objections must be in writing. They must include the name, address and phone number of the objecting parties and must set out the details of the objection in a clear manner. See: Bulletin 3.
The Officer completes a report and sends it to the parties. If the applicant uses a petition showing employee support, the report may include the Officer's general recommendation on the voluntariness of the petition. If the Officer is not satisfied about the voluntariness of the petition, the Officer's report will identify areas of concern and state that those questions can be dealt with through evidence before the Board. The areas of concern can be as general or specific as the Officer considers necessary. A party may object to the facts set out in the report.
For applications involving work in the construction industry, the Officer will also report on the employees in the bargaining unit that have been employed for at least the 30-day period immediately preceding the date of the application as well as those who have quit or abandoned their employment since the date of the application.
[amended September, 2008]
The objecting party must send its objections in writing to the Board and the other parties so that they receive a full business day's notice of the objections before the hearing. If the objecting party does not, the Board may proceed without considering the objections. See: Rules of Procedure, Rule 26.
Any person intending to intervene in the application must give the Board notice of that intention at least one full business day before the scheduled hearing. A toll free telephone line is available (1800-463-2572). See: Rules of Procedure, Rule 27; Bulletin 4.
VII. BOARD HEARING AND REPRESENTATION VOTES
If no objections are received one full business day before the hearing, the Officer notifies the employer, the trade union, and (in the case of employee applications) the petitioners' spokesperson. If everyone agrees, the Officer may cancel the hearing. If so, the application is reviewed by the Board without the affected parties in attendance.
If parties tell the Officer they will be attending the hearing, the Officer asks the names of their representatives, the number of witnesses they will call, and the length of their presentations.
If the Officer leaves it to the Board panel to determine the voluntariness of a petition, the applicant must appear before the Board panel and present evidence related to the area of concern identified in the officer's report. The applicant presents this evidence to the Board panel by answering questions under oath from the panel and other affected parties about the areas of concern identified by the Officer. See: Rules of Procedure, Rule 28.
The Board also requires the applicant to take the stand if a party affected by the application files a written objection questioning the voluntariness of the petition. In this situation, the applicant is sworn as a witness. If the witness supports the voluntariness of the petition under oath, the party who raised the objection then cross-examines the witness on the issues raised in the objections. The burden is on the party who raised the objection to convince the Board, by cross-examining the applicant's witness or by presenting other evidence, that the petition was not voluntary.
Once the Board is satisfied about timeliness, and in the case of an employee application, the initial 40% employee support, the Board orders a vote of the employees in the unit. The initial 40% support is based on the findings of the Officer's investigation. The Board applies the same criteria as set out in Voting Rules 16 and 17(a) to determine which persons are included in the unit for the purposes of calculating the 40% support required by section 34(2) and 51(2) of the Code. See: Voting Rules 16 and 17.
[amended March, 2009]
The Officer prepares a Notice of Vote and Voters List and arranges for their posting at the work site.
The Board has Voting Rules and an Information Bulletin on representation votes. See: Information Bulletin 14.
For applications involving work in the construction industry, the employer shall, as close to noon as possible on the day before the vote, and in any event no later than noon, provide all parties and the Board with a declaration (Construction Industry Continuing Employment Declaration – See Board Forms) identifying the names of any employees included on the Voters List who have quit or abandoned their employment since the date of the application. The Voters List will be amended to exclude such employees.
[amended September,2008]
The Board grants the application for revocation if a majority of the employees vote in favour of revoking the bargaining rights, unless there is evidence of other relevant matters that would cause the Board not to revoke the bargaining rights. See: Section 52(5), 52(2); Bulletin 14; Orlovsky Painting [1995] Alta. L.R.B.R. 251; Lansdowne Foods [1992] Alta.L.R.B.R. 413.
[amended October, 2006]
If a former employer applies, it must satisfy the Board at the hearing that the union abandoned its bargaining rights, or that there have been no employees in the unit for 3 years. See: Comstock Company [1987] Alta. L.R.B.R. 374.
In applications from former employers or trade unions, the Board grants or denies the application after the hearing without a vote.
VIII. EFFECT OF REVOCATION
All parties receive notice of the Board's decision.
A declaration of revocation by the Board means that the employer is no longer required to bargain collectively with the trade union. Any collective agreement in effect at the time becomes void. Further, the trade union cannot bargain with the employer or re-apply for certification for that unit of employees for six months. See: Section 54(2).
IX. REVOCATION WITHOUT APPLICATION
The Board can also revoke bargaining rights without an application. This normally occurs only where it appears the parties no longer exist. In these cases the Board attempts to give notice of its intention to the parties. Parties can object within 60 days of the notice. If any party objects, the
Board does not revoke the bargaining rights. See: Section 55.
X. REVOCATION BY EMPLOYER UNDER VOLUNTARY RECOGNITION
An employer who has voluntarily recognized a trade union for collective bargaining has an option to revoke that recognition. This option can be exercised by giving the trade union a notice that it wishes to revoke the recognition and refuse to engage in further voluntary collective bargaining. This notice is only effective if given at least 6 months before the expiry date of the collective agreement. See: Section 43; PSERA Section 17.
If a trade union receives this form of notice, the union may apply to the Board for certification. In this case the usual open periods are modified to allow an immediate application. See: Bulletin 8.
See also:
Information Bulletins 1, 3 and 4 Rules of Procedure Voting Rules
For further information or answers to any questions regarding this or any other Information Bulletin please contact:
Director of Settlement Labour Relations Board 501, 10808 99 Avenue Edmonton, Alberta T5K 0G5
Manager of Settlement Labour Relations Board 308, 1212 31 Avenue NE Calgary, Alberta T2E 7S8
Telephone: (780) 422-5926
Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
Website: alrb.gov.ab.ca
Telephone: (403) 297-4334
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VOLUME 25/ISSUE 4
Ron Steffens 3
Lori D. Kranz
Robert Baldwin
Jim Grinnell
R.K. Dickson
Mary Motian-Meadows
R.K. Dickson
Philip Lindsey
Nanette Simonds
John A. Murray
John Andrulis
Jim Applebaum
Jay Kenney
Leslie Plummer
Kim Long John A. Murray Alex Lemon Anders Boeuf Denise Low Kim Long
Lori D. Kranz
Wayne K. Sheldrake
R.K. Dickson
Marge Pflugger
Robert Baldwin
5
8
19
21
23
25
l
TABLE OF CONTENTS
l
JULY/AUGUST 2005 REGIONAL WRITING IN THE UNITED STATES
Zoro's Field: My Life in the Appalachian Woods by Thomas Rain Crowe Stepping Twice Into the River: Following Dakota Waters by Robert King On the Wild Edge: In Search of a Natural Life by David Petersen, Introduction by JohnNichols
Rogue River Journal: A Winter Alone by John Daniel
A Northern Front: New and Selected Essays by John Hildebrand
The Dawn Collector: On My Way to the Natural World by Reg Saner
The Hidden West by Rob Schultheis, Introduction by Stephen J. Bodio No Country for Old Men by Cormac McCarthy
Third Views/Second Sights: A Rephotographic Survey of the American West by Mark Klett, Kyle Bajakian, William L. Fox, Michael Marshall, Toshi Ueshina & Byron Wolfe
Ernest Knee in New Mexico: Photographs, 1930s-1940s Edited by Dana Knee, Foreword by Robert A. Ewing, Introduction by Catherine Williamson
Anonymous: Enigmatic Images From Unknown Photographers by Robert Flynn Johnson
Chicano Art for Our Millennium: Collected Works From the Arizona State University Community by Gary D. Keller, Mary Erickson & Pat Villeneuve, Photography by Craig Smith, With Contributions by Melanie Magisos, Amy Phillips, Angelica Docog & Thomas H. Wilson
9 Edward S. Curtis: The Women by Christopher Cardozo, Foreword by Louise Erdrich, Introduction by Anne Makepeace
10 New Mexico Artists at Work Text by Dana Newmann, Photographs by Jack Parsons The Calamity Papers: Western Myths and Cold Cases by Dale L. Walker
Blood Struggle: The Rise of Modern Indian Nations by Charles Wilkinson
12 The Proof Is on the Page: Whether Finding an Agent and Publisher or SelfPublishing, Montana Writers Stress That Good Writing and Editing Make the Writer
11 In Memoriam: Craig Crist-Evans, 1954-2005
13 Renaissance Man, Western Writer: An Interview With Robert Greer
17 Mammals of the National Parks: Conserving America's Wildlife and Parklands by John H. Burde & George A. Feldhamer
Living With Wolves by Jim Dutcher & Jamie Dutcher
Art of the Warriors: Rock Art of the American Plains by James D. Keyser
Polar by Dobby Gibson
Potato City: Nature, History, and Community in the Age of Sprawl by Sue Leaf Ordinary Genius by Thomas Fox Averill
An Amish Patchwork: Indiana's Old Orders in the Modern World by Thomas J. Meyers & Steven M. Nolt
Why Cows Learn Dutch: And Other Secrets of Amish Farms by Randy James Amish Life: Living Plainly and Serving God by Darryl D. Jones, Foreword by Thomas J. Meyers & Steven M. Nolt
The Cafe Brenda Cookbook: Seafood and Vegetarian Cuisine by Brenda Langton & Margaret Stuart
102 Minutes: The Untold Story of the Fight to Survive Inside the Twin Towers by Jim Dwyer & Kevin Flynn
Marks of Distinction: Two Hundred Years of American Drawings and Watercolors From the Hood Museum of Art by Barbara J. MacAdam
Keeping Shadows: Photography at the Worcester Art Museum by David Acton Glass House by Margaret Morton
Blanche Lazzell: The Life and Work of an American Modernist Edited by Robert Bridges, Kristina Olson & Janet Snyder
The Last Undiscovered Place by David K. Leff
How the Garden Looks From Here by Lisa Zimmerman
COVER DESIGN:
Chuck McCoy is art director of
The Bloomsbury Review.
COVER PHOTOGRAPHS: Robert Greer byHenry C. Rowland©2005
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AL-ANON Family Groups Meeting Schedule
as of September 2015
Indiana Counties: St. Joseph, LaPorte, Marshall and Starke
For information call (574) 236-5736 or visit out website www.michianaalanon.org
* Only on the 5'" Saturday of the month
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Creationists vs. Geologists and Evolutionists
A naturalist's thoughts about science and religion Based on a talk presented by Ben Gadd at The Grand Prairie College Festival of Science, October 2005
In March of 2003 I received a disturbing e-mail.
Hello Mr. Gadd,
My name is [withheld] and I am currently taking a high school philosophy class. My art teacher referred your name to me so I could ask you some questions. Over the past week our philosophy teacher has been talking about evolution, and some ideas of why it is wrong. (He truly believes it is wrong.) There are of course some holes in the theory of evolution, but not enough to toss it out the window.
He has also made the claim that the Earth is only 5000 years old. Today we talked about Mt. St. Helen's and when it exploded. He brought up some very interesting points on some very interesting topics. Mr. [withheld] told us today that the Grand Canyon was formed over a couple of days, and that dragons (the ones from our fairy tale books) do exist. Could you please help me defend science and make good points? Here are some of the questions that arose today in our classroom:
1. How was the Grand Canyon formed? (and is it fact of how it was formed?)
2. Is there a possibility of it forming any other way?
3. How are coal layers/oil pits formed?
4. How long do they take to make?
5. Could dragons ever exist? (the ones from books, not lizards of today)
6. Could dinosaurs ever co-exist with human beings?
7. How old is the Earth?
8. How is it proved how old the Earth is? (not using radio-metric dating or layers of the Earth)
9. How long does it take mountains to form?
We have discussed all of these questions in our classroom and our teacher believes that he is right without a doubt. He does not want to discuss things that he does not know about (how oil is formed and how long that takes) so our class is having a hard time trying to convince him otherwise. If you could please email me back with some answers or explanations you would be of great help!
Uh oh. The topics were familiar, seen often in literature issued by proponents of Christian creationism. I'm a naturalist with a degree in Earth science and a special interest in geology, so I'm always speaking to the public about geological time and the results of evolution, which means that I'm always having to deal with questions like these. I responded to the student right away, providing the answers that science has discovered.
Ensuing e-mails brought more questions, and soon I was invited to speak to the class. The course was being offered in a public high school in a nearby town. It was being taught as an elective by a shop teacher who was, indeed, a creationist. I spoke with him over the phone. He was friendly. Yes, he agreed that he was pushing the envelope on this. I could have gone to the school board about it. But he did have a genuine interest in
philosophy—his course outline included the ancient Greeks and so on—and he was teaching the subject on his own time.
I decided to keep an open mind. Perhaps the course was a good thing. Perhaps high-school students should be exposed to the issues surrounding the argument between scientists and creationists.
The teacher told me further that he wasn't really interested in debating me. Nor was I interested in possibly making him look bad in front of his students. (I'm a teacher myself and know how that feels.) He was happy to have me attend as someone knowledgeable about geology who could speak to whatever was on the students' minds.
I did attend, driving two hours through blowing snow to get there. The class was packed, because the teacher had invited students from the previous year to sit in. A student asked me if it was okay to videotape the proceedings. Sure.
The teacher invited me to speak first, so I began by reading some passages from a handout I had written just for this class, to show where I was coming from. One of the paragraphs posed a question:
Suppose we are listening in on a debate between two brilliant people. One is a Christian creationist, the other a biologist who studies evolution. Each is trying to show that the opposing ideas are wrong. The arguments go round and round. Who will win? Who is right? Which philosophy do you support, that of religion or that of science?
"Let's actually vote, just for fun," I said. "How many of you would side with science's view of geology and evolution over the religious view?"
Surprise: nearly everyone was pro-science! Yet this high school served a rural area that was home to many fundamentalist Christians.
"Okay, now how many of you would side with the religious view?"
Only one student put up her hand. She sighed and looked resigned. I guess the teacher had not been very persuasive in trying to convince the students that Genesis was literally true.
I asked for questions. Here was the first one: "Mr. Gadd, how do geologists know how old rock is? I mean, how do they really know?"
I explained that the work of Albert Einstein was essential for this. The students were impressed. Einstein!
Indeed, we can thank Einstein for reliable rock dating. His special theory of relativity gave us the mathematics for computing accurately the half-lives of radioactive elements. Any rock that was once molten contains radioactive elements, and those elements—isotopes, properly speaking—become part of various minerals when the rock solidifies. Then, through radioactive decay, the isotopes gradually change. By determining the proportion of an original isotope to one resulting from radioactive decay, you can work out the time that has elapsed since the rock solidified.
Creationists are always attacking radiometric dating. And most people do not understand how fossils can be used to assign ages to sedimentary rocks, which have never been molten. So that was the next question: "What about fossils? How can you tell how old a fossil is?"
I drew on the board, showing a layer of shale. Imbedded in the shale was a fossil snail. I told the students to think of this snail as an index fossil: a species that is easily identified and found in many places around the world. Further, to be a good index fossil it had to be a species that wasn't around for very long, maybe for only a few million years. The students laughed. Only a few million years? I laughed, too. "Geologists have this distorted sense of time …"
I turned back to the drawing and added a layer of lava below the shale. "Since the lava was deposited before the shale, the snail can't be any older than the lava. Not any older than 20 million years. We don't know how old the snail is. It could be a lot younger than 20 million years. But it can't be any older, right?"
The students nodded. So did the teacher.
Then I drew another layer of lava, this one above a layer of limestone. And in the limestone I drew the same species of snail. "In this case the limestone was deposited first, then the lava flowed out on top of it. Let's say the lava was dated to be 15 million years old. That means the snail can't be any younger than 15 million years. We are tempted to think that this species of snail existed only between 15 and 20 million years ago, but just to be sure, we look at lots of situations like this, using the same species of snail, and we never find an example that shows the snail to be older than 20 million years or younger than 15 million years. So we conclude that any rock containing this particular snail, anywhere in the world, is between 15 million years old and 20 million years old. By using the snail, we can date the rock."
The students got it. One of them thumped the desk. "Right on!"
And so it went. I answered other questions about how geologists once tried to deduce the age of the Earth from the saltiness of the sea (they were way off), how mountains are made, how plate tectonics works, how evolution works—and then the class was over. The teacher, who had spoken very little the whole time, thanked me. So did some of the students as they picked up copies of my handout. One of them said, "You really know your stuff, Mr. Gadd."
That was gratifying, but what struck me more was that I had learned this 'stuff' forty years ago in Geology 101 and Biology 101, yet it was still being taught today. Forty years is a long time in science. Basic concepts of geology and biology have been holding up well.
I walked down the hall with the creationist.
"So what do you think?" I asked him. "Was this worthwhile?"
"Well, you certainly had the answers they were looking for," he replied. He looked down.
"But how about you? Did this clear up anything for you?"
"No, I take my instruction from the Bible. I just wish I could do more. Kids are so mixed up today. All this drug stuff. Crime. Girls getting pregnant at 14."
"That concerns me, too."
We had reached the door. We shook hands. As I drove home (the snow had turned to rain), I thought about the long-running conflict between science and religion. Soon after arriving I turned my student handout into an essay. Here is the most recent version.
cience versus religion? This is a matter of fact versus belief. Beliefs that are incorrect should yield to scientific rigor, and most do, but not religious beliefs. Religious beliefs sustain themselves despite the lack of evidence for them. They are cultural, not logical. They don't have to be true. They just have to be shared among likeminded people. If your mom and dad brought you up to believe in God, and most of those around you believe in God, then you're going to find it difficult to disbelieve. S
To my way of thinking, here are some of the more important differences between science and religion.
1. Science is about understanding the natural world. You gain information about it firsthand, or by referring to the work of others who have that first-hand experience. You use your eyes and ears and brain. You extend the reach of your senses by using equipment— laboratories, microscopes, telescopes, computers, space probes. You apply logic and mathematics. You believe that, through reason and effort, you can figure out how the natural world works. This is an article of faith among scientists.
In science, knowledge comes from gathering evidence and testing ideas. Something about the natural world catches your interest. For example, you see an insect walking across the snow in February. This puzzles you. How can it live at temperatures below freezing? You identify the bug—it's a type of crane fly, scientific name Chionea— and you check out the scientific literature about it, looking for an explanation. You can't find one. So you formulate an idea of your own: perhaps Chionea crane flies have some kind of antifreeze in them. You capture a few specimens and take them to a laboratory that can identify the various compounds in their bodies. The lab does the analysis and reports the results to you: the bugs contain unusually large amounts of glycerol, which is a natural form of antifreeze. You were right!
This is how science works. Ask a question, formulate a possible answer (the "hypothesis") and test it by gathering evidence. In science, things divine are not required. In fact, they are not acceptable.
2. Religion is also partly about the natural world, but it is about much more than that. In many religions the natural world is explained through accounts of the creation of the Earth and how the animals, plants and people on it came to be. Then religion goes further. It deals with the supernatural, meaning things that lie outside our senses and beyond our understanding. Religion offers knowledge of gods, ghosts and demons.
Religion takes on difficult philosophical problems and provides answers. It tells us what is good and what is evil, how we should live our lives and how we should interact with others. It tells us what happens after we die. Divine intervention in the natural world is assumed, even desired. Most religions show us ways in which we can influence events, and some predict the future.
3. Rather than using evidence, religious knowledge is typically revealed from divine sources and handed down from one generation to the next, often in the form of sacred books. Reading these books critically is unnecessary and not encouraged. One need only believe and act accordingly.
In most Judeo-Christian religions the pressure to believe is strong. Same with Islam. In some religions one can be punished in various ways for not believing. In the Judeo-Christian tradition one can be punished after death, in hell. For believers who live righteous lives, heaven awaits.
4. Religious beliefs resist change. Religions pride themselves on how old their beliefs are and how long they have endured without significant alteration. Religious change is typically a painful process for those involved. For example, the Catholic Reformation of Europe sparked wars, caused countless deaths and brought on the horrors of the Inquisition. Religious intolerance has had a lot to do with the settlement of North America by people wanting to escape persecution.
5. Science, on the other hand, welcomes change. (Some individual scientists do not. I have heard it said that "science advances when old professors retire.") Scientific understanding improves as more knowledge is acquired, better tools are brought to bear and different minds do the analysis. Science is self-correcting. As time goes by, ideas that are shown to be wrong are replaced with newer, better ones.
In my career I have had the pleasure of working with scientists. On occasion I have done a little science myself, learning a few new things about the Canadian Rocky Mountains. Some of these observations have raised questions that I may never be able to answer, but I won't be invoking supernatural forces by way of explanation. In science, the statement "I don't know" is perfectly acceptable. Perhaps someone, some day, will do the work required to find out.
he gulf between science and religion is wide. It has to be. History has shown that science and religion—especially some branches of Christianity—have not been a good mix. That's because scientific discoveries have contradicted passages in religious texts such as the Old Testament. In response, many of the world's politically powerful religious bodies have held science back and oppressed scientists. Science has had to break free from religious control to become what it is today. The Enlightenment period of the 18th century, when intellectual and religious freedom swept Europe, provided that opportunity. Science has since become very strong, in no small part because, for its own good, it is completely secular. T
What, then, does one make of "creation science"? The science/religion divide has not stopped some Christian believers in divine creation from trying to combine science with biblical revelation—by relating the geological time periods to Genesis, for example—but without success. Failure is to be expected. The effort seems pointless.
Some fundamentalist Christians attack science, attempting to discredit wellestablished scientific ideas. They pick away at what they perceive as inconsistencies and unknowns. Yes, there are certainly inconsistencies and unknowns in science. Solving such problems is what science is all about. But these issues are far fewer and less serious than creationists make them out to be. The edifice of science is in no danger of crumbling. Nor is science out to destroy the edifice of religion. 1
Yet the creationist camp is clearly anti-science. It keeps pressing its argument, which seems to boil down to this: science is wrong about the geological history of the Earth and the evolution of human beings, and thus we should all accept the explanations given in the Bible instead. Since there is no hard evidence for these concepts, they must be taken on faith.
Okay, lots of things can be taken on faith, but there are all the other biblical interpretations available, and all the other sacred books in the world claiming to be correct. How does one choose?
This is why Canadian public schools are secular. Adopting only the Christian view would be undemocratic, and observing the many religions represented among the students would be impractical.
As a nonreligious person I don't have any quarrel with most creationists. Let them believe whatever they wish. However, I am disturbed by the work of those creationists who call themselves "creation scientists." They promote an idea called "intelligent design," which is another term for divine intervention. Mainstream geologists and biologists have looked into the published results of creation science. They have found many errors. Essential information is often left out—easily accessible facts that any diligent researcher could have located in the scientific literature. Minus these facts, some creationist claims look plausible. But with the missing information included, such claims are obviously incorrect. For many examples of this, go to www.talkorigins.org.
Creationists who try to pass off flawed studies as proper science must know that they are violating a fundamental rule of the scientific method, which is to account for all the known information that bears on one's findings, leaving nothing out intentionally. To ignore relevant data is poor science. It won't stand up to peer review, which is to say that it won't be accepted as valid by eagle-eyed, PhD-level scientists who are acknowledged experts. To them, failing to tell the full story is a form of intellectual dishonesty. 2
For this reason creation science has been labelled pseudo-science, meaning false science, and dismissed. For the many well-intentioned, sincere creationists who teach in religiously oriented schools, this is unfortunate. The source of their information has been
1 Still, as Richard Dawkins explains so cogently in his book The God Delusion, scientists are free to examine religious claims objectively. When they do, such claims are routinely found to be unsupportable. Thus, science does tend to discredit religion. Dawkins presents convincing scientific and historical reasons for his view that religion is actually a bad thing.
2 In 2004 I visited the Creation Evidence Museum in Texas (www.creationevidence.org), a project of creation science. I was not impressed. The exhibits were not credible, among them "human" footprints in Cretaceous rock (dinosaur-era rock). Such prints have long been known to have been faked, as the people who carved them have freely admitted. The people working at the museum must have known this. Yet they were telling the visitors that the carvings were natural. This was not ethical behavior.
tainted. I know some of these academics, and I feel for them. But next to mathematics, science is the most rigorous of the academic disciplines, and creation science will not become a widely accepted field of study until its practitioners improve the quality of their work.
What about scientists who also practice religion? How can they do that? Is it possible to accept both the scientific and religious belief systems? Indeed it is. The physicists Isaac Newton, Michael Faraday and James Maxwell all are known to have believed in God. (Einstein, thought by some to believe in God, probably did not.) I know geologists who do science from Monday to Friday and worship in Christian churches on the weekend. Somehow they manage to balance their beliefs.
Is it possible to show convincingly that our world was created by a divine being? After all, the idea of a universe that created itself from nothing is hard to swallow. Surely there must have been something there. To say it was God, though, begs the question. Where did God come from? Some sort of god-creator? And who or what created that?
This problem reminds me of an oft-repeated apocryphal story about an elderly person who, at the end of a lecture about the origin of the Earth, raised her hand to insist that our planet rested on the back of a giant turtle. When the speaker asked her what lay beneath the turtle, the person replied, "Another turtle, of course." And below that? "Ah, you're very clever, young man," came the retort, "but it's turtles all the way down."
That's amusing, but thinking about the ultimate origin of everything leaves me pasted on the front of science's speeding bus. The Big Bang, quantum mechanics, the concept of infinity, the idea that nothing, nothing at all, lies outside the universe, even though we seem to be inside it—well, it's just too much. It's frightening. My brain can't handle it. How inviting it would be for me, as for so many people the world over, to substitute comforting belief for things I simply cannot understand.
But I won't let myself do that, not when a few brave and brilliant minds have taken on the basic mysteries of the cosmos and turned paradox into paradigm. Stephen Hawking is one such scientist. This is a person who can study the bizarre workings of a black hole and reduce them to sensible equations. Perhaps someone with Hawking's intelligence and skill will one day bridge the gap between science and religion. 3
In the meantime, I prefer science. There is a wonderful cleanness to it, an openness. 4 In good science, what you see is what you get.
What you get are answers to some fundamental questions. You want to know the purpose of life? Read a good general biology textbook, and you will find that life appeared on its own, as an inevitable consequence of our planet's chemistry, and it exists
3 In 2003 Random House published The Probability of God: A Simple Calculation That Proves the Ultimate Truth, by physicist Stephen Unwin. The book concludes that there is a 67-percent chance that God exists. But this result depends on numbers assigned subjectively. So the conclusion of numerous philosophers and theologians still stands: the existence of God can be neither proved nor disproved.
4 Well, not completely clean and not completely open. Science has always served the military, often in secret, to produce weapons and other tools of war.
simply to reproduce. 5 DNA replicates itself, and all else follows from that. What is this process we call "thinking"? It's neurons firing along pathways in the brain. What are emotions, what is the "self," and what is reality? More of what we merely perceive these things to be, depending on what's physically going on in our heads. (If you doubt the electrochemical basis of mental processes, consider the many pharmacological creations that will put you out of your mind.)
Sounds awfully cold, doesn't it, this view of the world? Yet it is a view I have come to accept, even to cherish. Here's why.
* For me it's science only—except in my imagination. I wasn't brought up in a religious family. My mother was a doubter, my father was an atheist, and I spent very little time in Sunday school. Still, out of interest I read some of the world's great sacred books—the Bible, the Koran, Teachings of the Buddha, works of Hinduism, the Book of Mormon— and found in them much that was interesting, even uplifting. I also found them to be full of things that were clearly untrue. Some of what I read offended me.
So to this day I have no religion. Nor do I miss having one. The natural world alone is quite acceptable to me. It has order. In most ways it makes sense. And that is enough. I seldom think about gods, ghosts, clairvoyance and other things supernatural. I am, in more ways than one, a natural-ist.
I will admit, though, to writing a novel in which the supernatural is front and centre. People ask me about that. They say, "Ben, how could you write a book like Raven's End and not believe what you have written?"
My reply is that it's only a story, and in a story the author can write whatever he pleases. In Raven's End it was important to the plot of the novel to invent a raven creation story and other things that I attributed to raven culture. I was assuming, just for fun, that these very interesting, very smart birds were capable of having their own system of beliefs. Who knows? Perhaps they actually do. It also pleased me to write as if raven mythology were true, as if some ravens could be immortal, as if animals could speak with one another, as if deities existed. Why not? This is the joy of imagination.
* A naturalist's world view. The real world, the natural world, is more beautiful and mysterious and surprising than anything a mere writer could ever invent. I love that world. As a naturalist, teacher and interpretive guide, I have made nature my life's work. Doing so has been satisfying and rewarding. The fact that natural history does not have all the answers doesn't bother me. Science can never have all the answers. Science has given us the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, which tells us that we cannot know everything.
This truth has set me free. I don't dwell on whether God exists or whether there is an afterlife. These things are neither provable nor disprovable, and to me they don't matter very much. What matters far more is what I understand of the world around me. Not what I don't understand, but what I do understand. This is knowledge with elegance and power. It's not religion, but it moves me when I think about it.
5 Death, however, does have at least one purpose: it removes each organism from the ecosystem after a time, so that a new one can take its place, presenting slightly modified genes. Death is necessary for evolution.
For example, I know that my body will die, but I also know that part of me will live on in my offspring. My children have come directly from my wife and me, each from a single cell of her own (the egg) to which one of mine (the sperm) has been added. So our cells and genes—physical bits of us—have become our two boys. Our living tissue has grown with them, and it will remain part of them until they die.
Each of our children has also reproduced. Again, a physical part of them, plus that bit from us, resides in their offspring. All parents transfer life forward, and they have been doing so for countless generations of humans. 6
In other words, yes, there really is immortality! Perhaps not life after death in the supernatural sense, but immortality nonetheless. This is stunning news, and it has come from the work of science. No wonder that so many religions have embraced the idea of reincarnation. One life has indeed led to the next, over and over, as undying DNA has been passed along from organism to organism.
The same kind of immortality reaches far, far back in time. My genes originated in the first living thing to use DNA as its genetic code. Every cell in my body contains DNA handed down from primitive life forms that drifted about in ancient oceans 3.7 billion years ago. 7 My body is built along the same basic plan as that of the first fish, which swam the Cambrian seas 500 million years back. 8 The blood that flows through my veins is a lot like the blood that coursed through the dinosaurs. I am descended from small mammals that escaped the likes of T-rex and Velociraptor.
Life's many-branched DNA lineage includes every organism that has ever lived, including me. This means that every living thing is related, however distantly. The bears and the birds and the wildflowers in the mountains out my window are all my relatives, and the notion delights me. I belong. I'm part of planet Earth's great family, an ecosystem so strong, so resilient that it has bounced back from several global disasters. In such numbers there is safety.
Which brings up another of important scientific finding. Gene by gene, generation after generation, the process of evolution has kept up with the astonishing changes the Earth has gone through. Over the eons, Earth's orbit has varied in shape. Its axis of rotation has tilted and wobbled. The continents have moved; ice ages have come and gone; asteroids have struck. In one deadly episode 251 million years ago, the whole planetary environment became poisonous and about 96 percent of all marine species were wiped out, along with 70 percent of the vertebrate species living on land. Yet the world was soon bustling with life again, much of it in the form of new species.
That's because DNA changes slightly with each generation. Mutations occur in the genes of our reproductive cells. Such alterations are caused mainly by errors in cell division and self-repair, by radiation damage and by the effects of substances and conditions in an organism's environment. These changes are random, not working according to any plan or toward any goal. Modified DNA produces modified life forms that try themselves out in modified circumstances. Most fail and die before they
6 This is true whether we reproduce or not. Families share many genes, so if one couple is childless most of their genes will still be passed along by reproducing sisters, brothers and cousins.
7 Latest dates: age of the planet, 4.6 billion; oldest evidence of life, 3.9 billion; earliest cells, 3.7 billion.
8 We used to think that fish arose later, in the Ordovician Period, but recent fossil evidence from China suggests that the first fish species appeared way back in the early Cambrian.
reproduce, but some succeed and carry on new genetic code that is better suited to whatever the world is becoming. This is the process of natural selection, Charles Darwin's great discovery. Coupled with random mutation, it explains how the world's vast diversity of animals and plants, millions and millions of different species, have come to exist. As Darwin himself put it so simply and elegantly in the title of his most famous book, it explains The Origin of Species.
And here is a follow-up message, one that ought to convince anyone who doubts that evolution is a fact. Evolution is essential to survival on this planet. Without the means to modify the code and test it, that is to say, without evolution, life might not have been able to meet the challenge of a changing Earth and could have disappeared long ago.
umming up, my thesis in this essay has been that the creationist attack on biology and geology is unfortunate. It some respects it is misguided, even fraudulent. Some fundamentalist Christians are stridently anti-science. Others try to pass off pseudoscience as the real thing. S
What scares me is that so many poorly informed people buy the creationist argument, at least to the extent that they doubt the validity of well-established facts about the evolution of species and the length of geological time. This has disturbing implications. Fundamentalist religion has shown itself to be dangerous to intellectual freedom, especially when it winds up in control of education. Free academic enquiry is curtailed when closed minds control the funding.
Science is not seriously threatened by school-board fights over whether or not "evolution is just a theory." But we have to resist the erosion of science's right to be taught properly. When a legislature decrees that "intelligent design"—meaning creationism—has to be presented to public-school students as equal in scientific stature to Darwin's achievement, then an injustice has occurred. Religion is not the factual equivalent of science. Science is not the spiritual equivalent of religion. One shouldn't mix physics and metaphysics, astronomy and astrology, psychology and parapsychology. We owe it to our students to teach them the difference.
A final word. Despite my rejection of religion, please know that I run my life by some of the more commonly held Judeo-Christian ethics and rules of conduct. These are excellent conventions, time-tested and worth following regardless of whether one believes in God or not.
Of the Ten Commandments, one through four are meant for believers only, but my wife and I certainly practice commandments five through ten. 9 The Golden Rule— "Do unto others as you would have them do unto you"—is a terrific piece of advice, and there is a version of it in most any religion you care to name. Of all the Christian precepts, we particularly like a motto that one hears in Restoration Movement churches and among the Quakers. We try to live by it.
1. In essentials, unity (we all agree to abide by certain rules)
2. In non-essentials, liberty (for everything else we have freedom of choice)
3. In all things, charity (whatever we do, we are kind and we are fair)
9 As interpreted liberally, in modern terms and in brief: be good to your parents and the elderly, don't kill people, be faithful to your spouse, don't steal, don't lie about others, and don't be jealous of them.
This is where religion and science share some common ground. What makes a better human being also makes a better scientist. I'll bet that the creationist high-school teacher who prompted this essay would agree with that.
***
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Chanctonbury County Local Committee
6 March 2013 – At a meeting of the Committee held at 7pm at
Present: Mr Wilkinson (Chairman), Mrs Arculus, Mr Barnard and Mr Deedman.
Chairman's Welcome
78. The Chairman welcomed all those present to the meeting.
Declaration of Interests
79. There were no declarations of interest.
Minutes
80. Resolved – That subject to an amendment in minute 71 to replace "B2319" with "B2139" and an addition to minute 73 to include a second sentence that reads "Confirmation was sought that the surface redressing would be done after the gas works and after speed humps had been removed on The Street, Bramber", the minutes of the meeting of the Chanctonbury County Local Committee (CLC) held on 5 December 2012 be approved as a correct record and that they be signed by the Chairman.
Progress Statement
81. The Committee considered a report which provided updates on matters arising from previous meetings of the CLC (copy appended to signed minutes). The Rural Manager introduced the report.
* S.106 Money – The Rural Manager confirmed that the details of all S.106 monies available had been sent via email to all Parish Councils in the Chanctonbury area.
* B2139 Rackham Junction – A representative of Parham Parish Council raised concern that the low cost measures to improve the junction were being further delayed. The Rural Manager advised that the scheme was with the traffic engineers to try and get implemented and that an update would be provided to Parham Parish Council.
* Riverside Concrete Steel Works S.106 monies – The Rural Manager advised that the money had until 2019 to be spent which was why it had still not been allocated. A member of the public clarified that the query was in regards to whether the S.106 money had been received from the Steel Works. The Rural Manager agreed to confirm this with Horsham District Council as a matter of urgency.
* The Street, Bramber – residents of The Street raised concerns of the speed bumps on the street and the damage that the vibrations from traffic going over the speed bumps were causing to their homes. Residents urged for three humps to be removed as opposed to the two that were scheduled in the Infrastructure Plan. The Rural Manager advised that drawings were currently at consultation stage and agreed to set up a site meeting with the
Local Member and residents to see what could be done. The CLC added their support for the scheme and asked for this to be progressed as a priority.
* B2139 Water Lane Junction – the Rural Manager confirmed that this work had been completed.
82. Resolved – That the progress report be noted.
Tanyard Lane, Steyning – Proposed Traffic Regulation Order
83. The Committee considered a report by Director of Service Operations and Head of Highways and Transport (copy appended to the signed minutes).
84. The Local Member advised that a large number of objections had been received when the scheme went out for consultation as residents were against the loss of parking. The Member subsequently met with the Traffic Engineer and concluded that the scheme would not address the safety concerns of residents (that vehicles mounted the pavement) and that therefore the best solution would be to withdraw the scheme and introduce bollards as a safety measure.
85. A resident of Stonecroft highlighted the increasing safety hazard as cars and buses mounted the pavement in order to pass oncoming traffic. It was added that local residents would like further information and consultation on the proposed bollards to ensure that they were positioned in the right place. The Committee supported a site meeting to take place between local residents and officers to confirm the placement of the bollards and that a letter drop be done to local residents and the Parish Council outlining the proposals.
86. A representative of Steyning Parish Council confirmed that Tanyard Lane was a pinch point for traffic congestion and that the introduction of yellow lines would only displace parking to surrounding roads. The Steyning Parish Council Highways Committee had suggested bollards with some yellow lines on corners could be a suitable solution. The Rural Manager confirmed that it would be a relatively small cost to implement the bollards and that their maintenance could be absorbed within existing budgets.
87. A resident of Tanyard Lane reiterated the safety concerns on the road and supported the implementation of bollards to stop people driving continuously along the pavement due to the dropped curb. It was added that parking was required for many houses on Tanyard Lane that did not have driveways.
88. Resolved – That, having considered that the concerns raised outweigh the benefits to the community:
(i) the proposed Traffic Regulation Order be withdrawn
(ii) measures be introduced that improve road safety but do not affect parking or disadvantage residents.
Community Safety in Chanctonbury
89. The Committee received a verbal update from Sergeant Steve Cobbett, Sussex Police on local crime statistics and initiatives. Key points included:-
* Crime Figures to 31 January 2013 showed an overall decrease in crime, with 18 of the 21 parishes in the Chanctonbury area showing a reduced number of crimes.
* 21 March 2013 Day of Action had been arranged to highlight the enforcement and education of road safety. There would be a particular focus on speeding in East Cowfold.
* Burglary of dwellings had seen an increase in the area and a new priority crime team had been put in place to focus on this.
* Operation Crackdown – was available for members of the public to report antisocial driving. The information received was collated centrally by the police and assessed so that persistent offenders could be targeted. The data also assisted in analysing trends and driving danger spots.
90. Resolved – That the report be noted.
Priorities for Traffic Regulation Orders (TROs)
91. The Committee considered a report by Director of Communities Commissioning and Head of Highways and Transport (copy appended to the signed minutes).
92. Members of the Committee highlighted their concern on the process for selecting TROs and felt that it was out of date. It added that the County Council would look to upgrade the process at the County Council meeting in March to ensure that TROs were dealt with as quickly and efficiently as possible. Parish Council involvement was key to identify priorities in their areas, and moving forward individuals should seek support of their Parish Council before a TRO be added to the priority list.
93. Resolved – That the Committee:
(i) approves the priority order for implementing Traffic Regulation Orders within the CLC area for 2013/14 as follows:
1. CHA1012 Swan Bridge, Pulborough - waiting restrictions
3. CHA1026 Spierbridge Road, Storrington - waiting restrictions and CHA1028 North Street Storrington waiting restrictions (to be amalgamated).
2. CHA1006 A272 Bolney Road, Cowfold - lower speed limit
(ii) in the case that further TRO priorities could be implemented in 2013/14, the CLC approves the following as their subsequent priorities:
4. CHA1027 Henfield Road, Upper Beeding - lower speed limit 5. CHA1004 East Street/First School, West Chiltington - waiting restrictions.
Flooding Update
94. The Committee received a verbal update from the Rural Manager on the outcome of the West Sussex Flood Investigation Report and Operation Watershed. The following key points were highlighted:
West Sussex County Council became the lead Flood Authority since legislation changes in 2010 passed the responsibility to upper tier authorities.
In light of this £8.25 million (m) had been put into "Operation Watershed"
The County had received up to 200% more than the average rainfall since June 2012 which had caused increased damage to highways and flooding to residences.
This would be used for Strategic Flood Risk Management Action Plans for surface water, 11 large infrastructure works and also smaller projects.
There were opportunities for communities to use some of the money to take ownership to tackle own flooding issues, for example Riparian Ownership of ditches and further advice could be given to Parish Councils on how to take this forward.
Parishes were urged to contact the Rural Team to highlight any local flooding issues so they could be assessed for Operation Watershed money.
95. The Committee confirmed that £1.25m was set aside for community issues and highlighted that this was a finite amount of money. The Committee recognised that it was very difficult to get individuals to take ownership of the maintenance of ditches, but that this was key to help reduce flooding in the future.
96. Resolved – that the updated be noted.
Community Initiative Funding (CIF)
97. The Committee considered a report by the Head of Law and Governance (copy appended to signed minutes), which sought decisions on the applications received under the CIF scheme.
98. A representative of Cowfold Parish Council asked that the County Council website be updated and the Sussex Association of Local Councils be contacted to clarify that the Community Initiative Fund Policy is not to provide funds to precepting authorities. The Committee agreed that the policy could be clearer and that it would ask officers to update accordingly.
99. Resolved – That the Committee:
(i) agrees to merge the £1,200 Parish Initiative Fund into the overall Community Initiative Fund.
(ii) allocates funding to the following organisations:
* 2000/C St Andrew's Pre-School £1,250 to develop a sensory garden and seating area.
* 2003/C Learn-2 £1,000 towards fishing equipment to coach special needs children (2003/C)
* 2029/C Steyning Downland Scheme, £750 towards tools and protective clothing for volunteer rangers
* 2030/C Trinity Methodist Church £1,000 towards cavity wall insulation
* 2032/C Storrington in Bloom £500 towards a mobile watering cart
(iii) declines the following application:
* 2039/C Cowfold Parish Council towards disabled access and disabled toilets for the Pavilion as the applicant was a precepting authority.
Appointment of Local Authority Governors
100. The Committee considered a report by the Head of Learning (copy appended to the signed minutes) that set out proposed nominations to school governing bodies and the criteria for their appointment or reappointment.
101. Resolved - That the Committee:
(i) approves the following appointments:-
* Mrs S Vaughan to St Mary's CE School Washington for a 4 year term.
* Mr T E Lloyd to Steyning Primary School for a 4 year term.
(iii) approves the following reappointment:-
* Mr P Surtees to Storrington First School for a 4 year term
Talk With Us Open Forum
102. A representative from the Storrington Speedwatch Scheme provided an update to the Committee on the scheme. The scheme was carrying out 1.5 sessions per day, resulting in approximately 300 speeding vehicles reported per month. It was highlighted that now on average 15 vehicles were being recorded per session, compared to 30 when the scheme started, highlighting the impact the scheme was having on reducing speeding. The Committee was very pleased with the progress of the scheme and advised other groups who would be interested in setting up a similar scheme to contact their local Parish Council for support. Storrington Speedwatch could also be contacted for advice on email@example.com
103. A resident of Steyning sought confirmation of whether the banks on Vicarage Lane, Steyning were owned by the County Council as they had been unable to get a response from the County Council to confirm. The Rural Manager agreed to follow this up.
104. A representative of Ashurst Parish Council raised frustration at the length of time potholes on the B2135 Ashurst Road were taking to be filled in, despite correspondence with the County Council. The Rural Manager advised that an inspector had been out to look at the road and the criteria had been set for the holes to be filled in (28 days, 5 days and 2 hours depending on the severity of the potholes). He added the need for the public to record any potholes through Love West Sussex so that they could be dealt with in the appropriate manner. The Committee sympathised with the condition of the B2135 and highlighted that the County Council was filling 35,000 potholes per year.
105. A resident raised concern over speeding on Clays Hill, Steyning now that the temporary signs had been removed and asked the Committee if they would consider for diagram 880 signs to be introduced. A speed survey was also requested to see if the removal of the signs had increased the speed along the road. The Local Member confirmed that the Traffic Engineer was looking into whether signs could be provided and that a response was awaited from the Sussex Safer Roads Partnership. The Committee added that when the TRO had been implemented, it had agreed that another speed survey would be done once the temporary signs had been removed. The Rural Manager agreed to follow this up.
106. A member of the West Grinstead Traffic Working Group asked what progress had been made on the proposal for a cycle path along Bines Road, Partridge Green to link up the Downs Link and improve safety for cyclists. The Local Member confirmed that he had been lobbying to reduce the speed limit on that part of the road and that railings had been put up to stop cyclists going into the road. The Rural Manager agreed to investigate why this was not in the Infrastructure Works Programme and to see how much a scheme would cost. The Committee added that a report had been done on the whole length of the Downs Link to highlight where it needed updating and that this needed to be reviewed so that action could be prioritised. The Local Member agreed to raise this with the lead member for cycling.
Urgent Action
107. The Committee considered the Urgent Action relating to the Proposed Traffic Regulation Order for Greyfriars Lane and Church Street Storrington Proposed that had been processed since the last meeting of the Committee.
108. Resolved – that the urgent action be noted.
Date of Next Meeting
109. The Committee noted that its next scheduled meeting would take place at 7.00 p.m. on 12 June 2013 (venue to be confirmed).
The meeting ended at 9.26 p.m.
Chairman
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CC-MAIN-2017-13
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Legal Advocate
Organization
The YWCA is the oldest and largest women's organization is the world. Our mission at the YWCA: eliminating racism, empowering women and promoting peace, justice, freedom and dignity for all. Since 1913 the YWCA of Spokane has served as a source of strength for women and children in the Spokane community. The YWCA of Spokane's three umbrella programs include the Alternatives to Domestic Violence Program, the Women's Opportunity Center and Children's Services which includes Child Advocacy and the Early Childhood Education and Assistance Program. For more information please visit www.ywcaspokane.org
Job Description Summary
Legal Advocates provide support and resources for survivors of domestic violence through a variety of legal processes. This includes assisting victims of domestic violence crimes in criminal cases, assisting victims seeking civil domestic violence protection orders, helping to empower clients with self-advocacy, assisting clients with safety planning, assisting victims in voicing recommendations regarding offender accountability, providing options and resources regarding legal issues and working closely with Family Justice Center Colleagues on systemic responses to domestic violence.
Responsibilities
* Reviews domestic violence police reports and establishes contact with the victim(s) to check on their status/safety. Educates the victim(s) on the criminal process and the role of the legal criminal advocate.
* Acts as a liaison between the victim(s) in domestic violence criminal cases and the Family Justice Center prosecutors and courts, coordinate interviews, meetings, court appearances and relay victim input.
* Assists clients seeking Orders for Protection and attends court hearings when needed.
* Maintains records (data entry) and statistical information on clients served. Compiles data and complete reports when requested.
* Performs crisis intervention advocacy and social service referrals when necessary, and accompanies Law enforcement with follow-up calls on Lethality Assessment Project survivors.
* Have 24 hour on call duties in a rotation according to the schedule put together by the Associate Director of Legal services.
* Serves as a link between the YWCA and the judicial/legal communities.
* Keeps supervisor informed of any activities or client crisis that is outside of the normal scope of work.
* Answers crisis calls coming into the legal advocate office.
* Maintain paperwork and mail for legal advocate office.
*
Presents community education programs as requested by the Associate Director Legal.
* Performs all other duties as assigned by Supervisor.
Position Qualifications
To perform this job successfully, an individual must be able to perform each essential duty satisfactorily. The requirements listed below are representative of the knowledge, skill, and/or ability required. Reasonable accommodations may be made to enable individuals with disabilities to perform the essential functions.
Education/Experience:
* Education/Experience: Master's Degree in Social work preferred. Minimum of bachelor degree (B. S.) in social science, criminal justice or related field from four-year college or university. Prior domestic violence and/or criminal justice system experience strongly desired. Survivors of domestic violence are encouraged to apply.
* Language Ability: To perform this job successfully, an individual must have the ability to read and interpret documents such as the employee manual, safety rules, operation and maintenance instructions and other documents as necessary. An individual must also have the ability to write routine reports and general correspondence and must also have the ability to speak effectively before clients, employees of the organization and courts.
* Mathematical Ability: To perform this job successfully, an individual must have the ability to apply concepts of basic mathematics.
* Reasoning Ability: To perform this job successfully, an individual must have the ability to solve practical problems and deal with a variety of variables in situations where only limited information and/or standardization exists. An individual must also have the ability to interpret a variety of instructions furnished in written, oral, diagram or schedule form.
* Computer Skills: To perform this job successfully, an individual should have knowledge of Word Processing software, Spreadsheet software and Internet software.
* Certificates and Licenses: No certifications needed
* Supervisory Responsibilities: This position has no supervisory responsibilities.
Hours, Salary, Benefits
40 hours per week
Starting salary: $18 per hour based on experience
Paid holidays, personal time off, and health benefits.
Please email resume and cover letter to firstname.lastname@example.org
No calls please.
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CDM – Executive Board
III.AR./Version 03.0 Sectoral scope 01 EB 68
Indicative simplified baseline and monitoring methodologies for selected small-scale CDM project activity categories
TYPE III – OTHER PROJECT ACTIVITIES
Project participants shall apply the general guidelines to small-scale (SSC) clean development mechanism (CDM) methodologies SSC CDM methodologies, attachment A to appendix B provided at <http://cdm.unfccc.int/methodologies/SSCmethodologies/approved.html> mutatis mutandis.
III.AR. Substituting fossil fuel based lighting with LED/CFL lighting systems
Technology/measure
1. This category comprises activities that replace portable fossil fuel based lamps (e.g. wickbased kerosene lanterns) with battery-charged LED or CFL 1 based lighting systems 2 in residential and/or non-residential applications (e.g. ambient lights, task lights, portable lights).
2. This methodology is applicable only to project lamps whose batteries are charged using one of the following options: 3
(a) Charged by a renewable energy system included as part of the project lamp (e.g. a photovoltaic system or mechanical system such as a hand crank charger);
(b) Charged by a standalone distributed generation system (e.g. a diesel generator set) or a mini-grid, i.e. that is not connected to a national or regional grid;
(c) Charged by a grid that is connected to regional/national grid.
3. At a minimum project lamps shall be certified by their manufacturer to have a rated average life of at least:
- 5,000 hours for Option 1, paragraph 11;
- 10,000 hours for Option 2, paragraph 12.
Rated average life is the life certified by the manufacturer or responsible vendor as being the time at which the lamp's initial light output will decline by no more than 30%. In addition, for project lamps charged using Option 2(c) as provided in paragraph 2 above, the manufacturer shall certify that the battery-charging-circuit efficiency of the project lamps, at the time of the purchase, is at least 50%. For project lamps charged under option indicated in paragraph 2(b), if the mini-grid or distributed generation system is not entirely powered by renewable energy generation unit(s), the
1 Light emitting diode or compact fluorescent lamps.
2 An LED or CFL based lighting system is defined as one or more individual LED or CFL lamps connected to a single rechargeable battery system. These systems may be portable or fixed. LED lamps may consist of one or more diodes. For the purposes of this methodology, a single LED or CFL based lighting system is referred to as the 'project lamp' throughout this document.
3 Project lamps may be charged by any of the listed options, however each individual project lamp shall be charged by only one of the charging options (for example, 10,000 project lamps may be charged by photovoltaic (PV) systems and 10,000 may be charged by a grid, but none of the lamps may be charged by both a grid and a PV system).
Indicative simplified baseline and monitoring methodologies for selected small-scale CDM project activity categories
III.AR. Substituting fuel based lighting with LED/CFL lighting systems (cont)
manufacturer shall certify that the project lamp's battery charging circuit efficiency, at the time of purchase, is at least 50%.
4. Project lamps shall have a warranty of a minimum of one year. At a minimum, the warranty shall cover free replacement or repair of any failed lamps, batteries and where applicable solar panels. The warranty shall be provided to end users of the project lamps. In a situation where the project lamps are distributed through intermediaries, the one year warranty shall commence from the time that the project lamps are distributed to end-users.
5. Project lamps shall meet or exceed the following minimum performance characteristics, which should be proven by third-party test results:
(a) Light Output: luminous flux of 20 lumens or illuminance of 25 lux over an area ≥0.1 m 2 when suspended at a distance of 0.75 meters or self-supported. The light output over a 2,000 hour lumen maintenance test should not decline by more than 20% for Option 1 (paragraph 11) or 15% for Option 2 (paragraph 12);
(b) Run Time and Battery Capacity: Daily Burn Time (DBT) 4 shall meet the following requirements:
(i) DBT shall be equal to or greater than 3.5 hours;
(ii) For charging option 2(a) the autonomous time of the project lamps shall meet the following requirements:
For Option 1, paragraph 11, the autonomous time shall be equal to or greater than 150% than the DBT of the project lamps;
For Option 2, paragraph 12, the autonomous time shall be equal to or greater than 150% of the DBT of the project lamps;
(iii) For charging options 2(b) and 2(c) the autonomous time of the project lamps shall meet the following requirements:
For Option 1, paragraph 11, the autonomous time shall be equal to or greater than 200% of the DBT of the project lamps;
For Option 2, paragraph 12, the autonomous time shall be equal to or greater than 200% of the DBT of the project lamps;
(iv) For charging with solar PV under option 2(a) the Solar Run Time for the project lamp in each month of the year (as determined per paragraph 7(g)) shall be greater than or equal to the DBT;
(v) For charging option per 2(b) or 2(c), the project lamp shall be fully charged after eight hours of charging.
4 Definitions of terms are included in appendix I.
III.AR./Version 03.0
Sectoral scope 01
EB 68
UNFCCC/CCNUCC
Indicative simplified baseline and monitoring methodologies for selected small-scale CDM project activity categories
III.AR. Substituting fuel based lighting with LED/CFL lighting systems (cont)
6. The project design document shall explain the proposed distribution method of the project lamps. It shall also explain how the proposed project activity will:
(a) Ensure that the replaced baseline lamps are those that directly consume fossil fuel. This can be done through documentation of the common practice of fuel usage for lighting in the project region (e.g. based on representative sample surveys, official data or peer reviewed literature) that demonstrates that fossil fuel is a commonly used fuel for lighting;
(b) Eliminate potential double counting of emission reductions that could occur, for example, if more than one entity (e.g. lamp manufacturers, suppliers of solar and/or battery equipment, etc.) claims credit for emission reductions for the project lamps. At a minimum, project lamps shall be marked as CDM project lamps;
(c) Ensure compliance with prevailing regulations pertaining to the use and disposal of batteries.
7. The project design document shall include the minimum requirements for the design specifications of project lamps including the following specifications:
(a) Lamp wattage (in Watts) and luminous flux output (in lumens);
(b) Rated lamp life (in hours);
(c) Where applicable, the type and rated capacity of the renewable energy equipment used for battery-charging (in Watts);
(d) Type (e.g. NiMH, Lead-Acid, Li-ion), and rated capacity of the batteries (in Ampere hours);
(e) Type of charge controller (e.g. active or passive);
(f) Autonomous time and DBT;
(g) Solar Run Times(s) (SRT) for products with solar energy charging systems. If regional solar data are available, the maximum, minimum and average estimated SRT values for each month of a typical year shall be provided. If regional solar data are not available the standard solar day (5 kWh/m 2 ) shall be used to estimate SRT;
(h) Where applicable, the amount of time to fully charge the product using mechanical means or a centralized charging system (e.g. the national grid);
(i) Physical protection against environmental factors (e.g. rain, heat, insect ingress).
8. Emission reductions can only be claimed for up to five The project activity shall restrict the number of project lamps, distributed through the project activity, per to no more than five per each household or per each business location (e.g. for commercial applications such as shops). For projects using Option 1 as per paragraph 11, compliance with this requirement can be demonstrated with documentation of the distribution procedures instead of by ex post recording of lamps distributed in each household. Any lamp distributed to a household or business location beyond the
Indicative simplified baseline and monitoring methodologies for selected small-scale CDM project activity categories
III.AR. Substituting fuel based lighting with LED/CFL lighting systems (cont)
limit of five per location shall not be included in the project boundary, and emission reductions shall not be claimed for such lamps.
9. Measures are limited to those that result in emissions reductions of less than or equal to 60 kt CO2 equivalent annually.
Boundary
10. The project boundary includes the project lamps as well as the charging systems, as follows:
(a) If the project lamps are charged by a renewable energy system, then the project boundary includes the physical, geographical site of the renewable energy system;
(b) If the project lamps are charged by a mini-grid or a distributed generation system, then the project boundary includes the physical, geographical site of the mini-grid or distributed generation system;
(c) If the project lamps are charged by a regional or national grid, then the project boundary includes the physical, geographical site of the regional/national grid.
Lamp effective useful life 5
11. Option 1: Project lamps are assumed to operate for two years after distribution to endusers. Therefore, under this option, emission reductions may only be claimed for two years.
12. Option 2: Project lamps are assumed to operate for up to seven years after distribution to end-users, and thus emission reductions can be claimed for up to seven years per project lamp, if all of the following conditions are met.
(a) At a minimum, project lamps must be certified by their manufacturer to have a useful life of 10,000 hours. Within this time span, the relative luminous flux shall not decrease by more than 30% as per equation 1. Such claims shall be confirmed by a third-party testing organization using an applicable standard and testing protocol. As an alternative to long-term measurement of light output over the full lifetime of the lamp, a shortened measurement period of 2,000 hours may be chosen. If a 2,000 hour test period is used, the relative luminous flux shall not decrease by more than 15% during the 2,000 hours of continuous operation. As per the principles indicated in AMS-II.J "Demand-side activities for efficient lighting technologies", if the average life value is not available ex ante, it shall be made available for verification.
5 The crediting period of the project activity is distinct from the lamp effective useful life and the standard fixed or renewable period for CDM projects should be used. Project lamps may be distributed during multiple years as long as the elapsed life of lamps can be unambiguously tracked to ensure that emission reductions are not credited beyond two years (for Option 1) or seven years (for Option 2) for any given project lamp. In addition, both Options 1 and 2 may be used in a single project activity, but the option selected for each lamp must be specified before the distribution of the lamp.
III.AR./Version 03.0
Sectoral scope 01
EB 68
UNFCCC/CCNUCC
Indicative simplified baseline and monitoring methodologies for selected small-scale CDM project activity categories
III.AR. Substituting fuel based lighting with LED/CFL lighting systems (cont)
Where:
Vrel Relative luminous flux after time t (shall be => 85% after 2,000 hrs and =>70% after 10,000 hrs)
) ( 0 t v Initial luminous flux
) (t v Luminous flux after time t
(b) The project lamps use a replaceable, chargeable battery. In addition, there must be documented measures in place to ensure that lamp owners have access to replacement batteries of comparable quality;
(c) With regard to physical ingress and water protection, the project lamps shall achieve a minimum level of protection, based on the type of lamp, in accordance with IEC 60529, or an equivalent national standard, or the approved norms indicated in appendix 1;
(i) For lamps with integrated solar modules or solar modules with a cable length less than three meters, the ingress protection (IP) class of the lamp shall be 43 or greater; or alternatively the lamp shall be protected from an equivalent level of environmental exposure;
(ii) For lamps with integrated energy storage (i.e. battery) and external solar modules with cable lengths greater than 3 meters, the IP class of the lamp shall be 41 or greater; or alternatively the lamp shall be protected from an equivalent level of environmental exposure;
(iii) For lamps with separate energy storage, light points, and external solar modules with cable lengths greater than three meters, the IP class of the storage base unit and light points shall be 21 or greater; or alternatively the lamp shall be protected from an equivalent level of environmental exposure;
(d) Conditions 12(a) and 12(c) are confirmed by a third-party testing organization based on sample tests 6 of project lamps using applicable national standards where such are available, or alternatively, the standards or test protocols indicated in appendix I of this methodology may be used. The laboratory conducting and certifying the tests shall comply with the requirements of a relevant national or international standard, e.g. ISO/IEC 17025. If the testing results are not available ex ante, they shall be made available at project verification;
(e) Project lamps shall be marked for clear, unique identification to associate them with each unique CDM project.
6 The size of the sample and method of sample procurement shall be in line with the chosen testing standard.
III.AR./Version 03.0
Sectoral scope 01
EB 68
UNFCCC/CCNUCC
Indicative simplified baseline and monitoring methodologies for selected small-scale CDM project activity categories
III.AR. Substituting fuel based lighting with LED/CFL lighting systems (cont)
Baseline emissions
13. This methodology provides for a default annual baseline emissions factor for the project lamps. The following assumptions are made about the equivalent baseline lighting system:
Where:
DV
Lamp Emission Factor (default is 0.0928 tCO2e per project lamp)
FUR
Fuel use rate (0.0325liters/hour)
O
Utilization rate (3.5 hours/day)
U
Annual utilization (365 days/year)
EF
Fuel emissions factor (2.4 kgCO
2
/liter)
LF
Leakage factor (1.0)
n
Number of fuel-based lamps replaced per project lamp (1.0)
NTG
Net-to-gross adjustment factor (1.0)
14. Baseline emissions are calculated per equation (3).
Where:
BE
y
GF
y
Baseline emissions per project lamp in year y (tCO2e)
Grid Factor in yeary,
- Equal to 1.0 when charging option defined in paragraph 2(a) is used; 7
- Equal to 1.0 if the project activity is for off-grid households/communities (defined as no grid access or less than 12 hours grid availability per day on an annual average basis);
- Otherwise it is equal to 1.0 minus (the fraction of time grid is available to the target households and communities/users in the region of project activity)
7 Based on the demonstration that fossil fuel is the predominant practice for lighting as per paragraph 6(a), it is assumed all baseline emissions are from the consumption of fossil fuel burning for lighting.
Indicative simplified baseline and monitoring methodologies for selected small-scale CDM project activity categories
III.AR. Substituting fuel based lighting with LED/CFL lighting systems (cont)
y
DB
Dynamic Baseline Factor (change in baseline fuel, fuel use rate, and/or utilization during crediting period) in year y. Calculated as either:
Option 1: default of 1.0 in the absence of relevant information;
Option 2: value of 1.0+FFg where FFg is the documented national growth rate of
kerosene fuel use in lighting from the preceding years (use the most recent
available data for a three or five years average (fraction))
15. Alternative values for parameters in equation (2) to result in a different value for DV (e.g. Fuel use rate, utilization rate) can only be used if adequate research/monitoring and documentation is provided by the project proponent (e.g. strategic surveys and research conducted by national or local organizations, initiatives by international organizations or non governmental organizations or the project proponent to collect reliable and comprehensive data).
Project emissions
16. There are no project emissions (PEy = 0) if the project lamp charging mechanism utilized is as defined in:
(a) Paragraph 2(a); or
(b) Paragraph 2(b) if the minigrid or distributed generation system is entirely powered by renewable energy generation unit(s).
17. There are project emissions if the project lamp charging mechanism utilized is as defined in:
(a) Paragraph 2(c); or
(b) Paragraph 2(b) if the minigrid or distributed generation system is not entirely powered by renewable energy generation unit(s).
18. Project emissions per project lamp are calculated as:
Where:
j i y
PE
, ,
Average project emissions in year y (tCO2e) per project lamp
i
Type of project lamp
j
Type of charging mechanism as per paragraph 2
i
W
Wattage of project lamps distributed to end users, of type i (Watts)
j i
Eff,
Battery charging efficiency of lamps distributed to end users, as documented by lamp manufacturer, of type i for charging type j
D
Days of operation of project lamps per year, use a value of 365
III.AR./Version 03.0
Sectoral scope 01
EB 68
Indicative simplified baseline and monitoring methodologies for selected small-scale CDM project activity categories
III.AR. Substituting fuel based lighting with LED/CFL lighting systems (cont)
H Hours of operation of project lamps per day (DBT), use a value of 3.5 hours j y ELEC CO EF , , ,2 Grid emission factor in year y calculated in accordance with the provisions in AMS-I.D "Grid connected renewable electricity generation" or AMS-I.F "Renewable electricity generation for captive use and mini-grid" depending on the charging mechanism j (tCO 2 /MWh) y TD y determined using recent, accurate and reliable data available for the host country.
Average annual technical grid losses (transmission and distribution) during year for the grid serving the locations where the devices are installed, expressed as a fraction. This value shall not include non-technical losses such as commercial losses (e.g. theft/pilferage). The average annual technical grid losses shall be This value can be determined from recent data published either by a national utility or an official governmental body. Reliability of the data used (e.g. appropriateness, accuracy/uncertainty, especially exclusion of non technical grid losses) shall be established and documented by the project participant. A default value of 10% shall be used for average annual technical grid losses, if no recent data are available or the data cannot be regarded as accurate and reliable
Emissions reduction
19. Annual emission reductions are calculated as:
Where:
Emission reductions in year y (tCO2e)
y
ER
j i
N,
Number of project lamps distributed to end users of type i with charging method j
j i y
OF
, ,
Percentage of project lamps distributed to end users that are operating and in service in year y, for each lamp type i and charging method j. Assumed to be equal to 100% for years 1, 2 and 3, and . equal to the value determined in paragraph 2221, for years 4, 5, 6 and 7 8
The emission reductions shall be considered from the date of distribution of the project lamps to end-users.
8 The years refer to the operational years of project lamps (e.g. for project lamps distributed in year 3 of the crediting period years 1, 2 and 3 relate to the years 3, 4 and 5 of the crediting period and so forth).
III.AR./Version 03.0
Sectoral scope 01
EB 68
UNFCCC/CCNUCC
Indicative simplified baseline and monitoring methodologies for selected small-scale CDM project activity categories
III.AR. Substituting fuel based lighting with LED/CFL lighting systems (cont)
Monitoring
20. Monitoring includes: (i) Recording of project lamp distribution data; and (ii) Where Option 2, paragraph 12 is chosen ex post monitoring surveys to determine percentage of project lamps distributed to end-users that are operating and in service in year y.
21. During project activity implementation, the following data are to be recorded:
(a) Number of project lamps distributed to end-users under the project activity, identified by the type of project lamps (lamp wattage, battery type, charging method, the date of distribution); 9
(b) Data to unambiguously identify each recipient of a project lamp, for all the project lamps distributed that will claim emission reductions for up to seven years, as per Option 2, paragraph 12.
22. For project lamps that will claim emission reductions for up to seven years, ex post monitoring surveys to determine percentage of project lamps 10 distributed to end users that are operating and in service will be conducted during the third year of the crediting period. While the percentage of project lamps that are operating and in service can be assumed to equal 100% in year 1, 2, and 3, the result of ex post monitoring survey undertaken during the third year shall be used in years 4, 5, 6 and 7, as per paragraph 19. Only project lamps with a unique project marking (per paragraphs 12(e) or 25) can be counted as operating and in service. While project lamps replaced as part of a regular maintenance or warranty program can be counted as operating, project lamps cannot be replaced as part of the survey process and then counted as operating.
23. The following survey principles shall be followed for activities related to determining number of project lamps in service and operating under the project:
(a) The sampling size is determined by minimum 90% confidence interval and the 10% maximum error margin; the size of the sample shall be no less than 100;
(b) Sampling must be statistically robust and relevant, i.e. the survey has a random distribution and is representative of the target population (size, location);
9 Or a conservative estimation thereof based on distribution records. In the case of project activities which do not involve direct distribution of project lamps to end-users, but instead involve distribution of project lamps through intermediaries, the average number of days between the date on which project lamps are delivered to intermediaries and the date on which the project lamps are distributed from the intermediaries to end-users can be determined using either survey methods or by using a default value of 120 days. The survey methods may either be of a census of intermediaries (if the number of intermediaries is equal to less than 50) or using sampling methods in accordance with the "Standard for Sampling and Surveys for CDM Project Activities and Programme of Activities". However, the date of delivery of project lamps to all intermediaries shall be directly recorded with no recourse to sampling.
10 If project lamps are distributed with different charging methods, per paragraph 2(a), 2(b) and/or 2(c), then the percentage operating in year 3 should be determined per each category of charging method, see equation (5).
Indicative simplified baseline and monitoring methodologies for selected small-scale CDM project activity categories
III.AR. Substituting fuel based lighting with LED/CFL lighting systems (cont)
(c) The method to select respondents for interviews is random;
(d) The survey is conducted by site visits;
(e) Only persons over age 12 are interviewed;
(f) The PDD must contain the design details of the survey.
Project activity under a programme of activities
24. If monitoring is required, per paragraphs 20-23, to determine the percentage of project lamps distributed to end-users that are operating and in service, such monitoring will take place in the third year of crediting period of each CPA and the results shall be used for operational years 4, 5, 6 and 7 of the project lamps of that CPA.
25. For Option 2, paragraph 12, project lamps shall be marked for clear, unique identification to associate them with each unique CPA.
CDM – Executive Board
III.AR./Version 03.0
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Indicative simplified baseline and monitoring methodologies for selected small-scale CDM project activity categories
III.AR. Substituting fuel based lighting with LED/CFL lighting systems (cont)
Appendix I
DEFINITIONS
Daily Burn Time (DBT): total number of hours per day that the lighting system must provide light that is bright enough to satisfy the light output requirements stipulated in paragraph 5(a). DBT is expressed in hours.
Autonomous Time or Autonomous Run Time (AT): time measured from switching on the light in a mode that is bright enough to satisfy the light output requirements stipulated in paragraph 5(a) to the point in time where the light output reaches 70% of its initial brightness or where low voltage triggers battery cut-off, whichever is earlier. The test must be performed with a fully charged battery. AT indicates maximum possible burn time or run time and is also known as battery autonomy. AT is expressed in hours.
Solar Run Time (SRT): operational time in a mode that is bright enough to satisfy the light output requirements stipulated in paragraph 5(a) from a day of solar charging under standard solar day conditions. Although a "standard solar day" can be defined as 5 kWh/m 2 incident radiation, actual SRT depends on geography, weather, shading, and user behavior. Thus, if regional solar data are available, such data shall be used to calculate SRT instead of the 5 kWh/m 2 value. SRT may be computed using simulation software or it can be computed using the method indicated in the test procedure included below. SRT is expressed as a number of hours of operation.
Ambient lights: Lights used to either fully or partly illuminate a room.
Task lights: Lights used to illuminate a defined working area.
Portable lamps: Portable lamps have self-contained energy sources, are easily transported by hand, and are not permanently connected via piping to a central energy source.
Norms, specifications and test procedures: Existing test procedures and specifications for project lamps or other off-grid lighting systems, batteries, charge controllers and solar modules include:
(a) "Lighting Africa Quality Test Method" (the most recent version of this document should be used; the document is available at <http://lightingafrica.org/lightingafrica-quality-test-method-la-qtm>);
(b) PVGAP PVRS 5/5A, batteries;
(c) IEC 61951, NiMH batteries;
(d) IEC 61960, Li-ion batteries;
(e) CIE 127, LEDs;
(f) PVGAP PVRS 11A, Solar lights;
(g) IEC 62124 PV stand-alone systems, design verification and others.
III.AR./Version 03.0
Sectoral scope 01
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Indicative simplified baseline and monitoring methodologies for selected small-scale CDM project activity categories
III.AR. Substituting fuel based lighting with LED/CFL lighting systems (cont)
- - - - -
History of the document
| Version | Date |
|---|---|
| 3 | 20 July 2012 |
| 2 | EB 65, Annex 26 25 November 2011 |
| 1 | EB 58, Annex 19 26 November 2010 |
Decision Class: Regulatory
Document Type: Standard
Business Function: Methodology
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Cub Scout Character Development
Developing the Character of the Cub Scout
Scouting, from Tigers, through all levels of Cub Scouts, to Boy Scouts and beyond, is a character development program. It is the long-standing idea of a Game with a Purpose. The Game is the fun we have in all our activities. The Purpose is to place the ideals of Scouting -- the Promise and Law for the Cub Scouts -- in their hearts to be with them throughout their lives.
There are many methods that we can use in Cub Scouts to implement this purpose:
Association with adults who demonstrate the Scout ideals
Doing Good Turns and service projects
Using the "Ethics in Action" exercises in Den meetings.
In an unobtrusive manner, develop the spiritual life of the Cubs
This section of the Pow Wow Book presents material to help you in Cub Scout Spiritual Development. There are activities in this section similar to the Ethics in Action exercises, which will help your Scouts learn how to think about their choices and responsibilities. It is proper for adult leaders and Cub Scouts to pray at times, and reflect on their relation to the world around them. Thus, there are sections of invocations, prayers, songs, readings, and benedictions. These may be used for Den or Pack meetings, and can be used to build a Scouts Own. The Scouts Own is a time set aside for reflection, usually on Sunday morning of a family or Webelos campout. Within this section, the Scouts Own is described and there are examples given.
The Founder wrote:
"The scout, in his promise, undertakes to do his duty to his king and country only in the second place; his first duty is to God. It is with this idea before us and reckoning that God is the one Father of us all, that we scouts count ourselves a brotherhood despite the differences among us of country, creed, or class. We realize that in addition to the interest of our particular country, there is a higher mission before us - namely, the promotion of the kingdom of God; that is, the rule of peace and goodwill on earth. In the Scouts, each form of religion is respected and its active practice encouraged, and through the spread of brotherhood in all countries, we have the opportunity of developing the spirit of mutual goodwill and understanding.
"There is no religious side of the movement. The whole of it is based on religion that is, on the realization and service to God.
"Let us, therefore, in training our Scouts, keep the higher aims in the forefront, not let themselves get too absorbed in the steps. Don't let the technical outweigh the moral. Field efficiency, backwoodsmanship, camping, hiking, good turns, jamboree, and comradeship are by all means not the end. The end is character with a purpose.
"And that purpose, that the next generation may be sane in a insane world, and develop the higher realization of service, active service of love, and duty to God and neighbor.
"Our objective in the scout movement is to give such help as we can in bringing about God's kingdom on earth by inoculating among the youth the spirit and the daily practice in their lives of selfish goodwill and cooperation."
-- Robert S. S. Baden-Powell
An Introduction to Spiritual Development
It is altogether proper to begin the development of character in our Cub Scouts, through spiritual development. Spiritual development within the organization may take on the aspects of a particular religion, faith or sect, depending on the circumstances. This is where the sponsoring organization may or may not take on a significant role in this development. In general, we accept these principles of spiritual development.
* To develop an inner discipline and training
* To be involved in corporate activities
* To understand the natural world around them
* To help to create a more tolerant and caring society
* To discover the need for prayer and worship
Spiritual Development Activities
Wisdom (To develop an inner discipline and training.)
Activity I - Game - Blind Pirate. An individual Scout is selected to be the blind pirate. He is blindfolded and sits in the middle of the floor cross-legged. A bell or bunch of keys or anything noisy is placed in front of him. One at a time Scouts who are sitting around cross-legged in a circle try to get up, sneak out, take the bell and return to their places without making a sound. The 'pirate' tries to point to the individual that is moving. If he succeeds they change over.
This game like many others often played in Scouts develops a particular discipline. It might be worth spending five minutes at the end of the game or at the end of the evening discussing how they felt having to keep silent for long periods.
Activity 2 - Project - Keep a diary for a week. If you have the facility, produce an eight-page diary covering one week for each Scout. (Two sheets of paper folded with the days and perhaps the dates). Get them to keep as accurately as they can an hour by hour time table of what they have done for the week: time they went to bed, got up, started breakfast, finished breakfast, left for school, got to school, etc.
Then at your next meeting (it might be helpful to have calculators) analyze how much time has been spent on each of a number of activities during the week. You might make a list like sleeping, eating, at school, doing homework, watching TV, Scout activities, etc. Produce league tables, or bar charts or whatever the troop wants. Finally consider what this shows about priorities, inner discipline, etc.
Activity 3 - Project - What influences you? Ask them to conduct a survey during the week using questions like:
* What makes you decide which TV programs to watch?
* Who or what influences what you wear? How you spend you money? Your aims in life?
*
Who or what influences the things you think are right and wrong?
For some it may be enough for them to consider this for themselves. Others may be able to get a few answers from friends and family. Collate the answers. Then discuss who or what they follow. Discuss why they follow who or whatever and how this affects their life. Do they think that this will change as they get older?
Activity 4 - Game - The waiting game. Provide a bucket half full of water and a large denomination coin in the bottom. (This one could cost you!) Give each person a penny to drop in to try to cover the large coin. It is almost impossible. The trick takes time and patience. Discuss the need for patience, and when and why it may be appropriate.
Activity 5 - Who am I? There are millions of people in the world, we are all unique, and all are citizens of the world. Get the scouts to write a page or draw a poster about themselves and the gifts that they have. Write a prayer based on this information.
Work (To be involved in corporate activities.)
Activity 1 - Project - Produce a picture story. This can be done over Den meetings. Each Den needs access to a camera. Each should be provided with one roll of film and a photograph album.
The Scouts then need to select some story. This could be from the Bible or other Holy Book or a favorite story or a story written by themselves. The next step is to produce a storyboard as they will have seen in comics or on TV, being careful that they have a fixed number of photographs on the roll. Then set up and take the photographs. Get the photos developed at a fast outlet. Finally they can put the pictures into the album with appropriate words alongside.
Activity 2 -- Team work. Many activities can be used to illustrate teamwork. Provide each Den with a list of things to find out. Such as:
* What number of bus stops at the bus stop nearest the Den meeting place?
* What are the names of all the streets around the block where the Den meets?
* How much does a fish sandwich combination meal cost at McDonalds?
* What is the phone number of the nearest supermarket?
Then leave them to get on with it and have a cup of tea. The teams which all rush round together will not do as well as those who plan and divide up the task. Discuss the benefits of planning, teamwork, using the strengths and weaknesses of the team, etc.
Activity 3 - Friends. What is it that makes someone a friend? Encourage the Scouts to think about friendship by thinking of something friendly to do for a new Scout?
Activity 4- Money. Ask the Scouts to keep a record of how they spend their pocket money, what they spend it on and how much they save, etc. Encourage them to discuss as a Den how much should be spent, saved or given away?
Activity 5 - Helping others. As a Pack think of an organization which you could help and explain their work at a Pack meeting. Consider what you might do, as Dens or as a Pack, to help this organization.
Activity 6- The Scout Family. How does everyone work together to form Scouting? Explain to the Den the structure of local Scouting. Why are the young people the most important?
Activity 7 - Sport. Have the Scouts design a poster showing lots of team games. Then ask the Scouts why they take part in games and write the answers around the pictures.
Wonder (To understand the natural world around us.)
Activity 1 - A blindfold meal. At a planned outing, such as a Den picnic, get everyone to eat a simple meal or undertake a simple activity blindfolded. Care needs to be taken that no one gets burnt or hurts him or herself. Afterwards encourage the Scouts to consider how wonderful their gift of sight is. This could develop into a discussion on the idea that there are different types of blindness. Blindness to the needs of others, blindness to the world that we live in, blindness to the obvious existence of God.
Activity 2 - Deny a sense. Undertake some game or activity without using an essential sense. As in #1 above it could be blindfold or without talking, or with one hand tied behind your back or with fingers taped together, or legs tied together, etc. Perhaps each Scout could be denied a different sense. Later discuss how hard it is to do without and how wonderful these senses are.
Activity 3 - Project - Think Rubbish. If you are at a camp, or meeting place, see what can be done to collect different types of rubbish (glass, metal, paper) in different containers and then dispose of them in your local recycling system.
Welcome (To help create a more tolerant and caring society)
Activity 1 - "What is the cost?" Have ready a selection of every day items such as a Mars Bar, an audiocassette, a pair of socks and so on. You also need to know how much each of these items cost to buy. Then play a game of "The price is right". Produce your items one at a time. Get each Scout to suggest "What is the cost?" Each Scout takes it in turn to start. No one is allowed to say the same price as some one else. Two points for being exactly right one for being the closest. Then move on to part two.
Produce a sheet of paper for each Scout, headed up with one of the following or similar:
* What is the cost of learning to play the piano?
* What is the cost of keeping up a friendship?
* What is the cost of owning a dog?
Activity 2 - Game - Helping the blind man. The Den selects a member to be blindfolded. Once the blindfold has been put on set up a very simple slalom course with chairs. The Den then has to steer their blind man through the course by shouting instructions. Afterwards get them to say how it felt, (dependence, frustration, fear, etc.). If you wish, this discussion could move on to the problems blind people have, or perhaps faith, and the faith that blind people have to put in guide dogs, etc.
Activity 3 - Helping Others. Encourage the Scouts to adopt a grandparent. This works well if three or four are "allocated" to each grandparent. They will soon realize that visits are greatly appreciated.
Activity 4 - Communication games. There are large number of games such as charades and Pictionary which are basically about communication. Spend time thinking about those who find communicating difficult. This could lead on to considering the issues of distrust and social unrest and the theory that much of it is based on a lack of understanding of others.
Activity 5 - Illness. Have any of the Scouts been in hospital? Ask the Scouts to think of how they, as a Patrol, can help to make young people happier in hospital. Ask a nurse or doctor, or a patient for guidance.
Activity 6 - Sign Language. Learn a few words, letters of the alphabet and then try to communicate messages. Are there any times when this form of communication would be useful?
Living Space
Take four Scouts out to the front and stand them at the four corners of a square 8 feet by 8 feet. Take four others from the group and tell them to sit down inside the square. See how much - or little - space there is left. Make the point that more than half the population of the world lives in huts and shacks little larger than the 8-foot square and, some, in smaller spaces. See how much of the ordinary things of living - dressing, sleeping, cooking, eating and so on can be done in the tiny space. And the promise we make as Scouts is to make it possible for people who have to live like that to be able to live better, freer lives.
-- from "God. Are you still in there?"
Worship (To discover the need for prayer and worship)
Activity 1 - Hope. Ask the Scouts to write down their hopes. Draw five footsteps and ask them to identify five things they will need to do to realize their hopes. Discuss with them how easy or difficult this will be.
Activity 2 - God is love. What is love? Ask the Scouts to identify what love is and how people express love. The word 'love' is widely used. Encourage the Scouts to think about love in its widest sense: Love for friends, family, animals, and activities in addition to boy/girl friends.
Activity 3 - World Faiths. Many other Faiths involve food a great deal in certain ceremonies. Ask the Scouts as a Patrol, to find out about a traditional religious meal from a particular Faith. Have them prepare some or all the meal and allow the other Patrols to try some.
Activity 4 - Scouts Own. Have the Patrols prepare a short Scouts Own on a theme. Remember that this does not have to be in a traditional format. Discuss how you think a short Scouts' Own should be run, then do it.
Activity 5 - Sunrise. Encourage the Scouts to plan an overnight hike or walk in order to be in a suitable place to watch the sunrise. Try to make the venue as spectacular as possible to fully appreciate the experience.
Prayers
Thanksgiving for Scout Brotherhood
You be enabled to live according to our Promise and Law; through Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen.
Prayers For Use In The Brotherhood of Scouts
Thanks for the Beauty of Children
We give thanks for the beauty of children and their joy in all beautiful things, for their mirth and laughter, and for the joy and light they bring into the world, for their enthusiasm, their abounding energy and their love of the heroic and adventurous, for their candid generous trust in those around them, and for their quick response to calls of love and service. Amen.
-- Prayers For Use In The Brotherhood of Scouts
For Harmony Amongst Ourselves
Father, we pray for harmony; as we seek to preserve in our Scouts the natural spirit of mutual good will, help us to show them a true example. Grant that the relations between all Scouters may ever be those of hearty cooperation and true affection. Let no class, race or policy divide us. Let personal ambition be far from us, and may we ever regard it as our chief privilege to serve You in this holy labor; through Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen
-- Prayers For Use In The Brotherhood of Scouts
Leadership
O Lord, grant that we may so carry out in our lives the spirit of the Scout Law that we may teach it to others by living it ourselves. Grant also, 0 Lord, that we may understand the true meaning of Service for others, and humbly follow the great example of Our Lord Jesus Christ. Amen.
Prayers For Use In The Brotherhood of Scouts
The Quest of Beauty
O God, who has made the world so full of beauty, keep us, from the evil which the sin of man has brought into it. Teach us to love whatever is beautiful and true and good in nature, in art and in the lives of men; strengthen us that we may accept all the activity of life as a gift from You and enable us to be fellowworkers with Your Son, Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen.
Prayers For Use In The Brotherhood of Scouts
O Lord, we give You thanks for the gift of Scouting. We thank You for the wisdom and foresight of our Chief, whose first camp on Brownsea was the forerunner of our Brotherhood. We thank You for the enthusiasm and self-sacrifice of those, his immediate followers, to whom the early guidance of our movement was entrusted. Above all, 0 Lord, we thank You that You have permitted us, Your servants to take our share in the service of the boyhood of our country; and for all the inspiration and happiness that Scouting has brought into our own lives.
We ask for Your blessing on our Chief, upon the boys whom we are privileged to lead, and upon the Brotherhood of Scouts throughout the world.
May we go forward re-dedicated to this, Your service, and in humble gratitude for Your many mercies.
Grant this, 0 Lord, for the sake of Your son, Jesus Christ. Amen.
-- Brownsea Island, April 1927, Prayers For Use In The Brotherhood of Scouts
A Scout is a Friend to All
Fill us, 0 Lord, with Your spirit that we may observe Your command, "Love one another, even as I loved you." May we know the love that sees only the good and is patient and forbearing; that grows stronger when difficulties increase; and that overleaps the barriers of class, of creed, and of country. Help us to love the neighbor we know so that we may learn to love our fellow men whom we have not seen. Strengthen the bond between Scout and Scout in our Group, in our land, and throughout the World. So may we further the coming of Your Kingdom of goodwill and love; following the example of Jesus Christ. Amen
Prayers For Use In The Brotherhood of Scouts
To Be Scoutlike
Grant to us, Lord, the spirit to think and to think and to do always such things as be Scoutlike; that we, who cannot do any good thing without You, may by
Live Together in Love and Joy and Peace
O God, who has joined us together in the fellowship of our Troop, teach us to live together in love and joy and peace. Help us to guard our Honor and to live loyal to You, our leaders and all our friends; that, with gallant and high-hearted happiness, we may strive for the setting up of Your Kingdom in the world; through Him who loved us and gave Himself for us, Jesus Christ our Lord.
Amen.
Prayers For Use In The Brotherhood of Scouts
For Our Country
Almighty God, our Heavenly Father, bless our country that it may be a blessing to the world. Grant that our ideals and aspirations may be in accordance with Your will, and help us to see ourselves as others see us. Keep us from hypocrisy in feeling or action. Grant us sound government and just laws, good education and clean lives, justice in our relations with one another, and, above all a spirit of service which well abolish pride of place and inequality of opportunity; through Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen.
Prayers For Use In The Brotherhood of Scouts
For Courage and Strength
0 God help us always to be of good cheer. Let us not be disheartened by our difficulties. Let us never doubt Your love or any of Your promises. Give us grace to be encouragers of others, never discouragers. Let us not go about with sadness or fear among men, but let us always make life easier, never harder, for those who come within our influence; for the sake of Jesus Christ
Amen.
Prayers For Use In The Brotherhood of Scouts
A Closing Prayer
May the blessing of Almighty God rest upon us and upon all our work; may He give us Light to guide us, Courage to support us, and Love to unite us, now and evermore. Amen.
Prayers For Use In The Brotherhood of Scouts
Benediction
May the Lord bless us and keep us; the Lord make His face to shine upon us and be gracious to us; the Lord lift up the light of His countenance upon us and give us peace, this day (or night) and for evermore. Amen. (Adapted from the Aaronic Blessing, Bible, Numbers 6, 24.)
Prayers For Use In The Brotherhood of Scouts
Prayers for Peace from Westminster Abbey
O God, the Father of all mankind, strengthen, we pray thee, all who are striving after true brotherhood and who are working for righteousness and peace. Guide the hearts and minds of rulers and statesmen, that they may seek first thy kingdom and the establishing of justice and freedom for all peoples, both great and small. Amen
Lord, make us instruments of thy peace. Where there is hatred, let us sow love; where there is injury, pardon; where there is discord, union; where there is doubt, faith; where there is despair, hope; where there is darkness, light; where there is sadness, joy; for thy mercy and for thy truth's sake. Amen
For the Joy of the Year
Our Lord and creator,
We thank You today for the beauty of our world.
For sunshine and flowers,
Storm-cloud and starry nights,
For the first radiance of dawn
And the last glow of sunset.
We thank you for physical joy,
For clear water to swim in, For the fresh smell of rain on dry ground, For hills to climb and work to do together.
Make our hearts wide open to these gifts, And help us to live in thanksgiving to You, Our Lord and our creator.
Prayer of Thanks Giving
We thank you today
For the adventure of Scouting,
For the unselfishness of parents,
For the patience of teachers
And for the encouragement of friends.
Prayer of Thanks for the Founder
We give thee thanks, O Lord, for our Founder's life of service and for his gift of Scouting to the world. Help us to hold firmly to the Law, which he gave
us for guidance, and so to understand more fully thy will. Inspire us to find a way of life, in which the youth of all nations may find unity and true brotherhood.
Amen.
God of the Open Air
God of the open air, we kneel reverently in this temple not made with hands.
The tall pines lift our thoughts above us to the Source of all this beauty.
The singing of the feather-throated choir puts a melody in our hearts, a song of joy and praise and trust.
All the discordant notes of the world are muted; all the problems of life are forgotten.
We are filled with an inner peace and know that here we have found Thee.
As we leave this hallowed spot, may the reality of Thy presence go with us to give us courage and strength for our daily tasks.
Amen.
-- Dorothy Wells Pease
God of the Sea
God of the sea, the winds, the tides, we praise thee for the greatness of thy power and the certainty of thy laws. We see careless picnickers throw their litter to be carried far out into the sea by the outgoing tied, but the next morning it lies stranded on the beach where the high tide has left it.
So it is, our Father, in our lives. We throw out a careless word, an unkind thought, and it comes back to us in resentments and friendlessness. A selfish act, a yielding to temptation, or a deed left undone comes back as a haunting memory, another's failure, or a missed opportunity.
Help us, Our Father, to cast only good upon the waters that good may come back with the tide. Amen.
-Dorothy Wells Pease
We Thank Thee
We thank Thee
For flowers that bloom about our feet; For tender grass so fresh and sweet; For song of bird and hum of bee; For all things fair we hear and see, Father in heaven, we thank Thee! -Ralph Waldo Emerson
Camping in the Snow
Lord, we are camping in the snow today; We may fear the cold, But we trust that your Spirit Will guide and warm us.
Beaver Prayer
The air we breathe, the friends we meet, The walk to use our eyes and feet, The things around us make us say, Thank you, God, for each new day! -- From Scouting (U.K.) magazine
A Scout's Prayer
We have hiked along life's pathway, Our packs upon our backs, We have pitched our tents and rested Here and there along the tracks. We have used our compass wisely To guide us on our way And hope to reach the campsite Of our Great Chief Scout some day.
We have tried to be trustworthy Kept our honor high and clean, We have been as loyal as any To our Country and our Queen. We have done our best at all times Kept our Promise - been prepared, And hope our good deeds please Him When at last our souls are bared.
We have lightened others' burdens, With our smiles along the way, We have kept our hand in God's hand, Walked beside Him day by day. And when our span of life runs out, We'll make this gentle plea May we sit around His Campfire At the Final Jamboree.
-- from "Scouting in New South Wales"
Prayer for Peace
God, make me an instrument of Your Peace; Where there is hatred, let me sow love; Where there is injury, pardon; Where there is doubt, faith; Where there is despair, hope;
Where there is darkness, light;
And where there is sadness, joy;
That I may seek to console, rather than to be consoled,
To understand rather than to be understood,
To love rather than to be loved:
For it is in giving that we receive,
In self-forgetfulness that we find our true selves,
In forgiving that we are forgiven:
God, make me an instrument of Your Peace.
-From the organizers of "A Million Minutes of Peace"
Sioux Prayer
Ho! Great Spirit, Grandfather, you have made everything and are in everything. You sustain everything, guide everything, provide everything, and protect everything, because everything belongs to you. I am weak, poor and lowly; nevertheless, help me to care, in appreciation and gratitude to you and for everything.
I love the stars, the sun and the moon, and I thank you for our beautiful mother, the Earth, whose many breasts nourish the fish, the fowls and the animals, too. May I never deceive Mother Earth; may I never deceive my people; may I never deceive myself; and above all, may I never deceive you.
Thanks Be to God
Thanks to God for things we see,
The growing flower, the waving tree, Our mother's face, the bright blue sky Where birds and clouds go floating by; Thanks be to God for seeing.
Thanks to God for things we hear,
For sounds of friends who laugh and cheer,
The merry bells, the songs of birds,
For stories, tunes, and kindly words;
Thanks be to God for hearing.
-- from Hazel Tagg
Beaver Prayer II
Now, before I run to play,
Don't let me forget to pray To God who keeps me through the night And wakes me up with morning light; Help me, Lord, to love you more Than I have ever loved before,
In my work and in my play; Thank you, God, for another day. - 8th Belleville Beavers
Lord We Thank You
Lord, we thank you for this day. Help us to do our best every day, And forgive us when we slip.
Teach us to be kind to other people and to help them at all times Bless our parents and teachers and leaders and all the members of Scouting
Bless us, Lord in your love for us Help us to be better Scouts And let us do our best for you
Amen
We Thank You Lord....
For the lives of Lord and Lady B.P.
For all the fun and adventures we have in Scouting
For the worldwide brotherhood of Scouts
For the beauty of the world and all the marvelous things
You have made in nature
For keeping us fit and well and happy
For our homes, our parents, and all who look after us
Please help us....
To be good sportsmen, fair and honest in work as in play and in everything we do.
To find ways of serving you by helping other people as best we can
To be worthy of our uniform and loyal to our promise,
Behaving as true brothers to all mankind
To look after your creation and keep this world as lovely a place as you intended it to be
To help all children who are not so lucky as we,
Especially those who are hungry or lonely, sick or sad
To be loving and caring as we grow older and to do our
Best to repay your blessings in every way we can. Thanks to Hazel Addis, Scouting (UK.)
Jamaican Camp Grace
Lift up your hearts;
Hearts and minds and voices all give thanks For this our bread;
Hearts and minds and voices all give thanks
For these our friends;
Hearts and minds and voices all give thanks For this our camp;
Hearts and minds and voices all give thanks
For this our world;
Hearts and minds and voices all give thanks
We thank the Lord;
Hearts and minds and voices all give thanks
Lord's Prayer
(Translated from Chinook)
Our father who stayeth in the above
God in our hearts be Thy name,
God Thou Chief among all people
God Thy will upon earth
As in the above.
Give us every day our food;
If we do evil,
Be not Thou very angry, and if
Anyone evil towards us
Not we angry towards them
Send away far from us all evil.
Canoeing Prayer
Lord, we will be canoeing today;
We shall be very busy;
If, during the course of the day
We forget about you,
Please don't forget about us.
Beaver Prayer III
Thank you God, who loves us,
For every happy day, For trees and grass and flowers and sun, For friends to share our games and fun, Thank you God, we love you. Amen
Guide us Through and Out
Our Father, who art in heaven and who art on earth, even journeying with your people, thank you for being faithful and for never abandoning us. When we are in the wilderness, guide us through and out. When we are lost, please find us. When we cry out, please hear us - in the name of the One who said, "Lo, I am with you always." Amen
-- From "Meditation" by Bruce Miles, Presbyterian Record March 1985
Michael Row the Boat Ashore
Michael, row the boat ashore, Alleluia, Michael, row the boat ashore, Alleluia.
Jordan's River is chilly and cold, Alleluia, Kills the body but not the soul, Alleluia.
Jordan's River is deep and wide, Alleluia, Meet my mother on the other side, Alleluia.
Gabriel, blow the trumpet horn, Alleluia, Blow the trumpet loud and long, Alleluia.
Brother, lend a helping hand, Alleluia,
Brother, lend a helping hand, Alleluia.
Michael's boat's a gospel boat, Alleluia,
Michael's boat's a gospel boat, Alleluia.
Michael, row the boat ashore, Alleluia,
Michael, row the boat ashore, Alleluia.
Amazing Grace
Amazing grace, how sweet the sound That saved a wretch like me. I once was lost, but now I'm found; Was blind, but now I see
'Twas grace that taught my heart to fear, And grace my fear relieved. How precious did that grace appear The hour I first believed.
Through many dangers, toils and snares We have already come. 'Twas grace that brought us safe this far, And grace will bring us home.
Amazing grace, how sweet the sound That saved a wretch like me. I once was lost, but now I'm found; Was blind, but now I see
Songs
This is my Father's World
This is my Father's world, and to my listening ears, All nature sings and 'round me rings The music of the spheres This is my Father's world. I rest me in the thought, Of rocks and trees, of skies and seas, His hand the wonders wrought. This is my Father's world. The birds their carols raise; The morning light, the lily white, Declare their Maker's praise. This is my Father's world. He shines in all that's fair; In the rustling grass I hear Him pass, He speaks to me everywhere.
Scout Vespers
Softly falls the light of day, As our campfire fades away. Silently, each Scout should ask, "Have I done my daily task?"
"Have I cared and have I tried, Can I guiltless sleep tonight? Have I done and have I dared, Every thing to be prepared?"
Kum Ba Ya (Traditional)
Kum ba ya, My Lord, Kum ba ya.
Kum ba ya, My Lord, Kum ba ya. Oh Lord, Kum ba ya.
Some one's crying Lord, Kum ba ya.
Some one's laughing Lord, Kum ba ya.
Some one's shouting Lord, Kum ba ya.
Some one's praying Lord, Kum ba ya.
Kum ba ya, My Lord Kum ba ya.
Kum Ba Ya -- The Scout Law Version
Kum-ba-yah my Lord, Kum-ba-yah
Kum-ba-yah my Lord, Kum-ba-yah
Kum-ba-yah my Lord, Kum-ba-yah O, Lord, Kum-ba-yah.
A Scout's trustworthy Lord, Kum-ba-yah,
A Scout is loyal, Lord, Kum-ba-yah,
A Scout is helpful, Lord, Kum-ba-yah,
O, Lord, Kum-ba-yah.
A Scout is friendly, Lord, Kum-ba-yah,
A Scout is courteous, Lord, Kum-ba-yah,
A Scout is kind, Lord, Kum-ba-yah,
O, Lord, Kum-ba-yah.
A Scout's obedient, Lord, Kum-ba-yah,
A Scout is cheerful, Lord, Kum-ba-yah,
A Scout is thrifty, Lord, Kum-ba-yah,
O, Lord, Kum-ba-yah.
A Scout is brave, Lord, Kum-ba-yah
A Scout is clean, Lord, Kum-ba-yah
A Scout is reverent, Lord, Kum-ba-yah
O, Lord, Kum-ba-yah.
Kum-ba-yah my Lord, Kum-ba-yah
Kum-ba-yah my Lord, Kum-ba-yah
Kum-ba-yah my Lord, Kum-ba-yah
O, Lord, Kum-ba-yah.
God Bless America
God Bless America, land that I love
Stand beside her, and guide her,
Through the night with the light from above,
From the mountains, to the prairies,
To the ocean, white with foam,
God bless America, my home sweet home.
God bless America, my home sweet home.
Let There Be Peace on Earth
Let there be peace on earth, and let it begin with me.
Let there be peace on earth, the peace that was meant to be.
With God as our Father, brothers all are we.
Let me walk with my brother in perfect harmony.
Let peace begin with me, let this be the moment now. With every step I take, let this be my solemn vow: To take each moment and live each moment in peace eternally!
Let there be peace on earth And let it begin with me.
For the Beauty of the Earth
For the Beauty of the Earth, For the Beauty of the skies
For the love which from our birth, over and around us lies
Lord of all, to Thee we raise,
This our hymn of grateful praise.
For the wonder of each hour, of the day and of the night
Hill and vale, tree and flower, sun and moon and stars of light
Lord of all, to Thee we raise,
This our hymn of grateful praise.
For the joy of ear and eye, For the heart and mind's delight
For the mystic harmony linking sense to sound and sight
Lord of all to Thee we raise,
This our hymn of grateful praise
Morning Has Broken
Morning has broken, Like the first morning, Blackbird has spoken, Like the first bird, Praise for the singing! Praise for the morning! Praise for them springing fresh from the word.
Sweet the rain's new fall sunlit from heaven, Like the first dew fall on the first grass Praise for the sweetness of the wet garden, Sprung in completeness Where His feet pass.
Mine is the sunlight! Mine is the morning, Born of the one light Eden saw play! Praise with elation, Praise every morning, God's recreation of the new day!
America the Beautiful
O beautiful for spacious skies
For amber waves of grain,
For purple mountain majesties
Above the fruited plain
America! America!
God shed his grace on thee,
And crown thy good with brotherhood from sea to shining sea!
O beautiful for patriot dream That sees beyond the years Thine alabaster cities gleam, Undimmed by human tears! America! America! God shed His grace on thee, And crown thy good with brotherhood from sea to shining sea!
Kum bah yah (A religious version)
Kum bah yah my Lord, Kum bah yah O Lord, Kum bah yah
Someone's waiting Lord, Kum bah yah And debating Lord, Kum bah yah Contemplating Lord, Kum bah yah O Lord, Kum bah yah
Someone's teaching Lord, Kum bah yah Someone's preaching Lord, Kum bah yah Someone's reaching Lord, Kum bah yah O Lord, Kum bah yah
Someone's learning Lord, Kum bah yah Someone's burning Lord, Kum bah yah Someone's turning Lord, Kum bah yah O Lord, Kum bah yah
Someone's praying Lord, Kum bah yah And obeying Lord, Kum bah yah And they're staying Lord, Kum bah yah O Lord, Kum bah yah
Kum bah yah my Lord, Kum bah yah O Lord, Kum bah yah
Church in the Wildwood
There's a church in the valley by the Wildwood.
No lovelier place in the dale,
No spot is so dear to my childhood,
As the Little Brown Church in the vale.
CHORUS: 0, come, come, come, come, Come to the Church in the Wildwood, 0, Come to the church in the dale. No spot is so dear to my childhood, As the Little Brown Church in the vale.
How sweet on a bright Sabbath morning, To listen to the clear ringing bells; It's tones so sweetly are calling, 0, come to the church in the vale.
On Top of Old Smokey (Scout Version) On top of Old Smokey, all covered with snow, I learned a great lesson, all people should know. I met a Scoutmaster, a helper of youth, He was roaming God's mountain, in search of the truth.
He told me he'd found it, in the red sunset's glow; In the voice of the thunder, in the touch of the snow. His truth was quite simple, as plain as could be, I'll never forget what, that Leader told me.
Do your duty to God, to the red, white, and blue. To all others be helpful, to thine own self be true
Inspirational Readings and Short Subjects
The Golden Principle
Blessed are those who prefer others before themselves. -- Baha'i Faith
Hurt not others in ways that you would you yourself would find hurtful. -- Buddhism
Do unto others as you would have them do unto you. --Christianity
This is the sum of all duty: treat others as you yourself would be treated. -- Hinduism
No one of you is a believer until you desire for another that which you desire for yourself. -- Islam
In happiness and suffering, in joy and grief, regard all creatures as you would regard your own self. -- Jainism
What is hateful to you, do not do to your neighbor. -- Judaism
Be not estranged from another for God dwells in every heart. -- Sikhism
Human nature is good only when it does not do unto another whatever is not good for its own self. -- Zoroastrianism
The Scout Beatitudes
Blessed are the Scouts who are taught to see beauty in all things around them...for their world will be a place of grace and wonder.
Blessed are the Scouts who are led with patience and understanding... for they will learn the strength of endurance and the gift of tolerance.
Blessed are the Scouts who are provided a home where family members dwell in harmony and close communion...for they shall become the peacemakers of the world.
Blessed are the Scouts who are taught the value and power of truth...for they shall search for knowledge and use it with wisdom and discernment.
Blessed are the Scouts who are guided by those with faith in a loving God...for they will find Him early and will walk with Him through life.
Blessed are the Scouts who are loved and know that they are loved...for they shall sow seeds of love in the world and reap joy for themselves and others.
The Deck of Cards (Tex Ritter Version)
"Friends, this is Tex Ritter with a strange story about a soldier boy and a deck of cards. During a North African campaign a bunch of soldier boys had been on a long hike, and they arrived in a little town called Casino. The next morning being Sunday several of the boys went to church. A Sergeant commanded the boys in church, and after the Chaplain had read the prayer the text was taken up next. Those of the boys who had a prayer book took them out, but this one boy only had a deck of cards, and so he spread them out. The Sergeant saw the cards and said, 'Soldier, put away those cards.' After the services were over the soldier was taken prisoner and brought before the Provost Marshall. The Marshall said, 'Sergeant, why have you brought this man here?' 'For playing cards in church, sir.' 'And what have you to say for yourself, son? 'Not much, sir,' replied the soldier.
'The Marshall said, 'I hope so, for if not, I shall punish you more than any man was ever punished.' The soldier said, 'Sir, I have been on a march for about six days, and I had neither Bible nor Prayer Book, but I hope to satisfy you, Sir, with the purity of my intentions. With that the boy started his story. 'You see, Sir, when I look at the Ace it reminds me that there is but one God. The deuce reminds me that the Bible is divided into two parts; the Old and New Testaments. And when I see the trey I think of the Father, Son, and Holy Ghost. When I see the four I think of the four evangelists who preached the Gospel. There was Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John. And when I see the five it reminds me of the five wise virgins who trimmed their lamps. Ten of 'em; five who were wise and were saved; five were foolish and were shut out. And when I see the six it reminds me that in six days God made this great heaven and earth. And when I see the seven it reminds me that on the seventh day God rested from His great work. When I see the eight I think of the eight righteous persons God saved when he destroyed this earth. There was Noah, his wife, their three sons, and their wives. And when I see the nine I think of the lepers our Savior cleansed, and nine of the ten didn't even thank Him.
When I see the ten I think of the Ten Commandments God handed down to Moses on a tablet of stone. When I see the King it reminds me that there is but one King of Heaven, God Almighty. And when I see the queen I think of the Blessed Virgin Mary who is Queen of Heaven. And the jacks or knaves it's the devil. And when I count the number of spots on a deck of cards I find three hundred sixty-five the number of days in a year. Fifty-two cards, the number of weeks in a year. Four suits, the number of weeks in a month. Twelve pictures cards, the number of months in a year. Thirteen tricks, the number of weeks in a quarter. So you see, Sir, my pack of cards serves me as a Bible, almanac, and prayer book.' Friends, I know this story is true, because I knew that soldier."
-- Thanks to J. Phil Gilbreath
Sermons We See
by Edgar A. Guest
I'd rather see a sermon than to hear one any day; I'd rather one should walk with me than merely tell the way. The eye's a better pupil and more willing than the ear; Fine council is confusing, but example's always clear; And the best of all the preachers are the men who live their creeds, For to see good put in action is what everybody needs.
I soon can learn to do it if you'll let me see it done; I can watch your hands in action, but your tongue too fast may run. And the lecture you deliver may be very wise and true; But I'd rather get my lessons by observing what you do. For I might misunderstand you and the high advice you give, But there's no misunderstanding how you act and how you live.
When I see a deed of kindness, I am eager to be kind. When a weaker brother stumbles and a strong man stays behind Just to see if he can help him, then the wish grows strong in me, To become as big and thoughtful as I know that I can be. And all the travelers can witness that the best of guides today Is not the one who tells you, but the one who shows the way.
One good man teaches many, men believe what they behold; One deed of kindness noticed is worth forty that are told. Who stands with men of honor learns to hold his honor dear, for right living speaks a language which to everyone is clear. Though an able speaker charms me with his eloquence, I say, I'd rather see a sermon than to hear one, any day.
Understanding
Happy is the man who finds wisdom, And the man who gets understanding, For the gain from it is better than gain from silver, And its profit is better than gold. She is more precious than jewels, And nothing you desire can compare with her. Long life is in her right hand; In her left hand are riches and honor Her ways are ways of pleasantness, And all her paths are peace.
She is a tree of life to those who lay hold of her;
Those who hold her fast are called happy. The Lord by wisdom founded the earth;
By understanding he established the heavens; By His knowledge the deeps broke forth,
And the clouds drop down the dew.
My son, keep sound wisdom and discretion;
Let them not escape from your sight,
And they will be life for your soul
And adornment for your neck.
Then you will surely walk on your way securely
And your foot will not stumble.
If you sit down, you will not be afraid;
When you lie down, your sleep will be sweet.
Do not be afraid of sudden panic, or of the ruin of the wicked, when it comes;
For the Lord will be your confidence and will keep your foot from being caught.
--Proverbs 3:13-26
Servants
The true servants of the Gracious GOD are the following:
Those who walk upon earth with humility and when they are tempted by the evil ones, they respond: Peace;
Those who pass the hours of the night in prayers and standing before the Lord;
Those who pray: Lord turn away from us the punishments of hell, for it is a heavy torment, it is indeed an evil dwelling place;
Those who are neither extravagant nor stingy in spending, but keep a balance between the two;
Those who repent and believe and do good deeds.
--From the Koran, Al-Furquan, Part 19, Chapter 25
The Spirit lives; there is no doubt, Within the heart of every Scout, The hope lives on, the dreams survive, The Scouting spirit is alive!
The Spirit Lives
In England, many years ago,
There lived a man who sought to sow
The seeds of brotherhood of man,
And there the spirit first began.
The Scouting spirit spread about
To nations east, west, north and south,
And soon, on every land and shore,
Young men were taught the Scouting Law.
We camped and learned of nature's ways,
We gloried in our youthful days,
We ventured where all others feared,
Because we knew we were prepared.
The world has changed as years went by, Society's values went awry, And many ask, "What is the worth of Scouting on this wretched earth?"
But each new Scout who learns our law Brings with him hope, and much, much more; Each generation of Scouts gives The proof that Scouting's spirit lives.
The treasured values of the past Still guide Scouts of today; they last In spite of changes that we see Around us in society.
And still, adventures filled with fun Await today's Scouts, every one; In them that spirit, born of old May yet transform this sorry world.
And so we say without a doubt, That in the heart of every Scout The hope lives on, the dreams survive, The Scouting spirit is alive! -- By G.K. Sammy, former Scout of 31st Trinidad, dedicated to the Naparima District Scouts, who attended the XV World Jamboree, 1983
Success is in the way you walk,
Success
The paths of life each day; It's in the little things you do And in the things you say. Success is not in getting rich Or rising high to fame; It's not alone in winning goals Which all men hope to claim. It's being faithful to your friends And to the strangers kind, It's in the children whom you love And all they learn from you; Success depends on character And everything you do.
The Rule of Three
Three things to govern: Temper, tongue and conduct.
Three things to cultivate: Courage, affection and gentleness.
Three things to comment: thrift, industry, and promptness.
Three things to give: help to the needy, comfort to the sad, and appreciation to the worthy.
If you sit down at set of sun
Count That Day Lost
And count the acts that you have done,
And, counting find
One self-denying deed, one word
That eased the heart of him who heard;
One glance most kind,
That fell like sunshine where it went-
Then you may count that day well spent.
But if, through all the livelong day,
You've cheered no heart, by yea or nay-
If, through it all
You've nothing done that you can trace
That brought the sunshine to one face-
No act most small
That helped some soul and nothing cost-
Then count that day as worse than lost.
-George Eliot
I am but one,
But I am one;
I can't do everything,
But I can do SOMETHING;
What I can do,
I ought to do,
What I ought to do,
God helping me,
I WILL DO.
Native American Commandments
Treat the Earth and all that dwell thereon with respect.
Remain close to the Great Spirit.
Show great respect for your fellow beings.
Work together for the benefit of all Mankind.
Give assistance and kindness wherever needed.
Do what you know to be right.
Look after the well being of mind and body.
Dedicate a share of your efforts to the greater good.
Be truthful and honest at all times.
Take full responsibility for your actions.
Today's Thought
Great Spirit, give us hearts to understand;
Never to take from creation's beauty more than we give;
Never to destroy only for the furtherance of greed;
Never to deny to give our hands for the building of earth's beauty;
Never to take from her what we cannot use.
Great Spirit, give us hearts to understand;
That to destroy earth's music is to create confusion;
That to wreck her appearance is to blind us to beauty;
That to callously pollute her fragrance is to make a house of stench;
That as we care for her she will care for us.
We have forgotten who we are.
We have sought only our own security.
We have exploited simply for our own ends.
We have distorted our knowledge.
We have abused our power.
Great Spirit, whose dry lands thirst,
Help us to find the way to refresh your lands.
Great Spirit, whose waters are choked with debris and pollution,
Help us to find the way to cleanse your waters.
Great Spirit, whose beautiful earth grows ugly with misuse,
Help us to find the way to restore beauty to your handiwork.
Great Spirit, whose creatures are being destroyed,
Help us to find a way to replenish them.
Great Spirit, whose gifts to us are being lost in selfishness and corruption,
Help us to find the way to restore our humanity.
Source: Earth Prayers by Glenn Welker
Prayer of Saint Francis Assisi
Lord, make me an instrument of thy peace!
That where there is hatred,
I may bring love
That where there is wrong,
I may bring the spirit of forgiveness
That where there is discord,
I may bring harmony
That where there is error,
I may bring truth
That where there is doubt,
I may bring faith
That where there is despair,
I may bring hope
That where there are shadows, I may bring light That where there is sadness, I may bring joy. Lord, grant that I may seek rather to comfort, than to be comforted To understand, than to be understood To love, than to be loved.
For it is by self-forgetting that one finds.
It is by forgiving that one is forgiven.
It is by dying that one awakens to
Eternal Life.
The Earnest Promise of a Scout
The Scout Oath or Promise is a tool to help encourage each Scout to set goals for himself crystal clear, specific goals in sharp focus, definite objectives that will expand through the years as he lives as an enthusiastic Scout, as his character develops and unfolds.
"On my honor," the Scout says, and the words of the phrase help him to focus upon the importance of his personal integrity. His earnest desire to live on a high level is strengthened and reinforced.
--Walter MacPeek, from The Scout Oath in Action
Different Approaches to God
You see many stars at night in the sky but find them not when the sun rises, can you say there are no stars in the heaven by day? So, 0 man! Because you behold not God in the days of your ignorance, say not that there is no God. As one and the same material, water is called by different names by different peoples, one calling it water, another calling it eau, a third aqua, and another pani, so the one Satchitananda, the everlasting intelligent-bliss, is invoked by some as God, by some as Allah, by some as Jehovah, by some as Hari, and by others as Brahman.
As one can ascend to the top of a house by means of a ladder or a bamboo or a staircase or a rope, so divers are the ways and means to approach God, and every religion in the world shows one of these ways. Different creeds are but different paths to reach the Almighty.
-- Sri Ramakrishna from Searching, p.76
A Strong Combination
The statement of the Oath and the adjectives that make up the Law cover any possible description of a welladjusted human; and, if a whole nation ever reached halfway for these goals, it would be approaching Utopia. The concept of honor and the description of courage are vital ideas, almost lost by the wayside in this age of expediency and behavior analysis.
Here is a mixture of common sense and high ideals - for every citizen, not just every Scout. God bless Scouting. -- Hugh Downs, from The Scout Oath in Action,
Not A Man's Footprint
A man was crossing the desert with an Arab guide. Day after day the Arab never failed to kneel on the burning sand and call upon his God. At last one evening, the man said to the Arab, "How do you know there is a God?" The guide fixed his eye upon the scoffer for a moment, and then replied; "How do I know there is a God? How did I know that a camel and not a man passed last night? Was it not by the print of his hoof in the sand?" And pointing to the sun whose rays were fading over the horizon, he added, "That footprint is not of man."
Reverence
Reverence to God and reverence for one's neighbor and reverence for oneself as a servant of God, is the basis of every form of religion. The method of expression of reverence to God varies with every sect and denomination. What sect or denomination a boy belongs to depends, as a rule on his parents' wishes. It is they who decide. It is our business to respect their wishes and to second their efforts to inculcate reverence, what ever form of the religion the boy professes.
--Robert Baden-Powell, Aids to Scoutmastership, p.38
Peace and Brotherhood (readings from the Koran, of Islam)
"0 mankind! We created you from a single (pair) of a male and female, and made you into Nations and tribes, that you may know each other (not that ye may despise each other)...." [49:13]
"And their Lord hath accepted of them, and answered them: 'Never will I suffer to be lost the work of any of you be he male or female; Ye are members, one of another..."1 (3:195]
"The Believers are but a single brotherhood; so make peace and reconciliation between your two (contending) brothers; and fear God that ye may receive mercy." [49:10)
"And hold fast, all together, by the rope which God (stretches out for you) and be not divided among yourselves; and remember with gratitude God's favor on you " [3:103]
"They ask thee concerning orphans. Say: 'The best thing to do is what is for their good; if ye mix their affairs with yours, they are your brethren; ..." [2:220]
"But the god fearing shall be amidst gardens and fountains: 'Enter you them, in peace and security!' We shall strip away all rancor that is in their breasts; as brothers they shall be upon couches set face to face." [15:45)
Pure Thought
All that we are is the result of what we have thought: it is founded on our thoughts; it is made up of our thoughts. If a man speaks or acts with an evil thought, pain follows him as the wheel follows the foot of the ox that draws the carriage.
All that we are is the result of what we have thought: it is founded on our thoughts; it is made up of our thoughts. If a man speaks or acts with an evil thought, pain follows him, like a shadow that never leaves him.
'He abused me, he beat me, he defeated me, he robbed me' -- in those who harbor such thoughts hatred will never cease. For hatred does not cease by hatred at any time; hatred ceases by love -this is an old rule.
The world does not know that we must all come to an end here; but those who know it their quarrels cease at once.
Buddhist Buddha from Sharing, p.20
Good Neighbor and Sharing
Not long ago there was a severe drought in one part of India and in one village the water tanks went dry. There was no water for the crops and it looked as if they must fail. This would be disaster, for the failure of the harvest might mean starvation.
One man in the village had water -- a farmer who owned the only well. But he was afraid that if he allowed the whole village to use his well, there might not be enough water for his own crops. And yet he felt that, as a good neighbor, he should be willing to share what he had. In despair he asked God what he should do; and then he waited for the answer. It came. The thought came into his mind as clearly as if God had actually spoken to him. 'As long as your heart does not dry up with selfishness, the well will not dry up.' So he gave the water and there was enough for everyone.
-- Hindu from Sharing, p.30
People of All Colors
I was born with a bronze skin, and I like it. Some of my friends were born white or black or yellow. They were not consulted. But that's all right. There are yellow roses, white roses and red roses, and the fragrance of the one is about as nice as another. I hope my children will live in a world where people of all colors can sit and work together.
-- Native American Chief Walking Buffalo of the Stoney Indians from Sharing, p.35
Who Is Listening?
I saw two people walking, Talking with great animation, Both of them speaking at the same time. Could they hear each other, Or were they just talking and not listening? Would one say tomorrow:
"But I told you yesterday," And the other reply, "Did you? I don't remember that."
Beneath the chatter and the flow of clichés,
About the weather, the football and last night's TV,
Are people saying things that I do not want to hear?
Beneath the banter of lunch time,
Are cries for help drowned in the coffee?
Is there a scream I cannot hear
Behind the tired smiles and the shouts of
"See you in the morning?'
Friends talk, without hearing. Committees talk, and no one listens. Families talk, and no one pays attention. The lonely weep, but their neighbors are deaf. In the High Street, God himself speaks of His love. Every day He offers eternal life, But His voice is lost in the roar of the traffic.
Lord, forgive me that I choose not to hear
The voices that disturb me.
Help me to hear when someone sighs.
To notice a face, see the eyes,
To be aware, to be sensitive to the silent shout of a friend in need.
Teach me to hear between the words.
Open my inward ear so that I will hear Your voice
When You speak to me.
Remind me, again and again, that You are always listening
-- From "Pause for Thought: by Frank Topping, as found in Let Us Pray
A Friend
An Arab had 17 camels. When he died, he left half his camels to his eldest son; a third to his second son and a ninth to his youngest. Trouble is that 17 will not divide by two, three or nine. A friend heard about the problem and lent the boys a camel. That made 18. Half of 18 is 9; a third is 6; and a ninth is 2. 9+6+2 = 17. So the friend got his camel back and the sons got what was right for each of them. A good Scout will always do what the friend did whatever the cost - to make his neighbors happy. The promise is, of course, that if you sacrifice something (like an expensive camel) you will never lose and others might gain - which is the beginning of happiness. OK?
-- from "God. are you still in there?"
God Has Created A New Day
God has created a new day Silver and green and gold. Live that the sunset may find us Worthy his gift to hold.
Hark To The Chimes
Hark to the chimes Come bow your head. We thank thee God For this good bread.
If We Have Earned The Right
If we have earned the right to eat this bread Happy indeed are we. But if unmerited Thou gives to us May we more thankful be.
Neath These Tall Green Trees
Neath these tall green trees we stand Asking blessings from Thy hand Thanks we give to thee above For Thy help and strength and love.
Scottish Grace
Some have meat and cannot eat And some have nay that want it But we have meat and we can eat And so the Lord we thanketh.
Wayfarer's Grace
[Suggested tunes: Doxology, "Praise God From Whom All Blessings Flow", or "For The Beauty of the Earth"]
For all the glory of the way For all thy protection night and day For rooftree, fire, and bed and board For friends and home We thank thee Lord.
Graces
God Is Great
(Tune: London Bridge)
God is great and God is good
God is good, God is good
Let us thank him for this food
Alleluia!
Thank Thee
(Tune: Ruben, Ruben)
Thank thee, thank thee Heavenly Father For thy blessings we have gathered. Give us strength and understanding, Bless us now, oh Lord. We pray.
(Tune: Edelweiss)
Blessing Hymn
Come dear Lord, be our guest
As we gather together.
May our heart glow with love,
Keep us close to you ever.
Friendship and joy may they Bloom and grow. Bloom and grow forever, Bless our homes, bless our friends, Bless our common endeavors.
Thank you God, for this day, Bless all those who greet it. May your love glow with peace, May your love go forth from us.
Friendship and peace may they bloom and grow Bloom and grow forever.
Bless our friends, bless our work
Bless each of us forever.
Amazing Grace
Amazing grace how great Thou art,
You meet my every need,
You quench my thirst,
You guard my home,
My soul and body feed.
Like The Pearl
(Tune: Pearly shells. echo each. line)
Like the pearl in the ocean
Made by God from a grain of sand.
Like the pearl may God's blessings surround me.
Make a pearl from this little grain of sand.
May God Bless
(Tune: Oh dear what can the matter be.)
May God bless the boys at this meeting
May God bless the food we are eating
May God bless the ones who are leading
May God bless Cub Scouts everywhere.
Orchard And Ocean
(Tune: Tell me why)
Orchard and ocean
Farm and field
We thank our maker
For all they yield.
For earth and water
For flower and seed
We thank you God in thought, word and deed.
Amen
A Amen, A Amen, A amen, Amen, Amen.
HEAR THE LITTLE CHILDREN
A Amen, STANDING AT THIS TABLE, A Amen
ASKING FOR YOUR BLESSING
Amen, Amen!
We Know, We Know
(Tune: Hi Ho Hi HO)
We know, we know, from whom all blessing flow
We thank him then
We say Amen
We know, we know!
(We know, We know, We know--
Repeat 'til tired!)
World Hunger Grace
For food in a world where many walk in hunger,
For faith in a world where many walk in fear,
For friends in a world where many walk alone,
We give Thee humble thanks, Oh, Lord.
Namaste
(Tune: THE MORE WE GET TOGETHER)
Namaste means thank you means thank you
means thank you
Namaste means thank you
Namaste my Lord.
For good food and good friends
and feelings that don't end
Namaste means thank you
Namaste my Lord.
(na/ma/stay)
Thank The Lord
(Tune: Teapot)
I am strong and healthy thank the Lord.
I have bread, room and board
I have good friends and family,
God takes very good care of me.
He Hears
(Tune: On top of old Smokey)
My God is so great and I am so small,
but it doesn't matter he hears when I call!
He hears when I whisper, he hears when I shout
he hears my "thank you"
'cause I'm a Cub Scout.
Lord, God Of Power
(Tune: Down by the station)
Lord, God of power, guide me every hour Please bless this food we're about to eat.
Forever And A Day
(Tune: My hat it has 3 corners)
My Lord God almighty, bless us here today grant that we will be worthy forever and a day.
God Made The Mountains
(Tune: I love the mountains)
God made the mountains,
God made the rolling hills,
God made the flowers,
God made the daffodils,
God made the field of wheat, for all the bread we eat,
alleluia, alleluia, alleluia, alleluia
(repeat and fade out.)
May
(Tune: When Irish eyes are smiling) May the road rise up to meet you, May the wind be at your back, May good friends be there to greet you And your table never lack.
May your life be filled with laughter, and your heart be filled with song. May God shine His light upon you, As you live your whole life long.
God Is So Very Good
(Tune: Animal Crackers)
Fruit from the tree, and from the vine.
Bread from the oven, tastes diving.
Gosh, oh gee but I have fun,
Counting my blessings one by one.
God is so very good to me, Sends me strength and energy, Thank you God eternally.
Be Present
Be present at our table Lord
Be here and everywhere I go His mercies bless and grant that we May learn to live and die for Thee.
Spirit Eternal
(Tune: Pop goes the weasel)
God almighty, Father of all
God the Spirit Eternal
Bless us each, one and all
Spirit Eternal.
Bless the children gathered about,
Bless adults who lead them,
Bless the children 'round the world,
Please help feed them.
Before The Night
(Tune: After the ball)
Before this day is over Before the night begins Help me protect the planet Be one of it's caring friends I thank you for all your blessings May I earn the right To live in harmony with them Before the night.
Merci Beaucoup
(Tune: Alluetta)
Merci Beaucoup Lord
God almighty.
Merci Beaucoup thank you very much.
Chorus: Merci beaucoup
Merci beaucoup
Thanks to you
Thanks to you oh, oh, oh
Hawaiian Grace
(Tune: Aloha Oy)
Aloha to God above
Aloha a word that means
I love you.
Mahalo too means
I thank you.
Mahalo aloha to God.
(Ma/ha/low)
Alleluia, alleluia,
Alleluia
amen, amen.
For Health And Strength
For health and strength and daily bread
we praise Thy name oh Lord.
Another version:
For health and strength and daily food
We praise thy name O Lord.
Within this camp and all our days
Thy presence we adore,
We praise Thy name.
We praise Thy name.
We praise Thy name O Lord.
Jubilate Deo
Jubilate Deo,
Jubilate Deo,
Alleluia.
Thanks To God
(Tune: Taps)
Thanks to God, for our food for our milk, for our stew, for our bread. God is joy, God is love Bow your head.
Gelobet
Gelobet sei
Gelobet sei
Der herr mein Gott.
Gelobet sei
Gelobet sei
Der herr mein Gott.
Gelobet, Gelobet, Gelobet sei.
Der mein Gott.
(translation: Praised be the Lord, my God.)
Gracias Señor
Allelu, allelu, allelu, alleluia.
Gracias señor allelu, allelu, allelu, alleluia.
Gracias señor
Gracias señor alleluia
Gracias señor alleluia
Gracias señor alleluia
Gracias señor.
Good Morning God
(Tune: Morning is here)
Good morning God, this is your day
I am your child, show me the way.
Everyday
(Tune: Camp town races)
Thank you God for all you do
Ale-luya
Thank you God for all you do
Every single day.
(contributed by Judy Hubbs)
Indian Taps
Day is done (raise hands up)
gone the sun (lower hands)
from the lakes (arms stretch in front of you)
from the hills (arms stretch upward and diagonal, like a hill)
from the sky (arms reach up to sky)
all is well (arms in front, bend at elbow toward you) safely rest (arms together cross in front of body--like folding your arms in front of you)
God is nigh. (bow head on your crossed arms.)
Let Us Break Bread Together
Let us break bread together on our knees
Let us break bread together on our knees
When I fall on my knees with my face to the rising sun,
Oh, Lord have mercy on me.
God Our Father
(Tune: Frere Jacques)
God our father, God our father Once again, once again, we would ask thy blessing, we would ask thy blessing amen, amen.
Bless Our Food
(Tune: Edelweiss)
Bless our food, bless our friends come oh Lord and sit with us. Make our talk glow with peace come with your love to surround us.
Friendship and peace may they bloom and grow bloom and grow forever.
Bless our food, bless our friends, Bless our dear land forever.
Thank You For The World So Sweet
Thank you for the world so sweet thank you for the food we eat thank you for the birds that sing thank you God for everything.
We Gather Together
We gather together to ask the Lord's blessing He chastens and hastens his will to make known. The wicked oppressing cease them from distressing Sing praises to his name he forgets not his own.
Mountain Meadows Grace
(Mountain Meadows is a resident camp in California)
We thank the Lord for the food we eat,
For camping fun and the friends we meet, For the rushing streams and the calm cool breeze, For lovely meadows and tall green trees.
A Grateful Heart
This happy meal will happier be
If we, O God, remember Thee
We thank you, God, for happy hearts,
For fine and sunny weather; We thank you, God, for this our food, And that we are together.
For every cup and plateful, God make us truly grateful.
As we enjoy this earthly food At this table you have spread, We'll not forget to thank you, God, For all our daily bread.
A Kindergartner's Prayer Dear Lord, bless this food. Let children everywhere have just as much to thank You for. Please God, hear our prayer. Amen. -- Thanks to Evette Ogden
A Blessing
For what we are about to do, may the Lord make us truly responsible.
For what we are about to think, may the Lord make us truly wise.
For what we are about to say, may the Lord make us truly sensible.
For what we are trying to achieve, may the Lord accept and bless our efforts.
-- Thanks to Sergio Laurenti
Bless This House
[Tune: Edelweiss]
Bless this house, bless this bread, Come oh Lord and sit with us. May our hearts grow with peace. Come with your love and surround us. Friendship and love may they bloom and grow, Bloom and grow forever. Bless our friends, bless us all, Bless all Cub Scouts forever.
God Is Great, God Is Good, Alleluia
[Tune: Michael Row the Boat])
God is great, God is good, Alleluia Let us thank him for our food, Alleluia. By His hand we all are fed, Alleluia Thank you Lord, for daily bread, Alleluia.
God Our Father
[Tune: Frere Jacques]
God our Father, God our Father.
Once again, once again,
Thank you for our blessings, thank you for our blessings.
A-amen, a-amen.
Variation of third line: "We would ask thy
blessing . . . ."
Health and Strength
For health and strength and daily bread We praise thy name, Oh Lord.
Peace Is
Peace is the bread we break;
Love is a river rolling.
Life is the chance we take
When we make this world our home.
Gonna make this world our home.
The Scouts Own
An Introduction to the Scouts Own
The founder of Scouting, Robert Baden-Powell, believed that Reverence and Duty to God should be an important part of the Scout Movement and of every Scout and Scouter. He originated the notion of Scout's Own ..."a gathering the Scouts for the worship of God and to promote fuller realization of the Scout Law and Promise, but supplementary to, and not in substitution for, regular religious observances." (Aids to Scoutmastership, p.38)
Let us first consider what Scouts' Owns are not.
* They are not Church Services, nor are they meant to be a substitute for them.
* They are not a structured liturgy like the Book of Common Order, etc.
* They are not a good opportunity for the Leader to bang home some truths with a little bit of God added for effect.
* They are not necessarily the Chaplains or Leaders' department or duty.
Given those guidelines, let's define what Scouts' Owns are. This is not what they ought to be - this is what they are; and if they do not fulfill one or more of these categories, they are not Scouts' Owns.
* They are an acknowledgment of God and his creation and ourselves as part of it, expressed in a way that all the faiths that Scouting embraces can share together.
* They are a pause in our activity to discover something deeper and more permanent in the things we are trying to achieve or learn or enjoy.
* They are a response to the Creator for the gift of life.
Which means, of course, they can be almost everything from a time of silence through a single sentence right up to a kind of service of worship that might include music and singing and stories and readings and prayers. In other words, although the next few paragraphs and pages suggest some material that could be useful for a Scouts' Own and end with a couple of outlines that might be useful for a colony/pack/troop/unit evening or in camp, there really is no "proper form."
For example, a group of Venture Scouts [older Scouts or high adventure group] may get to the summit of a mountain after a difficult or challenging rock climb and as they stand or sit down to recover and enjoy the view, one of them says, with feeling, "Thank God we made it!" and the others respond "Too right" (in context, another word for "Amen"), conscious or not, they have experienced a Scouts' Own, because they have recognized both their achievement and their growing because of it. The glory of a sunset and the breaking of the dawn; the sky at night, the hills by day and the flickering friendship round a camp-fire are absolutely natural settings for thinking -sometimes silently, sometimes aloud -- about the power that is the beginning and end of everything and our human place in the complex order of the universe. And that's a Scouts' Own, without the need, even, for a mention of God by name -- only by implication. You see the point? A Scout's Own is really a spiritual experience that happens.
But sometimes, especially at the younger ages, it has to be underlined. So a game or an activity that has demanded effort in body or mind or in tolerance and team-work can, on the spot, be turned into a Scouts' Own with a thought and a "thank-you" for God -- no necessity for hymns or uniforms or readings. Of course, there is a place for a Scouts' Own with songs and readings -- when a time is set aside for God. Then it can be good to tell a story of adventure or challenge, where the people have relied on their faith -- whatever their faith -- in the Creator God to achieve their goal; and sing a campfire song or two about sharing and caring and serving. The song "Al lelu, alleluia, praise ye the Lord" can be fun, because, divided into two groups, one does the 'Alleluias' and the other the 'Praise ye the Lord' and whenever they are singing they stand and when not they sit. This is praise that is ordered chaos and fun. Maybe that's a good description of a true Scouts' Own.
And prayers. A lot of young folk today find prayer difficult, yet the best prayers come from them. The young Cub Scout who prays "Thank you God for making me" has hit the nail on the head that's a Scouts' Own in a sentence. So it is far better to let the young people make up their own prayers - maybe creating a Group book of prayers and use it, updating it year by year. As a Leader you will never quite match, for them, the depth of their own thinking.
Finally, having, hopefully, done away with the mystique surrounding and the necessity of formality or a formal structure for Scouts' Owns, we suggest you go and get on with them - and enjoy them!
An Outline Scouts' Own For a Formal Situation
The most useful structure is simple - it consists of an Introduction - with or without singing. The second element is the Story. There are hundreds of stories that would be suitable - stories about Baden-Powell or modern adventure and achievement. Something that can be illustrated by audience participation in some way is usually more effective but not absolutely essential. It could simply be a yarn read from a book - but better retold by the leader without the book! And the third element is the Devotional. Nothing complicated or fancy, just a drawing together of things that are eternal like love and beauty and truth and justice and peace - and a suggestion of the vital place that Members of the Scout Movement of all ages have in the winning and maintaining of them. Which is how we do our duty to the Creator Power (God) who is the beginning and the end of everything.
Without question, the best and most effective Scouts' Owns are constructed by Scouts themselves. Therefore it should be the practice to involve them in the preparation for the occasion as well as participation in it. You might have to tell the yarn or story; but it might be just as effective for you to give a group a theme and tell them to present it whatever way they feel would be most effective. They may well come up with songs, even things to be read, that you wouldn't have dreamed about, but for their peers it will make the point better than anything you can say.
So you might like to suggest themes like these:
* Caring for God's World and the people in it
* Working for Peace and Justice for everybody
* Making the best use of the life God had given to us
* How to cope with hurt or handicap
Of course there are more obvious themes like holidays, camp, Scouting, friendships, and adventure and so on. All of these have a Scouting significance. You might ask about the abstract - love, hope, beauty, wonder, despair, sadness, forgiveness. Or, why not take the bull by the horns and ask them to express in word, song and mime/drama what they understand about God, Creation, the Universe, themselves. The point is that, formal or not, it doesn't have to be professional - only honest. And it doesn't have to last half an hour - only as long as it takes to say what is necessary. Our bet is that you'll be pleasantly surprised by the things they come up with. And as we said before enjoy it.
And from our Founder:
Some Ideas on Scouts' Owns
For an open Troop, or for Troops in camp, I think the Scouts' Own should be open to all denominations, and carried on in such manner as to offend none. There should not be any special form, but it should abound in the right spirit, and should be conducted not from any ecclesiastical point of view, but from that of the boy. Everything likely to make an artificial atmosphere should be avoided. We do not want a kind of imposed Church Parade, but a voluntary uplifting of their hearts by the boys in thanksgiving for the joys of life, and a desire on their part to seek inspiration and strength for greater love and service for others.
A Scouts' Own should have as big an effect on the boys as any service in Church, if in conducting the Scouts' Own we remember that boys are not grown men, and if we go by the pace of the youngest and most uneducated of those present. Boredom is not reverence, nor will it breed religion.
To interest the boys, the Scouts' Own must be a cheery and varied function. Short hymns (three verses are as a rule quite enough-never more than four); understandable prayers; a good address from a man who really understands boys (a homely "talk" rather than an address), which grips the boys, and in which they may laugh or applaud as the spirit moves them, so that they take a real interest in what is said. If a man cannot make his point to keen boys in ten minutes he ought to be shot! If he has not got them keen, it would be better not to hold a Scouts' Own at all.
By Baden Powell Printed in "The Scouter" November 1928
Some Scouts Own Examples
All-Faiths Service For Worship In The Outdoors
CALL TO WORSHIP - Psalm 100: 1 - 3
``Make a joyful noise to the Lord, in all the lands.
Serve the Lord with gladness. Come into His presence with singing. Know that the Lord is God.
It is He that made us, and we are His;
We are His people, and sheep of His pasture.''
OPENING HYMN -`AMERICA THE BEAUTIFUL''
O beautiful, for spacious skies, for amber waves of grain,
For purple mountains majesties, above the fruited plain,
America, America, God shed his grace on thee,
And Crown thy good with brotherhood, from sea to shining sea.
RESPONSIVE READING: - ``Canticle of the Sun''
All:
O most high, almighty, Lord God, to you belongs praise, glory, honor and all blessing.
Leader:
Praised be my Lord God with all his creatures, and especially, our brother, the sun, who brings us the day and who brings us the night; fair is he, and shines with a very great splendor; O Lord, he signifies You to us.
Response:
Praise be my Lord for our sister the moon, and for the stars, which He has set clear and lovely in the heaven.
Leader:
Praised be my Lord for our brother the wind, and for the air and clouds, calms, and all weather by which you uphold life in all creatures.
Response:
Praised be my Lord for our sister, water, who is very serviceable to us, and humble and precious... and very clean.
Leader:
Praised be my Lord for our brother, fire, through whom you give us light in the darkness; he is bright and pleasant and very mighty and strong.
Response:
Praised be my Lord for our mother, the earth, which sustains us and keeps us, and brings forth grass and diverse fruits and flowers of many colors.
All:
Praise and bless the Lord, and give thanks to Him and serve Him with great humility.
SONG: They That Wait Upon the Lord (in the songbook)
A Vietnam Buddhist Chant of Incense:
Burning incense spread to the four winds slowly, swirls formed as a wise cloud. Gathering here, we bow and pray, Bring the beautiful garland to the altar! Praying to the omnipotent, benevolent God of Mankind. Deep in our humble heart, we seek the absolute truth Which takes us out of the circle of suffering.
Silent Prayer:
After a moment, the leader says:
"Leader:
O God, it is not easy to pray, And yet I pray that these few moments will somehow bring me closer to you”
HOMILY: ”A Tell of Three Trees” - as retold by Angela Elwell Hunt
OFFERING - For the World Friendship Fund
CLOSING HYMN - " God Bless America"
God Bless America, land that I love, Stand beside her, and guide her, Though the night, with the light from above, From the mountains, to the prairies, to the oceans, white with foam, God Bless America, My home, sweet, home, God Bless America, My home sweet home.
BENEDICTION - (spoken or sung to the tune: Edelweiss)
May the Lord, Mighty Lord, bless and keep you forever; Grant us peace, perfect peace, courage in every endeavor. Lift up your eyes and see His face, and His grace forever. May the Lord, Mighty Lord, Bless and keep you forever.
Turn Troop back over to Senior Patrol Leader:
Pack 92 Scouts Own Service, April 14, 1996
A Scout is Reverent.
A Scout is reverent toward God. He is faithful in his religious duties. He respects the beliefs of others.
CALL TO PRAYER
Leader:
Behold, how good and how pleasant it is
For brethren to dwell together in unity.
Psalms 133:1
Scouts and Parents:
I will give thanks to the Lord with my whole heart;
I will tell of all your wonderful deeds.
I will be glad and exult in you;
I will sing praise to your name, O Most High.
Psalms 9:1-2
Invocation
May the time be not too distant, O LORD, when all your children will understand that they are brothers and sisters, so that, one in spirit and one in fellowship, they may be for ever united before you. Then shall your kingdom be established on earth, and the word of your prophet shall be fulfilled: "The Lord will reign for ever and ever." Amen
-- From the Jewish Sabbath Service
OPENING SONG
America the Beautiful
O, beautiful for spacious skies,
For amber waves of grain,
For purple mountain majesties,
Above the fruited plain.
America! America!
God shed his grace on thee,
And crown thy good with brotherhood
From sea to shining sea.
O, beautiful for patriots dream, That sees, beyond the years, Thine alabaster cities gleam, Undimmed by human tears. America! America!
The Scout is Reverent Resource Book
God shed his grace on thee,
And crown thy good with brotherhood
From sea to shining sea.
RESPONSIVE READING
God is the Eternal One
Leader:
God is the Eternal One,
Who reigned before any being had yet been created;
When all was done according to God's will,
Already then God's Name was Sovereign.
Scouts and Parents:
And after all has ceased to be,
Still will God reign in solitary majesty;
God was, God is, God shall be in glory.
Leader:
And God is One,
Without compare,
Without beginning,
Without end;
To God belongs power and dominion.
Scouts and Parents:
And the Sovereign of all is my own God,
My living Redeemer,
My Rock in time of trouble and distress;
My banner and my Refuge,
My benefactor, to whom in anguish, I can call.
All:
Into God's hands I entrust my spirit,
Both when I sleep as when I wake;
And with my spirit, my body also:
God is with me, I will not fear.
"Adon Olam" ("God is the Eternal One").
An eleventh-century Hebrew prayer composed by the
Jewish poet and philosopher Solomon Ibn Gibirol.
A TRADITIONAL SCOUTING SONG
Kum-Ba-Yah
(The Scout Law Version)
Kum-ba-yah my Lord, Kum-ba-yah
Kum-ba-yah my Lord, Kum-ba-yah
Kum-ba-yah my Lord, Kum-ba-yah
O, Lord, Kum-ba-yah.
A Scout's trustworthy Lord, Kum-ba-yah,
A Scout is loyal, Lord, Kum-ba-yah,
A Scout is helpful, Lord, Kum-ba-yah,
O, Lord, Kum-ba-yah.
A Scout is friendly, Lord, Kum-ba-yah,
A Scout is courteous, Lord, Kum-ba-yah,
A Scout is kind, Lord, Kum-ba-yah,
O, Lord, Kum-ba-yah.
A Scout's obedient, Lord, Kum-ba-yah,
A Scout is cheerful, Lord, Kum-ba-yah,
A Scout is thrifty, Lord, Kum-ba-yah,
O, Lord, Kum-ba-yah.
A Scout is brave, Lord, Kum-ba-yah
A Scout is clean, Lord, Kum-ba-yah
A Scout is reverent, Lord, Kum-ba-yah
O, Lord, Kum-ba-yah.
Kum-ba-yah my Lord, Kum-ba-yah O, Lord, Kum-ba-yah.
Reading
The true servants of the Gracious GOD are the following:
Those who walk upon earth with humility and when they are tempted by the evil ones, they respond: Peace;
Those who pass the hours of the night in prayers and standing before the Lord;
Those who pray: Lord turn away from us the punishments of hell, for it is a heavy torment, it is indeed an evil dwelling place;
Those who are neither extravagant nor stingy in spending, but keep a balance between the two; Those who repent and believe and do good deeds.
>From the Koran, Al-Furquan, Part 19, Chapter 25
SILENT OBSERVANCE
May we observe a moment of silent prayer, each in his own faith.
A Thought for Scout Sunday
From Baden-Powell, Scouting for Boys
The old knights were very religious. They were always careful to attend religious services, especially before going into battle or undertaking any serious difficulty. They considered it the right thing always to be prepared for death. Besides worshipping God in church, the knights always recognized His work in the things which He made, such as animals, plants, and all scenery.
And so it is with peace scouts today. Wherever they go they love the woodlands, the mountains, and the prairies, and they like to watch and know about the animals that inhabit them, and the wonders of the flowers and plants.
No man is much good unless he believes in God and obeys His laws. So every Scout should have religion.
Religion seems a very simple thing: First: Love and serve God. Second: Love and serve your neighbor.
In doing your duty to God always be grateful to Him. Whenever you enjoy a pleasure or a good game, or succeed in doing a good thing, thank Him for it, if only with a word or two, just as you say grace at a meal. And it is a good thing to bless other people. For instance, if you see a train starting off, just pray for God's blessing on all that are in the train.
In doing your duty towards man, be helpful and generous, and always be grateful for any kindness done to you, and be careful to show that you are grateful. Remember again that a present given to you is not yours until you have thanked the giver for it.
While you are living your life on earth, try to do something good which may remain after you.
One writer says: "I often think that when the sun goes down the world is hidden by a big blanket from the light of heaven, but the stars are little holes pierced in that blanket by those who have done good deeds in this world. The stars are not all the same size; some are big, some are little, and some men have done great deeds and others have done small deeds, but they have made their hole in the blanket by doing good before they went to heaven."
Try to make your hole in the blanket by good work while you are on earth.
It is something to be good, but it is far better to do good.
BENEDICTION
Interfaith Service Randy Neufeld
INVOCATION
Be merciful to me, O God, Be merciful, for I have taken refuge in You.
In the shadow of Your wings, will I take refuge
until this time of trouble has gone by.
I will call upon the most high God,
The God who maintains my cause.
He will send from heaven and save me; He will confound those who trample upon me; God will send forth His love and his faithfulness. Amen.
HYMN
Oh beautiful for spacious skies,
For amber waves of grain,
For purple mountain majesties,
Above the fruited plain.
(Chorus)
America, America. God shed His Grace on thee, and crown thy good with brotherhood, From sea to shining sea.
Oh beautiful for patriot dream, That sees beyond the years, Thine alabaster cities gleam, Undimmed by human tears.
(Repeat Chorus)
MEDITATION
Sanctify our campsite with your presence and joy. By the spirit of affection and service unite our Scouting families, that they may show your praise in our land and in all the world.
RESPONSIVE READING
(Psalm 46)
(Leader) God is our refuge and strength (People) A very present help in trouble
(L) therefore we will not fear, though the earth be moved
(P) and though the mountains be toppled into the depths of the sea
(L) though it's waters rage and foam
(P) the Lord of hosts is with us
(L) the God of Jacob is our stronghold
HYMN
Kum Ba Yah my Lord, Kum Ba Yah
Kum Ba Yah my Lord, Kum Ba Yah
Kum Ba Yah my Lord, Kum Ba Yah
Oh, Lord Kum Ba Yah
Someone's crying Lord, Kum Ba Yah
Someone's crying Lord, Kum Ba Yah
Someone's crying Lord, Kum Ba Yah
Oh Lord Kum Ba Yah
Someone's singing Lord, Kum Ba Yah
Someone's singing Lord, Kum Ba Yah
Someone's singing Lord, Kum Ba Yah
Oh Lord Kum Ba Yah
Someone's praying Lord, Kum Ba Yah Oh Lord Kum Ba Yah
SERMON
OFFERING FOR WORLD FRIENDSHIP FUND
HYMN
Michael row the boat ashore, Hallelujah
Michael row the boat ashore, Hallelujah
River Jordan is deep and wide, Hallelujah
River Jordan is deep and wide, Hallelujah
River Jordan is chilly and cold, Hallelujah
Chills the body but not the soul, Hallelujah
SCOUTMASTER MINUTE
CLOSING PRAYER
GREAT SPIRIT PRAYER
Oh Great Spirit whose voice in the wind I hear, And whose breath gives life to all in the world
Hear me
Before you I come, one of your many children Small and weak am I
Your strength and wisdom I need Make me walk in beauty Make my heart respect all You have made My ears to hear Your voice Make me wise that I may know all You have taught my people The lessons You have hidden in every rock I seek strength, not to be superior to my brother Make me able to fight my greatest enemy, myself Make me ready to stand before You with clean and straight eyes
When life fades, as the fading sunset, may our spirits stand before You without shame.
MORNING GRACE
Gracious giver of all good Thee we than for rest and food Grant that all we do or say In Thy service be this day Amen
NOON GRACE
Father for this noonday meal We would speak the grace we feel Health and strength we ask of Thee Help us Lord to faithful be Amen
EVENING GRACE
Tireless guardian on our way Thou hast kept us well this day While we thank Thee we request Care continued, pardon, rest Amen
Non-Denominational Worship Service For The Outdoors Randy Neufeld
CALL TO WORSHIP -
Psalm 100: 1 - 3
``Make a joyful noise to the Lord, all the lands. Serve the Lord with gladness. Come into His presence with singing. Know that the Lord is God. It is He that made us, and we are His; we are His people, and the sheep of His pasture.''
OPENING HYMN -
`Morning Has Broken'' Morning has broken like the first morning, Blackbird has spoken like the first bird. Praise for the singing, Praise for the morning, Praise for them, springing, fresh from the word.
Sweet the rain's new fall, sunlit from heaven, Like the first dewfall on the first grass, Praise for the sweetness of the wet garden, Sprung in completeness where His feet pass.
Mine is the sunlight, mine is the morning, Born of the one light Eden saw play. Praise with elation, praise every morning, God's recreation of the new day.
RESPONSIVE READING: ``Canticle of the Sun''
All: O most high, almighty, good Lord God, to you belongs praise, glory, honor and all blessing.
Leader: Praised be my Lord God with all his creatures, and especially, our brother, the sun, who brings us the day and who brings us the night; fair is he, and shines with a very great splendor; O Lord, he signifies You to us.
Response: Praise be my Lord for our sister the moon, and for the stars, which He has set clear and lovely in the heaven.
Leader: Praised be my Lord for our brother the wind, and for the air and clouds, calms, and all weather by which you uphold life in all creatures.
Response: Praised be my Lord for our sister, water, who is very serviceable to us, and humble and precious... and very clean.
Leader: Praised be my Lord for our brother, fire, through whom you give us light in the darkness; he is bright and pleasant and very mighty and strong.
Response: Praised be my Lord for our mother, the earth, which sustains us and keeps us, and brings forth grass and diverse fruits and flowers of many colors.
All: Praise and bless the Lord, and give thanks to Him and serve Him with great humility.
SILENT PRAYER
PRAYER
God, sometimes I hold something small in my hand... a piece of moss or a budding twig, and - peering closely at this tiny world - I feel a sudden wonder. Help me to remember that you made these worlds, and countless others, and...in remembering...come closer to you. O God, we thank Thee today for the world in which you have placed us; for the universe whose vastness is revealed in the blue depths of the sky; whose immensities are lit by shining stars beyond the strength of mind to follow. We thank you for the beauty of our earth, for the sweetness of the flowers, the solemnity of the stars, the sound of streams and swelling seas, for stretching lands and mighty mountains which rest and satisfy the soul, the purity of dawn which calls us to holy dedication, and the peace of the evening which speaks of everlasting rest. Above all, we thank you for the dignity you have bestowed upon every human being as the crown of your Creation. Give us the grace to let the light of your glory shine through us, in our action, words and thoughts. Amen.
OFFERING - For the World Friendship Fund
CLOSING HYMN - " This is My Father's World" This is my Father's world, and to my listening ears, All nature sings, and round me rings the music of the spheres.
This is my Father's world. I rest me in the thought Of rocks and trees, of skies and seas,
His hand the wonders wrought.
This is my Father's world. The birds their carols raise. The morning light, the lily white, declare the Maker's praise.
This is my Father's world. He shines in all that's fair;
In the trusting grass I hear him pass, He speaks to me everywhere.
BENEDICTION - (tune: Edelweiss)
May the Lord, Mighty Lord, bless and keep you forever;
Grant us peace, perfect peace, courage in every endeavor.
Lift up your eyes and see His face, and His grace forever.
May the Lord, Mighty Lord, Bless and keep you forever.
Summaries of Some of World Religions
In our society today, it is very likely that you will have boys from different cultures and different religions in your Troop. Not just from the standpoint of Scouts Own preparation, but also to better understand your boys and be sensitive to their beliefs, it is a good idea to learn just a little bit about their religion. Here you will find brief descriptions of some of the world's major religions.
Hinduism
If you ever have a young person from the Hindu faith in your section or District, you are in touch with the distant eras of history, because Hinduism is the oldest of the world's religions and, partly because of that, it is different from most of the others. For example, it has no rigid set of beliefs, though the Hindu follower will pray with deep devotion before his Dharma or guiding spirit
To be a Hindu only two things are required -- to seek the truth and to do no harm to anyone. (Failing to help someone in need can be understood as doing them harm). In order to be able to do these two things properly, the Hindu must prepare his or her mind and body to be capable of undertaking them. Which is very much the heart of Scouting.
The Temple is the Hindu's holy place of prayer, but a room set aside for the purpose, or a tent is quite suitable for prayer and meditation. In fact, a Hindu will normally be prepared to use a church or other place of worship for his or her own devotions.
The Hindu symbol is important. Hindus do not have a word for God like Jews, Christians and Muslims. The essence of their faith is in the syllable AUM - the symbol - which describes the relationship of the "Spirit" or Brahman to the world: "A" stands for the power of God to create the universe; "U" stands for the power of God to preserve the universe; and "M" stands for the power of God to dissolve this universe.
There are two sets of holy writings - the "Isruti" which are divine and eternal; and the "smriti" which are less so. There are 1,000 chants or hymns. The Hindu believes that the great spirit appears in three forms - Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva, using many different guises, human and animal. They also believe in the doctrine of reincarnation - that after this life we shall be born again in another body. The quality of a person's life this time helps determine in what kind of body they will appear next.
Most Hindus are vegetarian but some may enjoy chicken and lamb. Beef is strictly forbidden. Hindu Scouts are normally immaculately turned out and will readily join in a Scout's Own. Other Scouts will be welcome in the Hindu Temple.
The main Hindu festival is Diwali, the festival of lights celebrated toward the end of November. It would be good to ask a Hindu Scout to tell about it or tell a yarn from the long history of his faith.
Judaism
There are some Jewish Scout Groups and Jewish Scouts may find a place in one of them. But where there is no large Jewish community, it is very possible that a Jewish boy may want to join your Group and it is important that he is welcomed and his needs met.
Jews base their religious practice on the Law of God, the "Torah" found in the five Books of Moses -- Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy. Although the stories in the early part of Genesis tell of the Creation of the world, the history of Judaism as such really begins with Abraham more than 3,000 years ago, who first recognized that there was only one Supreme Being. It was Abraham's trust in one God that was really the birth of Judaism. It was further developed when Moses led the Israelites out of slavery in Egypt towards the promised land. This was somewhere around 1300 BC. Two events from that time are much in the center of Jewish faith today. The first was the final plague on the people of Egypt, which persuaded Pharaoh to release the Israelites - the spirit of death killed the first-born of every Egyptian family. But it passed over the homes of the Israelites because their door posts were marked with the blood of a lamb. And the other event was the giving of the Ten commandments to Moses. Judaism was then, and still is today, based on a firm belief and active trust in God and in obedience to the rules of life contained in the Ten Commandments.
Jewish Scouts will want to keep the Sabbath, their holy day, which runs from sunset of Friday to sunset on Saturday. During these hours no work is done and families gather for a special meal on Friday to welcome the Sabbath, thanking God for his providence. They will go to worship in the Synagogue on the Sabbath. They will also keep the Passover, a festival remembering the spirit of death passing over the Israelite homes in Egypt. That is around mid April - it moves with the day of the new moon. And they will want to keep "Rosh Hashanah" (New Year) and "Yom Kippur ('day of Atonement), very devotional festival around September. Jews do not eat pork and for festivals and holy days use special pots, pans and dishes for their festival food. Jewish Scouts will join in a Scout's Own and most normal Scout activities.
Christianity
In Britain and America, many Scouts come from a Christian background. Christianity grew out of Judaism. It's leader, Jesus of Nazareth, believed that he was chosen by God to call the people to a true faith and trust in God. His teaching was that God didn't just want people to keep the Jewish laws as a kind of ritual, He wanted them to live out their lives in love and care for their neighbors and for anyone in need - especially the poor and the oppressed. He criticized the chief Priests for keeping God in the Temple and turning the Temple into a business which made it hard for the poor to go to worship. The Chief Priests reacted by plotting to have Jesus killed. They persuaded the Roman Governor, Pontius Pilate, that Jesus was a political danger to him because the common people followed him and, although Pilate couldn't find any proof of the charge, he had Jesus whipped and crucified - nailed to a wooden cross - which was the Roman method of execution at the time. This was done on a Friday - the eve of the Jewish Sabbath. Christians call it Good Friday because they believe that when Jesus died, the forgiveness of God was released for human failure to love, serve and trust in God. Christians also believe that Jesus, having been buried in a cave, rose from the dead on the Sunday (Easter Day) and was seen by his followers many times over several weeks. Certainly, they believed this happened because many of them were executed for saying so and you don't die for something that you know isn't true. Those early followers were all Jews and it wasn't for some time that non-Jews were able to join the new community. It was probably about 30 years before they were called "Christians". It is estimated that there are about 12 billion people in the world who say they follow Jesus. They have special services and celebrations to mark his birth
- Christmas Day (25th December) and usually a service at midnight the night before; and at Easter on the Sunday before Easter (Palm Sunday), on Good Friday and, of course on Easter Day. Easter weekend often being a four day holiday, care should be taken to make sure that the significance of Easter for Christians at camp is not forgotten.
Islam
If you have a Muslim boy in your Group, you have a follower of a world religion of some billion members. And it is almost certain that your member will be a boy because it is unlikely that any Muslim girl will be allowed into Scouting - at least not yet. Islam is a way of life. Muslims are people of the "Book" - the "quar'an" or as we pronounce it, the "Koran". There are some common origins with Judaism - Arabs (Muslims) are said to be descended from Ishmael, who was the son of Hagar, the maidservant of Abraham's wife; Jews are descended from Isaac, the son of Sarah, Abraham's wife. So Islam, Judaism and Christianity are all very closely linked and while Jews and Muslims do not accept that Jesus was the Son of God, Muslims do accept him as a prophet. So Muslim Scouts ought to have no difficulty in sharing fully in a Scout's Own, where it is God who is worshipped. The Muslim boy has to learn the Koran by heart and will want to do his duty to Allah, which is his name for God. His religion has two pails, faith and action and both are essential to him. He has five pillars of faith. First, he believes in the unity of God and in Mohammed (Peace be unto Him) as His Last Messenger. Second, if he is of Scout age he will have to say prayers five times a day - and time must be allowed for this at camp and other events. And he will have to fulfill a special ritual washing before his prayers. Other boys should expect to see him at prayer and respect him for it. Then, third in the month of Ramadan, the Muslim boy will have to fast - have no food or drink - from sunrise to sunset. This is to help the rich experience the pain of the poor. But it will need understanding on the part of other boys and Leaders. At camp a Muslim will eat beef, chicken and lamb if it has been properly killed, but he will not eat pork. It is probably better to provide fish for meals along with cereals and vegetables and so on, because there will be no problem with them. The fourth pillar of the faith involves his giving to the needy, and fifth, if possible, is a pilgrimage to Mecca. The five pointed star in the symbol is a reminder of the five pillars, while the crescent is the sign that the Islamic month begins with the appearance of each new moon. A Muslim will be supported by his parents.
Sikhism
If you have a Sikh in you Group, there will be no mistaking him for he will be wearing a turban on his head to cover his uncut hair. Sometimes, for sport and games and in camp he will dispense with the turban and tie his hair in a knot or bun on the top of his head with a kind of folded handkerchief on it. This is known as a Pukta. That will give him more flexibility to join in the fun. But the turban to a Sikh is very important because it symbolizes generosity, truthfulness, maturity, piety and fearlessness. Maybe that's why most Sikhs have the name "Singh" which means "lion".
The Sikh faith is really a break-away from the Hindu faith and dates back to the second half of the 15th Century when its founder - Guru Nanek - lived. Guru really means "teacher" and the most commonly used name for God in the Sikh Faith is Sat Guru - being the teacher. The name "Sikh" literally means disciple.
The reason this religion was founded was to provide a faith that crossed the barriers between religions. The very first thing that Guru Nanek said was "There is no Hindu, there is no Muslim."
The whole practice of the Sikh religion is the brotherhood of all people - something like the concept of Scouting. They believe in one God whose name is true, who is the Creator and who has been, is now and will be in every age. But the Sikh believes that it is impossible to gain a concept of God; it is his duty only to worship him and follow his way. The Sikh faith has no ministers or priests and anyone can lead worship. Sikh hymns are usually played on drums and sitars (that's a kind of Guitar). There are no restrictions on food, though many Sikhs are vegetarian.
Sikh girls are treated as equals in orthodox families, so they may be interested in sharing in a Venture Scout Unit [Explorer Post] or as a leader in on of the other sections. Both boys and girls, young men and young women will be happy to share in a Scouts' Own because they are encouraged to pray to God as much as possible and to share their goods with the needy. Anyone is welcome at a Gurdwara, which is the name for a Sikh Temple. Sikh's celebrate the birthdays of Guru Nanek at the end of November and Guru Gobind Singh around Christmas time.
Buddhism
There aren't a great many Buddhists outside Asia and the far East, but many of Scouts from Japan, for example, who attend Jamborees and Jamborettes are Buddhist by Faith. [Note: Many US Scouts of South-east Asian decent are Buddhist.] Buddhism was founded by Siddhartha Gautama who was born about 563 BC. He realized that the ills that strike humanity come from inside the human being and that human life is suffering. His realization came around 528 BC so that is a point from which we can say Buddhism comes. It is a very old faith.
It is quite a difficult religion to explain. Buddhists believe that it is possible to move from the suffering of humanity to a state of perfection or salvation called 'Nirvana'. But this state takes a very long time - many lifetimes - to achieve. When someone dies it does not mean that they cease to exist, but that they move into another state of existence. And in this world nothing is permanent even time is a flow of milliseconds having no permanence.
Reference Material
Internet Resources:
Graces, by Sue Wichers -- http://home.earthlink.net/~jmak/Music/Graces/menu.htm. Contact Sue Wichers via email at firstname.lastname@example.org .
Scouts Own Resources on the MacScouter Scouting Resources Online -- http://www.macscouter.com/ScoutsOwn
Scout Worship Services and Prayers, "A Scout is Reverent" by Steve Tobin -http://www.isd.net/stobin/worship/worship.html
Print Resources:
Aids to Scoutmastership (reprint), Robert Baden-Powell, Ottawa, Canada: National Council Boy Scouts of Canada. Available through the 1-800-SCOUTER catalog.
The Holy Bible
Boy Scout Songbook, The Boy Scouts of America, Irving, Texas: Boy Scouts of America, 1970
Buddha. The Intelligent Heart, Alistair Shearer, New York: Thames & Hudson, 1992
Girl Guide Song Book , Guide Association, London, England: Guide Association, 1974
Give Thanks, compiled by Pam Shaw, Newmarket, England: Anglia Girl Guides ('SBN 09515862
The Koran. Interpreted, translation by Arthur J. Arberry, New York: MacMillan Publishing. Co., 1955
Let us Pray, collected by Anne Dunford, Suffolk England: The Guide Assoc., 1986
Our Chalet Song Book (songs from around the world), Guide Chalet Committee, Turbridge Wells, Kent, England: KS Printers Ltd., 1974
Our Chalet Song Book II (songs from around the world), Guide Chalet Committee, Adelboden, Switzerland, 1992
Pathways to Worship, Commission for Church and Youth Serving Agencies, USA, 1986 Prayers for Scouts, Walter Dudley Cavert, New York: Abingdon Press, 1964
Scouting for Boys (reprint), Robert Baden-Powell, Ottawa, Canada: National Council Boy Scouts of Canada. Available through the 1-800-SCOUTER catalog.
A Scout is Reverent. A Manual For Scouts of Catholic Faith, National Catholic Committee On Scouting, Irving Texas, Boy Scouts of America, 1982
The Scout Law in Action, compiled by Walter MacPeek, New York: Abingdon Press, 1966
The Scout Oath in Action. compiled by Walter MacPeek, New York: Abingdon Press, 1967
The Scouters Minute, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
Searching. Compiled by Averil Taylor, London, England: Guides Assoc., 1985
The Scout is Reverent Resource Book
Sharing, Compiled by Averil Taylor, London, England: Guides Assoc., 1980
Sign's Up. A Collection of Scouting Parables. Vick Vickery, Pensacola, Florida: Good Sign Publishing Company, 1993
When Scouts Worship, The National Protestant Committee on Scouting (BSA) With Jesus on the Scout Trail, Walter Dudley Cavert
Young People Talking With God. A Book of Prayers. United Reformed Church and Guide and Scout Fellowship, Swindon, Wiltshire, England: Promise Publications, 1991
UNICEF Book Of Children's Prayers, Compiled And With Photos. by William I Kaufman.
Prepared for English-reading children by Rosamond V.P. Kaufman and Joan Gilbert Van Poznak. Harrisburg, Pa. Stackpole Books 1970 95 p. illus. 24 cm.
Prayer poems, compiled by O. V. and Helen Armstrong. Freeport, N.Y., Books for Libraries Press <1969, 1942 256 p. 21 cm. (Granger index reprint series)
Prayers; Marshall, Peter, edited and with prefaces by Catherine Marshall. New York, McGraw-Hill <1954> 243 p. illus. 21 cm.
This Is The Way; Prayers And Precepts From World Religions. by Jones, Jessie Mae (Orton). Illustrated by Elizabeth Orton Jones. New York, Viking Press, 1966, 1951 62 p.
Let's Celebrate: A Grab Bag Of Spiritual Ideas For Scouting, an interdenominational Christian book; published by National Council of Boy Scouts of Canada, 1974.
Eagles Soaring High: Trail Worship For Christians And Jews; published by Philmont, no date, BSA number(?) 5-877
Pathways to Worship, pub Commission for Church and Youth Service Agencies, 1986
Reference Books on Black Elk, Holy Man of the Oglala Sioux, Black Elk Speaks and Sacred Pipe
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Supporting the delivery of quality housing and homelessness advice
Who are we?
The National Homelessness Advice Service (NHAS) is wellestablished, with an impressive track record in providing free expert consultancy, training, and up-to-date information to Local Citizens Advice [LCAs], voluntary advice agencies and local authority housing services in England. Our expertise is second to none, drawn from the housing and advice specialisms of partner organisations Shelter and Citizens Advice. The service is funded by the Department for Communities and Local Government (DCLG).
The NHAS is a catalyst for change, encouraging local authorities and agencies to work effectively together in partnership. The professional resources and specialist support we offer will enable you to provide the most appropriate, accurate, and timely housing advice that helps to prevent people becoming homeless.
What can we do for you?
We are here to support you in your day-to-day work, providing access to the latest knowledge and information on housing policy and homelessness law. Our free advice and resources gives you the support required to help people in housing need as quickly and efficiently as possible.
The NHAS provides:
n n telephone consultancy to give on the spot support when providing housing advice
n n free high quality, flexible training on a range of housing and homelessness issues
n n specialist housing debt casework service providing advice on housing cost arrears, welfare benefits and certain rent arrears cases
n n comprehensive and up-to-date online information about housing and homelessness
'The service was excellent
- I was given invaluable advice and information which will significantly assist me in supporting my client, and I would not have been able to get the same information elsewhere.'
LA Adviser
Consultancy and housing advice
Here to help you in your day-to-day work
Our team of experienced housing specialists are only a phone call away. However complicated or simple a case, we support you to deal with any housing enquiry or problem.
Our consultancy is free to all NHAS members and our lines are open Monday to Friday, 9am to 6pm.
Five good reasons to call NHAS
n n you get instant diagnosis of any housing problem over the phone
n n you can be sure our legal advice is accurate and up to date.
n n we'll support you to explore all practical options open to your client
n n the advice you give your clients will be based on latest information, case law and policy
n n you'll receive written confirmation of the advice we provide within 3 days
We deal with any housing-related query, but most frequently with:
n n homelessness applications and prevention
n n possession proceedings
n n housing in relation to persons from abroad
n n landlord and tenant issues
n n rent and mortgage arrears
n n security of tenure
n n relationship breakdown
n n disrepair
'We're really pleased with the service NHAS provides. Referrals are handled efficiently, giving our clients access to specialist caseworkers. We know how much of a difference this extra help can make in difficult cases.'
Voluntary Agency member
NHAS Housing Debt Casework service
Helping you to help people in housing debt
Our specialist team supports local authorities, Local Citizens Advice and voluntary advice agency members to help people having difficulty paying their mortgage or rent, or facing possession proceedings. We can offer 2nd tier advice on cases or take a referral and work directly with the client. We are able to:
n n advise on mortgage or rent arrears and related priority debts
n n provide welfare benefits advice to maximise income and support housing affordability
n n negotiate with lenders and landlords
n n provide submissions to court and supporting representation where required
n n confirm advice in writing for both 2nd tier enquiries and direct client cases
LCA Adviser
'I thought it was one of the most useful courses I have been on. The trainer had lots of relevant case law and I have come away with a really useful set of notes. (I) am really looking forward to the other courses in the series. Essential learning for any new adviser. Can't wait for a homeless client to come in – I am ready.'
Local Citizens Advice
Training you
Training from housing and homelessness experts
Our programme of introductory/refresher level training courses is designed in response to the latest developments in housing and homelessness, and aimed at frontline housing options staff. Our team of professional trainers have a wealth of expertise and experience to help advisers gain the knowledge, skills and confidence to tackle housing issues and give quality housing advice. We provide face to face courses, webinars, briefings and bitesize as part of a blended approach to training.
Five good reasons to attend NHAS training
n n our team of professional trainers have a wealth of knowledge and experience in housing and homelessness
n n you will gain the knowledge, skills and confidence to tackle housing issues and give quality housing advice
n n you get the opportunity to network with other advisers, learn of current best-practice initiatives, and keep up to date with legislation and policy
n n your training package can be designed in a way that best suits your needs (ie face-to-face and/or on line webinars and bitesize products)
n n like all NHAS services, our training is free
Resources at your finger tips
For in-depth and up-to-date information
We are committed to keeping you up-to-date on housing and homelessness law and policy.
As an NHAS member:
n n you receive monthly electronic updates on NHAS services, housing and homelessness news, policy and case law
n n you get our bi-monthly publication 'Housing matters' – a dedicated bulletin providing current housing and homelessness news, articles written by experienced housing practitioners, and information on key legal issues
n n you have access to online information and free downloads when visiting nhas.org.uk, including
nna range of up-to-date factsheets on housing issues that will be useful in informing your clients
n n good practice guides and toolkits for housing and homelessness services
n n Innovation & local practice pages providing solutions from NHAS members to help prevent homelessness
n n Access to Improving Outcomes for Young People content. This is for any professionals working with young homeless people
In addition, there are resources which you can pay for. These include:
n n The 'Adviser', another useful bi-monthly publication from Citizens Advice that covers housing, benefits, employment, consumer and money advice issues.
n n Shelter Legal is an online law resource for people working in housing and homelessness
Making partnerships work effectively
Sharing best practice across the country
We work closely with the DCLG and other organisations to disseminate and support best practice in homelessness prevention, including the delivery of 'housing options' services.
NHAS has produced a range of toolkits and guides to help make partnership working clearer. In a climate where greater value for money and efficiencies are paramount in service delivery, we are using our expertise to support frontline agencies working more productively and efficiently with housing services to achieve the most effective outcomes for clients. You will find the guides and toolkits in the members' area of the site when you log in.
We also run events throughout the year to update you on current case law and best practice to support NHAS members & opportunities to network. Look out for events on the NHAS website.
Contact us
If you have any questions about working with the NHAS, or for more information about our service, visit our website nhas.org.uk
NHAS is a Shelter and Citizens Advice service supported by the Department for Communities and Local Government.
Registered charity number 263710
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CC-MAIN-2017-13
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2017-03-27T10:36:55Z
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Silent Witness – It pays to fight crime
CHILD MOLESTATION
Victim: 5 and 7 year old children
Location: Area of 1100 West Lawrence Lane – Phoenix
Date:
Tuesday, September 27, 2016 at 3:45 p.m.
Suspect:
White male with dark skin, 25-35 years old, approximately 6’, thin build, dark curly hair, mustache, goatee and eye glasses. Wearing a dark hat, blue shirt, tan pants or shorts, brown shoes and black socks. Had a black backpack.
Vehicle: Bicycle
On Tuesday, September 27, 2016 at 3:45 p.m., two children were playing in their backyard in the area of 1100 West Lawrence Lane in Phoenix. The suspect jumped the wall and started a conversation with them. He then exposed himself and hugged one of the victims before fleeing over the wall and out of the area on a bicycle.
If you have any information regarding this case you may contact Silent Witness at 480-W-I-T-N-E-S-S, 480-948-6377, or 480-T-E-S-T-I-G-O for Spanish speaking. You can also leave an anonymous tip on the silent witness website at silentwitness.org. You remain completely anonymous and could earn a cash-reward for information leading to the arrest and/or indictment of the suspect(s) of this crime.
You must contact Silent Witness prior to arrest or indictment to be eligible for any reward.
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CC-MAIN-2017-13
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HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs
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Farm Service Agency
200 North High Street, Rm. 540 Columbus, Ohio, 43215 Voice 614.255.2527
Email: email@example.com
Web: www.fsa.usda.gov/oh
Contact: Christina Reed, (614) 255-2527 firstname.lastname@example.org
SECRETARIAL DISASTER DESIGNATION DECLARED IN PENNSYLVANIA DUE TO EXCESSIVE RAIN, AFFECTS 2 OHIO COUNTIES
Decision Allows Farmers to Apply for USDA Assistance
COLUMBUS, Ohio -- Aug. 21, 2013 -- The U.S. Department of Agriculture designated two Ohio counties as agricultural natural disaster areas, making certain farmers and other agricultural producers in the counties eligible for low-interest emergency loans from USDA's Farm Service Agency (FSA).
Mercer County was designated in Pennsylvania as primary natural disaster areas, caused by excessive rain that occurred July 3-13, 2013. Mahoning and Trumbull counties, in Ohio, are also eligible because they are contiguous.
The counties listed above were designated as natural disaster areas on August 7, 2013, making all qualified farm operators in the designated areas eligible for low-interest emergency loans from USDA's FSA, provided eligibility requirements are met. To qualify, farmers must be unable to obtain credit from commercial sources and meet eligibility requirements. Farmers in eligible counties have eight months from the date of the declaration to apply for loans to help cover part or all of their actual losses. FSA will consider each loan application on its own merits, taking into account the extent of losses, security available and repayment ability. FSA has a variety of programs, in addition to the emergency loan program, to help eligible farmers recover from adversity.
Additional programs available to assist farmers include the Emergency Conservation Program, Federal Crop Insurance, and the Noninsured Crop Disaster Assistance Program. Interested farmers may contact their local USDA Service Centers for further information on eligibility requirements and application procedures for these and other programs. Additional information is also available online at http://disaster.fsa.usda.gov.
USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. To file a complaint of discrimination, write: USDA, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Civil Rights, Office of Adjudication, 1400 Independence Ave., SW, Washington, DC 20250-9410 or call (866) 632-9992 (Toll-free Customer Service), (800) 877-8339 (Local or Federal relay), (866) 377-8642 (Relay voice users).
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CC-MAIN-2017-13
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http://agri.ohio.gov/TopNews/WeatherEmergencyResources/docs/Aug_2013_Mahoning_Trumbull.pdf
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2017-03-27T10:37:49Z
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HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs
|
POLICE OFFICER APPLICATION FOR EMPLOYMENT
RETURN TO: CITY OF ST. CLOUD PHONE: (320) 255-7217 HUMAN RESOURCES HR FAX: (320) 255-7261 400 2 ND ST. SO. WEBSITE: www.ci.stcloud.mn.us ST. CLOUD, MN 56301 EMAIL: email@example.com
DATE RECEIVED:
TIME:
OFFICE USE ONLY
We welcome you as an applicant for employment. Your application will be considered with others. It is our policy to provide equality of opportunity in employment. This policy prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, creed, religion, national origin, disability, public assistance, familial status, marital status, sex, age (18 and over), sexual orientation or criminal convictions which are not related to the position you are applying for. This policy applies to all full, part-time, temporary and seasonal employment.
ADA: If you require assistance in the application or selection process, please contact the Human Resources Employment Office. Reasonable accommodations may be made to enable individuals with a disability to participate in applications and testing.
VETERANS PREFERENCE: If you are claiming status as a Veteran, you will be required to bring proof (DD-214) to any testing procedures you may be scheduled for. To expedite that process, you may submit copies of your documents with this application.
Last Name
First Name
Middle
Street Address
City
State
Email Address
(If provided, this will be the primary source of communication.)
Are you over 18 years old? Yes
No
If hired, you will be required to provide written documentation of citizenship or legalized alien program. Failure to provide said documentation will result in dismissal in accordance with the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986.
| Do you have a high school diploma or GED equivalency? Yes | | | No | | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| College, University or Professional School (List All Undergraduate and Graduate Work) | Total Months Attended | Total Credits Earned | | Degree | |
| | | | | Type AA, BS, MBA, etc. | Date Received or Anticipated |
| Name and Location | | | | | |
| 1 | | | | | |
| 2 | | | | | |
| 3 | | | | | |
Business, Correspondence, Trade, Technical or
Vocational School
Total Certificate
% of
Name and Location
Months
Attended
Received?
Yes or No
Coursework
Completed
Program Title
1
2
3
POST CERTIFICATION: Are you currently Minnesota P.O.S.T. licensed or eligible for Minnesota P.O.S.T. licensing? (Please check one)
YES, I am currently licensed. Please indicate license #
Expiration
YES, I am eligible for P.O.S.T. licensing with a test date of from the Minnesota P.O.S.T. Board.
NO, I am not licensed or not currently eligible for licensing.
Zip
Phone No
WORK EXPERIENCE
Provide a complete description of all qualifying experiences, paid and/or volunteer, starting with the most recent position held.
ATTACH ADDITIONAL SHEETS IF NECESSARY. BE SURE TO INCLUDE ALL INFORMATION REQUESTED BELOW.
Organization:
Address:
Supervisor Name and Title:
Phone:
May we Contact? Yes
No
Position Title:
Dates Employed
Machines/equipment you used:
From:
To:
Number & Title(s) of people you supervised:
Month/Year
Month/Year
Reason for Leaving:
Hours/Week:
Major Activities/Duties Performed:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Organization:
Address:
Supervisor Name and Title:
Phone:
May we Contact? Yes
No
Position Title:
Dates Employed
Machines/equipment you used:
From:
To:
Number & Title(s) of people you supervised:
Month/Year
Month/Year
Reason for Leaving:
Hours/Week:
Major Activities/Duties Performed:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Organization:
Address:
Supervisor Name and Title:
Phone:
May we Contact? Yes
No
Position Title:
Dates Employed
Machines/equipment you used:
From:
To:
Number & Title(s) of people you supervised:
Month/Year
Month/Year
Reason for Leaving:
Hours/Week:
Major Activities/Duties Performed:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Organization:
Address:
Supervisor Name and Title:
Phone:
May we Contact? Yes
No
Position Title:
Dates Employed
Machines/equipment you used:
From:
To:
Number & Title(s) of people you supervised:
Month/Year
Month/Year
Reason for Leaving:
Hours/Week:
Major Activities/Duties Performed:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Please describe your work history related to law enforcement.
Please describe your customer service work experience or any volunteer experience you had.
UNSALARIED EXPERIENCE
Volunteer Organization
Address
Position Held
Duties
Immediate Supervisor
Phone No
Hrs/Week
Dates of Participation
Skills Learned
UNSALARIED EXPERIENCE
Volunteer Organization
Address
Position Held
Duties
Immediate Supervisor
Phone No
Hrs/Week
Dates of Participation
Skills Learned
UNSALARIED EXPERIENCE
Volunteer Organization
Address
Position Held
Duties
Immediate Supervisor
Phone No
Hrs/Week
Dates of Participation
Skills Learned
This space can be used to add any additional information or to complete previous questions.
CONVICTION INFORMATION
All employment offers are conditioned upon the applicant passing a criminal background check. Convictions are not an automatic bar to employment. Each case is considered on its individual merits and the type of work sought. However, making false statements or withholding information will cause you to be barred from employment, or removed from employment.
IMPORTANT FACTS CONCERNING INFORMATION ON YOUR APPLICATION
Minnesota Law affects you as an applicant with the City of St. Cloud. The following data is public information and is accessible to anyone: veteran's status, relevant test scores, rank on eligibility list, job history, education and training, and work availability. All other personally identifiable information is considered private, including but not limited to, your name, home address and phone number.
against you, and all supporting documentation about your case; your badge number, if any; your city and county of residence; your work location and work telephone number; honors and awards; payroll timesheets and comparable data.
If you are selected as a finalist for a position, your name will become public information. You become a finalist if you are selected to be interviewed by the City of St. Cloud.
The information requested on the application is necessary, either to identify you or to assist in determining your suitability for the position for which you are applying. You may legally refuse, but refusal to supply the requested information will mean that your application for employment may not be considered.
Anything not listed above which is placed in your application folder or your personnel file (such as medical information, letters of recommendation, resumes, etc.) is made private information by law. For further information, refer to Minnesota Statute, Chapter 13.
In consideration of being permitted to apply for the position herein, I voluntarily assume all risks in connection with my participating in any tests the City of St. Cloud deems necessary to determine my fitness and eligibility, and I release and forever discharge the City of St. Cloud, its officers and employees from any and all claims for any damage or injury that I might sustain in said testing process.
If you are selected for employment with the City of St. Cloud, the following additional information about you will be public: your name; actual gross salary and salary range; actual gross pension; the value and nature of your fringe benefits; the basis for and the amount of any added remuneration, such as expenses or mileage reimbursement, in addition to your salary, your job title; job description; training background; previous work experience, the dates of your first and last employment with the City of St. Cloud; the status of any complaints or charges against you while at work; the final outcome of any disciplinary action taken
Tennessen Warning: The purpose and intended use of the information requested on the application is to assist in determining your eligibility and suitability for the position for which you are applying. You may legally refuse to give the information. If you refuse to give the information, your application for employment may not be considered. Other persons or entities authorized to receive the information you supply, include but are not limited to,: Staff of St. Cloud Police Department, Bureau of Criminal Apprehension, Drivers License Section, Auditors for the City of St. Cloud, and other governmental agencies necessary to process your application.
APPLICANT'S STATEMENT
I hereby certify that all answers to the above questions are true and I agree and understand any false statements contained in this application (including failure to present the required proofs and any additional information required for Public Safety applicants) may cause rejection of this application or termination of employment. I authorize the City of St. Cloud and any agent acting on its behalf to conduct an inquiry into any job-related information contained in this application, including but not limited to, my records maintained by an educational institution relating to academic performance such as transcripts. In accordance with Minnesota Data Practices Act (M.S. 15.165) I have been informed of and understand my rights as a subject of data.
Signature of Applicant
Date
VETERANS' PREFERENCE
COMPLETE THIS FORM ONLY IF YOU ARE CLAIMING VETERANS' PREFERENCE
NOTE: COPY OF VETERAN'S DD214 MUST BE ATTACHED (Veteran is defined by MN Statue 197.447)
You must submit a PHOTOCOPY of your DD214 or other military documents to substantiate the service information requested on the form. Claims not accompanied by proper documentation will not be processed. For assistance in obtaining a copy of your DD214, contact the Veterans' Service Office at (651) 430-6895.
and be a United States citizen or resident alien. Veteran's preference may be used by the surviving spouse of a deceased veteran, who died on active duty or as a result of active duty, and by the spouse of a disabled veteran who is unable to qualify because of the disability.
The City of St. Cloud operates under a point preference system which awards points to qualified veterans to supplement their application. Ten (10) points are granted to non-disabled veterans on open competitive examinations; fifteen (15) points are added if the veteran has a service connected compensable disability as certified by the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (USDVA).
To qualify for preference on a promotional exam, a veteran must have earned a passing exam score and received a USDVA active duty service connected disability rating of 50% or more. For a promotional exam, a qualified disabled veteran is entitled to be granted 5 points. Disabled veterans eligible for such preference may use the 5 points preference only for the first promotion after securing City employment.
To qualify for preference for a competitive exam, you must have earned a passing score and been separated under honorable conditions from any branch of the armed forces of the United States after having served on active duty for 181 consecutive days, or by reason of disability incurred while serving on active duty, or after having served the full period called or ordered for federal active duty
Claims must be made on the form below and submitted with your application by the application deadline of the position for which you are applying. If the DD214 is submitted to our office separate from this sheet, please attach a note with it indicating the position for which you are applying and your present address.
VETERAN (10 points):
(DD214 or DD215 must be submitted to receive points.)
Honorably discharged veteran…………………………………………………………………………………….………………. YES
NO
DISABLED VETERAN (15 points):
(DD214 and USDVA letter of disability rating decision of 10% or more must be submitted to receive points.)
Percent of Disability: _____%
Have you ever been promoted in City of St. Cloud employment?.................................................... YES
NO
SPOUSE OF DECEASED VETERAN (10 points or 15 if the veteran was disabled at time of death):
(DD 214 or DD215, photocopy of marriage certificate, spouse’s death certificate and proof veteran died on or as a result of active duty must be submitted to receive points. You are ineligible to receive points if you have remarried or were divorced from the veteran.)
Date of Death: ___________
Have you remarried?............................................ YES
NO
SPOUSE OF DISABLED VETERAN (15 points):
(DD214 or DD215 and USDVA letter of disability rating decision of 10% or more must be submitted to receive points.) How does the Veteran’s disability prevent performance of a stated job “requirement”. Due to the veteran’s service-connected disability the veteran is unable to qualify for this position because (be specific):
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
AFFIDAVIT : I hereby claim Veterans’ Preference for this examination and swear/affirm that the information given is true, complete and correct to the best of my knowledge. I hereby acknowledge that I am responsible to obtain the Veterans’ preference verification documents and submit them to the City of St. Cloud by the required application deadline date.
______________________________________________________________ _________________________________
Signature
Date
NAME(LAST) (FIRST) (MI)
PHONE NUMBER
POSITION APPLYING FOR
Closing Date:
ADDRESS (STREET) (CITY) (STATE) (ZIP)
ARE YOU A US CITIZEN OR RESIDENT ALIEN?
YES
NO
Information Regarding Claiming Veterans' Preference
Preference points are awarded to qualified veterans as defined by MN Statute 197.477, and to certain spouses of deceased or disabled veterans subject to the provisions of MN Statute 197.477 and 197.455.
The veteran must:
a) be a U.S. citizen or resident alien,
b) have received a discharge under honorable conditions from any branch of the U.S. Armed Forces; AND have either:
i. served on active duty for at least 181 consecutive days, or
ii. have been discharged by reason of service connected disability, or
iii. have completed the minimum active duty requirement of federal law, as defined by CFR title 38, section 3.12a, i.e., having fulfilled the full period for which a person was called or ordered to active duty by the United States President, or
iv. certified service and verification of "veteran status" granted under U.S. PL 95-202.
The information provided will be used to determine your eligibility for veterans' preference points. You are required to supply the following information:
1.) Attach a copy of the DD214 or DD215. This copy must state the nature of discharge; i.e., honorable, general, medical, under honorable conditions. (DD214 "Member-1" copy will not be accepted)
2.) Disabled veterans must also supply a Military/United States Department of Veterans' Affairs Rating Decision that supports/verifies the fact that the injury was incurred while on, or as a result of, active duty service. Disability incurred while on, or as an result of, active duty for training purposes does not qualify for disabled veteran preference per MN Statutes 197.455 and 197.447.
3.) A spouse of a deceased veteran, applying for preference points must supply their marriage certificate, the veteran's DD214 or DD215, USDVA verification that the veteran died on or as a result of active duty, a death certificate, verification of their marriage at the time of veteran's death, and that the spouse has not remarried.
Thank you for your military service and for your interest in employment with the City of St. Cloud. Please contact our office at (320) 255-7217 or your local County Veterans' Service Office, if you have any questions regarding veterans' preference in public employment.
NOTICE TO JOB CANDIDATES – THIS INFORMATION IS VOLUNTARY
Civil Service Rule V allows for "expanded certification" of women and/or racial minorities under certain circumstances. This means that, in addition to the top three candidates historically considered for a vacancy, the Board may include up to two eligible candidates from each protected group that a disparity exists. To be considered, the candidate must score in the top 2/3 of those successfully completing the examination.
If you would like to claim protected class status as a female or racial minority, please indicate below and sign this form. The information is confidential and will be separated from your employment application, but will be used for record keeping purposes in the event you are eligible for the expanded certification allowance.
Protected Class:
Female
Hispanic or Latino - A person of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, South or Central American, or other Spanish culture or origin regardless of race.
Black or African American (Not Hispanic or Latino) - A person having origins in any of the black racial groups of Africa.
Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander (Not Hispanic or Latino) - A person having origins in any of the peoples of Hawaii, Guam, Samoa, or other Pacific Islands.
Asian (Not Hispanic or Latino) - A person having origins in any of the original peoples of the Far East, Southeast Asia, or the Indian Subcontinent, including, for example, Cambodia, China, India, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Pakistan, the Philippine Islands, Thailand, and Vietnam.
American Indian or Alaska Native (Not Hispanic or Latino) - A person having origins in any of the original peoples of North and South America (including Central America), and who maintain tribal affiliation or community attachment.
Two or More Races (Not Hispanic or Latino) - All persons who identify with more than one of the above five races.
Name:
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
(Please Print Name)
Position Applied For: ____________________________________________________________
Signature: ______________________________________________ Date:_________________
1. The following supplemental information may be used as a scored evaluation of your knowledge, skills and experience. Be certain that the choices you make correspond to the information you have provided in your application and resume. You must be honest and accurate in answering the supplemental questions and do not type “see resume”. You may also be asked to demonstrate your knowledge and skills in a work sample or during an interview for this position. By completing this supplemental questionnaire you are attesting that the information you have provided is true and accurate. Information provided may be reviewed by the hiring manager. Any misstatements or falsification of information will eliminate you from consideration or may result in dismissal. Do you understand and agree with this statement?
Yes
No
2. Have you ever been denied employment in a law enforcement related position based on the findings of a background investigation?
Yes
No
3. MN STAT 626.87 and MN RULES 6700.0700 precludes certain individuals from licensure if convicted of any felony as an adult. Have you been convicted of a felony since you became 18 years old?
Yes
No
4. MN STAT 626.87 and MN RULES 6700.0700 precludes certain individuals from licensure if convicted for any of the following crimes. Please indicate if you have been convicted of any of the following. (Select all that apply).
609.224 Assault in the fifth degree
609.2242 Domestic Assault
609.231 Mistreatment of residents or patients
609.2325 Criminal Abuse (vulnerable adult)
609.233 Criminal Neglect (vulnerable adult)
609.2335 Financial Exploitation (vulnerable adult)
Not Applicable
5. Have you been convicted under any state or federal narcotics or controlled substance law irrespective of any proceeding under MN STAT 152.18, or any similar law of another state or federal law?
Yes
No
6. If you indicated in any of the preceding questions that you have received a conviction or convictions, please indicate the nature, date and location of the offense or offenses, the disposition, as well as the terms of any probation requirements that you are under or have successfully completed. If you have not received a conviction or convictions, type “N/A”. Note: if offered this position, you will be subject to a thorough background pursuant to MN STAT 626.87 and MN RULES 6700.0700.
7. Which of the following best describes your experience as a fulltime sworn law enforcement officer, since 2008?
Less than 1 year
More than 1 year, but less than 2
More than 2 years, but less than 3
More than 3 years, but less than 4
5 years+
N/A – none: my employment experience as a fulltime sworn law enforcement office was prior to 2008
N/A – I do not have any employment experience as a fulltime sworn law enforcement officer
8. Which of the following best describes your active duty military police experience, since 2008?
Less than 1 year
More than 1 year, but less than 2
More than 2 years, but less than 3
More than 3 years, but less than 4
5 years+
N/A – none: my employment experience as military police was prior to 2008
N/A – I do not have any employment experience as military police
9. Which of the following best describes your active duty military experience, other than military police experience, since 2008?
Less than 1 year
More than 1 year, but less than 2
More than 2 years, but less than 3
More than 3 years, but less than 4
5 years+
N/A – none: my active duty military experience, other than military police, was prior to 2008
N/A – I do not have any active duty military experience
10. Which of the following best describes your public contact/face to face customer service related experience, other than police experience, since 2008?
Less than 1 year
More than 1 year, but less than 2
More than 2 years, but less than 3
More than 3 years, but less than 4
5 years+
N/A – none: my customer service experience, other than police officer experience, was prior to 2008
N/A – I do not have any public contact/customer service experience
11. Which of the following best describes your public safety related experience in corrections, park ranger, security guard or working in a locked facility, since 2008?
Less than 1 year
More than 1 year, but less than 2
More than 2 years, but less than 3
More than 3 years, but less than 4
5 years
N/A – none: my experience was prior to 2008
N/A – I do not have any public safety related experience as described above
12. Have you had an internship in the public safety field?
Yes
No
13. Have you worked, or are currently working, as a Community Service Officer?
Yes
No
If yes, at St. Cloud Police Department?
Yes
No
14. Have you been, or currently are, involved with the Police Reserve program as a Reserve Officer?
Yes
No
Name
Date
|
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CC-MAIN-2017-13
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HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs
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STILL ON THE ROAD 2004 US FALL COLLEGE TOUR
OCTOBER
NOVEMBER
26540 The Grand Ballroom The Regency Center San Francisco, California 13 October 2004
1. Rainy Day Women # 12 & 35
2. Tonight I'll Be Staying Here With You
3. Watching The River Flow
4. It's Alright, Ma (I'm Only Bleeding)
5. I'll Be Your Baby Tonight
6. Ballad Of A Thin Man
7. Tweedle Dee & Tweedle Dum
8. This Wheel's On Fire (Bob Dylan/Rick Danko)
9. Seeing The Real You At Last
10. No More One More Time (Troy Seals-Dave Kirby)
11. Ballad Of Hollis Brown
12. Honest With Me
13. Sugar Baby
14. Summer Days
—
15. Cat's In The Well
16. Like A Rolling Stone
17. All Along The Watchtower
Concert # 1671 of The Never-Ending Tour. First concert of the 2004 US Fall College Tour. 2004 concert # 83.
Concert # 50 with the 18th Never-Ending Tour Band: Bob Dylan (vocal & piano), Stu Kimball (guitar), Larry Campbell (guitar, mandolin, pedal steel guitar & electric slide guitar), Tony Garnier (bass), George Recile (drums & percussion).
4, 11 acoustic with the band.
1-13, 15-17 Bob Dylan (piano)
14 Bob Dylan guitar.
14 instrumental
3, 6, 9 Bob Dylan (harmonica).
4, 11, 13 Larry Campbell (cittern).
2, 5, 16, 17 Larry Campbell (pedal steel guitar).
3, 12 Larry Campbell (slide guitar).
Notes
The piano lost power at thestart of Summer Days, so Dylan switched to guitar and skipped the vocals!
LB-numbers for this concert: LB-2108, LB-2170, LB-2228, LB-2340.
No More One More Time was last played in Linz, Austria 15 June 1991.
Other Bob Dylan concerts in San Francisco, California:
27 November 1964 Masonic Memorial Auditorium
23 March 1975 Kezar Stadium, Golden Gate Park
25 November 1976 Winterland
1 November 1979 Fox Warfield Theatre
2 November 1979 Fox Warfield Theatre
3 November 1979 Fox Warfield Theatre
4 November 1979 Fox Warfield Theatre
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6 November 1979 Fox Warfield Theatre 7 November 1979 Fox Warfield Theatre 8 November 1979 Fox Warfield Theatre 9 November 1979 Fox Warfield Theatre 10 November 1979 Fox Warfield Theatre 11 November 1979 Fox Warfield Theatre 13 November 1979 Fox Warfield Theatre 14 November 1979 Fox Warfield Theatre 15 November 1979 Fox Warfield Theatre 16 November 1979 Fox Warfield Theatre 9 November 1980 Fox Warfield Theatre 10 November 1980 Fox Warfield Theatre 11 November 1980 Fox Warfield Theatre 12 November 1980 Fox Warfield Theatre 13 November 1980 Fox Warfield Theatre 14 November 1980 Fox Warfield Theatre 15 November 1980 Fox Warfield Theatre 17 November 1980 Fox Warfield Theatre 18 November 1980 Fox Warfield Theatre 19 November 1980 Fox Warfield Theatre 21 November 1980 Fox Warfield Theatre 22 November 1980 Fox Warfield Theatre 4 May 1992 The Warfield Theater 5 May 1992 The Warfield Theater 22 May 1995 The Warfield Theater 23 May 1995 The Warfield Theater 13 October 2001 Bill Graham Civic Auditorium 16 October 2006 Bill Graham Civic Auditorium 17 October 2006 Bill Graham Civic Auditorium 25 August 2010 The Warfield Theater
```
Stereo audience recording, 110 minutes.
Session info updated 16 September 2010.
26550 Leavey Center Santa Clara University Santa Clara, California 14 October 2004
1. Blues Instrumental
2. Drifter's Escape
3. I'll Be Your Baby Tonight
4. Tweedle Dee & Tweedle Dum
5. Just Like A Woman
6. Things Have Changed
7. Girl From The North Country
8. Cold Irons Bound
9. Every Grain Of Sand
10. Highway 61 Revisited
11. Sugar Baby
12. Most Likely You Go Your Way (And I'll Go Mine)
13. Honest With Me
14. It Ain't Me, Babe
15. Summer Days
—
16. Like A Rolling Stone
17. All Along The Watchtower
Concert # 1672 of The Never-Ending Tour. Second concert of the 2004 US Fall College Tour. 2004 concert # 84.
Concert # 51 with the 18th Never-Ending Tour Band: Bob Dylan (vocal & piano), Stu Kimball (guitar), Larry Campbell (guitar, mandolin, pedal steel guitar & electric slide guitar), Tony Garnier (bass), George Recile (drums & percussion).
7, 14 acoustic with the band.
1 Bob Dylan (guitar)
2, 5, 7, 12, 14 Bob Dylan (harmonica).
11 Larry Campbell (cittern).
3, 5. 9, 14, 16, 17 Larry Campbell (pedal steel guitar).
13 Larry Campbell (slide guitar).
Notes
LB-numbers for this concert: LB-2109, LB-2111, LB-2117, LB-2150, LB-2172, LB-2385.
First Bob Dylan concert in Santa Clara, California.
Bootleg
The Drifter Did Escape. Tambourine Man Records.
10 new songs (58%) compared to previous concert. 10 new songs for this tour.
Stereo audience recording, 130 minutes.
26560 Save Mart Center Fresno State University Fresno, California 16 October 2004
1. Maggie's Farm
2. The Times They Are A-Changin'
3. Tweedle Dee & Tweedle Dum
4. Mr. Tambourine Man
5. High Water (For Charley Patton)
6. I Don't Believe You (She Acts Like We Never Have Met)
7. Ballad Of Hollis Brown
8. Highway 61 Revisited
9. Floater (Too Much To Ask)
10. Stuck Inside Of Mobile With The Memphis Blues Again
11. Forever Young
12. Honest With Me
13. Positively 4th Street
14. Summer Days
—
15. Like A Rolling Stone
16. All Along The Watchtower
Concert # 1673 of The Never-Ending Tour. Third concert of the 2004 US Fall College Tour. 2004 concert # 85.
Concert # 52 with the 18th Never-Ending Tour Band: Bob Dylan (vocal & piano), Stu Kimball (guitar), Larry Campbell (guitar, mandolin, pedal steel guitar & electric slide guitar), Tony Garnier (bass), George Recile (drums & percussion).
2, 4, 7, 11 acoustic with the band.
2, 4, 6, 9-11, 13 Bob Dylan (harmonica).
5, 7 Larry Campbell (cittern).
9 Larry Campbell (violin).
11, 15, 16 Larry Campbell (pedal steel guitar).
12 Larry Campbell (slide guitar).
Notes
LB-numbers for this concert: LB-2157, LB-2298.
First Bob Dylan concert in Fresno, California. Next concert:
14 August 2009 Chukchansi Park
10 new songs (62%) compared to previous concert. 9 new songs for this tour.
Stereo audience recording, 100 minutes.
26570 Haas Pavilion
University Of California Berkeley
Berkeley, California
17 October 2004
1. God Knows
2. If You See Her, Say Hello
3. Lonesome Day Blues
4. Forever Young
5. Tweedle Dee & Tweedle Dum
6. Tryin' To Get To Heaven
7. Highway 61 Revisited
8. Desolation Row
9. Boots Of Spanish Leather
10. You Ain't Goin' Nowhere
11. Blind Willie McTell
12. Honest With Me
13. It Ain't Me, Babe
14. Summer Days
—
15. Like A Rolling Stone
16. All Along The Watchtower
Concert # 1674 of The Never-Ending Tour. Concert # 4 of the 2004 US Fall College Tour. 2004 concert # 86.
Concert # 53 with the 18th Never-Ending Tour Band: Bob Dylan (vocal & piano), Stu Kimball (guitar), Larry Campbell (guitar, mandolin, pedal steel guitar & electric slide guitar), Tony Garnier (bass), George Recile (drums & percussion).
4, 8, 9, 13 acoustic with the band.
2, 4, 9, 10, 13 Bob Dylan (harmonica).
4, 6, 15, 16 Larry Campbell (pedal steel guitar).
9, 11, 13 Larry Campbell (cittern).
10, 12 Larry Campbell (slide guitar).
Notes.
LB-numbers for this concert: LB-2159, LB-2299
Previous Bob Dylan concerts in Berkeley, California:
9 new songs (56%) compared to previous concert. 8 new songs for this tour.
Stereo audience recording, 105 minutes.
Session info updated 7 July 2016.
26580 The Pavilion At The Arc Davis, California 18 October 2004
1. To Be Alone With You
2. Señor (Tales Of Yankee Power)
3. Tweedle Dee & Tweedle Dum
4. Under The Red Sky
5. It's Alright, Ma (I'm Only Bleeding)
6. Moonlight
7. Cold Irons Bound
8. Just Like Tom Thumb's Blues
9. Man In The Long Black Coat
10. Highway 61 Revisited
11. Saving Grace
12. Honest With Me
13. Don't Think Twice, It's All Right
14. Summer Days
—
15. Like A Rolling Stone
16. All Along The Watchtower
Concert # 1675 of The Never-Ending Tour. Concert # 5 of the 2004 US Fall College Tour. 2004 concert # 87. Concert # 54 with the 18th Never-Ending Tour Band: Bob Dylan (vocal & piano), Stu Kimball (guitar), Larry Campbell (guitar, mandolin, pedal steel guitar & electric slide guitar), Tony Garnier (bass), George Recile (drums & percussion).
5, 13 acoustic with the band.
1, 2, 4, 6, 11 Bob Dylan (harmonica).
5, 13 Larry Campbell (cittern).
4, 11, 15, 16 Larry Campbell (pedal steel guitar).
12 Larry Campbell (slide guitar).
Notes
LB-numbers for this concert: LB-2160, LB-2393, LB-2998.
First Bob Dylan concert in Davis, California.
10 new songs (62%) compared to previous concert. 8 new songs for this tour.
Stereo audience recording, 100 minutes.
Session info updated 21 August 2014.
26590 Bren Events Center University Of California Irvine Irvine, California 20 October 2004
1. To Be Alone With You
2. The Times They Are A-Changin'
3. Tweedle Dee & Tweedle Dum
4. Floater (Too Much To Ask)
5. It's Alright, Ma (I'm Only Bleeding)
6. Make You Feel My Love
7. Highway 61 Revisited
8. Boots Of Spanish Leather
9. High Water (For Charley Patton)
10. Every Grain Of Sand
11. Masters Of War
12. Honest With Me
13. It Ain't Me, Babe
14. Summer Days
—
15. Like A Rolling Stone
16. All Along The Watchtower
Concert # 1676 of The Never-Ending Tour. Concert # 6 of the 2004 US Fall College Tour. 2004 concert # 88.
Concert # 55 with the 18th Never-Ending Tour Band: Bob Dylan (vocal & piano), Stu Kimball (guitar), Larry Campbell (guitar, mandolin, pedal steel guitar & electric slide guitar), Tony Garnier (bass), George Recile (drums & percussion).
2, 5, 8, 11, 13 acoustic with the band.
2, 6, 8, 10, 13 Bob Dylan (harmonica).
4 Larry Campbell (violin).
5, 8, 9,13 Larry Campbell (cittern).
10, 15, 16 Larry Campbell (pedal steel guitar).
12 Larry Campbell (slide guitar).
Notes
LB-number for this concert: LB-2268.
Other Bob Dylan concert in Irvine, California:
29 June 2000 Verizon Wireless Amphitheater
3 August 2013 Verizon Wireless Amphitheater
8 new songs (50%) compared to previous concert. 2 new songs for this tour.
Stereo audience recording, 100 minutes.
Session info updated 5 August 2013.
26600 Events Center
University Of California Santa Barbara Santa Barbara, California 21 October 2004
1. Drifter's Escape
2. I'll Remember You
3. Lonesome Day Blues
4. Just Like A Woman
5. Tweedle Dee & Tweedle Dum
6. You Ain't Goin' Nowhere
7. Moonlight
8. Highway 61 Revisited
9. Girl From The North Country
10. Cold Irons Bound
11. Tryin' To Get To Heaven
12. Honest With Me
13. A Hard Rain's A-Gonna Fall
14. Summer Days
—
15. Like A Rolling Stone
16. All Along The Watchtower
Concert # 1677 of The Never-Ending Tour. Concert # 7 of the 2004 US Fall College Tour. 2004 concert # 89.
Concert # 56 with the 18th Never-Ending Tour Band: Bob Dylan (vocal & piano), Stu Kimball (guitar), Larry Campbell (guitar, mandolin, pedal steel guitar & electric slide guitar), Tony Garnier (bass), George Recile (drums & percussion).
9, 13 acoustic with the band.
1, 4, 6, 7, 9 Bob Dylan (harmonica).
2, 4, 6, 11, 15, 16 Larry Campbell (pedal steel guitar).
12 Larry Campbell (slide guitar).
13 Larry Campbell (cittern).
Notes
LB-numbers for this concert: LB-2178, LB-2747.
Other Bob Dylan concerts in Santa Barbara, California:
7 August 1988 Santa Barbara County Bowl
5 September 1989 Santa Barbara County Bowl
11 May 1992
The Arlington Theater
20 May 1995
Santa Barbara County Bowl
14 October 2001 Events Center, University Of California Santa Barbara
7 September 2008 Santa Barbara County Bowl
22 October 2012 Santa Barbara County Bowl
11 June 2016
Santa Barbara County Bowl
10 new songs (62%) compared to previous concert. 2 new songs for this tour.
Stereo audience recording, 100 minutes.
Session info updated 7 July 2016.
26610 Cox Arena
San Diego State
San Diego, California
22 October 2004
1. Leopard-Skin Pill-Box Hat
2. It's All Over Now, Baby Blue
3. Tweedle Dee & Tweedle Dum
4. Tell Me That It Isn't True
5. Things Have Changed
6. Most Likely You Go Your Way (And I'll Go Mine)
7. If Dogs Run Free
8. Cold Irons Bound
9. Positively 4th Street
10. Highway 61 Revisited
11. Standing In The Doorway
12. Honest With Me
13. Forever Young
14. Summer Days
—
15. Like A Rolling Stone
16. All Along The Watchtower
Concert # 1678 of The Never-Ending Tour. Concert # 8 of the 2004 US Fall College Tour. 2004 concert # 90.
Concert # 57 with the 18th Never-Ending Tour Band: Bob Dylan (vocal & piano), Stu Kimball (guitar), Larry Campbell (guitar, mandolin, pedal steel guitar & electric slide guitar), Tony Garnier (bass), George Recile (drums & percussion).
2, 13 acoustic with the band.
1, 2, 6, 7, 9, 13 Bob Dylan (harmonica).
2, 4, 13, 15, 16 Larry Campbell (pedal steel guitar).
12 Larry Campbell (slide guitar).
Notes
LB-numbers for this concert: LB-2181, LB-4422.
Other Bob Dylan concerts in San Diego, California:
17 November 1978 Sports Arena
27 November 1979 Golden Hall
28 November 1979 Golden Hall
26 November 1980 Golden Hall
9 June 1986
San Diego Sports Arena
6 September 1989 Starlight Bowl
3 October 1993 Coronado Stadium
10 May 1995
Embarcadero Amphitheater, Embarcadero Marine Park South
19 October 2002 Open Air Theatre, San Diego State University
22 October 2006 Cox Arena, San Diego State
6 September 2008 Qualcomm Stadium
24 October 2012 Valley View Casino Center
13 June 2016
Humphreys Concerts By The Bay
14 June 2016
Humphreys Concerts By The Bay
9 new songs (56%) compared to previous concert. 5 new songs for this tour.
Stereo audience recording, 105 minutes.
Session info updated 11 July 2016.
26620 Coors Events Center University Of Colorado Boulder, Colorado 24 October 2004
1. Down Along The Cove
2. God Knows
3. Tweedle Dee & Tweedle Dum
4. Lay Lady Lay
5. Highway 61 Revisited
6. Can't Wait
7. Most Likely You Go Your Way (And I'll Go Mine)
8. High Water (For Charley Patton)
9. Positively 4th Street
10. Bye And Bye
11. Don't Think Twice, It's All Right
12. Honest With Me
13. Forever Young
14. Summer Days
—
15. Like A Rolling Stone
16. All Along The Watchtower
Concert # 1679 of The Never-Ending Tour. Concert # 9 of the 2004 US Fall College Tour. 2004 concert # 91.
Concert # 58 with the 18th Never-Ending Tour Band: Bob Dylan (vocal & piano), Stu Kimball (guitar), Larry Campbell (guitar, mandolin, pedal steel guitar & electric slide guitar), Tony Garnier (bass), George Recile (drums & percussion).
11, 13 acoustic with the band.
1, 2, 4, 7, 10, 11, 13 Bob Dylan (harmonica).
4, 13, 15, 16 Larry Campbell (pedal steel guitar).
8, 11 Larry Campbell (cittern).
12 Larry Campbell (slide guitar).
Notes
LB-numbers for this concert: LB-2141, LB-2143, LB-2308.
Previous Bob Dylan concert in Boulder, Colorado:
18 April 2001 Coors Events Center, University Of Colorado
7 new songs (43%) compared to previous concert. 4 new songs for this tour.
Stereo audience recording, 105 minutes.
26630 Bramlage Coliseum Kansas State University Manhattan, Kansas 26 October 2004
1. Rainy Day Women # 12 & 35
2. It's All Over Now, Baby Blue
3. Lonesome Day Blues
4. Tonight I'll Be Staying Here With You
5. Tweedle Dee & Tweedle Dum
6. Positively 4th Street
7. It's Alright, Ma (I'm Only Bleeding)
8. Girl From The North Country
9. Highway 61 Revisited
10. Floater (Too Much To Ask)
11. This Wheel's On Fire (Bob Dylan/Rick Danko)
12. Honest With Me
13. Masters Of War
14. Summer Days
—
15. Like A Rolling Stone
16. All Along The Watchtower
Concert # 1680 of The Never-Ending Tour. Concert # 10 of the 2004 US Fall College Tour. 2004 concert # 92.
Concert # 59 with the 18th Never-Ending Tour Band: Bob Dylan (vocal & piano), Stu Kimball (guitar), Larry Campbell (guitar, mandolin, pedal steel guitar & electric slide guitar), Tony Garnier (bass), George Recile (drums & percussion).
2, 7, 8, 13 acoustic with the band.
1, 2, 8, 10, 11 Bob Dylan (harmonica).
2, 4, 15, 16 Larry Campbell (pedal steel guitar).
7 Larry Campbell (cittern).
10 Larry Campbell (violin).
12 Larry Campbell (slide guitar).
Notes
LB-numbers for this concert: LB-2407, LB-2479.
First Bob Dylan concert in Manhattan, Kansas.
9 new songs (56%) compared to previous concert. No new songs for this tour.
Stereo audience recording, 105 minutes.
26640 Hearnes Center University Of Missouri Columbia, Missouri 27 October 2004
1. Down Along The Cove
2. The Times They Are A-Changin'
3. Tweedle Dee & Tweedle Dum
4. Tryin' To Get To Heaven
5. Stuck Inside Of Mobile With The Memphis Blues Again
6. Ballad Of Hollis Brown
7. Bye And Bye
8. Highway 61 Revisited
9. Ballad Of A Thin Man
10. I'll Be Your Baby Tonight
11. Boots Of Spanish Leather
12. Honest With Me
13. Every Grain Of Sand
14. Summer Days
—
15. Like A Rolling Stone
16. All Along The Watchtower
Concert # 1681 of The Never-Ending Tour. Concert # 11 of the 2004 US Fall College Tour. 2004 concert # 93.
Concert # 60 with the 18th Never-Ending Tour Band: Bob Dylan (vocal & piano), Stu Kimball (guitar), Larry Campbell (guitar, mandolin, pedal steel guitar & electric slide guitar), Tony Garnier (bass), George Recile (drums & percussion).
2, 6, 11 acoustic with the band.
1, 2, 7, 9, 10, 11, 13 Bob Dylan (harmonica).
4, 10, 13, 15, 16 Larry Campbell (pedal steel guitar).
6, 11 Larry Campbell (cittern).
12 Larry Campbell (slide guitar).
Notes
LB-number for this concert: LB-2411.
Previous Bob Dylan concerts in Columbia, Missouri:
1 May 1994
Jesse Auditorium
15 November 1996 Stephens Auditorium, Stephens College
24 April 2001
Hearnes Center, University Of Missouri
10 new songs (62%) compared to previous concert. No new songs for this tour.
Stereo audience recording, 105 minutes.
26650 Carver-Hawkeye Arena University Of Iowa Iowa City, Iowa 29 October 2004
1. To Be Alone With You
2. Tonight I'll Be Staying Here With You
3. Tweedle Dee & Tweedle Dum
4. Mr. Tambourine Man
5. Cold Irons Bound
6. If Dogs Run Free
7. Stuck Inside Of Mobile With The Memphis Blues Again
8. Love Sick
9. Highway 61 Revisited
10. Make You Feel My Love
11. Watching The River Flow
12. Honest With Me
13. Standing In The Doorway
14. Summer Days
—
15. Like A Rolling Stone
16. All Along The Watchtower
Concert # 1682 of The Never-Ending Tour. Concert # 12 of the 2004 US Fall College Tour. 2004 concert # 94.
Concert # 61 with the 18th Never-Ending Tour Band: Bob Dylan (vocal & piano), Stu Kimball (guitar), Larry Campbell (guitar, mandolin, pedal steel guitar & electric slide guitar), Tony Garnier (bass), George Recile (drums & percussion).
4 acoustic with the band.
1, 2, 4, 6, 10, 11 Bob Dylan (harmonica).
2, 15, 16 Larry Campbell (pedal steel guitar).
11, 12 Larry Campbell (slide guitar).
Notes
LB-numbers for this concert: LB-2254, LB-2276, LB-2377
Other Bob Dylan concerts in Iowa City, Iowa:
8 November 1990 Carver-Hawkeye Auditorium
24 October 2007 Carver-Hawkeye Arena, University Of Iowa
9 new songs (56%) compared to previous concert. 1 new song for this tour.
Stereo audience recording, 105 minutes.
26660 Tarble Athletic and Recreation Center (TARC) Carthage College Kenosha, Wisconsin 30 October 2004
1. Maggie's Farm
2. The Times They Are A-Changin'
3. Lonesome Day Blues
4. Every Grain Of Sand
5. Tweedle Dee & Tweedle Dum
6. Just Like Tom Thumb's Blues
7. It's Alright, Ma (I'm Only Bleeding)
8. Girl From The North Country
9. Floater (Too Much To Ask)
10. Highway 61 Revisited
11. A Hard Rain's A-Gonna Fall
12. Honest With Me
13. Ballad Of Hollis Brown
14. Summer Days
—
15. Like A Rolling Stone
16. All Along The Watchtower
Concert # 1683 of The Never-Ending Tour. Concert # 13 of the 2004 US Fall College Tour. 2004 concert # 95.
Concert # 62 with the 18th Never-Ending Tour Band: Bob Dylan (vocal & piano), Stu Kimball (guitar), Larry Campbell (guitar, mandolin, pedal steel guitar & electric slide guitar), Tony Garnier (bass), George Recile (drums & percussion).
2, 7, 8, 11, 13 acoustic with the band.
1, 2, 4, 6, 8 Bob Dylan (harmonica).
4, 15, 16 Larry Campbell (pedal steel guitar).
7, 11 Larry Campbell (cittern).
9 Larry Campbell (violin).
11 Larry Campbell (cittern).
12 Larry Campbell (slide guitar).
Notes
LB-numbers for this concert: LB-2138, LB-2145, LB-2556.
First Bob Dylan concert in Kenosha, Wisconsin.
10 new songs (62%) compared to previous concert. No new songs for this tour.
Stereo audience recording, 120 minutes.
26670 Convocation Center Northern Illinois University De Kalb, Illinois 31 October 2004
1. Down Along The Cove
2. God Knows
3. Positively 4th Street
4. Things Have Changed
5. Forever Young
6. Lonesome Day Blues
7. Stuck Inside Of Mobile With The Memphis Blues Again
8. Blind Willie McTell
9. Highway 61 Revisited
10. Not Dark Yet
11. High Water (For Charley Patton)
12. Honest With Me
13. It Ain't Me, Babe
14. Summer Days
—
15. Like A Rolling Stone
16. All Along The Watchtower
Concert # 1684 of The Never-Ending Tour. Concert # 14 of the 2004 US Fall College Tour. 2004 concert # 96.
Concert # 63 with the 18th Never-Ending Tour Band: Bob Dylan (vocal & piano), Stu Kimball (guitar), Larry Campbell (guitar, mandolin, pedal steel guitar & electric slide guitar), Tony Garnier (bass), George Recile (drums & percussion).
5, 13 acoustic with the band.
1, 3, 6, 7, 10, 13 Bob Dylan (harmonica).
5, 15, 16 Larry Campbell (pedal steel guitar).
8, 11, 13 Larry Campbell (cittern).
12 Larry Campbell (slide guitar).
Notes
LB-numbers for this concert: LB-2183, LB-2376.
Previous Bob Dylan concert in De Kalb, Illinois:
6 November 1990 Chick Evans Fieldhouse, University Of Northern Illinois
10 new songs (62%) compared to previous concert. 1 new song for this tour.
Stereo audience recording, 110 minutes.
26680 Kolf Arena University Of Wisconsin Oshkosh, Wisconsin 2 November 2004
1. Absolutely Sweet Marie
2. It's All Over Now, Baby Blue
3. Lonesome Day Blues
4. Positively 4th Street
5. It's Alright, Ma (I'm Only Bleeding)
6. Tweedle Dee & Tweedle Dum
7. Girl From The North Country
8. Cold Irons Bound
9. Ring Them Bells
10. Highway 61 Revisited
11. This Wheel's On Fire (Bob Dylan/Rick Danko)
12. Honest With Me
13. Masters Of War
14. Summer Days
—
15. Like A Rolling Stone
16. All Along The Watchtower
Concert # 1685 of The Never-Ending Tour. Concert # 15 of the 2004 US Fall College Tour. 2004 concert # 97. Concert # 64 with the 18th Never-Ending Tour Band: Bob Dylan (vocal & piano), Stu Kimball (guitar), Larry Campbell (guitar, mandolin, pedal steel guitar & electric slide guitar), Tony Garnier (bass), George Recile (drums & percussion).
2, 5, 7, 13 acoustic with the band.
1, 2, 4, 7, 11 Bob Dylan (harmonica).
5 Larry Campbell (cittern).
2, 15, 16 Larry Campbell (pedal steel guitar).
12 Larry Campbell (slide guitar).
BobTalk
Thank you friends! On guitar — Larry Campbell! Also he's playing on the steel guitar, Stu Kimball is on the electric guitar — Stu Kimball! George Recile's on the drums, George Recile. You can do better than that! George Recile! And on bass guitar, Tony Garnier.
Notes
LB-numbers for this concert: LB-2158, LB-2177. First Bob Dylan concert in Oshkosh, Wisconsin. Absolutely Sweet Marie was last played in Bournemouth, England 5 May 2002. 9 new songs (56%) compared to previous concert. 2 new songs for this tour. Stereo audience recording, 105 minutes.
Session info updated 18 March 2014.
26690 The Edward C. Elliot Hall Of Music Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana 3 November 2004
1. Rainy Day Women # 12 & 35
2. The Times They Are A-Changin'
3. It's Alright, Ma (I'm Only Bleeding)
4. Shooting Star
5. Most Likely You Go Your Way (And I'll Go Mine)
6. Million Miles
7. Boots Of Spanish Leather
8. High Water (For Charley Patton)
9. Tweedle Dee & Tweedle Dum
10. Sugar Baby
11. Desolation Row
12. Honest With Me
13. A Hard Rain's A-Gonna Fall
14. Summer Days
—
15. Like A Rolling Stone
16. All Along The Watchtower
Concert # 1686 of The Never-Ending Tour. Concert # 16 of the 2004 US Fall College Tour. 2004 concert # 98.
Concert # 65 with the 18th Never-Ending Tour Band: Bob Dylan (vocal & piano), Stu Kimball (guitar), Larry Campbell (guitar, mandolin, pedal steel guitar & electric slide guitar), Tony Garnier (bass), George Recile (drums & percussion).
2, 3, 7, 11, 13 acoustic with the band.
1, 2, 4-7 Bob Dylan (harmonica).
3, 7, 8, 10, 13 Larry Campbell (cittern).
12 Larry Campbell (slide guitar).
15, 16 Larry Campbell (pedal steel guitar).
Notes
LB-numbers for this concert: LB-2152, LB-2825, LB-2826.
Other Bob Dylan concerts in West Lafayette, Indiana:
6 November 1981 Elliot Hall Of Music, Purdue University
2 November 2000 The Edward C. Elliott Hall of Music, Purdue University
10 new songs (62%) compared to previous concert. 2 new songs for this tour.
Stereo audience recording, 120 minutes.
26700 Jerome Schottenstein Center
Ohio State University
Columbus, Ohio
4 November 2004
1. Drifter's Escape
2. Dignity
3. Tweedle Dee & Tweedle Dum
4. Mr. Tambourine Man
5. High Water (For Charley Patton)
6. Po' Boy
7. Cold Irons Bound
8. Tryin' To Get To Heaven
9. Highway 61 Revisited
10. Blind Willie McTell
11. Floater (Too Much To Ask)
12. Honest With Me
13. Every Grain Of Sand
14. Summer Days
—
15. Like A Rolling Stone
16. All Along The Watchtower
Concert # 1687 of The Never-Ending Tour. Concert # 17 of the 2004 US Fall College Tour. 2004 concert # 99.
Concert # 66 with the 18th Never-Ending Tour Band: Bob Dylan (vocal & piano), Stu Kimball (guitar), Larry Campbell (guitar, mandolin, pedal steel guitar & electric slide guitar), Tony Garnier (bass), George Recile (drums & percussion).
4, 6 acoustic with the band.
1, 2, 4, 6, 11 Bob Dylan (harmonica).
5, 10 Larry Campbell (cittern).
8, 13, 15, 16 Larry Campbell (pedal steel guitar).
11 Larry Campbell (violin).
12 Larry Campbell (slide guitar).
Notes
LB-number for this concert: LB-2318.
Other Bob Dylan concerts in Columbus, Ohio:
20 May 1980
Franklin County Veterans Memorial Auditorium
6 August 1989
Cooper Stadium
16 November 1990 Palace Theater
21 August 1994 Ohio State Fair, State Fair Grounds
8 May 1996
The Palace
7 November 1997 Veterans Memorial Auditorium
10 February 1999 Veterans Memorial Auditorium
3 November 1999 Value City Arena, Jerome Schottenstein Center, Ohio State University
10 November 2001 Nationwide Arena
6 August 2003
Germain Amphitheater
13 August 2006 Cooper Stadium
13 October 2007 Value City Arena, Jerome Schottenstein Center, Ohio State University
3 November 2009 The LC - Lifestyle Communities Pavilion
4 November 2010 Schottenstein Center, Ohio State University
16 May 2015
Ohio Theatre
10 new songs (62%) compared to previous concert. 2 new songs for this tour.
Stereo audience recording, 110 minutes.
Session info updated 18 May 2015.
26710 Brubaker Auditorium Messiah College Grantham, Pennsylvania 6 November 2004
1. Maggie's Farm
2. The Times They Are A-Changin'
3. Lonesome Day Blues
4. Mr. Tambourine Man
5. It's Alright, Ma (I'm Only Bleeding)
6. Po' Boy
7. Stuck Inside Of Mobile With The Memphis Blues Again
8. Dignity
9. Love Sick
10. Tweedle Dee & Tweedle Dum
11. Saving Grace
12. Honest With Me
13. Ballad Of Hollis Brown
14. Summer Days
—
15. Like A Rolling Stone
16. All Along The Watchtower
Concert # 1688 of The Never-Ending Tour. Concert # 18 of the 2004 US Fall College Tour. 2004 concert # 100.
Concert # 67 with the 18th Never-Ending Tour Band: Bob Dylan (vocal & piano), Stu Kimball (guitar), Larry Campbell (guitar, mandolin, pedal steel guitar & electric slide guitar), Tony Garnier (bass), George Recile (drums & percussion).
2, 4-6, 13 acoustic with the band.
2, 4, 6, 11 Bob Dylan (harmonica).
5, 13 Larry Campbell (cittern).
12 Larry Campbell (slide guitar).
15, 16 Larry Campbell (pedal steel guitar).
Notes
LB-numbers for this concert: LB-2154, LB-2163, LB-2412, LB-2555.
First Bob Dylan concert in Grantham, Pennsylvania .
8 new songs (50%) compared to previous concert. No new songs for this tour.
Stereo audience recording, 105 minutes.
26720 Petersen Events Center University Of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 7 November 2004
1. Rainy Day Women # 12 & 35
2. Forever Young
3. God Knows
4. Bye And Bye
5. It's Alright, Ma (I'm Only Bleeding)
6. Lay Lady Lay
7. High Water (For Charley Patton)
8. Positively 4th Street
9. Watching The River Flow
10. Can't Wait
11. Don't Think Twice, It's All Right
12. Honest With Me
13. Sugar Baby
14. Summer Days
—
15. Like A Rolling Stone
16. All Along The Watchtower
Concert # 1689 of The Never-Ending Tour. Concert # 19 of the 2004 US Fall College Tour. 2004 concert # 101.
Concert # 68 with the 18th Never-Ending Tour Band: Bob Dylan (vocal & piano), Stu Kimball (guitar), Larry Campbell (guitar, mandolin, pedal steel guitar & electric slide guitar), Tony Garnier (bass), George Recile (drums & percussion).
2, 5, 11 acoustic with the band.
1-4, 8, 11 Bob Dylan (harmonica).
2, 6, 15, 16 Larry Campbell (pedal steel guitar).
5, 7, 8, 13 Larry Campbell (cittern).
9, 12 Larry Campbell (slide guitar).
Notes
LB-numbers for this concert: LB-2360, LB-2361, LB-4301.
Other Bob Dylan concerts in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania :
6 February 1966 Syria Mosque
14 May 1980
Stanley Theatre
15 May 1980
Stanley Theatre
16 May 1980
Stanley Theatre
13 September 1988 Civic Arena
28 July 1989
Civic Arena
22 October 1990 Syria Mosque
16 July 1991
IC Light Amphitheater
9 October 1992 A. J. Palumbo Theatre
19 August 1994 IC Tent, Station Square
5 November 1999 Civic Arena
6 November 2000 A.J. Palumbo Center, Duquesne University
8 November 2002 A.J. Palumbo Center, Duquesne University
11 October 2007 Petersen Events Center, University Of Pittsburgh
9 August 2008
Main Stage, SouthSide Works
7 November 2010 Petersen Events Center, University Of Pittsburgh
20 November 2014 Heinz Hall For The Performing Arts
11 new songs (68%) compared to previous concert. No new songs for this tour.
Stereo audience recording, 110 minutes.
Session info updated 26 November 2014.
26730 Jack Breslin Student Events Center Michigan State University East Lansing, Michigan 9 November 2004
1. Rainy Day Women # 12 & 35
2. It's All Over Now, Baby Blue
3. Lonesome Day Blues
4. Desolation Row
5. Tweedle Dee & Tweedle Dum
6. Under The Red Sky
7. It's Alright, Ma (I'm Only Bleeding)
8. Love Minus Zero/No Limit
9. Cold Irons Bound
10. Girl From The North Country
11. Floater (Too Much To Ask)
12. Honest With Me
13. Masters Of War
14. Summer Days
—
15. Like A Rolling Stone
16. All Along The Watchtower
Concert # 1690 of The Never-Ending Tour. Concert # 20 of the 2004 US Fall College Tour. 2004 concert # 102.
Concert # 69 with the 18th Never-Ending Tour Band: Bob Dylan (vocal & piano), Stu Kimball (guitar), Larry Campbell (guitar, mandolin, pedal steel guitar & electric slide guitar), Tony Garnier (bass), George Recile (drums & percussion).
2, 4, 7, 8, 10, 13 acoustic with the band.
2, 4, 6, 10 Bob Dylan (harmonica).
7 Larry Campbell (cittern).
2, 6, 8, 15, 16 Larry Campbell (pedal steel guitar).
11 Larry Campbell (violin).
12 Larry Campbell (slide guitar).
Notes
LB-number for this concert: LB-2165.
Previous Bob Dylan concerts in East Lansing, Michigan:
12 November 1990 Wharton Center, University Of Michigan
20 November 1996 MSU Auditorium, Michigan State University
2 November 1999 Breslin Student Events Center, Michigan State University
27 October 2010 MSU Auditorium, Michigan State University
10 new songs (62%) compared to previous concert. 1 new song for this tour.
Stereo audience recording, 110 minutes.
Session info updated 12 November 2010.
26740 John F. Savage Hall Toledo, Ohio
University Of Toledo 10 November 2004
1. Leopard-Skin Pill-Box Hat
2. Tonight I'll Be Staying Here With You
3. Tweedle Dee & Tweedle Dum
4. Visions Of Johanna
5. Highway 61 Revisited
6. Tryin' To Get To Heaven
7. Most Likely You Go Your Way (And I'll Go Mine)
8. Million Miles
9. I'll Be Your Baby Tonight
10. Love Sick
11. Bye And Bye
12. Honest With Me
13. Every Grain Of Sand
14. Summer Days
—
15. Like A Rolling Stone
16. All Along The Watchtower
Concert # 1691 of The Never-Ending Tour. Concert # 21 of the 2004 US Fall College Tour. 2004 concert # 103.
Concert # 70 with the 18th Never-Ending Tour Band: Bob Dylan (vocal & piano), Stu Kimball (guitar), Larry Campbell (guitar, mandolin, pedal steel guitar & electric slide guitar), Tony Garnier (bass), George Recile (drums & percussion).
4 acoustic with the band.
1, 2, 4, 7-9, 11 Bob Dylan (harmonica).
2, 6, 9, 13, 15, 16 Larry Campbell (pedal steel guitar).
12 Larry Campbell (slide guitar).
Notes
LB-numbers for this concert: LB-2358, LB-2415.
Other Bob Dylan concerts in Toledo, Ohio:
21 October 1978 Centennial Arena, University Of Toledo
8 August 1989 John F. Savage Hall
15 February 1998 John F. Savage Hall
12 July 2007
Amphitheater, Toledo Zoo
3 August 2011 Amphitheater, Toledo Zoo
29 June 2016
Amphitheater, Toledo Zoo
11 new songs (68%) compared to previous concert. 1 new song for this tour.
Stereo audience recording, 115 minutes.
Session info updated 28 July 2016.
26750 Reilly Center Arena
St. Bonaventure University
St. Bonaventure, New York
11 November 2004
1. Drifter's Escape
2. Dignity
3. Tweedle Dee & Tweedle Dum
4. Just Like Tom Thumb's Blues
5. It's Alright, Ma (I'm Only Bleeding)
6. Just Like A Woman
7. High Water (For Charley Patton)
8. Forever Young
9. Highway 61 Revisited
10. Moonlight
11. Ballad Of A Thin Man
12. Honest With Me
13. It Ain't Me, Babe
14. Summer Days
—
15. Like A Rolling Stone
16. All Along The Watchtower
Concert # 1692 of The Never-Ending Tour. Concert # 22 of the 2004 US Fall College Tour. 2004 concert # 104. Concert # 71 with the 18th Never-Ending Tour Band: Bob Dylan (vocal & piano), Stu Kimball (guitar), Larry Campbell (guitar, mandolin, pedal steel guitar & electric slide guitar), Tony Garnier (bass), George Recile (drums & percussion).
5, 8, 13 acoustic with the band.
1, 2, 4, 8, 10, 11, 13 Bob Dylan (harmonica).
5, 7 Larry Campbell (cittern).
6, 8, 13, 15, 16 Larry Campbell (pedal steel guitar).
12 Larry Campbell (slide guitar).
BobTalk
Thank you, friends. Give a warm hand for the man on the steel guitar, Larry Campbell! Hey! Well, all right. On the guitar, Stu Kimball! Stu Kimball. On drums tonight, George Recile. George's from Louisiana. There are a lot of snakes. Every time it rains he puts them on the windshield of his car and calls them 'windshield vipers'. Plus I forgot somebody — anyway, on bass Tony Garnier. (after Like a Rolling Stone)
Notes
LB-numbers for this concert: LB-2357, LB-2423. Previous Bob Dylan concert in St. Bonaventure, New York: 25 April 1997 Reilly Center Arena, St. Bonaventure University 10 new songs (62%) compared to previous concert. No new songs for this tour. Stereo audience recording, 115 minutes.
Session info updated 26 May 2015.
26760 Student Center Rochester Institute of Technology Rochester, New York 13 November 2004
1. Maggie's Farm
2. It's All Over Now, Baby Blue
3. Lonesome Day Blues
4. Visions Of Johanna
5. Dignity
6. Tweedle Dee & Tweedle Dum
7. Po' Boy
8. High Water (For Charley Patton)
9. Girl From The North Country
10. Stuck Inside Of Mobile With The Memphis Blues Again
11. Ballad Of Hollis Brown
12. Honest With Me
13. Standing In The Doorway
14. Summer Days
—
15. Like A Rolling Stone
16. All Along The Watchtower
Concert # 1693 of The Never-Ending Tour. Concert # 23 of the 2004 US Fall College Tour. 2004 concert # 105.
Concert # 72 with the 18th Never-Ending Tour Band: Bob Dylan (vocal & piano), Stu Kimball (guitar), Larry Campbell (guitar, mandolin, pedal steel guitar & electric slide guitar), Tony Garnier (bass), George Recile (drums & percussion).
2, 4, 7, 9, 11 acoustic with the band.
1, 2, 4, 7, 9, 10, Bob Dylan (harmonica).
8, 11 Larry Campbell (cittern).
2, 15, 16 Larry Campbell (pedal steel guitar).
12 Larry Campbell (slide guitar).
Notes
LB-numbers for this concert: LB-2174, LB-2187, LB-2416, LB-2823, LB-2824, LB-3553, LB-4617.
Other Bob Dylan concerts in Rochester, New York:
17 November 1975 War Memorial Coliseum
23 September 1978 War Memorial Auditorium
11 October 1992 Eastman Theatre
22 October 1994 Rochester Auditorium Center
3 November 1998 Blue Cross Arena
13 November 2004 Student Center, Rochester Institute of Technology
30 August 2006 Frontier Field
9 October 2007 RIT Fieldhouse, Rochester Institue Of Technology
9 new songs (56%) compared to previous concert. No new songs for this tour.
Stereo audience recording, 110 minutes.
26770 Events Center Binghamton University Binghamton, New York 14 November 2004
1. Down Along The Cove
2. God Knows
3. I Shall Be Released
4. Things Have Changed
5. Tweedle Dee & Tweedle Dum
6. Lay Lady Lay
7. I Don't Believe You (She Acts Like We Never Have Met)
8. High Water (For Charley Patton)
9. Po' Boy
10. Highway 61 Revisited
11. Not Dark Yet
12. Honest With Me
13. Tangled Up In Blue
14. Summer Days
—
15. Like A Rolling Stone
16. All Along The Watchtower
Concert # 1694 of The Never-Ending Tour. Concert # 24 of the 2004 US Fall College Tour. 2004 concert # 106.
Concert # 73 with the 18th Never-Ending Tour Band: Bob Dylan (vocal & piano), Stu Kimball (guitar), Larry Campbell (guitar, mandolin, pedal steel guitar & electric slide guitar), Tony Garnier (bass), George Recile (drums & percussion).
9, 13 acoustic with the band.
1, 3, 7, 9, 11, 13 Bob Dylan (harmonica).
3, 6, 15, 16 Larry Campbell (pedal steel guitar).
8 Larry Campbell (banjo).
12 Larry Campbell (slide guitar).
Notes
LB-numbers for this concert: LB-2185, LB-2211, LB-2417.
Other Bob Dylan concerts in Binghamton, New York:
24 September 1978 Broome County Veterans Memorial Arena
8 September 1988 Broome County Veterans Memorial Arena
12 October 1992 Broome County Forum
19 February 1999 Broome County Forum
17 November 2010 Events Center, Binghamton University
9 new songs (56%) compared to previous concert. 2 new songs for this tour.
Stereo audience recording, 110 minutes.
Session info updated 24 November 2010.
26780 Stabler Arena Lehigh University Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 16 November 2004
1. Leopard-Skin Pill-Box Hat
2. Absolutely Sweet Marie
3. Lonesome Day Blues
4. This Wheel's On Fire (Bob Dylan/Rick Danko)
5. Seeing The Real You At Last
6. Positively 4th Street
7. Tweedle Dee & Tweedle Dum
8. Under The Red Sky
9. Bye And Bye
10. Highway 61 Revisited
11. Masters Of War
12. Honest With Me
13. Girl From The North Country
14. Summer Days
—
15. Like A Rolling Stone
16. All Along The Watchtower
Concert # 1695 of The Never-Ending Tour. Concert # 25 of the 2004 US Fall College Tour. 2004 concert # 107.
Concert # 74 with the 18th Never-Ending Tour Band: Bob Dylan (vocal & piano), Stu Kimball (guitar), Larry Campbell (guitar, mandolin, pedal steel guitar & electric slide guitar), Tony Garnier (bass), George Recile (drums & percussion).
11, 13 acoustic with the band.
1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 9 Bob Dylan (harmonica).
8, 15, 16 Larry Campbell (pedal steel guitar).
12 Larry Campbell (slide guitar).
Notes
LB-number for this concert: LB-2208.
Other Bob Dylan concerts in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania:
25 October 1981 Stabler Arena, Lehigh University
13 December 1995 Stabler Arena, Lehigh University
18 February 1999 Stabler Arena, Lehigh University
8 November 2000 Stabler Arena, Lehigh University
12 November 2010 Stabler Arena, Lehigh University
18 April 2013
Stabler Arena, Lehigh University
9 July 2016
Sands Bethlehem Event Center
10 new songs (62%) compared to previous concert. No new songs for this tour.
Stereo audience recording, 100 minutes.
Session info updated 4 August 2016.
26790 Ryan Center University Of Rhode Island Kingston, Rhode Island 17 November 2004
1. To Be Alone With You
2. Tonight I'll Be Staying Here With You
3. Tweedle Dee & Tweedle Dum
4. Love Sick
5. Most Likely You Go Your Way (And I'll Go Mine)
6. Million Miles
7. If Not For You
8. It's Alright, Ma (I'm Only Bleeding)
9. Tryin' To Get To Heaven
10. High Water (For Charley Patton)
11. Visions Of Johanna
12. Honest With Me
13. A Hard Rain's A-Gonna Fall
14. Summer Days
—
15. Like A Rolling Stone
16. All Along The Watchtower
Concert # 1696 of The Never-Ending Tour. Concert # 26 of the 2004 US Fall College Tour. 2004 concert # 108.
Concert # 75 with the 18th Never-Ending Tour Band: Bob Dylan (vocal & piano), Stu Kimball (guitar), Larry Campbell (guitar, mandolin, pedal steel guitar & electric slide guitar), Tony Garnier (bass), George Recile (drums & percussion).
8, 11, 13 acoustic with the band.
1, 2, 5, 6 Bob Dylan (harmonica).
8, 10, 13 Larry Campbell (cittern).
2, 9, 15, 16 Larry Campbell (pedal steel guitar).
12 Larry Campbell (slide guitar).
Notes
LB-numbers for this concert: LB-2210, LB-5543.
Other Bob Dylan concerts in Kingston, Rhode Island:
20 November 2002 Ryan Center, University Of Rhode Island
29 September 2007 Ryan Center, University Of Rhode Island
8 April 2013
Ryan Center, University Of Rhode Island
11 new songs (68%) compared to previous concert. 1 new song for this tour.
Stereo audience recording, 105 minutes.
Session info updated 12 April 2013.
26800 Whittemore Center Arena Durham, New Hampshire
University Of New Hampshire 18 November 2004
1. Drifter's Escape
2. Dignity
3. Tweedle Dee & Tweedle Dum
4. Just Like Tom Thumb's Blues
5. It's Alright, Ma (I'm Only Bleeding)
6. Just Like A Woman
7. Things Have Changed
8. Forever Young
9. Highway 61 Revisited
10. Moonlight
11. Ballad Of A Thin Man
12. Honest With Me
13. Boots Of Spanish Leather
14. Summer Days
—
15. Like A Rolling Stone
16. All Along The Watchtower
Concert # 1697 of The Never-Ending Tour. Concert # 27 of the 2004 US Fall College Tour. 2004 concert # 109.
Concert # 76 with the 18th Never-Ending Tour Band: Bob Dylan (vocal & piano), Stu Kimball (guitar), Larry Campbell (guitar, mandolin, pedal steel guitar & electric slide guitar), Tony Garnier (bass), George Recile (drums & percussion).
5, 8, 13 acoustic with the band.
1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 11, 13 Bob Dylan (harmonica).
5, 13 Larry Campbell (cittern).
6, 8, 15, 16 Larry Campbell (pedal steel guitar).
12 Larry Campbell (slide guitar).
Notes
LB-numbers for this concert: LB-2221. LB-2366, LB-2748, LB-2981.
Previous Bob Dylan concerts in Durham, New Hampshire:
9 November 1975 University Of New Hampshire
11 April 1997
Whittemore Center, University Of New Hampshire
17 November 1999 Whittemore Center, University Of New Hampshire
10 new songs (62%) compared to previous concert. No new songs for this tour.
Stereo audience recording, 105 minutes.
26805 Unidentified location Northampton, Massachusetts 19 November 2004
Bob Dylan talks to Ed Bradley about his career, his image and being a music icon for the '60s generation.
Note.
The interview reportedly lasted 90 minutes, 10 of which were included in the CBS show 60 Minutes broadcast 6 December 2004. Another 10 minutes are circulating.
Stereo TV recording, 20 minutes.
26810 Mullins Center University of Massachusetts Amherst, Massachusetts 20 November 2004
1. Maggie's Farm
2. It's All Over Now, Baby Blue
3. Lonesome Day Blues
4. Mr. Tambourine Man
5. Dignity
6. Tweedle Dee & Tweedle Dum
7. Po' Boy
8. It's Alright, Ma (I'm Only Bleeding)
9. Every Grain Of Sand
10. Stuck Inside Of Mobile With The Memphis Blues Again
11. Ballad Of Hollis Brown
12. Honest With Me
13. Standing In The Doorway
14. Summer Days
—
15. Like A Rolling Stone
16. All Along The Watchtower
Concert # 1698 of The Never-Ending Tour. Concert # 28 of the 2004 US Fall College Tour. 2004 concert # 110.
Concert # 77 with the 18th Never-Ending Tour Band: Bob Dylan (vocal & piano), Stu Kimball (guitar), Larry Campbell (guitar, mandolin, pedal steel guitar & electric slide guitar), Tony Garnier (bass), George Recile (drums & percussion).
2, 4, 7,8 acoustic with the band.
2, 4, 7, 9 Bob Dylan (harmonica).
8, 11 Larry Campbell (cittern).
2, 9, 15, 16 Larry Campbell (pedal steel guitar).
12 Larry Campbell (slide guitar).
Notes
LB-numbers for this concert: LB-2209, LB-2584, LB-2739
Other Bob Dylan concerts in Amherst, Massachusetts:
8 new songs (50%) compared to previous concert. No new songs for this tour.
Stereo audience recording, 105 minutes.
Session info updated 12 April 2013.
26820 Gordon Track and Tennis Center Harvard University Allston, Massachusetts
21 November 2004
1. Rainy Day Women # 12 & 35
2. Forever Young
3. God Knows
4. Desolation Row
5. It's Alright, Ma (I'm Only Bleeding)
6. Lay Lady Lay
7. High Water (For Charley Patton)
8. Tweedle Dee & Tweedle Dum
9. Don't Think Twice, It's All Right
10. Stuck Inside Of Mobile With The Memphis Blues Again
11. John Brown
12. Honest With Me
13. Sugar Baby
14. Summer Days
—
15. Like A Rolling Stone
16. All Along The Watchtower
Concert # 1699 of The Never-Ending Tour. Concert # 29 of the 2004 US Fall College Tour. 2004 concert # 111.
Concert # 78 with the 18th Never-Ending Tour Band: Bob Dylan (vocal & piano), Stu Kimball (guitar), Larry Campbell (guitar, mandolin, pedal steel guitar & electric slide guitar), Tony Garnier (bass), George Recile (drums & percussion).
2, 4, 5, 9, 11 acoustic with the band.
1-4, 6, 9, Bob Dylan (harmonica).
2, 6, 15, 16 Larry Campbell (pedal steel guitar).
5, 7, 9, 13 Larry Campbell (cittern).
12 Larry Campbell (slide guitar).
Notes
LB-number for this concert: LB-2230.
First Bob Dylan concert in Allston, Massachusetts.
9 new songs (56%) compared to previous concert. 1 new song for this tour.
Stereo audience recording, 110 minutes.
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THE UNITY OF THE BRETHREN
Electronic Bank Draft Authorization for Mission Support
I hearby authorize a monthly withdrawal in the amount of $_________________ from my
checking savings account payable to the Unity of the Brethren in support of
Unity Missions as indicated below. Please withdraw my contribution on the
5 th 15
th
of the month beginning ________________________________
Date
The name of my bank is ________________________________________________
Located in: __________________________________________________________
City State
Banks Routing and transit number: ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
Bank Account number: _________________________________________
$________________ Home Missions $_______________ Foreign Missions
I understand that I will need to contact the Unity Financial Secretary if I ever want to stop this monthly draft and allow 30 days for completion.
________________________________ _________________________________ _____________
Name of Account Holder
Signature of Account Holder
Todays Date
________________________________________ ____________________________________
Email address
Telephone number
Please mail this completed form to: Liz Ripple, Unity Financial Secretary 311 W State Hwy 71 Fayetteville, TX 78940
Please attach a voided check to this form prior to mailing.
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HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs
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Franklin Electric Co., Inc. P. O. Box 12010 Oklahoma City, OK 73157-2010 405.947.2511 • Fax: 405.947.8720 www.LittleGiantPump.com email@example.com
IN-PAN CONDENSATE REMOVAL UNIT • ÉVACUATEUR INTERNE DU CONDENSAT • UNIDAD DE ELIMINACION DEL CONDENSADO EN LA CUBETA
MODEL 1-ABS
INTRODUCTION EN
The shallow pan condensate unit is designed especially for ceiling-mounted units and other refrigerated air conditioners where minimum height is important. The pump is designed to be placed directly into a holding reservoir or used with a tank supplied by the manufacturer. Do not use the pump where the water level can exceed the holding reservoir capacity. The pump is controlled by a float/switch mechanism that automatically switches the pump on and off.
This instruction sheet primarily covers the standard models in this pump series, but is applicable to other models in this series not listed by model number. If the model number of your pump is not listed, use caution when ordering replacement parts. Always give the model number of your pump when ordering replacement parts.
Read these instructions carefully. Failure to follow these instructions voids all warranty, and could result in bodily harm or property damage. All wiring and plumbing must be permanent, and comply with local, state, and national electrical codes. Shut off electrical power at the fuse box before servicing the pump.
INSTALLATION
1. Carefully unpack the pump. Remove the cardboard packing from the motor cover air slots. Carefully slide the packing away from the pump. This packing is used to prevent switch movement during shipment.
2. This model can be equipped with a reservoir tank, which is sold separately. The tank has two holes provided to mount the unit in a convenient location. The pump must be level and the inlet must be below the coil drain.
PIPING
1. Run flexible tubing or pipe from evaporator drain into pump holding tank. Be sure inlet piping is sloped downward to allow gravity flow.
2. The outlet piping (Figure 1) should be flexible tubing or pipe (1/2" I.D. maximum to prevent excessive flow back to unit). From condensate unit, extend discharge piping straight up as high as necessary (but not above the head/GPH of the model being installed.) From this high point, slope discharge line down slightly to a point
Figure 1
Highest point
Drop to bottom of
pump or below if
possible
Slope down from
highest point
PREFERRED INSTALLATION
ALTERNATE INSTALLATION
Inverted U-trap
Horizontal line
above drain area, then turn down and extend to a point below or approximately level with the bottom of the condensate unit. This will give a siphoning effect which will improve efficiency of the condensate unit. If it is not possible to slope discharge line down, make an inverted "U" trap directly above the pump at the highest point.
ELECTRICAL CONNECTIONS
1. Shut off electrical power at fuse box before making any connections. All wiring must comply with local, state, and national electrical codes.
2. Connect power cord to line voltage specified on motor and nameplate. Power cord must be connected to a constant source of power (not a fan or other device than runs intermittently). If power cord does not have a plug, wiring is as follows: green/yellow - ground, brown - line, blue - neutral.
TESTING
1. Turn on power.
2. Test the unit after it is installed by filling the tank with water until the pump comes on. Check the lines for leaks and kinks that will prevent full water disposal. If water is not available, test the pump by removing the switch screen and inserting differentiator top into switch housing bottom.
CAUTION: Do not run pump dry for more than a couple of seconds. Do not test this way if water is present.
SERVICE INSTRUCTIONS
1. MAKE CERTAIN THE UNIT IS DISCONNECTED FROM THE POWER SOURCE BEFORE ATTEMPTING TO SERVICE OR REMOVE ANY COMPONENT!
2. Be sure the floats move freely. Clean as necessary.
3. Pump screen is snapped on; remove it by pulling, then remove the three screws that attach the volute. DO NOT remove any other screws.
4. Lightly clean any corrosion or debris that may clog the impeller. Use brush and penetrating oil and lightly scrape to remove encrusted material.
5. Turn the impeller by hand to make sure it turns freely. Plug the unit in to see if the impeller turns (see testing #2). Do not allow the pump to operate for more than a couple of seconds. If the pump does operate, then replace the volute. The unit should operate normally when connected to the correct voltage.
6. If for any reason these operations do not restore the unit to full service, call your dealer or service. Do not in any case open the sealed portion of the unit or remove screws other than those indicated above. Do not cut the electric cord when removing the unit from the application. Disconnect the pump from its regular connections. Failure to follow these guidelines may void the warranty.
7. If you remove the impeller and/or backplate, be certain to reassemble them correctly. Impeller spacing is gauged from backplate to impeller edge. Use the thickness of a dime to space the impeller away from backplate. Tighten set screws on impeller to 3 - 5 inch pounds (hand tighten).
INTRODUCTION FR
L'évacuateur de condensat à bac peu profond est spécialement conçu pour les appareils de plafond ainsi que d'autres appareils de climatisation où une hauteur minimale est importante. La pompe est conçue pour être placée directement dans un bassin de rétention; il est aussi possible d'utiliser un réservoir fourni par le fabricant. Ne pas utiliser la pompe où le niveau de l'eau peut dépasser la capacité de la réservoir. Elle est commandée par un mécanisme à interrupteur flottant l'active/l'éteint automatiquement.
Ce feuillet d'instructions couvre les modèles standard de cette série de pompes. Il est aussi disponible pour d'autres modèles qui ne sont pas indiqués dans ce document. Si votre pompe ne figure pas dans la liste, il faut faire preuve de prudence pendant la commande de pièces de rechange. Toujours donner le numéro de modèle et de catalogue de votre pompe au moment de commander des pièces.
Bien lire les présentes instructions. Le non-respect de ces instructions annule toutes les garanties et peut causer des dommages ou des blessures. Le câblage et la plomberie doivent être permanents et conformes tout aux codes. Couper l'alimentation électrique à la boîte de fusibles avant de faire l'entretien de la pompe.
| Discharge Sortie Descarga | Flow (U.S. gallons/hour at feet of head) • Débit (U.S. gallons/ heure élévation pieds d’eau) • Flujo (U.S. galones/horacabeza pies de agua) | | | Max P.S.I. • Livres Par Pouce Carré • Maximo Por Pulgada Duadrada |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1/4” | 1’ | 5’ | 9’ | 4.3 |
| | 205 | 145 | 25 | |
1
INSTALLATION
Mettre la pompe en place. Il y a deux surfaces de montage vertical sur le côté du réservoir, afin de pouvoir installer la pompe sur le côté du climatiseur ou près du mur. Des trous de montage peuvent être percés dans cette surface, mais ils ne doivent pas être à plus d'un pouce du dessus du réservoir, afin de prévenir tout renversement d'eau.
TUYAUTERIE
1. Faire sortir un tube isolant souple ou un tuyau de l'évaporateur et le brancher dans l'arrivée de la pompe. Pour permettre un bon écoulement, s'assurer que le tuyau d'admission est bien dirigée vers le bas.
2. Le tuyau d'admission sera un tube souple (L.O. de 1/2 po maximum) pour ‚viter le refoulement vers l'appareil. Á partir de l'unité d'extraction, étirer verticalement le tuyau d'écoulement jusqu'à la bonne hauteur. Ne pas l'étirer au dessus de la tête/GPH du modèle installé. De ce point haut, incliner légèrement le tuyau d'écoulement vers un point situé au-dessus de lieu d'écoulement; rabattre et ‚tirer jusqu'à un point situé en-doussous ou à peu près au même niveau que le bas du système de condensation ce qui donnera un effet de siphon qui en augmentera l'efficacité. S'il n'est pas possible d'incliner le tuyau d'écoulement, faire un branchement en U inversé, à un point situé le plus haut au-dessus de la pompe.
1. Avant de faire les connexions, couper le courant électrique à fusibles et s'assurer que tous les fils sont conformes tout aux codes l'électricité.
2. Ligne de tension-Le câble électrique doit être connecté àla ligne de tension comme spécifié sur le moteur et sur la plaque de constructeur. La connexion doit être faite à une source constante et non à une source intermittente comme un ventilateur. Si le câble électrique n'est pas équipé d'une prise, les fils se présentent de la façon suivante: vert (ou vert et jaune) à la terre- noir (ou marron) ligne de tension-blanc (ou bleu)-neutre.
1. Mettre la pompe en marche.
2. Il est recommandé de faire l'essai de la pompe après son installation. Pour ce faire, remplir le réservoir d'eau jusqu'à ce que la pompe se mette en marche. S'assurer que les conduits ne fuient pas et qu'ils ne sont pas tortillés; ces problèmes pourraient empêcher le vidage complet de l'eau. S'il n'y a pas d'eau disponible, il est possible de vérifier la pompe en levant l'écran de commutateur et insérer la flotteur sommet dans le bâti de l'interrupteur fond.
CONNEXIONS ÉLECTRIQUES
VÉRIFICATION
MISE EN GARDE: Ne pas faire fonctionner la pompe à vide pendant plus de quelques secondes. Ne pas effectuer la dernière vérification mentionnée s'il y a de l'eau présente.
DIRECTIVES D’ENTRETIEN
1. VOTRE POMPE DEMANDERA TRÈS PEU D'ENTRETIEN. SI, POUR UNE RAISON QUELCONQUE, ELLE NE PEUT PAS FONCTIONNER, SUIVEZ LES INSTRUCTIONS CI-DESSOUS!
2. Veillez à ce que les flotteurs bougent librement. Nettoyez-les au besoin.
3. La pompe grille est maintenue par pression, il suffit de tirer pour la dégager. Retirez ensuite les trois vis retenant la volute.(NE RETIREZ aucune autre vis exposée.)
4. Nettoyez délicatement tout signe de corrosion ou débris pouvant obstruer la turbine. Avec une brosse et de l huile pénétrante, grattez délicatement les débris incrustés.
5. Brancher l'appareil pour voir si la turbine tourne (voir Essai no 2). Ne pas laisser la pompe fonctionner pour plus de quelques secondes. Si la pompe fonctionne, replacer la volute et l'écran. Branchée à la bonne tension, la pompe devrait fonctionner sans aucun problème.
6. Si, pour quelque raison que ce soit, cette procédure ne suffit pas à faire fonctionner la pompe correctement, appeler le détaillant ou un réparateur qualifié. N'ouvrir sous aucun prétexte la portion scellée de la pompe, et ne jamais retirer les vis autres que celles indiquées ci-dessus. Éviter de couper le cordon d'alimentation pendant l'enlèvement de la pompe de son lieu d'utilisation. Débrancher la pompe de ses connexions habituelles. Le nonrespect de ces consignes peut annuler la garantie.
7. Si, pour toute raison, la turbine ou la plaque arrière doivent être enlevées, s'assurer de les réassembler correctement. L'espace de la turbine se mesure entre la plaque arrière et l'extrémité de la turbine. Utiliser l'épaisseur d'une pièce de 10 cents pour l'espacement. Serrer les vis d'arrêt de la turbine à un couple de 4 po-lb (serrer à la main).
2
INTRODUCCIÓN ES
La unidad baja del condensado de la cubeta está diseñada específicamente para unidades montadas en el techo y otros aparatos de aire acondicionado refrigerado donde una altura mínima es un factor importante. La bomba está diseñada para colocarse directamente en un depósito de reserva o usarse en un tanque suministrado por el fabricante. No usar la bomba cuando el nivel del agua puede superar la capacidad de la depósito de reserva. La bomba está controlada por un mecanismo flotador/interruptor que conecta y desconecta la bomba automáticamente.
Esta hoja de instrucciones cubre principalmente los modelos estándar en esta serie de bombas. Este formulario es aplicable a otros modelos de esta serie no listados por el número de modelo en este folleto. Si el número del modelo de su bomba no se encuentra en la lista, debe tener cuidado al pedir piezas de repuesto. De siempre el número del modelo y número de catálogo de su bomba al pedir piezas de repuesto.
Lea estas instrucciones cuidadosamente. El no seguir estas instrucciones anula la garantía y pudiera resultar en daños a la persona o la propiedad. Todos los cables y tuberías deben ser permanentes y cumplir con todo códigos. Desconecte la corriente eléctrica en la caja de fusibles antes de prestar servicio a la bomba.
INSTALACION
Monte la bomba. Existen dos superficies de montaje verticales a un lado del tanque para montar la bomba al lado de la unidad de aire acondicionado o una pared próxima. Pueden taladrarse agujeros de montaje en esta superficie, pero no debieran exceder una pulgada desde el borde superior del tanque para evitar el posible derramamiento de agua.
TUBERIA
1. Tiende la tubería flexible o el tubo desde el desagüe de evaporación hasta la toma de la bomba. Cerciórese de que la tubería de la toma se encuentre en declive, para permitir el flujo por gravedad.
2. La tubería de descarga debe ser una tubería flexible o tubos de un di metro interno máximo de 1/2 de pulgada, para evitar un reflujo excesivo a la unidad. Desde la unidad de agua de condensación, extienda la tubería directamente hacia arriba, a la altura que sea necesaria. No tienda esta tubería por encima de la cabeza/GPH del modelo específico que se est‚ instalando. Desde esta altura, coloque la tubería de descarga en declive ligero, hasta un punto por encima del rea de drenaje. Luego, vuélvala hacia abajo y tiéndala hasta un punto que se encuentre aproximadamente al mismo nivel del fondo de la unidad de agua de condensación o por debajo de éste. Esto producirá un efecto de sifón, que incrementará la eficiencia de la unidad de agua de condensación. Si no es posible colocar en declive la tubería de descarga, haga un purgador en forma de "U" invertida, directamente sobre la bomba, en el punto más alto.
1. Desconecte la corriente eléctrica en la caja de fusibles, antes de hacer cualquier conexión. El tendido de cables debe ajustarse totalmente a la legislación.
2. Voltaje de la línea: conecte el cable eléctrico a una línea del voltaje especificado en el motor y en la placa del constructor. El cable eléctrico debe estar conectado a una fuente constante de electricidad (no un ventilador u otro dispositivo que funcione de manera intermitente). Si el cable eléctrico carece de enchufe, los cables son los siguientes: verde (o verde y amarillo): a tierra; negro (o marrón): circuito; blanco (o azul): neutro.
1. Conecte la electricidad.
2. Después de instalada la unidad, debe probarse. Esto puede hacerse llenando el depósito con agua hasta que la bomba arranque. Compruebe que no hayan escapes en las líneas ni existan dobleces que impidan la descarga completa del agua. Si no hay agua disponible, la bomba puede probarse por quitar la pantalla de interruptor y meter el flotar cima en el fondo de interruptor.
CONEXIONES ELECTRICAS!
COMPROBACION
PRECAUCIÓN: no haga funcionar la bomba en seco por más de un par de segundos. No pruebe la bomba de esta manera si hay agua presente.
INSTRUCCIONES DE SERVICIO
1. ¡ASEGURESE DE QUE LA UNIDAD ESTE DESCONECTADA DE LA FUENTA DE ALIMENTACION ELECTRICA ANTES DE INTENTAR PRESTAR SERVICIO A LA UNIDAD O QUITAR CUALQUIER COMPONENTE DE ELLA!
2. Asegúrese de que el flotador se mueva libremente. Limpie cuando sea necesario.
3. La bomba rejilla se coloca a presión y puede quitarse tirando de ella. Luego, quite los 3 tornillos que sujetan el difusor. (NO quite ningún otro tornillo que puede estar expuesto).
4. Limpie suavemente cualquier corrosión o material ajeno que podría obstruir el impulsor. Utilice un cepillo y aceite penetrante y raspe ligeramente para sacar el material incrustado.
5. Conecte la unidad para ver si el interruptor gira (vea ensayo #2). No permita que la bomba funcione durante más de 2 segundos. Si la bomba no funciona, cambie el canal colector y el tamiz. La unidad debiera operar como nueva cuando se conecta al voltaje correcto.
6. Si por cualquier razón estas operaciones no restauran la unidad a pleno servicio, llame a su distribuidor o persona de servicio. No abra bajo ninguna circunstancia la porción sellada de la unidad o quite otros tornillos que los indicados a continuación. No corte el cable de suministro de energía demasiado corto cuando desmonte la unidad de la aplicación. Desconecte la bomba de sus conexiones regulares. El no seguir estas directrices puede resultar en al anulación de la garantía.
7. Si por cualquier razón usted desmonta el propulsor o placa posterior, asegúrese de que se vuelven a instalar correctamente. El espaciamiento del impulsor se mide desde la placa posterior al borde del impulsor. Use el espesor de una moneda de 10 centavos para separar el impulsor de la placa posterior. Apriete los tornillos de presión en el impulsor a 4 - 5 pulgadas. Libra (apretado a mano).
| REPLACEMENT PARTS • LISTE DES PIÉCES DE RECHANGE • LISTA DE PARTES | | | |
|---|---|---|---|
| ITEM NO. | PART NO. | DESCRIPTION • NOMENCLATURE • DESCRIPCIÓN | OTY. |
| 1 | 902429 | Screw • Vis • Tornillo | 4 |
| 2 | 150103 | Mounting bracket • Attache de montage • Soporte de montaje | 1 |
| 3 | 950284 | Screen, float switch • Grille, interrupteur à flotteur • Malla, interruptor de flotador | 1 |
| 4 | 101376 | Screen, intake • Filtre d’admission • Rejilla, toma | 1 |
| 5 | 902411 | Screw • Vis • Tornillo | 3 |
| 6 | 116375 | Volute • Volute • Difusor | 1 |
| 7 | 928007 | Seal ring • Joint d’étanchéité • Anillo de sellado | 1 |
| 8 | 116437 | Impeller • Rotor • Impulsor | 1 |
| 9 | 150108 | Plate, air bleed • Plaque, orifice de prise d’air • Plato, hueco del respiradero | 1 |
LIMITED WARRANTY
Your product is guaranteed to be in perfect condition when it leaves our Factory. It is warranted against defective materials and workmanship for a period of 12 months from date of purchase by the user.
Any product that should fail for either of the above two reasons and is still within the warranty period will be repaired or replaced at the option of Little Giant Pump Company, Inc. dba Franklin Electric Water Transfer Systems (hereafter "the Manufacturer") as the sole remedy of buyer. For our customers in the CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES: Please return the defective unit, postage paid, to the factory at 301 N. MacArthur, Oklahoma City, OK 73127-6616. All defective product returned under warranty will be fully inspected to determine the cause of failure before warranty is approved.
For our customers located elsewhere; it is not economical, due to duties and freight, to return the product to the factory for inspection. Please return the defective unit to any authorized distributor or dealer with a brief written explanation of the problem. If there are no apparent signs of customer abuse, unit will be repaired or replaced. If dispute arises over replacement of the product, the distributor or dealer is to segregate such items and hold for inspection by a representative of the Manufacturer or notify factory with details of the problem for factory disposition and settlement of warranty claim.
DISCLAIMER:
THE FOREGOING WARRANTY IS AN EXCLUSIVE WARRANTY IN LIEU OF ANY OTHER EXPRESS WARRANTIES. ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY IMPLIED WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE) TO THE EXTENT EITHER APPLIES TO A PRODUCT SHALL BE LIMITED IN DURATION TO THE PERIODS OF THE EXPRESS WARRANTIES GIVEN ABOVE.
Warranty will be VOID if any of the following conditions are found:
1. Sealed motor housing opened.
2. Product connected to voltage other than that indicated on nameplate.
3. Cord cut off to a length less than three feet.
4. Pump allowed to operate dry (fluid supply cut off).
5. Pump used to circulate anything other than fresh water at approximately room temperature.
6. Product abuse by customer.
Any oral statements about the product made by the seller, the manufacturer, the representatives or any other parties, do not constitute warranties, shall not be relied upon by the user and are not part of the contract for sale. Seller's and manufacturer's only obligation, and buyer's only remedy, shall be the replacement and/or repair by the manufacturer of the product as described above. NEITHER SELLER NOR THE MANUFACTURER SHALL BE LIABLE FOR ANY INJURY, LOSS OR DAMAGE, DIRECT, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES FOR LOST PROFITS, LOST SALES, INJURY TO PERSON OR PROPERTY, OR ANY OTHER INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL LOSS), ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR THE INABILITY TO USE THE PRODUCT AND THE USER AGREES THAT NO OTHER REMEDY SHALL BE AVAILABLE TO IT. Before using, the user shall determine the suitability of the product for the intended use, and user assumes all risk and liability whatsoever in connection therewith.
Some states and countries do not allow limitations on how long an implied warranty lasts or the exclusion or limitation of incidental or consequential damages, so the above limitations or exclusions may not apply to you. This warranty gives you specific legal rights, and you may also have other rights which vary from state to state and country to country.
The National Electric Code (in the USA) and similar codes in other countries require a Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter (GFCI) to be installed in the branch circuit supplying fountain equipment rated above 15 volts. 115 volt GFCI's (with various cord lengths) are in stock, and we recommend each product be used with a GFCI.
3
GARANTIE LIMITÉE
Votre produit est garanti pour être dans la condition parfaite quand il quitte notre Usine. La produit est garantie contre tout défaut de matériau ou de fabrication pendant une période de 12 mois à partir de la date d'achat initial.
Tout produit encore garanti qui serait défectueux pour l'une des deux raisons sus-mentionnées sera réparé ou remplacé à la discrétion du Little Giant Pump Company, Inc. faisant affaires sous la raison sociale d' Franklin Electric Water Transfer Systems (ci-après appelée « le Fabricant »). L'acheteur n'aura pas d'autre recours. Pour nos clients aux ÉTATS-UNIS (territoire continental seulement): Veuillez retourner l'article défectueux suffisamment affranchi à l'usine à l'adresse suivante: 301 N. MacArthur Blvd., Oklahoma City, OK 73127-6616. Tous les produits garantis retournés feront l'objet d'une inspection détaillée afin de déterminer si la défectuosité est couverte par la garantie.
Pour les clients à l'extérieur des États-Unis: étant donné les frais de douane et de transport, il n'est pas économique de retourner la produit à l'usine pour inspection. Expédier la produit ainsi qu'une brève description du problème à tout distributeur ou détaillant autorisé. Si elle ne présente aucun signe apparent d'une mauvaise utilisation, elle sera remplacée ou réparée. S'il y a conflit sur la nécessité de remplacer la produit, le distributeur ou le détaillant devra garder celle-ci et, soit la fera inspecter par un représentant de le Fabricant, soit avisera l'usine du problème afin de connaître la décision de celle-ci et le règlement de la réclamation.
DÉNÉGATION :
LA GARANTIE ÉNONCÉE DANS LES PRÉSENTES EST EXCLUSIVE ET REMPLACE TOUTE AUTRE GARANTIE EXPRESSE OU IMPLICITE; CELA COMPORTE, MAIS NON EXCLUSIVEMENT, TOUTE GARANTIE IMPLICITE D'APTITUDE À LA COMMERCIALISATION OU D'APTITUDE PARTICULIÈRE, POUVANT S'APPLIQUER À UNE PRODUIT. DE PLUS, ELLE NE S'APPLIQUE QUE DURANT LA PÉRIODE DE COUVERTURE PRÉCISÉE CI-DEVANT.
La présente garantie sera ANNULÉE si:
1. Le boîtier scellé du moteur a été ouvert;
2. Le branchement à une tension autre que celle indiquée sur la plaque du Fabricant a été effectué;
3. Le fil d'alimentation a été coupé à une longueur inférieure à 0,91 m (trois pieds);
4. La pompe a tourné à vide (l'alimentation en liquide a été coupée);
5. La pompe a été utilisée pour faire circuler des liquides autres que de l'eau fraîche à la température ambiante;
6. La produit a été mal utilisée.
Toute déclaration sur la produit faite oralement par le vendeur, le Fabricant, le représentant ou par toute autre partie ne constitue pas une garantie et, par conséquent, ne peut servir à l'utilisateur. De plus, une telle déclaration ne peut, en aucun cas, faire partie du contrat de vente. L'unique obligation du vendeur et du Fabricant, et l'unique recours de l'acheteur, est le remplacement ou la réparation de la produit selon les modalités décrites précédemment. NI LE VENDEUR NI LE FABRICANT NE PEUVENT ÊTRE TENUS RESPONSABLES DE TOUTE BLESSURE, TOUTE PERTE, OU TOUT DOMMAGE DIRECT, INDIRECT OU ACCESSOIRE (INCLUANT, MAIS NON EXCLUSIVEMENT, LES VENTES OU PROFITS PERDUS, LES ATTEINTES AUX PERSONNES OU À LA PROPRIÉTÉ OU TOUTE AUTRE PERTE INDIRECTE OU ACCESSOIRE) RÉSULTANT DE L'UTILISATION OU DE L'INCAPACITÉ D'UTILISATION DE LA PRODUIT, ET L'ACHETEUR CONVIENT QU'IL NE DISPOSE D'AUCUN AUTRE RECOURS. L'acheteur doit s'assurer que la produit convient à l'usage projeté; il assume aussi tout risque et toute responsabilité relativement à cet usage.
Certaines juridictions ne permettent pas la limitation de la durée d'une garantie ou l'exclusion ou la limitation de responsabilité pour des dommages indirects ou accessoires. Par conséquent, il est possible que la limitation ou l'exclusion indiquée précédemment puisse ne pas être applicable. Cette garantie vous donne des droits particuliers et peut-être d'autres, dépendamment des juridictions en vigueur.
Le code national de l'électricité et autres codes semblables d'autres pays exigent l'installation d'un interrupteur avec mise à la terre (GFI) sur le circuit d'alimentation de la fontaine pour toute installation dont la tension est supérieure à 15 volts. Nous offrons de tels interrupteurs (avec différentes longueurs de fil) et nous recommandons que chaque produit soit reliée à un interrupteur de ce type.
www.LittleGiantPump.com
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4
GARANTIA LIMITADA
El producto está garantizado a estar en perfectas condiciones al momento de salir de la fábrica. El producto está garantizado contra materiales y fabricación defectuosa por un período de 12 meses desde la fecha en la cual fue comprada por el usuario.
Cualquier producto que falle por alguna de las dos razones anteriores y que esté dentro del período de garantía será reparado o reemplazado a opción de Little Giant Pump Company, Inc. comerciar bajo el nombre de Franklin Electric Water Transfer Systems (de ahora en adelante "el Fabricante") y éste será el único remedio del comprador. Para nuestros clientes en los ESTADOS UNIDOS CONTINENTALES: Por favor, devolver la unidad defectuosa, con el porte pagado, a la fábrica en P. O. Box 12010, Oklahoma City, OK 73127-6616. Todo producto defectuoso devuelto bajo la garantía será cuidadosamente inspeccionado para determinar la causa de la falla antes de aprobar la garantía.
Para nuestros clientes ubicados en otros lugares; no es económico devolver la producto a la fábrica para que ésta sea inspeccionada, debido a los impuestos y al flete. Por favor, devuelva la unidad defectuosa a cualquier distribuidor o vendedor autorizado con una breve explicación por escrito del problema. Si no existen señas aparentes de abuso por parte del cliente, la unidad será reemplazada o reparada. Si se produce una disputa sobre el reemplazo de la producto, el distribuidor o vendedor debe separar los artículos y retenerlos para que sean inspeccionados por un representante de el Fabricante o avisarle a la fábrica de los detalles del problema para que la fábrica disponga de las acciones necesarias y resuelva el reclamo de la garantía.
DESAUTORIZACION:
LA GARANTIA ANTERIOR ES UNA GARANTIA EXCLUSIVA EN LUGAR DE CUALQUIER OTRA GARANTIA EXPRESA. CUALQUIER GARANTIA IMPLICADA (INCLUYENDO PERO NO LIMITADO A CUALQUIER GARANTIA IMPLICADA DE COMERCIALIZACION O APTITUD PARA PROPOSITO PARTICULAR) EN LA MEDIDA EN QUE SE PUEDA APLICAR A UNA PRODUCTO, QUEDARA LIMITADA EN DURACION A LOS PERIODOS DE GARANTIAS PROPORCIONADOS ANTERIORMENTE.
La garantía será declarada nula si se encuentran cualesquiera de las siguientes condiciones:
1. El alojamiento sellado del motor abierto.
2. El producto conectado a un voltaje que no es el indicado en la placa principal.
3. El cable cortado a menos de tres pies (0,91 m.).
4. Se permitió que la bomba opere en seco (envío de fluido cortado).
5. La bomba empleada para hacer circular cualquier otra sustancia que no sea agua fresca aproximadamente a temperatura ambiente.
6. Abuso del producto por parte del cliente.
Cualquier declaración oral acerca del producto hecha por el vendedor, Fabricante, representantes o cualquiera de las partes, no constituyen garantías, el usuario no debe confiarse de ellas, y no forman parte del contrato de compraventa. La única obligación del vendedor y del Fabricante y el único remedio para el comprador, será la reposición y/o reparación del producto por parte del Fabricante bajo las condiciones descritas anteriormente. NI EL VENDEDOR NI EL FABRICANTE SE HACEN RESPONSABLES DE NINGUNA LESION, PERDIDA O DAÑO, DIRECTO, INCIDENTAL O CONSECUENTE (INCLUYENDO, PERO SIN LIMITARSE A, DAÑOS INCIDENTALES O CONSECUENTES DEBIDO A GANANCIAS PERDIDAS, VENTAS PERDIDAS, DAÑOS A PERSONAS O PROPIEDADES O CUALQUIER OTRA PERDIDA INCIDENTAL O CONSECUENTE), QUE RESULTE DEL USO O DE LA IMPOSIBILIDAD DEL USO DEL PRODUCTO, Y EL COMPRADOR ACUERDA QUE NO EXISTE OTRO REMEDIO DISPONIBLE PARA EL. Antes de usar, el usuario debe determinar si el producto se adapta al uso deseado, y el usuario asume todos los riesgos y responsabilidades en relación a ello.
Algunos estados y países no permiten limitaciones sobre la duración de una garantía implícita o la exclusión o limitación de daños incidentales o consecuentes, de manera que las limitaciones o exclusiones anteriores podrían no tener aplicación en su caso. Esta garantía le da derechos legales específicos, y usted podría disponer también de otros derechos que varían de un estado a otro y de un país a otro.
El Código Eléctrico Nacional (en los Estados Unidos) y códigos similares en otros países requieren un Interruptor de circuito de falla de conexión a tierra (GFCI) para ser instalado en el circuito secundario que suministra equipo de fuente calibrado por encima de 15 voltios. En el almacén se encuentran GFCI de 115 voltios (con varias longitudes de cable), y recomendamos que cada producto sea usada con un GFCI.
|
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Excerpt from the
Peoria Police Department Vehicle Impoundment Program
Reprinted with permission.
09/06
OVERVIEW
When our department implemented the drug impoundment program in 2004, we tried to be as thorough as possible with research, information bulletins, procedures, safeguarding payments, releases to tow yards and hearing procedures. We had numerous meetings and phone calls with our legal department, other cities, the command staff at the department and other department heads at city hall. On July 9, 2004, we were given the green light. Officers, in all divisions, caught on right away to "how inconveniencing this drug impoundment program is" on the illegal drug trade.
It simply works like this: An officer finds any amount of any illegal drug and/or drug paraphernalia anywhere or on anybody inside a vehicle. The vehicle gets towed and impounded. {If it doesn't meet forfeiture guidelines, the car is eligible for release.} The owner or lien holder must pay $525 to the city and then pay the towing and storage to get the vehicle back. If the vehicle is not picked up in 45 days, it is deemed abandoned and remains with the tow company. Tow companies cannot sell the vehicles back to the registered owners, owner's friends or owner's family.
The impoundments have been somewhat successful fighting the war on drugs in a different way. The net catches buyers, users, sellers, mules, enablers and, my very favorite, the car rental companies (where drug dealers go to avoid asset forfeiture laws). The only excuse to get out of an impoundment is "if the car was reported stolen in LEADS before the police stopped it". Exigent circumstances do apply, but very rarely.
The drug impoundment program ran so smoothly that more and more (and more and more and more) ordinances were added [Including Prostitution and Weapons in '04; Suspended/Revoked Driver's License and DUI in Oct. '05; a $25 Administrative Fee (for all tows) in Nov. '05; Fleeing/Eluding and Hit & Run in May '06; and finally Noise (loud music) on June 1, 2006]. Over time, our city has made some needed changes to the ordinances and procedures. As you can see from the charted income in this packet, {2004 impound revenue was $66,000 which increased in 2005 to $310,250 and this year is on track for $863,675}, the program is not slowing down. The success means more paperwork, more phone calls, more payments and more time consumption, among other things. It is imperative to account for additional staffing needs as the program expands. There is such a thing as too successful! Impressively enough though, in only 27 months, the men and women of the Peoria Police Department have produced over $1,000,000.00 revenue for city hall. The greatest reward is that the revenue is from people who blatantly violate the law repetitively of those who condone it. Most of our impoundments are for drugs and Suspended/Revoked DL. These violators usually are NOT tax payers but the strain on society that the rest of us have to pay for! Interesting, huh?
After tracking thousands of drug cars that were not eligible for asset forfeiture over the years, there is now, finally, some sort of accountability and the punishment is sure, swift and severe. B.F. Skinner would be proud! We even have some lien holders come from all over the country to pay the fees and get the vehicles back to either protect their interest from the asset forfeiture laws of Illinois or because they were trying to repossess the vehicle anyway.
Something to take note of, is that we track all impounds in an excel computer program. An unbelievable wealth of criminal intelligence is right at our fingertips associates, girlfriends, boyfriends, family, trends, addresses, vehicles, etc...
Now, there is only one legal loop-hole in the process that I know of, but it takes some thought to figure out..and I'm not telling...and no, it has not happened to us...yet.
Revenue vs. Respect
Try and picture yourself in your car at a stop light. Now think of an extremely loud bass thumping and rumbling music blaring out of the car that just pulled up next to you as you are, inevitably, stuck at the longest red light in the city (no right turn). Now put the most offensive cuss words in with the thumping bass. Now think of the same scenario with your small children in your car. Now put small children in "that" car. A person's right to listen to music as loud as they want, certainly does not outweigh another person's right to peace and quiet. We certainly should be protected from the subjection of disgusting language. Some people have just lost their manners and sometimes I wonder if some people were ever even taught manners. This "It's all about me" attitude is like a plague and it is just plain rude. Our city has been suffering for years from loud music, blaring out of vehicles. This is a huge quality of life issue. Loud music is: 1. a form of pollution; 2. permanently damaging to hearing; 3. disrespectful; 4. distracting; 5. sometimes offensive; 6. dangerous when emergency vehicles are running code; and 7. most of all, IT IS ILLEGAL! (And, yes, it is still ILLEGAL even if you turn it down after you see Mr. Nice Policeman - another one of my favorites.) It is not that our city has sat back and let it happen. We, the police, have tried to battle the problem the best that we could with what we had. We had repetitive offenders taking advantage of an already broke judicial system with little, if any, consequence. Unfortunately, this just wasn't good enough and it just wasn't working.
From 2004 to 2006, our police officers wrote 1411 loud music tickets. The fine was a stiff $225 - hoping to deter future offenses. Let's pretend it is a perfect world and 1411 X $225 = $317,475 ... so, the city makes big revenue off of the violators. Now back to reality, not only were the tickets being dropped and continued, but, judges were ruling inconsistently or not at all. People were given little or no penalty. The list of problems went on and on. It boiled down to the fact that there were no teeth behind the tickets. The problem was getting worse because there was no punishment severe enough to extinguish the undesired behavior. So now we had even more violators, more tickets, more paperwork, more cases going to court, more time consumption, etc... with very little or no revenue coming in for everyone's time and trouble! Most of all, there were more and more VERY UPSET CITIZENS - and with good cause to be. So, we decided to make some changes. We again decided to fight another way.
The police department and the legal department requested that our city council make an impoundment ordinance for vehicles with loud music. The proposed loud music ordinance received all kinds of controversial media coverage for months. The most important factor, during this time period, was that the WORD GOT OUT - good or bad, it didn't matter. (We received masses of free advertisement). The ordinance for noise was
passed on June 1, 2006. Our intentions were not to create more revenue, for the city, with this ordinance, but to try and stop the loud music. This ordinance wasn't going after a "criminal element" like the other ordinances. The new ordinance was passed with this language: 1st offense - $25 plus tow/storage; 2nd offense - $275 plus tow/storage; and 3rd and subsequent offenses $525 plus tow/storage. Even though the ordinance is only 3 months old, at the time of this writing, the result, for the most part, has been compliance. "If you play it, you'll pay it" and we mean it this time. Ironically, despite the nay-sayers (who thought this noise ordinance was all about money), the city actually loses money on the noise impounds. But, it is worth it for a more peaceful city. We are inconveniencing people who choose to be rude by towing their vehicle. They still have to pay full price at the tow company each time. We have only had 54 vehicles towed for noise in 3 months and only 1 has been back to visit us a 2nd time for loud music. Interestingly, 17 of the 54 vehicles were initially pulled over for loud music, however, a more severe impound was imposed due to other ordinance violations such as drugs, weapons, Sus/Rev DL, etc...
"It's those little things that lead to the big things."
Happy hunting and be safe. May God bless all of my brothers and sisters in blue.
Officer Donna Nicholson Asset Forfeiture Investigator Vice and Narcotics Division Peoria Police Department 600 SW Adams St. Peoria, Illinois 61602 email@example.com (309) 494-8425
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COMMUNITY SERVICE REPORT FORM
Complete this form after each community service or service learning project. Send a copy to the UW Extension office.
4-H Club: _____________________________________________________________________________________
Project: ___________________________________________________________________________________
Participants: ____________ Youth ____________ Adults
1. Hours (total # of volunteers x # of hours):
________________________
2. Number of people benefiting from service:
________________________
3. Duration of the project (start and end date)
________________________
4. Service Learning consists of several components. Check and describe which you have done…
_____ Investigation: Volunteers and youth investigate the community problems that they might potentially
address. Describe how you determined the need_____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____ Planning and Preparation: Volunteers, youth and community members plan the learning and service
activities, and address the issues needed for a successful project. Describe what you did to prepare before
launching into the project. _______________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________
Who was involved in planning and preparation? ______________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________
Who were the community partners? _______________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____ Action(Implementing the Service Activity): The "heart" of the project: engaging in the meaningful service
experience that will help youth develop important knowledge, skills, and attitudes, and will benefit the
community. What did youth do? Where did you do it? How did you go about it? Whom did you serve? What did you accomplish? What were your goals and learning objectives? ________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____ Reflection: Activities that help youth understand the service learning experience and to think about its meaning and connection to them, their society, and what they have learned.
Reflection is one of the most important parts of service learning. It’s when the volunteers think about their service and what it meant to them. What did they learn? Why did it matter? What will they do with what they learned? Tell us how your group reflected on their project. Here are some ideas for ways to reflect:
group discussions
paintings
poems
newspaper articles
video tapes photographs
bulletin boards
portfolios scrapbooks
art projects
murals
role playing journals
puppet show
collages essays sculptures drawings slide shows
jingles
guide for new volunteers
How did participants reflect on the service? __________________________________________________________
What did youth learn?
Did your group learn skills related to a 4-H project area? Did you learn "life skills" such as communication, problem
solving, or concern for others? What else did you learn? _______________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________
Discuss the project with the beneficiaries of the service. How do they rate the project?
It is important to know how the people you served felt about the project. Did they think it was effective in reaching
a goal? Did you help others as you had planned? _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____ Demonstration/Celebration: The final experience when youth, community participants and others publicly
share what they have learned, celebrate the results of the service project, and look ahead to the future.
How did you share the progress and results of your project? ____________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
How did you celebrate your accomplishments? _______________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________
How did you promote or market your project to let the community know about your efforts: (Attach copies of
photos and news stories) _________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________
Report form adapted from University of Tennessee Extension 4-H http://www.utextension.utk.edu/4h/sos/resources/index.htm
An EEO/AA employer, the University of Wisconsin-Extension provides equal opportunities in employment and programming, including Title IX and American with Disabilities (ADA) requirements.
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Bath Heritage Watchdog Enforcement Report
DATE:
16 th March 2014
ADDRESS:
1 York Buildings, George Street, Bath (York House Hotel)
BUSINESS:
Wagamama
LISTING GRADE:
II
REASON FOR REPORT: Unauthorised Signage
***************************************************************************
We are reporting this case for the following reasons:-
- Installation of unauthorised fixed projecting sign to Broad Street elevation
- Installation of unauthorised menu board to railings adjacent to entrance in George Street
Below are current photos.
Please provide us with the case reference in due course.
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Syllabus Master of Commerce
(w.e.f. 2016-17)
Department of Commerce Central University of Haryana Mahendergarh, Haryana
List of Courses
Semester I
| 1. | SLM COM 1 1 01 C 4105 | Managerial Economics | 4 | 1 | 0 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | SLM COM 1 1 02 C 4105 | Management Accounting | 4 | 1 | 0 |
| 3 | SLM COM 1 1 03 C 4105 | Business Environment | 4 | 1 | 0 |
| 4 | SLM COM 1 1 04 C 4105 | Statistical Analysis | 4 | 1 | 0 |
| 5 | | To be taken from other department | 4 | 1 | 0 |
Semester II
| S.NO. | Course Code | Course Title | L | T | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | SLM COM 1 2 05 C 4105 | Financial Management | 4 | 1 | 0 |
| 2. | SLM COM 1 2 06 C 4105 | Human Resource Management | 4 | 1 | 0 |
| 3. | SLM COM 1 2 07 C 4105 | Marketing Management | 4 | 1 | 0 |
| 4. | SLM COM 1 2 08 C 3104 | Organisational Behaviour | 4 | 1 | 0 |
| 5. | SLM COM 1 2 03 GE 2002 | Operations Research (compulsory) | 2 | 0 | 0 |
| 6. | Any One of the following three courses | | 4 | 1 | 0 |
| | SLM COM 1 2 01 DCEC 4105 | Industrial Relations and labour laws | | | |
| | SLM COM 1 2 02 DCEC 4105 | Consumer Behaviour | | | |
| | SLM COM 1 2 03 DCEC 4105 | Financial Markets, Institutions and Services | | | |
Semester III
| S.NO. | Course Code | Course Title | L | T | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | SLM COM 1 3 09 C 4105 | International Business | 4 | 1 | 0 |
| 2. | SLM COM 1 3 10 C 4105 | Business Research Methods | 4 | 1 | 0 |
| 3. | SLM COM 1 3 11 C 4105 | E-Commerce | 4 | 1 | 0 |
| 4. | SLM COM 1 3 04 DCEC 0202 | Seminar Paper(Compulsory) | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| 5. | | To be taken from other department | 4 | 1 | 0 |
| 6. | | Any One of the following two courses | 4 | 1 | 0 |
| | SLM COM 1 3 05 DCEC 4105 | Working Capital Management | | | |
| | SLM COM 1 3 06 DCEC 4105 | Services Marketing | | | |
| | SLM COM 1 3 07 DCEC 4105 | Selection, Training & Development of Human Resource | | | |
Semester IV
| S.NO. | Course Code | Course Title | L | T | (D) | Credit |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | SLM COM 1 4 12 C 4105 | Business Policy and strategic Management | 4 | 1 | 0 | 5 |
| 2 | SLM COM 1 4 13 C 4105 | Corporate Governance and social responsibility | 4 | 1 | 0 | 5 |
| 4 | SLM COM 1 4 15 C 4105 | Securities Analysis & Portfolio Management | 4 | 1 | 0 | 5 |
Skill Enhancement Elective Course (Compulsory and exclusively for commerce students)
List of Generic Elective Course (GEC) offered by the department to students of other departments
Course Code- SLM COM 1 1 01 C 4105
Credit: 4
Objective: The objective of this course is to acquaint the students with the application of economics principles, tools and techniques in managerial decision making
Course Contents:
Unit I
Managerial Economics: Definition, nature and scope of Managerial Economics; Objectives of a Firm; Managerial Economics and Microeconomics - Managerial Economics and Macro-economic; Applications of Economics in Managerial decisions making; Managerial Economist's Role and Responsibilities.
Theory of Consumer Choice: Cardinal Utility Approach; Indifference Approach; Revealed Preference Approach.
Unit II
Production Analysis: Production function; Marginal Rate of Technical Substitution; Iso-quants and Isocost; Law of Variable proportions; Law of Returns to scale; Economies of scale. Cost theory: short run and long run cost functions-their nature, shape and interrelationship.
Unit III
Pricing and output determination: Pricing decisions under different market forms like perfect competition, monopoly, oligopoly; Pricing Methods and Strategies; Price Discrimination; Dumping; Transfer Pricing.
Unit IV
Trade Cycles and The Open Economy: Real Business Cycles; Exchange rate; trade balance; Macroeconomic movements in an open economy.
Suggested Readings:
1. Koutsoyiannis, A., Modern micro economics, New Delhi: Palgrave, McMillan.
2. G. S. Gupta, Managerial economics, McGraw-Hill Education
3. Paul A Samuelson, William D Nordhaus, Microeconomics, McGraw-Hill Education.
4. Maddala G.S. and E. Miller, Microeconomics: Theory and Applications, McGraw-Hill Education.
5. N. Gregory mankiw, Principles of Micro Economics, Cengage Learning.
6. Baumol, W.J., Economic theory and operations analysis, New Delhi: Prentice Hall.
7. Salvatore, D., Managerial economics, London: Oxford University press.
8. Dornbusch, R. and S. Fischer, Macro Economics, Tata McGraw Hill.
9. G. S. Gupta, Macroeconomics: Theory and Applications, McGraw-Hill Education
Note: Latest edition of the readings may be used.
MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING
COURSE CODE: SLM COM 1 1 02 C 4105
CREDIT: 4
Objective: The objective of this course is to get the students acquainted with the tools and techniques of management accounting useful for managerial decision making.
Course Contents:
UNIT I
Management Accounting: Nature and Functions; Financial vs. Management Accounting; Cost vs. Management Accounting; Role of Management Accountant; Cost Concepts and Classifications.
UNIT II
Variable and Absorption Costing: Concept, Comparison, Applications of Variable Costing, Preparation of Income Statements. Cost-Volume-Profit (CVP) Analysis - Contribution Margin Analysis; Break – Even Analysis; Profit Volume (P/V) Analysis; Margin of Safety and Angle of Incidence. Managerial DecisionMaking; Types of Managerial Decisions –Make or Buy, Sell or Process Further, Operate or Shutdown, Special Sales Order, Product-Mix, Replacement or Not of a Fixed Asset.
UNIT II
Budgeting: Nature and functions; Preparation of Different Types of Budgets, Fixed Versus Flexible Budgeting. Standard Costing – Concept, Advantages; Types of Standards; Variance Analysis; Materials, Labour; Managerial Uses of Variances.
UNIT IV
Responsibility Accounting: Concept of Responsibility Accounting; Responsibility Centres – Cost Centre, Revenue Centre, Profit Centre, Investment Centre, Responsibility Performance Reporting,
Suggested Readings:
1. Atkinson Anthony A., Rajiv D. Banker, Robert Kaplan and S. Mark Young, Management Accounting, Pearson Education.
2. Robert N. Anthony, David F. Hawkins, and Kenneth A. Merchant, Accounting: Text and Cases, McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited, New Delhi.
3. Charles T. Horngren, Gary L. Sundrem, Jeff Schatzberg and Dave Burgstahler, Introduction to Management Accounting, Pearson Education.
4. Drury Colin, Management and Cost Accounting, Cengage Learning.
5. Garison R.H., E.W. Noreen and Peter C. Brewer, Managerial Accounting, McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited, New Delhi.
6. Hansen, Don, R., Managerial Accounting, Cengage Learning
7. Jawahar Lal, Advanced Management Accounting, Text, Problems and Cases, S.Chand & Co., New Delhi.
8. M.Y. Khan and P.K. Jain., Management Accounting: Text, Problem and Cases, McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited, New Delhi.
Note: Latest edition of the readings may be used.
Course- BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT
Course Code- SLM COM 1 1 03 C
4105
Credit: 4
Objectives: The objective of the course is to acquaint the students with the Indian Economic environment and its role, macroeconomic policies and impact on business, emerging issues and development after and during reforms.
Course Contents:
UNIT-1
Business and Environment Analyses: Nature and Importance of business environment, Matrix of internal and external environment in an open economy, Environment analysis techniques; Political environment and business; Business ethics and social responsibility; business and culture; development and social change.
Indian Economy Environment: Changing Structure of the Indian Economy, nature of Indian economy-Development and Underdevelopment; Economic Planning- Objective and problems; Economic reforms; Economic Growth and its variables, PPP model for growth.
UNIT-2
Indian Economic Policies: New economic policy and recent developments, Policy on foreign direct investment in Indian industry, an evaluation of recent fiscal policy of Government of India, Monetary and credit policy, EXIM Policy, Highlights of Budget.
UNIT-3
Privatization and Globalisation: Role of private sector in development and growth, Disinvestment in Public Sector Units, Globalisation and Impact on Indian economy, rationale for globalization, Challenges and opportunities for MNCs; legislation for unfair trade practices and consumer protection.
UNIT-4
Contemporary Issues: Industrial Sickness in India, Development and Protection of MSEs, SEZ as a policy of industrial development, business opportunities in rural sectors, Impact of Institutional factors on business; Emergence of knowledge intensive industries in India.
Suggested Readings:
1. Justin Paul, Business Environment, McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited
2. Puri and Mishra, Indian Economy, Himalaya Publishing House, Mumbai.
3. K. Aswathappa, Essentials of Business Environment, Himalaya Publishing House, Mumbai.
4. Francis Cherunilam, Business Environment, Himalaya Publishing House, Mumbai.
5. Shaikh Saleem, Business Environment, Pearson Education.
Economic Survey – Various Issues, Govt. of India, Ministry of FinanceNote: Latest edition of the readings may be used.
Course- STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
Course Code- SLM COM 1 1 04 C 4105
Credit: 4
Objective: This course aims to impart the students the knowledge of statistics and management science/operation research tools and techniques for decision making in commerce and business.
Course Contents:
UNIT-1
Correlation analysis and Regression Analysis: Simple and multiple correlation analysis, Simple and multiple linear regression analysis up to three variables; Sampling and Sampling Distributions: Methods of sampling, Sampling distribution of a statistic and its standard error and its Utility.
UNIT-2
Inferential Statistics: Theory of Hypothesis Testing, Procedure for Hypothesis Testing, Formulation of hypothesis, Types of Errors in Testing of Hypothesis, Tests of Significance, Level of SignificanceConfidence Interval and Confidence Limits, Two tailed and One tailed Tests, Degrees of Freedom, Critical Values, Acceptance and Rejection Regions, Test Statistics.
UNIT-3
Parametric Tests: Difference between Large and Small Sample Tests of Significance, Significance Tests in Large Sample and Small Sample- Assumptions, Applications of Students t-Distribution, F-test, Z-test, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA one way).
UNIT-4
Non Parametric tests: Difference Between Parametric and Nonparametric Tests, Chi-square tests, Kruskal-Wallis test, Sign tests, Wilcoxon signed- Rank test, Mann Whitney test.
Statistical Quality Control: Causes of variations, purpose and logic constructing a control chart, computing the control limits (X and R Charts), Control charts for attributes and variables, Fraction defectives and Number of defects, Acceptance sampling.
Suggested Readings:
1. Richard I. Levin, Sanjay Rastogi, Masood Husain Siddiqui and David S. Rubin, Statistics for Management, Pearson Education.
2. N. D. Vohra, Business Statistics, Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi.
3. Shailaja Rago and T.N. Srivastava, Statistics for Management, McGraw.
4. David M. Levine, Mark L. Berenson, Timothy C. Krehbiel and P. K. Viswanathan, Business Statistics: A First Course, Pearson Education.
5. David R. Anderson, Dennis J. Sweeney, Thomas A. Williams, Statistics for Students of Economics and Business, CENGAGE Learning, New Delhi.
6. Andrew F. Siegel, Practical Business Statistics, McGraw Hill Education.
7. Amir D. Aczel, Jayavel Sounderpandian, Complete Business Statistics, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing.
Note: Latest edition of the readings may be used.
Course- FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT
Course Code- SLM COM 1 2 05 C 4105
Credit: 4
Objectives: The purpose of this course is to acquaint the students with the theoretical and practical aspects of financial management useful in managerial decision making.
Course Contents:
UNIT-1
Financial management: Scope and Objectives of Financial management, Finance as a strategic function, organisation of the finance functions, Role of finance manager, Risk-return framework for financial decision making and types of financial decisions, Stakeholders' wealth maximization.
UNIT-2
Capital budgeting: Concept, types and Significance of capital budgeting decisions, Techniques of evaluating Investment opportunities, Risk and uncertainty analysis in capital budgeting decisions; Cost of capital: Concept and importance of cost of capital, Computation of cost of various sources of finance, computation of Weighted Average Cost of Capital, CAPM.
UNIT-3
Capital Structure decisions: Operating and Financial Leverages, evaluation of financial plans (EBITEPS analysis), Theories of relevance and irrelevance of capital structure, Factors affecting capital structure decision. Optimum capital structure, Determinants of Capital structure in practice.
UNIT-4
Dividend Policy Decisions: Forms of dividends, Determinants of dividend policy, factors affecting dividend decisions, Theories and policies of dividend distribution, Relevance of dividend policy under market imperfections.
Working capital management: Significance and Types of Working Capital, Components of working capital management, Estimation of working capital requirement; Cash management, Inventory management; receivables management; sources of working capital finance.
Suggested Readings:
1. James C. Van Horne and John Wachowicz Jr., Fundamentals if Financial Management, Pearson Education
2. James C. Van Horne and Sanjay Dhamija, Financial Management and Policy, Pearson Education
3. Levy H. and M. Sarnat., Principles of Financial Management, Pearson Education
4. Brigham and Houston, Fundamentals of Financial Management, Cengage Learning
5. Khan and Jain., Basic Financial Management, McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited, New Delhi.
6. Prasanna Chandra, Fundamentals of Financial Management. McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited, New Delhi.
7. Pandey, I.M., Financial Management. Vikas Publications.
Note: Latest edition of the readings may be used.
Course-HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
Course Code- SLM COM 1 2 06 C 4105
Credit: 4
Objective: The course is designed to give an understanding of the various aspects of the management of human resources, their interaction in the execution of managerial functions and facilitating learning of various concepts and skills required for utilization and development of these resources for organizational functions.
Course contents:
UNIT-1
Human resource management: functions, scope and models, HRM environment and environmental scanning; human resource planning.
UNIT-2
Job analysis and job designing; recruitment; selection; induction and placement; training and development; job evaluation.
UNIT-3
Managing performance; potential management; fringe benefits and incentives; compensation management; promotion; demotion; transfer; separation and right sizing.
UNIT-4
Employee Relations and Trade Unions; Grievance Redressal; Dispute Resolution and Conflict Management; International Dimensions of HRM; Employee Empowerment; E-HRM/HRIS.
Suggested Readings:
1. Gary Dessler, A Framework for Human Resource Management, Pearson Education.
2. DeCenzo, D.A. and S.P. Robbins, Personnel/Human Resource Management, Pearson Education.
3. Bohlendar and Snell, Principles of Human Resource Management, Cengage Learning
4. Ivancevich, John M., Human Resource Management, McGraw Hill.
5. Wreather and Davis, Human Resource Management, Pearson Education.
6. Robert L. Mathis and John H. Jackson, Human Resource Management, Cengage Learning.
7. Biswajeet Pattanayak, Human Resource Management, PHI Learning
Note: Latest edition of the readings may be used.
MARKETING MANAGEMENT
COURSE CODE- SLM COM 1 2 07 C 4105
CREDIT: 4
Objective: The objective of the course is to make aware the participants with the basic concepts and Principles, process and techniques of marketing and to develop their conceptual and analytical skills to be able to better understand and manage the marketing operations of a business.
Course contents:
UNIT I
Introduction to Marketing: Nature, concepts, functions and role of marketing management, Marketing management process- a strategic perspective, concept of marketing mix, market analysis-understanding, Marketing Environment, Consumer buying decision process and influences, Market Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning.
UNIT II
Product Decision and Pricing: Product concept, classification, Major product decisions, New product development, concept of Product life cycle and appropriate strategies to be adopted at different stages, Objectives of pricing decisions, Procedure and determinants of product pricing, policies and strategies.
UNIT III
Distribution & Promotion Decisions: Channels of distribution, Different types and functions of intermediaries, Distribution logistics and major logistics decisions, Promotion Mix, Communication process, Promotion tools and their effectiveness, determining optimal promotion mix.
UNIT IV
Marketing Planning, Organization and Control: Marketing planning process, organizing the marketing department, marketing implementation & control, Social, Ethical and Legal Aspects of Marketing, Consumer Protection and CRM in India, rural marketing, direct marketing, online marketing, emerging trends and issues in marketing developments.
Suggested Readings:
1. Philip Kotler, Kevin Lane Keller, Abraham Koshy, Mithileshwar Jha, Marketing Management: A South Asian Perspective, Pearson.
2. Philip Kotler, Gary Armstrong, Principles of Marketing, Pearson Prentice-Hall.
3. William J. Stanton, Michael J. Etzel, Bruce J. Walker, Fundamentals of Marketing, McGraw Hill
4. McCarthy, E. Jerome, Joseph P. Cannon and William D. Perrault, Jr., Basic Marketing: A Managerial Approach, McGraw Hills.
5. Lamb, Charles W.; Hair, Joseph F. and Carl McDaniel, Marketing, Cengage Learning.
6. Michael R. Czinkota; Masaaki Kotabe, Marketing Management, Cengage Learning.
Note: Latest edition of the readings may be used.
Course–ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOUR
Course Code - SLM COM 1 2 08 C 4105
Credit: 4
Objective: The objective of this course is to acquaint the students with diverse behavioral patterns and issues involved in managing organizations operating in multiple cultures and competitive environment.
Course Contents:
UNIT-1
Introduction to Organizational Behaviour; Management Functions; Skills and Roles. Foundations of Individual Behaviour.
UNIT-2
Perception; Theories and principles of Learning; Personality; Attitudes and Value; Motivation. Group Decision Making and Communication.
UNIT-3
Job satisfaction; Commitment; Power; politics and conflict management; Stress management.
UNIT-4
Group Dynamics; Teams vs groups; Organizational Culture and Climate; Management of Change; Leadership and Theories and Styles; Organization Structure and Design.
Suggested Readings:
1. Luthans, F., Organizational Behaviour. New Delhi: McGraw-Hill.
2. McShane, L., & Gilnow, M. V., Organizational Behaviour, New Delhi: McGraw-Hill.
3. Pareek, U., Understanding organizational Behaviour, New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
4. Robbins, S. P., & Judge, T.A., Organizational Behaviour, New Delhi: Pearson Education.
5. Singh, K. ,Organizational Behaviour: Text and cases, New Delhi: Pearson Education.
6. Newstrom, J.W., Organizational Behavior
, New Delhi: McGraw-Hill.
Note: Latest edition of the readings may be used.
Course- OPERATIONS RESEARCH
Course Code- SLM COM 1 2 03 GE 2002
Credit: 2
Objective: The objective of this paper is to acquaint the students with quantitative techniques that play an important role in managerial decision-making.
Course Contents:
UNIT-1
Linear Programming: Concept and assumptions of Linear Programming, Formulation of Linear Programming Problems, Solution of Linear Programming Problems by Graphic and Simplex method; Duality in LPP: formulation and solution.
UNIT-2
Transportation Problems: Concept of Transportation Problem, Assumptions, Formulation of Transportation problems, Solution Procedure Involved in Transportation Problems.
UNIT-3
Assignment Problems: Concept and assumptions of assignment Problem, Similarities and Dissimilarities with Transportation Problem, Formulation and Solution process of Assignment Problems.
Inventory Management: Concepts of inventory management, Inventory models– EOQ, planned shortage model- optimum safety stock and reorder level; Replacement Models.
UNIT-4
Network analysis: Concept and assumptions of Network Analysis, Steps Involved in Network Analysis, applications of PERT/CPM techniques.
Suggested Readings:
1. Richard I. Levin, Charles A. Kirkpatrick, David S. Rubin, Joel P. Stinson, Quantitative Approaches to Management, McGraw - Hill.
2. David R. Anderson, Dennis J. Sweeney, Thomas A. Williams, Quantitative Methods for Business, CENGAGE.
3. N.D. Vohra, Quantitative Techniques in Management, McGraw Hill.
4. Hellier and Lieberman, Introduction to Operation Research, McGraw Hill.
5. Bierman H. Jr, C.P. Bonini and W.H. Hausman, Quantitative Analysis for Business Decisions Homewood, Ill., Irwin.
Note: Latest edition of the readings may be used.
Note: The list of cases, references and relevant articles will be provided by the faculty in the class.
,
INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS AND LABOUR LAWS
COURSE CODE- SLM COM 1 2 01 DCEC 4105
CREDIT: 4
Objective: To enable the students to learn the concepts of industrial relations including trade Unions, collective bargaining, discipline and various labour enactments.
Course Contents:
UNIT I
Industrial Relations (IR):Concept of Industrial Relations; Nature of Industrial Relations; Objectives of IR; Factors affecting IR in changing Environment, Evolution of IR in India; Role of State; Trade Union; Employers' Organisation; Human Resource Management and IR Role of ILO in Industrial Relations, International Dimensions of IR
UNIT II
Trade Union: Origin and growth, unions after Independence, unions in the era of liberalisation; Factors Affecting Growth of Trade Unions in India, Multiplicity & Recognition of Trade Unions; Major Provisions of Trade Union Act1926
Collective Bargaining and Workers' Participation in Management
a) Collective Bargaining: Meaning, Nature, Types, Process and Importance of Collective
Bargaining, pre-requisites, issues involved; Status of Collective Bargaining in India, Functions and role of Trade Unions in collective bargaining
b) Workers' Participation in Management: Concept, practices in India, Works Committees, Joint management councils; Participative Management and co-ownership; Productive Bargaining and Gain Sharing
UNIT III
Discipline and Grievance Redressal
Discipline: Causes of indiscipline, Maintenance of discipline and misconduct; Highlights of domestic enquiries; Principle of Natural Justice; Labour turnover; Absenteeism; Grievance:
Meaning of Grievance, Grievance redressal machinery in India, Grievance handling procedure; salient features of Industrial Employment (Standing orders) Act 1946
UNIT IV
a) The Industrial Disputes Act, 1947: Definitions of Industry, workman, and Industrial Dispute; Authorities under the Act: Procedure, Powers and Duties of Authorities; Strikes and Lock outs: Lay-off and Retrenchment: Provisions relating to Layoff, Retrenchment, and closure
b) The Factories Act, 1948: Provisions relating to Health, Safety, Welfare facilities, working hours, Employment of young persons, Annual Leave with wages
Suggested Readings:
1. PK Padhi, Industrial Relations and Labour Law, PHI Learning
2. ArunMonappa, Industrial Relations and Labour Law, McGraw Hill Education
3. S.C.Srivastav, Industrial Relations and Labour Law, Vikas Publishing House
4. P.L. Malik's Handbook of Labour and Industrial Law, Vol 1 and 2, Eastern Book Company
Note: Latest edition of the readings may be used.
Course – CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR
Course Code - SLM COM 1 2 02 DCEC 4105
Credit: 4
Objectives: To provide an in-depth understanding of the consumer and industrial buying processes and their determinants as relevant for marketing decision making.
Course Contents:
UNIT-1
Consumer Behaviour: Importance and nature of consumer behaviour, Types of consumers and their role; Consumer behaviour and marketing concept; Changing profile of Indian consumers and impact of technology; Conducting consumer research – overview of process, complexities and issues.
UNIT-2
Consumer Decision Making Process: Buying Motives; Buying Roles; Consumer Buying Process; Levels of Consumer Decision Making.
Individual differences in consumers: Needs and motivation; Perception; Attitude and attitude; Change; Learning and learning theories; Personality and life style analysis.
UNIT-3
Socio-Cultural Determinants of consumer behaviour: Family and household influence on Consumer buying behaviour; Group and their influences-WOM and opinion leaders, Social class; Culture and subculture; Cross-cultural dimensions of consumer behaviour.
UNIT-2
Models of Consumer Behaviour and Business buying behaviour: An overview of contemporary models.
Suggested Readings:
1. Schiffman, L.G. and L.L.Kanuk, Consumer Behaviour, Pearson Education.
2. Engel, J.F., Roser D. Blackwell and Paul W. Miniard, Consumer Behaviour, Cengage Learning.
3. Peter, J. Paul, and Jerry C. Olson, Consumer Behaviour and Marketing Strategy, McGraw Hill.
4. Assael, H., Consumer Behaviour and Marketing Action, Cengage Learning.
5. Hawkins, Dal I., Roger J. Best and Kenneth A. Coney, Consumer Behaviour Implication for Marketing Strategy, McGraw Hill.
6. Hawkins, Del I, Mothersbaugh, David L, Mookerjee A, Consumer Behaviour: Building Marketing Strategy, McGraw Hill, Indian Edition.
Note: Latest edition of the readings may be used.
Course- FINANCIAL MARKETS, INSTITUTIONS AND SERVICES
Course Code- SLM COM 1 2 03 DCEC4105Credits: 4
Objective: The purpose of the course is to provide a sound information and knowledge of broad framework of Financial Markets, financial Services and Institutions.
Course Contents:
UNIT-1
Introduction: Characteristics and role of financial system, Structure of Financial system, financial system and economic development, Overview on Indian Financial System, Development and weakness in Indian Financial system, Reserve Bank of India – Role and Regulations, Financial Sector Reforms.
UNIT-2
Indian Banking Industry: Components, Reforms in Indian Banking Sector, determination of commercial interest rates: fixed and floating, Asset Liability Management - Gap analysis, Management of Non- performing assets, Strategies for making commercial banks viable, Capital Adequacy Norms.
Financial Markets: Money Markets- Organization, features, regulation and economic role, Money Market instruments; Capital Market- Primary and Secondary markets, Procedure for buying shares through IPO, methods of trading in stock exchange, Role of SEBI and its powers.
UNIT-3
Financial Services: Venture Capital: Origin, Functions and Scope, Initiative and Methods of Venture Capital in India, guidelines and Indian venture capital scenario; Mutual Fund: Origin, scope, Types of mutual funds schemes, organization and evaluation of mutual funds; Leasing; Factoring; Forfaiting; Merchant Banking; Credit rating.
UNIT-4
Indian Financial Institutions: NABARD, EXIM Bank, Development Banks- Concept, objectives and functions of development banks, Operational and Promotional activities of development banks: IFCI, ICICI, IDBI, State development banks and state financial corporations.
Suggested Readings:
1. Bhole, L.M., Financial Institutes & Markets, McGraw Hill.
2. Kohn, Meir, Financial Institutions and Markets, Oxford University Press.
3. Madura Jeff, Financial Markets and Institutions, South Western Cengage Learning.
4. Mishkin, Fredrick S. and Stanley G. Eakins, Financial Markets and Institutions, Pearson Education India.
5. Khan, M.Y., Indian Financial System, Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi.
6. Khan, M. Y., Financial Services, Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi.
7. Pathak, Indian Financial System, Pearson Education.
Note: Latest edition of the readings may be used.
INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS
COURSE CODE: SLM COM 1 3 09 C 4105
CREDIT: 4
Objectives: The objective of this course is to highlight the international environment including relationships between government, economic groupings and the consumer. The course will also highlight the problems encountered and issues raised in managing overseas business.
Course Contents:
UNIT I
International Business: Meaning and Importance; Domestic Business vs International Business; Evolution and Development; Factors leading to Growth in International Business; Determinants of Entry Mode; Basic Entry Decisions; Modes of entry into international business, selecting an Entry Strategy.
UNIT II
International Trade: Reasons for international trade; Theories of international trade; Balance of Payment and its Components of International Business Environment: Political, Legal, Economic, and Cultural environment and associated risks; Framework for analyzing international business environment.
UNIT III
Multilateral Regulation of Trade and Investment: Basic Principles of Multilateral Trade Negotiations; GATT and its early rounds; Uruguay Round; WTO – Basic difference between GATT and WTO; organizational structure and functioning, settlement of Disputes, WTO and India.
UNIT IV
International Financial Environment: International monetary system; Exchange Rate Quotation: Direct and Indirect Quotes, Buying and Selling Rates, Forward Rates and Cross Rates; Determination of Exchange rate, Organisational structure for international business operations.
Suggested Readings:
1. Charles W.L. Hill and Arun Kumar Jain, International Business: Competing in the Global Marketplace, McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited.
2. Johnson, Derbe, and Colin Turner, International Business - Themes & Issues in the Modern Global Economy, Roultedge, London.
3. Francis Cherunilam, International Business: Text and Cases, Prentice Hall of India Ltd.
4. Daniels John, D. Lee H. Radenbaugh and David P. Sullivan., International Business: Environments and Operations, Pearson Education.
5. Justin Paul, International Business, Prentice Hall of India Ltd.
6. Michael R. Czinkota. et al., International Business, The Dryden Press.
7. Bennett, Roger, International Business, Pearson Education.
8. Sumati Varma, International Business, Pearson Education.
9. Vyuptakesh Sharan, International Business, Pearson Education.
10. Ball, Donald, Wendall H. McCulloch, MiachelGeringer, Michael S. Minor and Jeanne M. McNett, International Business: The Challenge of Global Competition, McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited, New Delhi.
11. Griffin, Ricky W. and Pustay, Michael W, International Business: A Managerial Perspective, Prentice Hall.
Note: Latest edition of the readings may be used.
Course- BUSINESS RESEARCH METHODS
Course Code: SLM COM 1 3 10 C 4105
Credit: 4
Objectives: To get the students acquainted with the tools and techniques of applied research useful in business decision making.
Course Contents:
UNIT-1
Introduction to Business Research: Meaning, Relevance and significance of Research in business; Types of Research; Research Process.
Research Design: Types, role, relevance of research designs; exploratory research and descriptive research.
Sampling: Meaning, Steps in Sampling process; Types of Sampling - Probability and non probability Sampling Techniques; Errors in sampling.
Questionnaire preparation: Questionnaires design process; pilot testing of questionnaire.
UNIT-2
Data Collection: Primary data and secondary data; sources of primary and secondary data; tools and techniques of collecting data; Methods of collecting data;
Reliability and Validity – Meaning, types and their measurement; steps to improve the reliability and validity of data collected.
UNIT-3
Data Processing and Analysis: Arrangement of the data collected – tabulation; diagrams and graphs and frequency distributions; Summarization of the data using certain Statistical methods and techniques; Factor Analysis; Cluster Analysis and Multiple Discriminant Analysis.
UNIT-4
Application of computer software in Business research with focus on SPSS and EXCEL.
Report Writing: Types of research reports – planning; organizing and prerequisites for research report; System of referencing – Bibliography; references Footnotes; checklist; Evaluation of report.
Suggested Readings
1. 1 Donald R. Cooper, Pamela S. Schindler, and JK Sharma, Business Research Methods, Tata McGraw Hill, 2005.
2. William J. Zikmund, BJ Babin, JCCarr, Atanu Adhikari and Mitch Giffin, Business Research Methods: A South Asian Perspective, Cengage Learning.
3. Uma Sekaran, and Roger Bougie, Research Methods for Business. A Skill Building Approach, Wiley India.
4. Shailaja Rego and T.N. Srivastava, Business Research Methodology, Tata McGraw Hill.
5. Naresh K. Malhotra and Satyabhushan Dash, Marketing Research: An applied orientation, New Delhi: Pearson Education.
6. Nigel Bradley, Marketing research: Tools and techniques, Delhi: Oxford University Press.
Note: Latest edition of the readings may be used.
Note: The List of Cases and Specific References including recent articles will be announced by the faculty.
Course- E-COMMERCE
Course Code- SLM COM 1 3 11 C 4105
Credit: 4
Objective: This paper intends to create an understanding towards types of e-commerce, process of ecommerce, channels, models and the related issues.
Course Contents:
UNIT-1
Introduction: Meaning, nature, scope, framework, factors affecting e-commerce, application of ecommerce, evolution of World Wide Web and its future, internet commercialization, business and technological dimensions of e-commerce.
UNIT-2
Business Models of E-Commerce: B2B, B2C, B2G and other models of e-commerce, public and private computer networks for B2B trading, B2C E-Commerce- Cataloging, Order planning and order generation, Order selection and prioritization, Order scheduling, fulfilling and delivery, Order billing, Post sales services;
E-Marketing: Traditional web promotion, Web counters, Web advertisements, Internet advertising; Internet retailing; Mobile commerce framework and benefits.
UNIT-3
Electronic Payment System: Features required in payment system for e-commerce, Types of epayment systems – e-cash and currency servers, e-cheques, credit cards, smart cards, digital library, electronic purses and debit cards and emerging financial instruments.
UNIT-4
Security Issues in E-Commerce: Risks of e-commerce, Types of threats, Protecting electronic commerce assets and intellectual property, Firewalls, Security tools, Digital identity and electronic signature, Encryption and concepts of public and private key infrastructure, Risk management approach to e-commerce security, Agents in electronic commerce.
Suggested Readings:
1. Ravi Kalakota, Frontiers of Electronic Commerce, Addison Wesley.
2. Bharat Bhaskar, Electronic Commerce: Framework, Technology and Application, 4 th Ed., McGraw Hill Education
3. Kenneth C. Laudon and Carlo Guercio Traver, E-Commerce, Pearson Education.
4. David Whiteley, E-commerce: Strategy, Technology and Applications, McGraw Hill Education
5. PT Joseph S.J., E-Commerce: An Indian Perspective, PHI Learning
6. Debjani Nag, K.K. Bajaj, E-commerce, McGraw Hill Education
Note: Latest edition of the readings may be used.
Course- WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT
COURSE CODE- SLM COM 1 3 05 DCEC 4105 CREDIT: 4
Objective: The objective of this course is to get the students acquainted with the concept of working capital, management of cash, inventory, receivable and payable to useful for business operations.
Course Contents:
UNIT I
Planning and Management: The operating Cycle and Working Capital Needs, Factors determining working capital requirement, financing of current assets. Estimation and Calculation: Working Capital as a percentage of Net Sales, working capital as a percentage of total assets or fixed assets, working capital based on operating cycle.
UNIT II
Management of Cash and Marketable Securities: Motives for Holding Cash, cash management planning and control aspects, managing the float, optimum cash balance: Boumol's Model, and Miller Orr Model, management of marketable securities.
UNIT III
Receivable Management: Costs and benefits of Receivable, Credit policy, credit evaluation, control of receivables, Evaluation of Credit Policies.
UNIT IV
Inventory management: types of inventories, reasons and benefits of inventories, costs of inventory, costs of stock-outs (a Hidden cost), Techniques of inventory management: ABC Analysis, Economic Order Quantity Model, Re-order Level, Safety Stock or Minimum Inventory level, Quantity Discounts and Order Quality.
Suggested Readings:
1. Hrishikes Bhattacharya, Working Capital Management: Strategies and Techniques, PHI Learning Private Limited, New Delhi.
2. James S. Sagner, Working Capital Management: Applications and Cases, Wiley
3. R. P. Rustagi, Working Capital Management, Taxmann's, New Delhi.
4. Khan and Jain. Basic Financial Management, McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited, New Delhi.
5. Prasanna Chandra, Fundamentals of Financial Management. McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited, New Delhi.
Note: Latest edition of the readings may be used.
Course- SERVICE MARKETING
Course Code- SLM COM 1 3 06 DCEC 4105
Credits: 4
Objective: To emphasize on the concept and issues of Service marketing to facilitate students to develop marketing strategies for a service providing business.
Course Content:
UNIT-1
Introduction: Concept, Nature and Importance of Services; Distinctive characteristics and classification of services; Role of Marketing in Services Organization; Services Marketing Mix; Developments in Services Marketing.
Understanding customers: Needs and expectation of customers in Service marketing, Customer portfolio analysis, Customer loyalty, Customers satisfaction in service marketing, SERVQUAL and GAP Model, Handling complaints.
UNIT-2
Service Product and Pricing strategies: Concept of service product; Service features; Life Cycle of Services; New Service Development; Segmentation and positioning of the Services; Pricing – Factors affecting Service pricing; Services pricing strategies; Steps in Pricing Strategy for Services.
UNIT-3
Distribution and Promotion: Role of Accessibility and Availability; Challenges in Distribution Strategy of Services; Promotion Strategies- Concept, Promotion mix, Sales Promotion and Publicity, Advertising, Personal Selling and Other Communication in Service Industry; Managing Services Promotion, Role of employees; Process and Physical Evidence.
UNIT-4
Special Concerns of Service Marketing: Understanding service industries- Financial, Travel and Tourism, Telecom, Hospitality, Retail, Health; E-Service; Aftersales Services.
Suggested Readings:
1. Christopher H. Lovelock, Jochen Wirtz, and Jayanta Chatterjee, Services Marketing: People, Technology, Strategy, Prentice Hall.
2. Valarie Zeithaml, Mary Jo Bitner and Dwayne Gremler, Service Marketing, McGraw Hill.
3. Adrian Payne, The Essence of Service Marketing, Prentice Hall.
4. Harsh V. Verma, Services Marketing – Text and Cases, Pearson Education.
5. Rajendra Nargudkar, Service Marketing: Text & Cases, McGraw-Hill.
Note: Latest edition of the readings may be used.
Course- SELECTION, TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN RESOURCE
Course Code- SLM COM 1 3 07 DCEC 4105
Credit: 4
Objective: The objective of this course is to acquaint the students with major concepts, methods and techniques of training and development in rational and critical manner.
Course Contents:
UNIT-1
Selection and training assessment: Concept and process of selection, concept and rationale of training, Functions of training, relation of training & goals of organizations, training process, role of stakeholders in training programme; Training needs assessment- identification, approaches; skills of trainer.
UNIT-2
Training programme and learning: learning process and style, attributes and factors influencing, principles & guidelines of learning, training climate and pedagogy, transfer of training; developing training modules, materials and Training aids.
UNIT-3
Training techniques: Stages of training, on the job and off-the job methods, experiential and nonexperiential methods, inspirational training techniques.
UNIT-4
Evaluation of training and development: reasons, principles, criteria and approaches of evaluation, process and methods of evaluation, analysis and costing of training, problems of evaluation; emerging patterns in training and development- cross cultural training, e-learning, knowledge management.
Suggested Readings:
1. Blanchard, P Nick, and James W. Thacker, Effective Training – Systems, Strategies, and Practices, Pearson Education, New Delhi.
2. Raymond, A Noe, and Amitabh D. Kodwani, Employee Training and Development, McGraw Hill Education.
3. McGrath, Training for Life and Leadership in Industry, Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi.
4. Sahu, R.K., Training for Development, Excel Books, New Delhi.
5. Goldstein, Training in Organization, Cengage Learning, Bombay.
6. Pepper, Allan D., Managing the Training and Development Function, Aldershot, Gower.
Note: Latest edition of the readings may be used.
BUSINESS POLICY AND STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT
COURSE CODE- SLM COM 1 4 12 C 4105
CREDIT: 4
Objective: The objective of the course is to make aware the participants with the basic concept of business policy, Strategic Intent, Formulation, Implementation and Evaluation of strategic management to develop their conceptual and analytical skills to be able to better understand and manage the business operations.
Course Contents:
UNIT I
An overview of Strategic Management and Business Policy: Introduction to Strategic Management and Business Policy: Evolution of Strategic Management and Business Policy, understanding to Business Policy, understanding Strategy, Strategic Decision-Making. Establishment of Strategic Intent: Hierarchy of Strategic Intent: Strategic Intent, Vision, Mission, Goals and Objectives.
UNIT II
Strategy Formulation: Environmental Appraisal: Concept of Environment, Environmental Sectors, Environmental Scanning, Appraising the Environment; Organisational Appraisal: Dynamics of Internal Environment, organisational Capability Factors, Considerations in Organisational Appraisal, Methods and Techniques used for Organisational Appraisal, Structuring Organisational Appraisal; CorporateLevel Strategies: Concentration, Integration, Diversification, Internationalisation, Cooperation and Digitalisation, Stability, Retrenchment and Restructuring and Business Level Strategies; Strategic Analysis and Choice.
UNIT III
Strategic Implementation: Activating Strategies, Structural Implementation, Behavioural Implementation, Functional and Operational Implementation.
UNIT IV
Strategic Evaluation and Control: Strategic Control, Operational Control, Techniques of Strategic Evaluation and Control, Role of Operational Systems in Evaluation.
Suggested Readings:
11. Christensen, C. Roland, Kenneth R. Andrews, Joseph L. Bower, Rochard G. Hamermesh, Michael
E. Porter, Business Policy : Tax and Cases.
2. Coulter, Mary K, Strategic Management in Action, Pearson Education, New Jersey.
3. David, Fred R, Strategic Management, Prentice Hall, New Jersey.
4. Glueck, William F. and Lawrence R. Jauch, Business Policy and Strategic Management, McGraw Hill, International Edition.
5. H. Igor, Ansoff, Implanting Strategic Management, Prentice Hall, New Jersey.
6. Azhar Kazmi and Adela Kazmi, Strategic Management, McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited
7. Michal, E. Porter, The Competitive Advantage of Nations, Macmillan, New Delhi.
8. Mintzberg, Henry and James Brain Ouinn,The Strategy Process, Prentice Hall, New Jersey.
9. Newman, William H. and James P. Logan, Strategy Policy and Central Management, South Western Publishing Company, Cincinnati, Ohio.
10. S.B. Budhiraja and M.B. Atherya, Cases in Strategic Management, McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited
Note: Latest edition of the readings may be used.
CORPORATE GOVERNANCE AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
COURSE CODE- SLM COM 1 4 13 C 4105
CREDIT: 4
Objectives: To familiarize the students with the understanding of issues and practices of corporate governance in the global and Indian context.
Course Contents:
UNIT I
Conceptual Framework Of Corporate Governance: Evolution of corporate governance; developments in India; regulatory framework of corporate governance in India; SEBI guidelines and clause 49; reforms in the Companies Act; secretarial audit; class action; NCLT; insider trading; rating agencies; green governance/e-governance; shareholders' activism; corporate governance in PSUs and banks.
UNIT II
Corporate Management: Management vs. Governance; internal constituents of the corporate governance; key managerial personnel (KMP); chairman- qualities of a chairman, powers, responsibilities and duties of a chairman; chief executive officer (CEO), role and responsibilities of the CEO; separation of roles of chairman and CEO; CFO; manager; company secretary; auditor.
UNIT III
Whistle blowing and Corporate Governance: The Concept of Whistle-Blowing; Types of Whistleblowers; Whistle-blower Policy; the Whistle-Blower Legislation across Countries; developments in India.
UNIT IV
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR):Meaning; corporate philanthropy; CSR-an overlapping concept; corporate sustainability reporting; CSR through triple bottom line; CSR and business ethics; CSR and corporate governance; environmental aspect of CSR; CSR models; drivers of CSR; global reporting initiatives; major codes on CSR; initiatives in India.
Suggested Readings
1. Adrian Cadbury, Corporate Governance and chairmanship: A personal View, Oxford University Press, UK.
2. Mallin, Christine A., Corporate Governance (Indian Edition), Oxford University Press.
3. Blowfield, Michael, and Alan Murray, Corporate Responsibility, Oxford University Press.
4. Francesco Perrini, Stefano, and Antonio Tencati, Developing Corporate Social Responsibility-A European Perspective, Edward Elgar.
5. Geeta D. Rani, and R.K. Mishra, Corporate Governance-Theory and Practice, Excel Books, New Delhi.
6. Anil Kumar, Corporate Governance: Theory and Practice, International Book House, New Delhi.
7. K.V. Bhanumurthy, and Usha Krishna, Politics, Ethics and Social Responsibility of Business, Pearson Education.
8. Erik Banks, Corporate Governance: Financial Responsibility, Controls and Ethics, Palgrave Macmillan.
9. N. Balasubramanian, A Casebook on Corporate Governance and Stewardship, McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited
10. Bob Tricker, Corporate Governance-Principles, Policies, and Practice (Indian Edition), Oxford University Press.
Note: Latest edition of the readings may be used.Note: The list of cases, references and relevant articles will be provided by the faculty in the class.
Course: SECURITIES ANALYSIS AND PORTFOLIO MANAGEMENT
Course Code: SLM COM 1 4 15 C 4105
Credit: 4
Objective: The objective of this course is to impart theoretical and practical knowledge to students about risk and return of individual security and equip them for analyzing the risk of portfolio for wealth maximization.
Course Contents:
UNIT-1
Security Analysis: Meaning, objectives and investment alternatives; Security and non-security forms of investment; types of investors; Valuation theories of fixed and variable income securities.
UNIT-2
Return and risk: Concept and measurement; Fundamental analysis and technical analysis including economic, industry and company analysis; Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH).
UNIT-3
Introduction to Portfolio Management: Meaning, risk & return determination of a portfolio;Portfolio Selection; Optimal Portfolio Mix; Theories of Portfolio Management: Markowitz portfolio theory; Optimal portfolio: selection & problems; Efficient Frontier: Meaning & Construction and investors utility; Efficient frontier (i) risk-free and (ii) risky lending and borrowing; Leveraged, portfolio; market portfolio; Sharpe single index model and Arbitrage Pricing Theory (APT).
UNIT-4
CAPM: security market line; capital market line; characteristic line; Portfolio revision - meaning, need and constraints; formula plan; constant-dollar-value plan; constant ratio plan; variable ratio plan. Bond portfolio management strategies: passive portfolio strategies; active portfolio strategies; portfolio performance evaluation; risk adjusted performance measures.
Suggested Readings
1. 1. Fischer, Donald E. and Ronald J. Jordan, Security Analysis and Portfolio Management, PHI Learning.
2. Sharpe William F, and Bailey Jeffery V, Alexander Gordon J, Investments, PHI Learning.
3. Chandra, P., Security Analysis and Portfolio Management, Tata McGraw Hill.
4. Bodie, Zvi., Kane Alex and Alan J. Marcus, Investments, McGraw Hill.
5. Reilly, Frank K, and Brown, Keith C., Investment Analysis and Portfolio Management, Cengage Learning.
6. Vishwanath, R and Krishna Murthi C., Investment Management, Springer.
Note: Latest edition of the readings may be used.
Note: The list of cases and problems will be announced in the class by the faculty.
FUNDAMENTALS OF INVESTMENT
COURSE CODE- SLM COM 11 01 GE 3104
CREDIT: 4
Objective: To familiarize the students with the concept of investments, different investment alternatives, introduce them to the framework of their analysis and valuation.
Course Contents:
UNIT I
The Investment Environment: The investment decision process, Types of Investments – Commodities, Real Estate and Financial Assets, the Indian securities market, the market participants and trading of securities, security market indices, sources of financial information, Concept of return and risk, Impact of Taxes and Inflation on return.
UNIT II
Fixed Income Securities: Bond features, types of bonds, estimating bond yields, Bond Valuation types of bond risks, default risk and credit rating.
UNIT III
Approaches to Equity Analysis: Introductions to Fundamental Analysis, Technical Analysis and Efficient Market Hypothesis, dividend capitalisation models, and price-earnings multiple approach to equity valuation.
UNIT IV
Portfolio Analysis and Financial Derivatives: Portfolio and Diversification, Portfolio Risk and Return; Mutual Funds; Introduction to Financial Derivatives; Financial Derivatives Markets in India
Suggested Readings
1. Charles P. Jones, Investments Analysis and Management, Wiley.
2. Prasanna Chandra, Investment Analysis and Portfolio Management, McGraw Hill Education
3. R.P. Rustogi, Fundamentals of Investment, Sultan Chand & Sons, New Delhi.
4. N.D. Vohra and B.R. Bagri, Futures and Options, McGraw Hill Education
5. Mayo, An Introduction to Investment, Cengage Learning.
Note: Latest edition of the readings may be used.
COURSE CODE- SLM COM 11 02 GE 3104 CREDIT: 4
Objective: This paper seeks to familarise the students with of their rights as a consumer, the social framework of consumer rights and legal framework of protecting consumer rights. It also provides an understanding of the procedure of redress of consumer complaints.
Course Contents:
UNIT I
Conceptual Framework: Consumer and Markets: Concept of Consumer, Nature of markets, Concept of Price in Retail and Wholesale, Maximum Retail Price (MRP) and Local Taxes, Fair Price, labelling and packaging Experiencing and Voicing Dissatisfaction: Consumer Satisfaction/dissatisfaction-Grievances complaint, Consumer Complaining Behaviour: Alternatives available to Dissatisfied Consumers; Internal and External Complaint handling: Corporate Redress Systems and Public Redress Systems
UNIT II
The Consumer Protection Act, 1986 (CPA): Objectives and Basic Concepts: Consumer, goods, service, defect in goods, deficiency in service, spurious goods and services, unfair trade practice, restrictive trade practice.
UNIT III
Organizational set-up under the Consumer Protection Act: Advisory Bodies: Consumer Protection Councils at the Central, State and District Levels, Basic Consumer Rights; Adjudicatory Bodies: District Forums, State Commissions, National Commission: Their Composition, Powers, and Jurisdiction (Pecuniary and Territorial), Role of Supreme Court under the CPA.
UNIT IV
Grievance Redress Mechanism under the Consumer Protection Act, 1986: Who can file a complaint? Grounds of filing a complaint; Limitation period; Procedure for filing and hearing of a complaint; Disposal of cases, Relief/Remedy to be provided; Temporary Injunction, Enforcement of order, Appeal, frivolous and vexatious complaints; Offences and penalties. Seven Leading Cases decided under Consumer Protection Act: Medical Negligence; Banking; Insurance; Housing & Real Estate; Electricity, Water, and Telecom Services; Education; Defective Product; Unfair Trade Practice.
Suggested Readings:
1. Sri Ram Khanna, Savita Hanspal, Sheetal Kapoor, and H.K. Awasthi, Consumer Affairs" (2007) Delhi University Publication.
2. V. K. Aggarwal, Consumer Protection: Law and Practice. Bharat Law House, Delhi.
3. Girimaji, Pushpa, Consumer Right for Everyone, Penguin Books.
4. Nader, Ralph, The Consumer and Corporate Accountability, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc.
5. Sharma, Deepa (2011) Consumer Protection and Grievance-Redress in India: A Study of Insurance Industry (LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing GmbH & Co.KG, Saarbrucken, Germany.
6. Rajyalaxmi Rao, Consumer is King, Universal Law Publishing Company.
7. Empowering Consumers e-book, www.consumeraffairs.nic.in
Note: Latest edition of the readings may be used.
Course – ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT
Course Code - SLM COM 1 3 04 GE 3104
Credit: 4
Objectives: This Course Aims at Instituting Entrepreneurial skills in the students by giving an overview of who the entrepreneurs are and what competences are needed to become an entrepreneur.
Course Contents:
UNIT-1
Concept and Definitions; Role of entrepreneurship in Economic development; Entrepreneurship process; Factors impacting emergence of entrepreneurship; Women Entrepreneurs; Classification and Types of Entrepreneurs; EDP Programmes; Entrepreneurial Training; Traits/Qualities of an Entrepreneurs.
UNIT-2
Creating Entrepreneurial Venture: Generating Business idea- Sources of Innovation; methods of generating ideas; Creativity and Entrepreneurship; Business planning process; Legal issues – forming business entity, considerations and Criteria, Requirements for formation of a Private/Public Limited Company; Legal Acts Governing Business in India.
UNIT-3
Marketing plan– for the new venture; environmental analysis; steps in preparing marketing plan; marketing mix; contingency planning; Organizational plan – designing organization structure and Systems.
UNIT-4
Entrepreneurial Finance: Debt or equity financing; Sources of Finance- Commercial banks; private placements; venture capital; financial institutions supporting entrepreneurs; Lease Financing; Funding opportunities for Startups in India.
Suggested Readings:
1. Donald F. Kuratko,T.V. Rao, Entrepreneurship: A South Asian Perspective, Cengage Learning.
2. Robert Hisrich, Michael Peters, Dean Shepherd, Entrepreneurship, McGraw-Hill Education
3. Vasant Desai, Dynamics of Entrepreneurial Development and Management, Himalaya Publishing House.
4. Mare J. Dollinger, Entrepreneurship: Strategies and Resources, Illinois, Irwin.
5. David H. Holt, Entrepreneurship: New Venture Creation, Prentice-Hall of India, New Delhi.
6. K. Ramachandran, Entrepreneurship Development, McGraw-Hill Education
Note: Latest edition of the readings may be used.
Course – INCOME TAX LAW & PRACTICE
Course Code - SLM COM 1 3 05 GE 3104
Credit: 4
Objectives: The objective of this paper is to help students to acquire conceptual knowledge of income tax law & practice.
Course Contents:
UNIT-1
Basic concepts: Income; Agricultural income; Person; Assessee; Assessment year; Previous year; Gross total income; Total income; Residential status; Tax incidence and Residential status; Exempted income.
UNIT-2
Computation of income under different heads: Salaries; Income from house property.
UNIT-3
Profits and gains of business or profession; Capital Gain; Income from other sources.
UNIT-4
Computation of Total Income and Tax Liability: Clubbing of income; Aggregation of income and setoff and carry forward of losses; Deductions from Gross Total Income; Computation of total income and tax liability of individuals.
Suggested readings:
1. Singhania, Vinod K. and Monica Singhania, Students' Guide to Income Tax, University Edition. Taxmann Publications Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
2. Ahuja, Girish and Ravi Gupta, Systematic Approach to Income Tax, Bharat Law House, Delhi.
Journals
1. Income Tax Reports, Company Law Institute of India Pvt. Ltd., Chennai.
2. Taxman, Taxman Allied Services Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
3. Current Tax Reporter, Current Tax Reporter, Jodhpur.
Software
1. Vinod Kumar Singhania, e-filing of Income Tax Returns and Computation of Tax, Taxmann Publication Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi. Latest version
2. 'Excel Utility' available at incometaxindiaefiling.gov.in
Note: Latest edition of the readings may be used.
Course: NEGOTIATION AND CONFLICT MANAGEMNT
Course Code-SLM COM 13 06 GE 3104
Credit: 4
Objective:
The objective of this course is to help students develop their skills in effective use of different forms of influence in the decision-making process, preparing them for leadership positions. The syllabus is intended to facilitate an understanding of the structure and dynamics of negotiation and the appropriate application of persuasion strategies and influence at work and other settings.
Contents :
UNIT-1
Social Influence processes- Persuasion and Negotiation; principles of influence; influence tactics.
UNIT-2
Negotiation: Scope, Types and Styles of negotiation; negotiation process, strategies and tactics; win-win negotiation; Role of trust in negotiations.
UNIT-3
Negotiation and IT; ethics in negotiation; cultural differences in negotiation styles; gender in negotiations; context of mediation; negotiation as persuasion;
UNIT-4
Persuasion: Principles of persuasion; Persuasion Strategy; seeking and resisting compliance; Effective persuasion.
Suggested Readings:
1. Brett, J. M., Negotiating globally: How to negotiate deals, resolve disputes, and make decisions across cultural boundaries, San Francisco: Jossey Bass.
2. Cialdini, R., Influence: The psychology of persuasion, New York: Morrow.
3. Cialdini, R. B., Influence: Science and practice, New York: Allyn and Bacon
4. Fisher, R., Ury, W., & Patton, B., Getting to yes: Negotiating agreement without giving In, New York: Penguin Books.
5. Kolb, D., & Williams, J., The Shadow Negotiation, UK: Simon & Schuster.
6. Korobkin, R.,Negotiation theory and strategy, Aspen Publisher.
7. Lewicki, R., Essentials of negotiation, Alexandria V. A.: Society of HRM.
8. Raiffa, H.,The art & science of negotiation, US: Harvard College.
Note: Latest edition of the readings may be used.
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Complying Development Certificate application
Under section 85A of the Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979 and clause 126 of the Environmental Planning and Assessment Regulation 2000
About this form:
- If you need advice, contact us to speak with our Duty Officer.
- Use this form to apply for development that is permitted under Council's Complying Development Controls or certain State Environmental Planning Policies.
- Fields marked with an *asterisk are mandatory and must be completed before we can assess your application.
- This form and supporting documents are open access information under the Government Information (Public Access Act 2009) (GIPA Act) and may be made publicly available by request and may also be displayed on our website.
Office Use Only:
Application Number Date
Code to be Used Please nominate by ticking one of the following:
Council's applicable "Complying Development Controls"
SEPP (Infrastructure) 2009
SEPP (Exempt and Complying Development Codes) 2008
SEPP (Affordable Rental Housing) 2009
Property Details
Lot Number*
Deposited/Strata Plan Number*
Section Number*
Street Number* Street Name*
Suburb/Town*
Postcode*
Applicant(s) Surname/Company Name*
Given Name/s*
Description of Proposed Development
Estimated Cost of Development*
Existing and/or Proposed Use of Site
How to lodge this form:
Completed form can be:
* Emailed to firstname.lastname@example.org with attached supporting documents as required. Payment by credit card or EFT can be arranged; or
* Forwarded by post with payment; or
* Lodged at our Customer Service Counter between 8:30am & 4:30pm Monday to Friday (excluding Public Holidays).
Payment (N.B. there is no guarantee that application fees will be refunded if you cancel or withdraw your application)
Complying Development Certificate application - V4 - January 2016
Page 1 of 4
Proposed Development Type (Department of Planning & Environment statistics - please tick one box only)
Other
Community Facility
Industrial
Mixed
Commercial/retail/office
Tourist
Residential - New multi unit
Residential - New second occupancy
Residential - Single new dwelling
Residential - Alterations & additions
Infrastructure
Residential - Seniors Living
Residential - Other
Subdivision only
Swimming Pool
Demolition only
Shed, garage
Shop fit-out
Change of use
Signage
Other
Development Details (Information required for the Australian Bureau of Statistics)
New Used
Is the new work to be attached to another building?
Detached
Attached
Gross floor area (m 2 ) of proposed addition or new building
Number of storeys
Number of units
No. of pre-existing dwellings
No. of pre-existing dwellings to be demolished
Materials to be used Tick boxes to indicate which materials best describe those to be used for this proposal
N/A
Walls:
Double brick Brick veneer
Concrete
Fibro cement
Floor:
Concrete Timber Other
Frame:
Timber
Steel
Aluminium Other
Roof:
Tiles
Steel
Aluminium Other
Timber
Glass
Steel
Aluminium
Other
Supporting Documents Required
a) the location, boundary dimensions, site area and north point of the land
Site Plan (3 copies) - Provide a site plan indicating:
b) existing vegetation and trees on the land
d) existing levels of the land in relation to buildings and roads
c) the location and uses of existing building on the land
Floor Plan (3 copies) - Floor plans of any finishes and heights of any proposed buildings showing layout, partitioning, room size and intended uses of each part of the buildings.
Elevations and Sections (3 copies) - Proposed external finishes and heights of any proposed buildings.
BASIX Requirements - All required BASIX commitments are to be notated on the submitted plans.
Building Specifications and Structural Details (2 copies) - Specifications that describe the construction and materials of which the building is to be built and the method of drainage, sewerage and water supply. Structural engineering details to be provided on the concrete slab and /or footings as appropriate.
Owner Builder Permit and Insurance under the Home Building Compensation Fund - An Owner Builder Permit is required for residential work over $10,000 in value. An owner-builder will no longer be required or able to obtain a certificate of insurance from the Home Building Compensation Fund. Licensed contractors working for an ownerbuilder will still need to provide insurance to owner-builders for all work over $20,000.
Long Service Levy - Long Service Levy is payable where the cost of works is $25,000 or greater.
Bushfire Attack Level (BAL) Certificate - If the property is classified as bushfire prone land, a BAL Certificate must be obtained from the council or a person who is recognised by the Rural Fire Service as a suitably qualified consultant in bush fire risk assessment.
Complying Development Certificate application - V4 - January 2016
Page 2 of 4
CDC Application - Contact Details
Property Address*
Applicant Details
Applicant(s) Name/Company Name*
Postal Address*
Suburb/Town*
State*
Postcode*
Telephone Number
Mobile Number
Email Address*
ABN/ACN* (if applicable)
Applicant(s) Name/Company Name*
ABN/ACN* (if applicable)
Notes: We need to be able to contact you if we need more information. Please provide as many details as possible. We will deal only with the nominated applicant for any query or communication regarding this application.
Applicant's Consent
* I understand that if the information is incomplete or insufficient, the application may be rejected or more information may be requested. I accept that delays in processing will arise out of any inadequacies in the material submitted in support of the application.
* I apply for approval to carry out work described in this application. I declare that all information in the application is to the best of my knowledge, true and correct.
* I acknowledge that if the information provided is misleading, any approval granted may be void.
* I understand that the information and materials provided may be made available to the public.
* I understand that Greater Taree City Council may need to use the information and materials provided for notification and advertising purposes.
Applicant Name
Date*
Applicant Signature*
Applicant Name
Applicant Signature*
Date*
Complying Development Certificate application - V4 - January 2016
Page 3 of 4
Regsitered Owner(s) Consent
I/We, being owners of the property identified in the property details section, give permission for the applicant to act on our behalf for this development proposal. I/We, also give our consent for Council officers to enter the property to inspect the site and works associated with this application.
Date*
Signature*
Registered Owners Name*
Date*
Signature*
Registered Owners Name*
Date*
Signature*
Registered Owners Name*
Date*
Signature*
Registered Owners Name*
Note:
* If there is more than one landowner, every owner must sign.
Applications can not be accepted without the full consent of all landowners
* If the owner is a company or owner's association, the application must be signed by an authorised person.
* Applicants in caravan parks require the signature/s of the park owner/s.
* If you are signing on the owner's behalf as their legal representative, you will need to state your legal authority (e.g. Power of Attorney, Executor, Trustee) and attach evidence of this authority.
Office Use Only
Application Number
Receipt Number
CSO Initials
Privacy Notice: Under Privacy laws, you have the right to find out why we are collecting this information, if it is compulsory and what we are going to do with it. You also have rights to access and correct any information held about you. If you need an interpreter, call 131 450
Complying Development Certificate application - V4 - January 2016
Date
2 Pulteney Street Taree
ABN 45 851 497 602
|PO Box 482 Taree NSW 2430
T
F
02 6592 5399 02 6592 5311
Page 4 of 4
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Pain And Myeloma
Pain is the most common symptom of myeloma and can greatly affect all areas of your life, especially if it is untreated or poorly managed. This Information Sheet will explore what the main types and causes of pain in myeloma are, as well as looking at the different approaches used to manage pain effectively. It will also emphasise the need for honest communication with your doctor about the impact that pain is having on your life and highlight some of the things that you can do for yourself to help relieve your pain.
Pain will affect up to 80% of people with myeloma at some point. The type and intensity of pain will vary considerably and will affect each of you differently; it can be localised to one area of your body or it can affect many different areas.
The causes of pain in myeloma are varied and can include:
Myeloma bone disease
Bone disease is the most frequent and often the most debilitating feature of myeloma and therefore bone pain is a very common symptom. The areas usually affected include the middle or lower back, the hips and the rib cage. The long bones of the upper arms and legs can also be affected.
Bone disease occurs as a result of myeloma cells in the bone marrow affecting the surrounding bone, causing the bone to be broken down faster than it can be repaired. Sometimes the bones can become so weak that they can break without undue force or injury – this is called a pathological fracture.
The thinning of the vertebrae (bones of the spine) can also result in fractures. They tend to collapse and become compressed. This is known as a vertebrae compression fracture and can be very painful.
Peripheral neuropathy
Peripheral neuropathy is the term used to describe damage to the nerves that make up the peripheral nervous system. In myeloma the nerves that are most commonly affected are those of the hands and feet.
There are several possible causes of peripheral neuropathy in myeloma including its treatments, infiltration of nerve tissue and complications such as infection.
Common symptoms of peripheral neuropathy include pain, numbness or a 'pins and needles' sensation in the affected nerves.
Infection
Myeloma can weaken the immune system, leaving you more susceptible to picking up recurring infections, some of which can be accompanied by pain.
Common infections include chest and kidney bacterial infection and the viral infection shingles.
Sore mouth
A sore mouth (or 'mucositis') is one of the side-effects of chemotherapy, especially when given in high doses before a stem cell transplant. The lining of your mouth can become red and inflamed and can sometimes result in extreme pain and discomfort. Fortunately, this is normally a temporary side effect and your mouth should return to normal once you have recovered from your treatment.
Describing your pain
In order for your doctor or nurse to treat your pain effectively it is important that they know exactly how it is affecting you and what it feels like to you. You may be asked a range of questions to try to establish the exact nature of your pain – this helps to work out which treatment is most appropriate for you and also provides a baseline measure to see which pain medications are working.
It may be helpful, therefore to consider asking yourself these questions before you see your doctor or nurse:
* Where do you feel the pain?
* What does it feel like? Sharp? Dull? Throbbing? Burning? Steady?
* When did it begin?
* Does it prevent you from carrying out your daily activities?
* What have you tried for pain relief?
* What makes it worse?
* Is your pain constant? If not, how many times a day (or week) does it occur?
Some people find that keeping a diary of their pain, over a few days, helps them to describe it more accurately and detect any triggers, or periods of the day when it is worse.
You may also experience other symptoms associated with your pain. These can include nausea, headaches, dizziness, weakness, drowsiness, constipation and or diarrhoea.
Pain can also have a huge emotional impact, so it is important to let your doctor or nurse know if you feel that living with pain is affecting your mood.
Treatment
It is important to emphasis that you do not have to put up with pain: there are many different treatment options available and most hospitals will have access to a specialised pain team which consists of a range of professionals who are experts at assessing and relieving pain.
The aim of any pain relieving treatment is to provide continuous pain relief, whenever possible, with a minimum of unwanted side-effects. Pain control must be tailored specifically to you and must be regularly reviewed.
Medical Treatments
Bisphosphonates
Bisphosphonates are a specific group of drugs that inhibit bone destruction in myeloma. They have been shown to reduce bone pain and the need for strong pain killers as well as reducing the likelihood of pathological fractures.
Bisphosphonates treatment is now recommended for all patients with myeloma requiring treatment whether or not bone lesions are evident.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is a key component of pain management as it is aimed at treating the myeloma itself, which may be the underlying cause of pain. If your myeloma responds to your chemotherapy treatment then you may find that you are able to come off or reduce strong painkillers once you have finished your treatment.
Radiotherapy
Radiotherapy can be a very effective measure in relieving bone pain in localised areas throughout the body. It is also effective in relieving pressure on the nerves or spinal cord.
Surgical interventions
Vertebroplasty and balloon kyphoplasty are two new minimally invasive surgical procedures used for stabilising or reversing vertebral compression fractures. These procedures may occasionally be used to offer considerable pain relief as well as strengthening the bones of the vertebrae.
Painkillers
You may be prescribed painkilling medications (also known as 'analgesia') to try to gain control of your pain. Again it is important to point out that an individual approach must be taken in order to achieve pain control – there is no correct formula and it often comes down to trial and error as to what works best.
Many people are reluctant to take pain killers, so it is useful to emphasise that, when used to treat severe pain, morphine (or any other strong painkiller) is not addictive. Nor is it a sign of weakness or 'giving up' to admit to needing help with your pain.
As with any medication, most painkillers have some side-effects, most of which, if caught early, can be managed effectively. Therefore, it is extremely important that you inform your doctor or nurse about any side-effects you are experiencing. Some of the common side-effects are: constipation, nausea, loss of appetite and drowsiness; however, your doctor or nurse will explain to you which side-effects you are likely to experience.
The painkillers that are most commonly used in myeloma are listed in the table. Additional drugs that are not normally used as painkillers may also be helpful in certain circumstances e.g. amitriptyline, gabapentin or pregabalin may help relieve neuropathic pain. Steroids, particularly dexamethasone, may also be used to relieve bone pain.
Over the counter non-steroidal anti-inflammatory painkillers (e.g. ibuprofen) are not generally recommended for use in myeloma as they can contribute to kidney damage.
Commonly used painkillers in myeloma
| Class | Examples |
|---|---|
| Simple non-opioid analgesics | Paracetamol |
| Non-steroidal anti- inflammatory drugs | Ibuprofen, Voltaren |
| Weak opioids | Provide effective pain relief for moderate pain, e.g. Panadeine Forte, tramadol. |
| Strong (natural) opioids | Provide effective pain relief for moderate to severe pain. Morphine – as liquid or tablets can be converted to slow release preparations when daily requirements are established e.g. MS Contin |
| Synthetic Opioids | Provide effective pain relief for moderate to severe pain; some can be less toxic than natural opioids Include: • Oxycodone – may be given orally (immediate or slow release formulations) e.g. Oxycontin • Fentanyl – given as slow release patches |
Non Medical Treatments
There is a range of non-medical interventions that can be used to help relieve pain, some of which are listed below. They may help you feel that you are getting more control over your pain and relieve some of the anxiety related to living with pain. It is important, however, that you inform your doctor or nurse if you choose to use any of these treatments.
TENS machine
TENS (Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation) machines deliver small electrical pulses to the body via electrodes placed on the skin. TENS machines are thought to affect the way pain signals are sent to the brain. You can get TENS machines from a physiotherapist or buy one from most pharmacies.
Acupuncture
Acupuncture is part of traditional Chinese medicine and uses the balance of the body's own life force to restore wellbeing. Acupuncture can be used to alleviate pain and to relax muscles.
Gentle massage
Gentle massage can be used to relieve muscle pain and tension and can be both therapeutic and relaxing. Remember to tell the massage therapist that you have myeloma.
Hot and cold packs
Hot water bottles and ice packs can be very effective in providing short term pain relief. It's best not to apply them directly onto your skin and often alternating between hot and cold works best.
Relaxation techniques
Tense muscles can contribute to any pain that you are experiencing. Learning relaxation techniques can not only ease your pain but can help you cope with it better.
Correct positioning
Often the way that you sit, or lie down can affect your pain. Use supportive cushions or pillows and ask to be seen by a physiotherapist for expert advice.
Self-Help Strategies
As well as the non-medical treatments listed above, things that you can do for yourself to try to get control of your pain may include:
Asking for help when needed
Again, this is not a sign of weakness so don't be afraid to ask for help from those around you – most people are glad to be able to offer some assistance. If you think you need help around the home speak to your doctor or nurse who will be able to arrange for an occupational therapist to assess you.
Taking painkillers regularly as prescribed
Don't wait until you are in pain – try to stick to the regime that your doctor has prescribed for you – this will help them assess if your current level of pain relief is working.
Distraction therapy
Some people find that watching TV or listening to the radio can help by taking their mind off the pain for a short while.
Achieving a balance between regular rest and activity
It's important to have some structure to your day whilst not over-tiring yourself. Moderate gentle exercise (e.g. walking) will help strengthen your muscles. It will also take your mind off your pain and can help lift your mood.
Be honest with your doctor or nurse
Let your doctor or nurse know about the pain that you are experiencing, especially any new sites of pain or if it is increasing in intensity.
Talking about your feelings
Anxiety and stress can aggravate pain so try and talk about your worries and concerns. If you would like to speak to a trained counsellor, your GP or local cancer centre should be able to organise this for you.
Conclusion
Pain may affect the majority of you at some point: however I hope I have shown that with honest communication with your doctor or nurse, and with the correct treatment for you, pain can be controlled, allowing you to 'get on' with your life.
Original article written by Mandy Calder, Myeloma Information Nurse Specialist of Myeloma UK reprinted with permission from 'Living with Myeloma' the newsletter of Myeloma UK. Adapted to Australian standards by Dr Simon Wein, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre.
The information in this fact sheet is not intended to replace medical care or the advice of a physician. Your doctor should always be consulted regarding diagnosis and treatment.
|
<urn:uuid:185c0448-ced6-4254-9e73-ad999d88a242>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-13
|
http://myeloma.wordpress-staging.3dc.com.au/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2015/10/Pain-and-myeloma.pdf
|
2017-03-27T10:36:09Z
|
crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189471.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00233-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz
| 243,739,318
| 2,535
|
eng_Latn
|
eng_Latn
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|
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|
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docling
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11056,
12170
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[
0.98828125
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[
3.578125
] |
[
3.96875
] |
[
2.546875
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| 5
|
HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs
|
SUA Operators
Alphabetical listing of CAA-approved commercial operators of Small Unmanned Aircraft (SUA) operating sub-7kg SUA and/or 7-20kg SUA. This list is current as of 04/03/2016. In general commercial SUA must only be flown:
> Within direct, unaided visual line-of-sight (VLOS) of the pilot.
> No higher than 400 feet above the surface and no further than 500 metres from the SUA operator.
> 150 metres away from congested areas (unless SUA weight does not exceed 7kg) and not within 150metres of an open-air assembly of 1,000 persons or more.
> Not directly overhead (at any height) or within 50 metres of persons, vehicles, vessels and property, unless those persons are 'under the control of the person in charge of the SUA'.
Total recorded as active:
1461
04 March 2016
Page 1 of 57
A Star Media Limited
1355
09/10/2016
09/10/2015
04 March 2016
Page 2 of 57
7-20kg Issue Date Expiry Date
Aerial Craft Ltd
684
09/02/2017
09/02/2017
09/02/2016
09/02/2016
04 March 2016
Page 3 of 57
7-20kg Issue Date Expiry Date
Aero Productions Ltd
850
19/05/2016
19/05/2016
19/05/2015
19/05/2015
04 March 2016
Page 4 of 57
7-20kg Issue Date Expiry Date
Air-Frames (UK) Limited
501
02/02/2017
02/02/2017
02/02/2016
02/02/2016
04 March 2016
Page 5 of 57
Alistair Vaughton t_a New Earth
801
15/04/2016
15/04/2015
Images
04 March 2016
Page 6 of 57
Andrew McKenna t_a
1481
21/10/2016
21/10/2015
DigitalStudio Photgraphy
04 March 2016
Page 7 of 57
7-20kg Issue Date Expiry Date
ARUS-UAS Ltd
1839
18/02/2017
18/02/2016
04 March 2016
Page 8 of 57
7-20kg Issue Date Expiry Date
Bad Eden Entertainment Limited
1485
21/10/2016
21/10/2015
Event Media
04 March 2016
Page 9 of 57
7-20kg Issue Date Expiry Date
Benjamin Smith trading as
636
10/12/2016
07/10/2015
Kensson Ltd (Aerial Imaging)
British Broadcasting Corporation
1868
02/03/2017
02/03/2016
The One Show
7-20kg Issue Date Expiry Date
Chris Wray t_a See The Floor
786
13/04/2016
13/04/2015
(Wray Farms)
7-20kg Issue Date Expiry Date
Cloudbase Images Ltd
591
12/11/2016
20/10/2015
Crows Nest Studios Ltd
900
15/07/2016
15/07/2015
Darren Winwood
592
14/12/2016
14/12/2015
7-20kg Issue Date Expiry Date
David Tarry t_a Inspired Aerial
972
03/07/2016
03/07/2015
Views
Do It Safely Ltd
1135
10/07/2016
10/07/2015
DTM Technologies Ltd
319
15/02/2017
15/02/2016
7-20kg Issue Date Expiry Date
EEMEDIA Ltd
787
13/04/2016
13/04/2015
7-20kg Issue Date Expiry Date
Eyeland Integrated Services Ltd
1665
15/12/2016
15/12/2015
7-20kg Issue Date Expiry Date
Flying Camera Systems Limited
107
19/06/2016
19/06/2015
as SOYL
Future Aerial Innovations Ltd
496
12/01/2017
12/01/2016
7-20kg Issue Date Expiry Date
Gordon Ross trading as i2i
481
22/09/2016
22/09/2016
23/09/2015
23/09/2015
Television
7-20kg Issue Date Expiry Date
Hamish Campbell t_a Black Pear
1533
04/11/2016
04/11/2015
Aerial Images
7-20kg Issue Date Expiry Date
HiCam Ltd
674
13/01/2017
13/01/2017
06/01/2017
14/12/2015
7-20kg Issue Date Expiry Date
Hungry Eye Limited
1518
30/10/2016
30/10/2016
30/10/2015
30/10/2015
7-20kg Issue Date Expiry Date
Interserve Construction Limited
1671
24/12/2016
24/12/2015
7-20kg Issue Date Expiry Date
James Harries T_A James Harries
1720
14/12/2016
14/12/2015
Multimedia
7-20kg Issue Date Expiry Date
John Livesey
1071
22/06/2016
22/06/2015
View
Juan Latour t_a Helipromo
1253
24/08/2016
24/08/2015
7-20kg Issue Date Expiry Date
Kingdom Creative Studios Ltd
714
15/02/2017
15/02/2016
7-20kg Issue Date Expiry Date
Leica Geosystems UK Ltd
1848
24/02/2017
24/02/2016
Macha Media Ltd
1132
24/08/2016
24/08/2015
7-20kg Issue Date Expiry Date
Matt Wild t_a Altivision
419
03/07/2016
03/07/2016
03/07/2015
03/07/2015
7-20kg Issue Date Expiry Date
Michael Burns trading as Mike
1870
03/03/2017
03/03/2016
Burns Photography
MPROV Limited
1860
01/03/2017
01/03/2016
7-20kg Issue Date Expiry Date
Neptune Aerial Works Limited
871
08/06/2016
08/06/2016
08/06/2015
08/06/2015
7-20kg Issue Date Expiry Date
Off Grid Solutions (UK) Ltd
594
17/11/2016
23/10/2015
Paul Faulkner trading as Falcon
1810
04/02/2017
04/02/2016
Aerial Photography
Peter Tasker t_a Fast Film Aerial
1056
06/07/2016
06/07/2015
Photography
7-20kg Issue Date Expiry Date
Positive Angle Media Ltd
771
01/04/2016
01/04/2015
7-20kg Issue Date Expiry Date
Ransomes Jacobsen Ltd
1563
23/11/2016
23/11/2015
7-20kg Issue Date Expiry Date
Richard Poolton t_a Fotomondeo
1073
06/07/2016
06/07/2015
7-20kg Issue Date Expiry Date
Roger Warman t_a UH1 Aerial
1552
05/11/2016
05/11/2015
Imaging
7-20kg Issue Date Expiry Date
RW Productions Ltd and
343
03/07/2016
03/07/2016
03/07/2015
03/07/2015
Visualante Productions Ltd
7-20kg Issue Date Expiry Date
SG Photography Ltd
440
21/10/2016
21/10/2016
21/10/2015
21/10/2015
7-20kg Issue Date Expiry Date
Skeye Photography & Surveys
1559
18/11/2016
18/11/2016
18/11/2015
18/11/2015
Limited
7-20kg Issue Date Expiry Date
SkyHigh Ingenuity Limited
872
08/06/2016
08/06/2015
7-20kg Issue Date Expiry Date
So Motion Limited t_a So Motion
Limited & Drone Air
1041
19/06/2016
19/06/2016
19/10/2015
19/10/2015
7-20kg Issue Date Expiry Date
Stephen Newby t_a Stellar
1006
16/06/2016
16/06/2015
Production
7-20kg Issue Date Expiry Date
Suave UAV Enterprises Ltd
55
25/11/2016
25/11/2015
trading as Suave Aerial P
7-20kg Issue Date Expiry Date
The Airborne Lens Company
1104
06/07/2016
06/07/2015
Limited
Tom Scott trading as SkyLab5
1828
16/02/2017
16/02/2016
Aerial Imaging
7-20kg Issue Date Expiry Date
Tubado Limited
1352
04/10/2016
04/10/2015
Vancols Limited
1144
10/07/2016
10/07/2015
7-20kg Issue Date Expiry Date
West Dereham Plant Ltd
1735
20/01/2017
20/01/2016
|
<urn:uuid:23db98be-91eb-4159-9cb7-a6c9ec71da11>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-13
|
http://jamiebrightmore.com/assets/docs/CAA_RPAS_Operators_2016.pdf
|
2017-03-27T10:48:07Z
|
crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189471.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00234-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz
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eng_Latn
|
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|
eng_Latn
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[
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| 3
|
HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs
|
Ballot Measure 22-166
May 16, 2017 Election
Bond Measure Providing Matching Funds for Safety, Security and Facility Improvements
Restrictions on Political Campaigning by Public Employees
Public employees, such as teachers, administrators and other education staff, must follow rules during political elections, such as school bond measures.
This is a quick reference guide to the basic restrictions on political campaigning by public employees. A more comprehensive, detailed document can be found on the Oregon Secretary of State's Elections Division website: http://sos.oregon.gov/elections/Documents/restrictions.pdf
Generally, ORS 260.432 states that a public employee may not, while on the job during working hours, promote or oppose election petitions, candidates, political committees or ballot measures. Additionally, no person (including elected officials) may require a public employee (at any time) to do so.
Prohibited Activities
Allowable Activities:
A public employee, while on the job during work hours, may not:
Prepare or distribute written material, post website information, transmit emails or make a presentation that advocates for or against a political position.
Collect funds, prepare filing forms or correspondence on behalf of political committees.
Make outgoing calls to schedule or organize campaign events or other political activity on behalf of a political committee.
Grant unequal access to public facilities to political committees.
Direct other public employees to participate in political activities when in the role of a supervisor.
Draft, type, format or edit a governing body's (i.e., school board) resolution that advocates a political position (except to conform the resolution to a standard format).
Prepare or give recommendations to the governing body urging which way to vote on such a resolution.
Sign such a resolution.
Announce the governing body's position on such a resolution to the media.
Include the governing body's position on such a resolution in a jurisdiction's (school district's) newsletter or other publication.
A public employee, while on the job during working hours, may:
Prepare or distribute impartial written material or make an impartial presentation that discusses election subjects.
Perform standard job duties, such as taking minutes at a public meeting, maintaining public records, opening mail, inserting a proposed resolution into a board agenda packet.
Impartially advise employees about possible effects of a measure, but not threaten them with financial loss to vote a particular way.
Address election-related issues while on the job in a factual and impartial manner if such activity is legitimately within the scope of normal duties.
Prepare neutral, factual information for a governing body to use in determining what position to take on an issue.
In a clerical manner, incorporate amendments into a finalized version of a governing body's resolution.
Respond to public records requests for information, even if the material advocates a political position.
Wear political buttons subject to applicable employee policies.
A public employee, on off duty time, may send letters to the editor that advocate a political position and may participate in other lawful political activities, including campaign committees.
|
<urn:uuid:52c72261-1130-47be-b265-4a0b26dc5d9e>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-13
|
http://sweethome.k12.or.us/district/documents/RestrictionsPoliticalCampaigning.pdf
|
2017-03-27T10:32:16Z
|
crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189471.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00234-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz
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docling
|
[
3300
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[
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[
2.40625
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| 6
|
HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs
|
Specimen Label
Recruit IV termite bait must be used in conjunction with a service provided by a pest management professional licensed by the state to apply termite control products.
®Trademark of Dow AgroSciences LLC
A termite bait for use in an integrated management system for protection of structures from subterranean termites
Do not tamper with bait material.
EPA Reg. No. 62719-453
Environmental Hazards
This product is highly toxic to aquatic invertebrates and possibly to fish. Do not allow the bait or its noviflumuron contents to be washed into a body of water containing aquatic life, such as a pond or stream. Do not use, handle or tamper with the bait container in a manner inconsistent with this label.
Directions for Use
It is a violation of Federal law to use this product in a manner inconsistent with its labeling. Read all Directions for Use carefully before applying.
Storage and Disposal
Do not contaminate water, food or feed by storage or disposal. Pesticide Storage: Store in original container in a dry storage area. Pesticide Disposal: Product not disposed of by use according to label directions should be wrapped in paper and placed in a trash can. Container Handling: Do not break open, cut into or remove protective wrapper from product until ready for use.
Handling Procedures
Do not break open, cut into or remove protective wrapper from the Baitube ® device until ready for use.
Product Information
Recruit ® IV termite bait contains an insect growth regulator (IGR) noviflumuron that prevents successful molting and development of subterranean termites. This disruption of development causes a decline of the termite colony to the point where the colony can no longer sustain itself and is eliminated.
Recruit IV is used in the Sentricon ® Termite Colony Elimination System for prevention and elimination of subterranean termite colonies, including Coptotermes, Reticulitermes, and Heterotermes spp., and is intended to form the basis of an on-going program providing structural protection against subterranean termites. Use of this termite baiting system involves the installation of Recruit IV for delivery of noviflumuron concurrent with monitoring and baiting of the site. When Recruit IV is inspected and replenished per label instructions, it provides on-going prevention and elimination of termite colonies.
Target sites for this system can include buildings, fences, utility poles, decking, landscape plantings and trees, or other features that could be damaged by termite feeding and foraging activity. Recruit IV can be used on the inside or outside of foundation walls of crawl space areas, or through access holes made through concrete and asphalt if adequate soil is not accessible and such action is warranted. Recruit IV may be used in lieu of a pre-construction termiticide (chemical barrier) treatment as a means of preventing termite infestation of new structures.
In Florida, when the Sentricon ® Termite Colony Elimination System is installed for protection of new structures in lieu of a preconstruction termiticide treatment, the requirements for monitoring during the first year following installation of the Sentricon ® Termite Colony Elimination System specified in supplemental labeling entitled "Requirements for Baited Sentricon Stations Installed at New Structures" must be followed. This supplemental label must be in the possession of individuals installing or inspecting the Sentricon ® Termite Colony Elimination System at new structures.
Installation and Monitoring of Stations for the Sentricon ® Termite Colony Elimination System
Install stations for the Sentricon ® Termite Colony Elimination System around the target site at intervals not to exceed 20 feet where soil access is not restricted. If the structural foundation is known to have been previously treated with a soil-applied termiticide, do not install Sentricon stations in the soil closer than 18 inches from the foundation.
Based upon the professional evaluation of the installer, install additional Sentricon stations in areas conducive to termite activity in proximity to the structure. Examples of areas to be evaluated include:
plants, wood, and other materials)
The purpose of the monitoring phase is to detect the presence of subterranean termites. When present, termites can be collected from monitoring devices for placement into the Self-Recruitment™ chamber in the Baitube ® device. Although not mandatory, it has been shown that this Self-Recruitment procedure results in increased bait consumption.
Monitoring devices are inspected on at least a quarterly basis when environmental conditions are favorable for termite feeding (see note below).
When termite activity is observed in a monitoring device, install a Baitube ® device containing Recruit IV. Although not mandatory, it is also recommended to install auxiliary station(s) for the Sentricon ® Termite Colony Elimination System as per label directions in section II for Installation of Auxiliary Stations. Baited stations for Sentricon ® Termite Colony Elimination System are inspected on at least a quarterly basis. If, upon inspection, no active termites or evidence of new termite feeding on Recruit IV is observed, replace the Baitube ® device with a monitoring device and resume monitoring on at least a quarterly basis, provided the control program is continuing. If auxiliary stations for Sentricon ® Termite Colony Elimination System have been installed and there are no termites in them, they may be removed, leaving the original station for Sentricon ® Termite Colony Elimination System with monitoring device in place.
Note: Unfavorable conditions including frozen or water-saturated soil or normal seasonal decline in subterranean termite foraging activity may temporarily disrupt feeding on Recruit IV. Seasonal effects on termite activity vary geographically, but feeding activity typically declines during periods when the historical average daily temperature falls below 50°F. Monitoring and servicing may be suspended during these periods. (Refer to National Weather Service data or contact Dow AgroSciences for information regarding local historical average daily temperatures.) Do not allow more than six months to elapse between monitoring and servicing visits.
Installation of the Baitube ® Device Containing Recruit IV
Upon inspection, install the Baitube ® device as indicated below if live termites are observed in the station or there is evidence of termite feeding activity as indicated by consumption of the monitoring device.
In areas where termites, evidence of termite activity, or conditions conducive to termite activity are observed, the Baitube ® device containing Recruit IV may be installed in auxiliary stations without the termites first having been found in monitoring devices. Under these conditions, auxiliary stations containing a Baitube ® device may be installed, provided the auxiliary stations are located within 12 inches of a station for Sentricon ® Termite Colony Elimination System containing monitoring devices.
Termite feeding on Recruit IV can be enhanced by adding a minimum of 0.7 fl oz (approximately 20 mL) of water or a sugar-containing solution, such as a sports performance drink, to the Self-Recruitment chamber of the Baitube ® device. In arid areas and in dry soils, add up to 2.7 fl oz (approximately 80 mL) of water or sugar-containing solution before introducing termites to the chamber.
I. Self-Recruitment Procedure: If the self-recruitment procedure is utilized, remove termites present in the monitoring device and introduce them into the Self-Recruitment chamber in the top of the Baitube ® device as follows (refer to Figure 1):
1. Prepare the Baitube ® device for introduction of termites as follows: (1) Remove the cap.
(2) Add water or sugar-containing solution as previously described. This moisture is necessary for termites to survive the SelfRecruitment procedure. Allow the water or sugar-containing solution to be completely absorbed by the bait before transferring termites to the chamber.
2. Transfer termites from the infested monitoring device to the Self-Recruitment chamber of the Baitube ® device as follows:
(1) Remove monitoring device from the Sentricon station and place in a container suitable for collecting termites and associated debris that will be introduced into the Self-Recruitment chamber. A shallow pan works well for this purpose, or, with experience, users may fashion other devices more suitable for this purpose.
(2) Carefully remove termites, debris, soil and mud tube materialflfrom the surface of the monitoring device. Save this material to add to the Self-Recruitment chamber along with termites.
(3) If possible, separate the halves of the monitoring device and gently tap them to dislodge as many termites as possible into the collecting pan.
(4) Introduce the termites and debris collected into the Self-Recruitment chamber of the Baitube ® device. Excess debris and termites may be discarded or used to initiate the Self-Recruitment process in an auxiliary station for Sentricon ® Termite Colony Elimination System placed adjacent to the primary baited station (see Installation of Auxiliary Stations).
(5) Replace the cap of the Baitube ® device. Avoid harming termites placed in the chamber when replacing the cap. If the chamber is overfilled, wait for excess termites to move out of the way to avoid injuring them since dead termites may repel nestmates from feeding at the bait station.
3. Remove the plastic covering of the Baitube ® device at the perforations to expose the termite access holes before inserting into the station for Sentricon ® Termite Colony Elimination System.
4. Complete the Self-Recruitment procedure by inserting the capped Baitube ® device into the station for Sentricon ® Termite Colony Elimination System and replacing the outer cap of the station.
Figure 1. (Refer to Self-Recruitment Procedure section)
1a. When termite feeding activity is observed in a monitoring device, remove the monitoring device, and replace it with a Baitube ® device containing Recruit IV. Use worker termites, if present, for Self-Recruitment procedure.
1b. Remove termites from the monitoring device into the collecting pan and introduce them into the top of the Baitube ® device.
II. Installation of Auxiliary Stations: A station for Sentricon ® Termite Colony Elimination System is considered to be free-standing if it is more than 12 inches from another station for Sentricon ® Termite Colony Elimination System. Installation of auxiliary stations for Sentricon ® Termite Colony Elimination System creates a cluster of two or more stations for Sentricon ® Termite Colony Elimination System in which each station is located 12 inches or less from an adjacent station(s). Although not mandatory, it has been shown that when a free-standing station is baited with Recruit IV, installation of one or more auxiliary stations for Sentricon ® Termite Colony Elimination System containing a Baitube ® device within 12 inches of the baited station, if suitable ground access exists, aids in increased bait consumption. Auxiliary stations for Sentricon ® Termite Colony Elimination System may be baited immediately or they may contain a monitoring device. The Self-Recruitment process may be utilized in baited auxiliary stations if adequate numbers of termites are available.
III. Inspection of the Baitube ® device: The Baitube ® device is inspected by visually examining the device for termites. If termites are active in the Baitube ® device and the material is nearly or totally consumed (or if the material appears to be degraded or moldy), replace it with a new Baitube ® device containing Recruit IV. If possible, gently tap the termites from the used Baitube ® device into the replacement device using the Self-Recruitment procedure described above. It is not desirable to have the entire contents of the Baitube ® device consumed before replacing it, as termites may forage elsewhere in search of food. Inspect adjacent monitoring device locations and initiate placement of Baitube ® devices in stations for Sentricon ® flTermite Colony Elimination System when and where termites are found in monitoring devices.
Terms and Conditions of Use
If terms of the following Warranty Disclaimer, Inherent Risks of Use, and Limitation of Remedies are not acceptable, return unopened package at once to the seller for a full refund of purchase price paid. Otherwise, to the extent permitted by law, use by the buyer or any other user constitutes acceptance of the terms under Warranty Disclaimer, Inherent Risks of Use and Limitations of Remedies.
warranty Disclaimer
Dow AgroSciences warrants that this product conforms to the chemical description on the label and is reasonably fit for the purposes stated on the label when used in strict accordance with the directions, subject to the inherent risks set forth below. TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY LAW, Dow AgroSciences MAKES NO OTHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED
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To the extent permitted by law, the exclusive remedy for losses or damages resulting from the use of this product (including claims based on contract, negligence, strict liability, or other legal theories), shall be limited to, at Dow AgroSciences' election, one of the following:
1. Refund of purchase price paid by buyer or user for product bought, or
2. Replacement of amount of product used
To the extent permitted by law, Dow AgroSciences shall not be liable for losses or damages resulting from handling or use of this product unless Dow AgroSciences is promptly notified of such loss or damage in writing. To the extent permitted by law, in no case shall Dow AgroSciences be liable for consequential or incidental damages or losses.
The terms of the Warranty Disclaimer, Inherent Risks of Use, and Limitation of Remedies cannot be varied by any written or verbal statements or agreements. No employee or sales agent of Dow AgroSciences or the seller is authorized to vary or exceed the terms of the Warranty Disclaimer or Limitation of Remedies in any manner.
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Label Code: D02-002-008
Replaces Label: D02-002-007
LOES Number: 010-02103
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eNEWS May 2012
www.nfarl.org eNEWS is " what's happening " in North Fulton ! Check the headlines of each item and mark your calendar. Go to arrl.org or eHAM.net for the national news, but here is this month's North Fulton ARL eNEWS.
Summary of Upcoming Events and Dates
- Every Wednesday - Hungry Hams Lunch Bunch - 11:00 AM - Slopes BBQ, 34 East Crossville Road, Roswell
- Every Sunday - NF ARES net - 8:30 PM - 147.06 MHz (PL 100)
- Every Monday - Tech Net - 8:30 PM - 145.47 MHz (PL 100) - Check website for "how to"
- Every Friday - Youth Net - 5:00 PM - 145.47 MHz (PL 100) - Join Edward Doyle KJ4NRN and others
- Second Tuesday - NF ARES meeting - May 8, 7:00 PM at the Sandy Springs City office complex
- VE Testing Session - May 12, 10:00 AM - Alpharetta Adult Activity Center
- Mid-Month Madness - Dayton Hamvention - May 18-20. Go to NFARL website for info
- Third Tuesday - Club Meeting – May 15, 7:30 PM - Alpharetta Adult Activity Center, 13450 Cogburn Road, Alpharetta. John Kludt K4SQC discusses communications with the International Space Station based on a recent very successful contact with the ISS.
May Program / John Kludt K4SQC
What do NASA, AMSAT, ARRL and NFARL have in common? Earlier this year Jim Stafford W4QO, Andrea Hartlage KG4IUM (ARRL Southeastern Division vice director) and myself teamed up to support Parkside Elementary School in a very successful contact with the International Space Station. For this, all communications are on 2 meters: Think of it as a repeater contact with an odd split with the antennas on the tallest tower presently in existence! Please join us as I describe communications with the International Space Station based on this adventure.
In addition to NFARL, I am a member of a number of organizations, including ARRL, QCWA and GARS and am a lifetime member of AMSAT, having begun my satellite activities with AO-7 and the RS series of satellites in the early 1980s.
Mid-Month Madness
The activity for May is always the Dayton Hamvention, the third full weekend of May. The dates this year are May 18-20. While you may not go every year, all amateurs owe it to themselves to at least go once to the international event. For the QRPers in NFARL, Four Days in May (FDIM) is the international QRP event, also in the Dayton area, running concurrently with Hamvention. The thoughtful folks arranging FDIM have set it up so you can attend both. More information can be found at www.hamvention.org and www.fdim.qrparci.org
June Program and Activities
June at NFARL is always about ARRL Field Day. The June program will be devoted to the details of Field Day operations of K4JJ and NF4GA (our club calls) at the Waller Park Extension in Roswell, June 23-24. The goal of NFARL as always is to get just as many NFARL members and nonmembers on the air as possible. There is a role for everyone and you don't need to be an experienced operator to participate. More details to follow in the next newsletter but for now, please save the dates:
- NFARL Field Day Program, Tuesday, June 19
- NFARL Field Day, Saturday and Sunday, June 23 -24
President's Corner / Wes Lamboley W3WL
It truly makes me proud to be a member of NFARL! It is a lot of fun as well; as we had an exciting month what with the Georgia QSO Party and our members' participation in two CERT drills. Ham radio and our club did itself proud in these events. I participated in the QSO Party for the first time, and my friend George Nicholson N4GRN and I played "rover" and made QSOs from eight counties. We spent the night in a campground in Rabun County and managed to get a dipole up in the air in spite of it being dark (George is the one in the no-quite-so-yellow shirt in the photo at right, taken the next morning). We made a lot of mistakes and learned a lot and cannot wait for next year!
Also, I am proud of the club's helping 13 folks get their Technician license and 14 upgrading to General (Elmers are standing by)! The HamCram held at Brandon Hall School was highly successful and the facility is beyond description. We now have two science teachers at the school who intend to get a radio club started for the students.
And, Field Day is almost here and I hope that all of you can participate at the Waller Park Extension in Roswell. We will have a Boy Scout merit badge in the morning and operations will begin at 2:00 PM Saturday, June 23, with six stations operating at the same time for the 24-hour period. Dinner will be served at 6:00 PM Saturday evening. NFARL has been the country's "Participation Leader" for the past three years; let's make it four!
73, Wes – W3WL
2012 Field Day Update / Scott Straw KB4KBS
Planning is well under way for the 2012 edition of the NFARL Field Day effort. The planning team is starting to gel and the outlook is positive. We will be at Waller Park Extension again as in years past and the dates are June 23 and 24. We will be operating a CW station, a Digital station, a 6M SSB station, a Satellite multi-mode station, two HF SSB stations, and an HF Get-On-The-Air (GOTA) station. Now is the time to make your intentions know regarding operating.
The GOTA station is a unique opportunity for newly licensed hams to experience the joy of long-distance HF radio contacts. It is restricted as to who can operate it thusly:
22.214.171.124. The GOTA station may be operated by any person licensed since the previous year's Field Day, regardless of license class. It may also be operated by a generally inactive licensee. Non-licensed persons may participate under the direct supervision of an appropriate control operator.
– ARRL Field Day Rules
A quick search of the Internet revealed these unofficial definitions of "generally inactive":
- Any licensee who has never made HF contacts would be considered inactive.
- Someone who has made no QSOs in the last two years would be considered inactive.
- A person who operated the GOTA station as a generally inactive licensee last year would not be eligible to operate the GOTA station in the following Field Day.
They make sense and conform to our tradition; therefore, these are the guidelines that we will use this year as well. If you are newly licensed and/ or meet the qualifications above, you have a special radio reserved just for you. It will be available for the entire 24-hour operating period, even at 4:00 AM. There will be a mentor/coach/Elmer available to help you get started, so plan to "get on the air."
And, on the topic of 4:00 AM, this is a personal plea for two dozen of our most stalwart members to make a commitment to be at the site between the hours of 1:00 AM and 9:00 AM Sunday morning. We need to staff all of the HF stations, including an Elmer at the GOTA station. I don't need an eighthour commitment, but a four-hour commitment would be appreciated. If it will help for the late crew, hearken back to your college days when staying out until 4:00 AM was the rule, not the exception, and be warmed by the fact that you won't have a hangover, or regrets, in the morning. For the early crew, imagine that it is the opening day of "deer season" and you are headed to your hunting camp to meet a bunch of buddies. The upside is that you won't have to sit by yourself until well after sunrise in a cold, damp, uncomfortable deer stand, but rather a cushy motor coach where the coffee is hot and "quiet" is discouraged. It is one weekend a year, and a chance to spend time with some of the best salt-of-the-earth people on the planet.
Finally, since we are going to have too much fun to cram it all into just two days, plan to come out after lunch on Friday, June 22 for a set-up event that will include antenna hoisting and other exciting activities. Specific plans are still being formed but be assured it will involve food either before or after.
HamCram Produces New Licensees / Chuck Catledge AE4CW
On Saturday, April 28 at Brandon Hall School in Sandy Springs, 23 students earned new Technician and General class license privileges. For these students, HamCram culminated four weeks of selfstudy with a review of the exam material, an opportunity to ask questions and have points clarified, a practice exam and then the official FCC exam. Nine instructors from NFARL volunteered their time to help the students earn their Technician licenses or upgrades to General.
Here is the NFARL HamCram Honor Roll!
Technician Class
- Nathan Bednar KK4IZK
- Ronald Carolino KK4IZJ
- Marianne Buford KK4IZL
- Deborah Carr KK4IZM
- Stephen Durdin KK4IZI
- Miguel Checa KK4IZF
- Gary Ellison KK4IZH
- Alan Horlick KK4JBT
- Patrick Turner KK4IZE
- Scott Madison KK4IZG
- James Vaught KK4IZN
General Class
- Thomas Burns KK4ATY
- Kenton Chun KE4IEF
- Jacob Caldwell KJ4VWL
- George Clark KJ4SOR
- Mario DiCaro KJ4GAK
- James Remich KK4AUC
- Larry Hinson KG6INL
- Paul Ruszczyk KI4ADT
- David Turner KE4SJO
- Mark Schumann KK4FOF
- Alexander Williamson KI4IMZ
- Don Woodward KD4APP
Special thanks to Brandon Hall School and James Vaught who facilitated HamCram in their outstanding facility. Special thanks also go to the HamCram instructor team: Cathy Freeman KI4SBK, Chuck Catledge AE4CW, Dave Brackett AK4CL, Jeff Otterson N1KDO, Mack McCormick W4AX, Mike Cohen AD4MC, Ron Gill NV4U, Tom Koch W4UOC and Wes Lamboley W3WL. And to the NFARL VE team: Neil Foster N4FN, Roger Anders AA2HT, Steve Mays KS4KJ and Verne Fowler W8BLA. And extra special thanks to Karen Mallory AK4TR for handling lunch and refreshments!
Tornado Drill Tests Preparedness / Wayne Chapman KG5WU
NF ARES and NFARL members were among 11 hams (Wayne Chapman KG5WU, Tom Koch W4UOC, Mike Cohen AD4MC, Steve Southerland KK4DSW, Chuck Catledge AE4CW, Linda Schreiber KJ4NYT, Shelia Staton KD4NKE, Bill Reed K4YJI, Bill Cobb K4YJJ, Phil Wolf KK4EFN,
Stuart Williams AK4EX) who helped provide communications for the CERT (Community Emergency Response Team) Tornado Drill sponsored by Sandy Springs Fire/Rescue on April 21. The drill was held on the campus of St. Joseph's Hospital and included about 150 citizen volunteers who were made up to appear injured. Participating agencies included local fire, police, hospitals, EMS plus CERT teams from several neighboring counties.
Tom Koch W4UOC (at left) was one of several NFARL members who provided communications during the Spring CERT Tornado Drill.
Triple Play Award – It's as Easy as 1, 2, 3 / Scott Straw KB4KBS
In July 2008, the American Radio Relay League created an award that would emphasize the well- roundedness of a ham who used the three types of transmission: CW, Phone, and Digital. To earn the Triple Play Award certificate, a ham needs to make contact with all 50 states three times, once in each mode.
It is an easy goal to achieve, and is a great source of fun and excitement as you track your progress and search for those elusive states using the various modes. If you can talk into a microphone, you can earn your WAS/SSB award. Don't be afraid to tune up and call "CQ Worked All States." Fellow hams scanning the band will be glad to pause long enough to give you a contact. Be sure to tell them you need a confirmation via Logbook of the World (LOTW). Don't fret if you get responses from "dupes" (folks from state you already have). The activity
of your two-way exchange has a way of churning up activity – like a feeding frenzy.
Getting WAS/DIG is as easy as JT65 and PSK-31. Both of these modes, especially JT65, are designed for low power and bad band conditions. If you can tune your radio to some semblance of resonance with anything metallic and antenna-shaped, and you tune to 7.076, 14.076 and 21.076, (set your rig to USB for all three) you should be able to hear the dulcet warble of JT65 signals. Download the software, from http://sourceforge.net/projects/jt65-hf/. Install it and connect the headphone out of your rig to the mic or line-in of your computer. Those tones will soon become intelligible messages. You'll need an interface to send the computer line-out to the radio's mic input so that you can transmit, but if you can decode JT65, I trust you'll be motivated appropriately. There are many software programs capable of decoding PSK-31 signals. The frequencies for PSK-31 are 7.035, 14.070, and 21.070. Contact an Elmer for suggestions on an interface specific to your situation.
Finally getting WAS/CW means having to understand Morse code. Sorta. There are numerous software programs (including DM-780 which is part of the Ham Radio Deluxe suite) that will decode the dits and dahs. These programs will also usually have the ability to send messages typed on a keyboard as CW characters. They may even have macros for pre-programmed messages. With some practice, you can send and receive the basic exchange info, 599 (or 5NN is a popular shortcut) your name, your QTH, etc., and never tap a telegraph key or wiggle your finger once.
One way to really kick-start your chase is to participate in contests that are focused on contacting other states. You DO NOT have to
"be in the contest," i.e. submit a log, to participate in these events.
Every year, the ARRL, under the auspices of the National Contest Journal, sponsors six events that are tailor-made for the TPA award chaser. They are called "North American QSO Parties," or NAQP, and are comprised of winter and summer contests in each of the three contesting modes of CW, SSB, and RTTY. The summer dates for 2012 are July 21 for RTTY, August 4 for CW, and August 18 for SSB. The reason these contests are so attractive is that they are of short duration and everyone is restricted to 100 watts. Locally, they start at 2:00 PM and last 12 hours. As a single operator, you can work a maximum of 10 of the available hours.
Another popular contest, also sponsored by the ARRL, is the Sweepstakes. Again, the objective is to work as many states and Canadian provinces and territories, but there is not a 100W power limit. The Sweepstakes comes in two versions, CW and SSB. This is a long contest, lasting 30 hours, with an operational limit of 24 hours. The CW version starts on Friday night, November 3 at 5:00 PM local time. The SSB half starts Friday, November 17.
State QSO parties, such as the just-concluded Georgia QSO Party, are an excellent way of "mopping up" those states that are glaring holes in your register. The website http: //www.hornucopia.com/contestcal/stateparties.html is a helpful listing of these events.
Believe it or not, working all 50 states, even Hawaii and Alaska, is not as hard as you would think. There are lots of tools to help you. The only thing that stands in your way is you.
Need a Name Badge?
Go to the NFARL Mart and order one of these magnetic badges!
Browsing the Library / Keith Plossl K4KRX
Six meters is known as the "magic band" because propagation appears magically and just as magically vanishes. One minute there may be no propagation and the next the band is full of signals. The 6 Metre Handbook, written by well-known DXer and 6-meter enthusiast Don Field G3XTT, is the ideal guide. The handbook, published by the Radio Society of Great Britain, provides a detailed introduction for operators who have yet to experience the band, and is the perfect reference for regulars eagerly awaiting the return of the sunspots. If you think you might want to learn more about this interesting band, check out the handbook from our library. But be warned, 6 meters can be addictive!
NFARL Member Survey / John Tramontanis N4TOL
The NFARL member survey is active on the club webpage. The focus of the survey is primarily to learn of members' interest in certain programs and activities. So far, the results show the following topics as having the highest level of interest.
Meeting topics:
Digital modes
HF propagation
Antennas for restricted space
DX
Mid-Month Madness Activities:
Logging and contest software
Antennas
Kit building
Digital modes
Please let your voice be heard concerning your interests for programs and activities by visiting the club website at www.nfarl.org to participate in the survey.
Public Service / Dave Brackett AK4CL
Atlanta Hamfest,
Saturday, June 2, Jim Miller Park, 2245 Callaway Road, Marietta
Volunteers needed to staff NFARL table from 8:00 AM to 3:00 PM. See Dave Brackett AK4CL at Hungry Hams or the May NFARL meeting or email Dave at email@example.com.
Club Repeaters
| 145.470 (-) EchoLink Node 560686 NF4GA-R | 100 Hz | Sweat Mountain |
|---|---|---|
| 147.060 (+) Primary ARES repeater | 100 Hz | Roswell Water Tower |
| 224.620 (-) Joint Venture with the MATPARC club | 100 Hz | Sweat Mountain |
| 443.150 (+) | No Tone | Roswell Water Tower |
| 444.475 (+) | 100 Hz | Sweat Mountain |
| 927.0125 (-) | 146.2 Hz | Sweat Mountain |
Contact Us
| President | Wes Lamboley W3WL 770-642-2087 |
|---|---|
| Vice President and Training and Community Services Coordinator | Dave Brackett AK4CL 706-333-1366 |
| Secretary and NFARL eNEWS Publisher | Bill Reed K4YJI 770-993-5758 |
| Treasurer and Repeater Trustee | Fred Moore N4CLA 404-434-4499 |
| Past President and HamJam 2012 Co-Planner | John Tramontanis N4TOL 770-789-9188 |
| Past President and Special Events | Chuck Catledge AE4CW 770-641-7729 |
| Program and Mid- Month-Madness Chairman | John Kludt K4SQC |
| Field Day Chairman | Scott Straw KB4KBS |
| ARES Liaison and Community Relations | Jim Paine N4SEC 770-475-4454 |
| Repeater Operations | Mike Roden W5JR 404-781-9494 |
Click any of the logos above to visit our NFARL supporters and affiliates
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BIODIVERSITAS
ISSN: 1412-033X
Volume 17, Number 1, April 2016
E-ISSN: 2085-4722
DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d170149
Pages: 366-371
Short Communication: Fusarium as endophyte of some terrestrial orchid from Papua, Indonesia
SUPENI SUFAATI ♥ , VERENA AGUSTINI, SUHARNO
Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Cenderawasih University. Jl. Kamp Wolker Waena, Jayapura 99581, Papua, Indonesia. Tel./Fax.: +62-967572115, email: firstname.lastname@example.org.
Manuscript received: 19 December 2015. Revision accepted: 22 April 2016.
Abstract. Sufaati S, Agustini V, Suharno. 2016. Fusarium as endophyte of some terrestrial orchid from Papua, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 17: xxx. The aim of the study was to identify endophytic fungi associated with the roots of terrestrial orchid Phaius tankervilleae (Banks) Blume, Dendrobium lancifolium A. Rich var. papuanum and Calanthe triplicata (Willem) Ames from Papua, Indonesia. The endophytic fungi were isolated from the transversal section of the orchid roots. Identification of the endophytes was carried out based on the morphological characters. The phylogenetic analysis of nucleotide sequences generated from ITS rDNA region of the endophytic fungi isolated from P. tankervilleae showed that those isolates were determined as Fusarium solani. This is the first report of F. solani found as endophyte of P. tankervilleae in Papua. While the ITS rDNA of Fusarium isolated from C. triplicata need to be sequenced for further identification.
Keywords: Endophyte, Fusarium, ITS rDNA, terrestrial orchid, Papua
INTRODUCTION
is very important in studying their diversity and ecology.
Endophytic fungi are one of fungal group that grow in the intracellular tissue healthy plants (Cabezas et al. 2012). Fungal endophyte is defined as all or part of their life cycle colonizing inter- and/or intra-cellular of healthy tissue of the host plant, usually does not cause symptoms (Zhao et al. 2010). The linkage between endophytic fungi and plant host system enables systematic work involving a variety of metabolic processes in plant cells. In addition, endophytic fungi also source of various antibacterial metabolites (Sugijanto et al. 2009; Sinaga et al. 2009), various types of enzymes (Kumala et al. 2007), anti-tumor/cancer (Tabudrayu and Jaspars 2005; Kumala et al. 2008; Tejesvi and Pirttila 2011), and other bioactive compounds for various purposes (Zhao et al. 2010), including biological control (Zimmerman and Vitousek 2012). It also increases resistance of plants to herbivores, pathogens and various abiotic stress (Diaz et al. 2012).
Environmental conditions affect the existence of endophytic fungi, in association with various types of host plant as phycobiont symbiotic (Zimmerman and Vitousek 2012; Aschehoug et al. 2012). Endophytic fungi association is not only symbiotic mutualism, but also parasitism depending on the condition of their host. Several fungi have shown this type of association, such as Fusarium spp. and Colletotrichum spp. (Redman et al. 2001). Several endophytic fungi are also capable to shift their lifestyle to saprobes once their host decayed, such as Xylaria spp. and Diaporthe spp. The remaining endophytic fungi are true endophytes, including many mycelia sterilia fungi (Redman et al. 2001; Aschehoug et al. 2012). Therefore, determination of the endophytic fungal identity
However, several problematic in endophytic fungal studies were reported; include limitation in isolation method and accurate identification method to species level. The identification based on morphological characters can perform only to the level of genus of sporulating fungi. The identification to species level is still needed technical or other aids; given that the fungi have a high morphological similarity among them. Thus, the molecular identification is expected to provide more accurate information about the species name of endophytic fungi (Faeth and Fagan 2002). The nucleotide sequences providing virtually unlimited character for phylogenetic analysis (Diaz et al. 2010). An area that can be used to detect sequences of fungi is Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS) (Gomes et al. 2002). This area has a high variability nucleotide sequences for studies molecular systematic of fungi at the species level. Therefore, ITS sequences can also be used for studying and determining endophytic fungi because it shows high sequence heterogeneity.
Papua is home of about 512 species of Dendrobium (Millar 1978). The terrestrial orchid Phaius tankervilleae, Dendrobium lancifolium A. Rich var. Papuanum and Calanthe triplicata (Willem) Ames are also common found in Papua (Agustini et al. 2013; Agustini and Sufaati 2014).
Endophytic fungi also found in some Orchidaceae in several area of the world (Tupac and Otero 2006, Gezgin and Eltem 2009), both epiphytic (Ovando et al. 2005; Yuan et al. 2009) and terrestrial orchid (Chutima 2010). In Indonesia, however, little is known about the endophytic fungi associated with orchid. Suciatmih (2008) was able to isolate and identify the endophytic fungus from Dendrobium crumenatum Sw.
In addition, forming mycorrhizal symbiosis with fungi such as Rhizoctonia, they are also associated with a group of other fungi, such as endophyte. So far, there is few data on the presence of the endophytic fungi in the Papuan orchid (Agustini et al. 2009). Therefore, this study was done to identify endophytic fungi associated with the roots of terrestrial orchid P. tankervilleae, D. lancifolium var. Papuanum and C. triplicata from Papua, Indonesia.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Collection site
Roots of P. tankervilleae were collected at Papua Province of Indonesia, namely: Ifar Gunung, Sentani, Jayapura District (August 2014), D. lancifolium var. Papuanum from Biak District (April 2015) and C. triplicata from Keerom District (April 2015) (Figure 1).
B Isolation of endophytic fungi from plant roots
Isolation of fungi was done using a technique developed by Manoch and Lohsomboon (1991) with modification. Roots was washed to remove soil debris, and then cut ± 1 cm, followed by surface sterilization with 10% Clorox for 30 seconds, 70% alcohol for 1 min, and rinsed with distilled water three times. Sterilized root pieces were thinly sliced (200-300 µm) using a razor blade in a laminar air flow (LAF). About 1-3 pieces of the sliced roots were placed on the Fungal Isolating Medium (FIM) and incubated at 28°C in dark condition. Mycelia emerged after 1-2 days. Mycelia tips grow from the roots tissue were cut and transferred to another Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) medium for purification. The morphological characteristics include color, diameter colonies, form (shape) and pattern of colony growth, and microscopic features such as hypha, spores or conidia were observed.
DNA isolation
Fungal mycelia from liquid medium (PDB) was vacuum filtered using a 0.22 μm sterile filter. Mycelia (wet weight ± 20 mg) was then transferred to the mortar and crushed using liquid nitrogen. Extraction process was conducted using CTAB method (Roger and Bendich 1994).
DNA sequencing
The amplicons were sent to 1 st BASE, Malaysia for sequencing process. Sequences were compared with the homologous nucleotides sequence in GenBank database (NCBI) (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/guide/sequence-analysis/). The most homologous sequences were retrieved from the GenBank for phylogenetic analysis.
Phylogenetic analysis
Multiple alignments were done using CLUSTALW in MEGA 6. Phylogenetic analysis was conducted using Neighbor Joining (NJ) method PAUP 4.0 (Swofford 1999). Clade robustness was assessed using bootstrap analysis using 1000 replications. The phylogenetic tree was refined using Tree Graph 2 software.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Result
DNA amplification
DNA amplification of ITS rDNA region was done by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) using primers ITS1 (5'TCCGTAGGTGAACCTGCGG-3') and ITS4 (5'TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC-3') (White et al. 1990; Diaz et al. 2012). PCR reaction was performed as follow: initial denaturation at a temperature of 95°C for 120 seconds, 35 cycles of denaturation at 95°C for 60 seconds, annealing at 55 o C for 60 seconds, extension at 72°C for 60 seconds, a final elongation of 72°C for 600 seconds. The quality of the PCR products was checked by agarose gel electrophoresis (1% agarose).
Endophytic fungi were successfully isolated from the root of terrestrial orchid P. tankervilleae, D. lancifolium, and C. triplicata. The orchid habitat of P. tankervilleae and C. triplicata is generally found in a protected area, is quite moist and not far from water source, while D. lancifolium was found in dry area in the road side (Figure 2).
Three isolates (IPAR2B, IPAR2C, and IPAR3) fungi isolated from the roots of P. tankervilleae show slightly different characteristics in morphology of colony, but they have a similar pattern of growth. The isolates grow rapidly, hyphae reach a diameter of 9 cm within 7 to 10 days. One isolate from D. lancifolium has hyaline mycelia that grew covering the edge of 9 cm diameter petridish in 8 days. The hyphae show distinctive septate under 1000x magnification. Fungi that isolated from C. triplicata (CalFus 1 and CalFus 4) also grow rapidly. The colony reach 9 cm diameter in day 10. The thin hyaline hyphae
Table 1. Fusarium isolates of P. tankervilleae and D. lancifolium, and C. triplicata from Papua
| Phaius tankervilleae Jayapura May 2014 IPAR2B* IPAR2C* IPAR3* Dendrobium lancifolium Biak Island April 2015 SIIID2C (1)** | KU842423 | Fusarium NRRL 28579T 100 solani MAFF 238538 CBS 132898 Fusarium JF436948.1 99 |
|---|---|---|
| | KU842422 | |
| | KU842424 | |
| | KU842428 | |
Note: * : DNA were sequence to construct the phylogenetic tree ; ** : DNA were sequence and submitted to a similarity search using BLASTn software ; ***: DNA was not isolated yet
show concentric zone. Under the low power of the microscope, the curve shape conidia were able to observe (Figure 3).
Discussion
Identification based on colony and microscopic structure characteristics showed that the endophytic fungi isolated from the root of terrestrial orchid P. tankervilleae, D. lancifolium, and C. triplicata belong to Fusarium spp. These fungi is commonly found as endophytes in orchids and other hosts (Ma et al. 2015). Spore morphology is the important character of fusaria. Conidia are fusoid or curved with 0-1 septate. However, many isolation of Fusarium tend to grow with abundant mycelium without forming spores (Booth 1971). It is why the morphological identification make difficult to be done. Therefore, to determine the species of Fusarium , then we did molecular identification using the DNA sequence, especially for the isolate from P. tankervilleae and D. lancifolium that we could not find the conidia in the culture.
Based on the BLAST identification of the ITS nrDNA sequence, the Fusarium isolates from P. tankervilleae and D. lancifolium was confirmed as Fusarium solani (GenBank accession no NRRL 28579T, MAFF 238538, CBS 132898 and JF436948.1) with 99-100 % similarity (Table 1). Furthermore, the phylogenetic tree that was constructed using closely related species sequences generated from GenBank and Penicillium citrinum isolate
AX4602 as an outgroup showed that the sequences of fungal endophytes IPAR 2C, IPAR 3 and IPAR 2B which were isolated from P. tankervilleae are nested in the same clade with Fusarium solani strain CBS 132898, Fusarium solani f. mori strain MAFF 238538 and F. solani NRRL 28579T (Figure 3).
F. solani may affect of 30–60 % seedling growth in Phalaenopsis. Infected seedling shows small leaves and yellow with black rotten spots or dots (Su et al. 2012). This fungus was also found in Cymbidium spp., Oncidium sp., Dendrobium sp. and Cattleya sp., but did not shows the symptom as in Phalaenopsis sp. (Chung et al. 2011). Fusarium solani are often associated with orchids and wellknown as a virulent species, under optimal growth conditions, tend to asymptomatic endophyte rather than pathogens (Ma et al. 2015). Endophytic Fusarium promoted seed germination in Cypripedium and Platanthera orchid (Ma et al. 2015).
F. solani is one type of fungus that associated with many species of orchids, including the Phalaenopsis sp (Chung et al. 2011; Su et al. 2012). This fungus caused leaf yellowing on Phalaenopsis (Chung et al. 2011). The teleomorphic state of this fungus is Nectria haematococca, the causal agent of root rot disease in Phalaenopsis spp (Chung et al. 2011; Benyon et al. 1996). Besides F. solani, F. oxysporum and F. proliferatum also cause the same disease in Dendrobium (Latiffah et al. 2009).
This preliminary study is the first report on the presence of Fusarium as endophyte in terrestrial orchid from Papua. Therefore, further study on re-inoculation test of F. solani in P. tankervilleae, D. lancifolium, and C. triplicata is necessary to investigate whether it has effect on both seed germination in axenic condition and seedling growth of that orchid. It is just the beginning steps in conserving the beautiful natural orchid in the New Guinea Island.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We would like to thank to Tissue Culture Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Cenderawasih University, Jayapura Indonesia staff, Irma, Romauli Sitanggang and Angga, for collecting and culturing the samples, IPBCC staff who helping in molecular work; and to Dr. Iman Hidayat for assisting phylogeny construction. This work is supported by DGHE, Indonesian Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education under Fundamental Research in 2014.
REFERENCES
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Aschehoug ET, Metlen KL, Callaway RM, Newcombe G. 2012. Fungal endophytes directly increase the competitive effects of an invasive forb. Ecology 93 (1): 3-8.
Agustini V, Sufaati S. 2014. Orchid mycorrhiza on Phaius tankervilleae (Banks) Blume dari Jayapura. Proceeding of the National Seminar on Biology Indonesia, Jayapura 7-8 October 2014. [Indonesian]
Benyon F, Summerell BA, Burgess LW. 1996. Association of Fusarium species with root rot of Cymbidium orchids. Aust Pl Pathol 25: 226228.
Cabezas L, Calderon C, Medina LM, Bahamon I, Cardenas M, Bernal AJ, Gonzales A, Restrepo S. 2012. Characterization of celluloses of fungal endophytes isolated from Espeletia spp. J Microbiol 50 (6): 1009-1013.
Booth C. 1971. The genus Fusarium. Commonwealth Mycological Institute. Kew, Surrey, England.
Chung WC, Chen LW, Huang JH, Huang HC, Chung WH. 2011. A new 'forma specialis' of Fusarium solani causing leaf yellowing of Phalaenopsis. Plant Pathol 60: 244-252.
Diaz PL, Hennell JR, Sucher NJ. 2010. Genomic DNA extraction and barcoding of endophytic fungi. In: Plant DNA fingerprinting and barcoding: Methods and protocols, Methods in molecular Biology 862: 171-178.
Chuttima R, Dell B, Vessabutr S, Busaban B, Lumyong S. 2011. Endhophytic fungi from Pecteilis susannae (L.) Rafin (Orchidaceae), a threatened terrestrial orchid in Thailand. Mycorrhiza 21: 221-229.
Faeth SH, Fagan WF. 2002. Fungal endophyte: common host symbiots but uncommon mutualists. Integ Comp Biol 42: 360-368.
Kumala S, Agustina E, Wahyudi P. 2007. Test of antimicrobial activity of secondary metabolites from trengguli (Cassia fistula L.) endophytic fungi. Jurnal Bahan Alam Indonesia 6 (2): 46-48. [Indonesian]
Gomes EA, Kasuya MCM, de Barros EG, Borges AC, Araujo EF. 2002. Polymophism in the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of the ribosomal DNA of 26 isolates of ectomycorrhizal fungi. Genet Mol Biol 25 (4): 477-483.
Kumala S, Septisetyani EP, Meiyanto E. 2008. N-butanol fraction of endophytic fungi from Makassar fruit improving effect of doxorubusin apoptosis on MCF-7 cells. Majalah Farmasi Indonesia 20 (1): 42-47. [Indonesian]
Latiffah Z, Hayati MZN, Baharuddin S, Maziah Z. 2009. Identification and pathogenicity of Fusarium species associated with root rot and stem rot of Dendrobium. Asian J Pl Pathol 3: 14-21.
Kumar S, Kaushik N. 2013. Endophytic fungi isolated from oil-seed crop Jatropha curcas produces oil and exhibit antifungal activity. PloS One 8 (2): e56202.
Ma X, Kang J, Nonachaiyapoom S, Wen T, Hyde KD. 2015. Nonmycorrhizal endophytic fungi from orchids. Special section: Endophyte. Curr Sci 108: 1-16.
Redman RS, Dunigan DD, Rodriguez RJ. 2001. Fungal symbiosis from mutualism to parasitism: who controls the outcome, host or invader? New Phytol 151 (3): 705-716.
Manoch L, Lohsomboon P. 1992. Isolation of mycorrhizal fungi from orchid roots. In: SEAMEO BIOTROP-Chiang May University Regional Training Course on Biology and Technology of Mychorrhiza 2: 5.
Sinaga E, Noverita, Fitria D. 2009. Antibacterial activity of endophytic fungi isolated from galangal leaf (Alpinia galanga Sw.). Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia 4 (4): 161-170. [Indonesian]
Sugijanto NE, Putra H, Pritayuni F, Albathaty N, Zaini NC. 2009. Antibacterial activity of Lecythophora sp. extracts, an endophyte isolated from Alyxia reinwardtii. Berkala Penelitian Hayati 15: 37-44. [Indonesian]
Su JF, Lee YC, Chen CW, Hsieh T-F, Huang JH. 2011. Sheath and root rot of Phalaenopsis caused by Fusarium solani. Acta Hort (ISHS) 878: 389-394.
Swofford DL. 1999. (Pre-Release) PAUP*: Pylogenetic Analysis Using Parsinony, version 4. Sinauer Associates. Sunderland, Mass.
Tejesvi MV, Pirttila AM. 2011. Potential of tree endophytes as sources for new drug compounds. In: Pirttila AN, Frank AC (eds). Endophytes of Forest Trees. Springer, New York.
Tabudrayu JN, Jaspars M. 2005. Anticancer activities of constituents of kava (Piper methysticum). South Pacific J Nat Sci 23: 26-29.
White T, Bruns T, Lee S. 1990. Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. In: Innis M, Gelfand D, Sninsky J, White L (eds). PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. Academic Press Inc, New York.
Zimmerman NB, Vitousek PM. 2012. Fungal endophyte communities reflect environmental structuring across a Hawaiian landscape. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 109 (32): 13022-13027.
Zhao J, Zhou L, Wang J, Shan T, Zhong L, Liu X, Gao X. 2010. Endophytic fungi for producing bioactive compounds originally from their host plants. Current Research, Technology and Education Topics in Applied Microbiology Biotechnology 567-575.
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CC-MAIN-2017-13
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http://biodiversitas.mipa.uns.ac.id/D/D1701/D170149.pdf
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2017-03-27T10:48:10Z
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Strengthening the Role of Social Work in Namibia with HIVSensitive Case Management: National and Local Perspectives
Authors: Nakuta, J., Ministry of Gender Equality and Child Welfare (MGECW), firstname.lastname@example.org; Ross, H. (4Children), Musukubili, A. , MGECW (Presenter); and Simbaranda, B., (Co-Presenter) Social Worker Kavango East
Abstract
Background
Namibia has made tremendous strides with increasing access to HIV care and treatment. However, many programmes are still working in isolation from one another hindering collective efforts. Historically social workers have not played a significant role in HIV care despite many barriers to care and adherence being child protection related. In addition children who have or have been affected by HIV are at greater risk of abuse, neglect, exploitation and stigma. Social workers specialize in understanding individuals in the context of their environment and can play an important role in strengthening collaborative support services to help address the complexities of these issues. To meet these needs, 4Children (Coordinating Comprehensive Care for Children) is supporting the MGECW in strengthening their case management process that is HIV sensitive.
Methods
4Children is offering technical assistance to the MGECW to develop an HIVsensitive case management framework and tools for widespread implementation. MGECW will be trained in its use to offer increased competencies with HIV and a pilot is planned for 2017. Through strengthening collaborations around case management, there will be greater opportunity for early identification, bi-directional referrals and case coordination to maximize support to better address the collective needs of children and adolescents affected by HIV and other adversities.
Results
Meetings were held with MGECW and various stakeholders both at the national and regional levels (East and West Kavango). Qualitative feedback highlighted there being significant gaps in coordination of services among stakeholders that could benefit addressing the many unmet needs. Likewise there was great support for the development of streamlined processes to assist with coordinated service delivery to promote early identification of and coordinated responses to issues faced by children and adolescents affected by HIV and other adversities. While preliminary feedback is positive, results are still pending.
Conclusion/Recommendations
As efforts at the community level continue to play a key role for supporting children affected by HIV and other adversities, there is a greater need for the specialized skills of social workers to address the often highly complex needs. Social workers can play a significant role at the individual, family and community levels to help identify and strengthen support networks and work to address issues proactively and preventatively, especially around identifying and addressing child welfare and protection issues, including assisting with the support needed around disclosure.
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CC-MAIN-2017-13
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http://namaidscon.net/media/downloads/abstracts/session1/health-systems-strengthening/nakuta-strengthening-the-role.pdf
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2017-03-27T10:45:09Z
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Goal 2: Writing-All students will meet college/career readiness standards in WRITING as evidenced by MEAP achievement.
Goal 3: Mathematics-All students will meet college/career readiness standards in MATHEMATICS as evidenced by MEAP achievement.
Goal 4: Data Culture-The culture of WPS will be one of continuous learning and improvement founded in data-based decision making.
1. Specialized schools and programs that we utilize.
Special Education-North School serves approximately 25 students in Special Education, in addition to 24 speech students. To meet individual needs, some of our students need educational programs that our district cannot provide. In cooperation with Berrien Regional Educational Service Agency (Berrien RESA) and certain neighboring districts, these students attend appropriate Special Education programs in other locations. The programs available to Watervliet students were:
Early Childhood Developmentally Delayed Program
Located at Coloma Elementary
Facilitated by Coloma Community Schools
Hearing Impaired Program
Located at Berrien Springs Public Schools
Facilitated by Berrien RESA
Cognitively Impaired Program
Located at Berrien Springs Middle School
Facilitated by Berrien Springs Public Schools
Moderately to Severely Mentally Impaired Program
Located at Blossomland Learning Center, Berrien Springs
Facilitated by Berrien RESA
Early Childhood Developmentally Delayed and Autistic Impaired Program
Located at Stewart Elementary
Facilitated by Lakeshore Public Schools
Severely Emotionally Impaired and Autistic Impaired Program
Located at Lighthouse Learning Center, St. Joseph
Facilitated by Berrien RESA
Severely Emotionally Impaired Program
Located at Niles Southside
Facilitated by Niles Community Schools
Migrant and Bilingual Education - Located and facilitated by Watervliet Public Schools. 3 rd -5 th grade students were eligible for support services during the school year.
2. North School's program of academic instruction incorporates the Michigan Grade Level Content Expectations(GLCE) and Common Core State Standards(CCSS). Information on our core curriculum can be obtained by contacting the school office. The materials we use are Scott Foresman's Reading Streets for language arts instruction, Everyday Math for mathematics instruction, Battle Creek Science Kits for science instruction, and Hillsdale's Meet Michigan for 3 rd Houghton Mifflin's States and Regions for 4 th and TCI's America's Past for 5 th grade social studies instruction. More detailed information is available on the North School tab on the district website. We are not aware of any variations from the state curriculum framework.
At North School we administer the Michigan Educational Assessment Program (MEAP). This test is taken by all students during the month of October. The 3 rd graders take Reading and Math. 4 th grade takes Reading, Writing and Math. 5 th graders take Reading, Math and Science. These past year results can be found on the Michigan Department of Education website.
3 rd
grade math: 39% proficient
3 rd grade reading: 59% proficient
4 th
grade math: 47% proficient
4 th
grade reading: 64% proficient
5 th
grade math: 45% proficient
5 th grade reading: 70% proficient
5 th
grade science: 12% proficient
We also administer use an assessment referred to as NWEA, which stands for Northwest Evaluation Association. This test specifically measures students' content knowledge in reading, language usage and math. Please keep in mind that we look at a Normative Data Reference guide to help evaluate where your child's progress is compared to other students in the country.
This past school year, we had a fall enrollment of 315 students. Of those 315, North School teachers met with 285 of those students' parents. That means that 90% of our students were represented by parents at our fall parent/teacher conferences.
North School will continue to focus on student achievement as we move forward with implementing the Common Core State Standards. Your child is our number one priority. We will work tirelessly to help your child be successful at North Elementary.
Thank you in advance for the support you provide at home. Thanks as well to our devoted teachers, support staff, parents, students and Board of Education for their consistent hard work throughout the year. I look forward to continued growth and achievement for the upcoming school year.
Sincerely,
Joe Allen Principal North Elementary Watervliet Public Schools
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CC-MAIN-2017-13
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2017-03-27T10:42:48Z
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TITLE 8: FAMILY LAW AND PROBATE DIVISION 1: DOMESTIC RELATIONS
§ 1951. Continuing Education for School Personnel Who are Required to Report Abuse and Neglect of Children.
(a) The Commonwealth Public School System shall provide courses of continuing education concerning domestic or family violence for employees who are required by law to report abuse or neglect of children.
(b) The courses must be prepared and presented in consultation with public and private agencies that provide programs for victims of domestic or family violence, persons who have demonstrated expertise in education and domestic or family violence, advocates for victims and the Family Violence Task Force.
(c) The courses must include but are not limited to the following topics:
(1) The nature, extent, and causes of domestic or family violence;
(2) Practices designed to promote safety of the victims and other family and household members, including safety plans;
(3) Issues of domestic and family violence concerning children;
(4) Sensitivity to gender bias and cultural, racial, and sexual issues; and
(5) The lethality of domestic or family violence.
Source: PL 12-19, § 2 (411), modified.
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CC-MAIN-2017-13
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http://www.cnmilaw.org/pdf/cmc_section/T8/1951.pdf
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South Dakota Red Angus Association Donation Semen Auction
All proceeds to benefit the South Dakota Junior Red Angus Association.
Auction will take place at 7:30 p.m. during the Black Hills Stock Show Red Angus Social on January 30 th at the Holiday Inn . For more information contact Keith Larsen at (605) 350-5517.
3) 5 Units of Red Global Trust 21T Donated By Lazy J Bar Ranch Reg# 1378943
7) 10 Units any bull in Genex Red Angus Line Up
Max Value $300
Donated By Russ Princ – Genex
8) 10 Units of LMG Gills Indeed 1702 Donated By Gill Red Angus Reg# 1471869
9) 10 Units of RSS Ideal Berry 912 Donated By Mitchell Red Angus Reg# 1304681
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<urn:uuid:e6fcad70-66a5-4494-a10f-5b52960783d9>
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CC-MAIN-2017-13
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http://assets.redangus.org/media/Documents/Promos/Enews/2013/SDRA_Semen_Auction_1-25-13.pdf
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2017-03-27T10:46:05Z
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HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs
|
Application Checklists for both CD master's and post baccalaureate programs
(Application deadline: February 1 st for the following fall semester of each academic year)
Application to Master's program
For CD major students and the equivalent (those who have completed Communicative Disorders prerequisites elsewhere)
1. You will first apply online through CSUF Mentor (http://www.csumentor.edu/AdmissionApp/)
)
2. You will then go to CSDCAS (https://csdcas.liaisoncas.com/applicant-ux/#/login
Follow the instructions to create your account and submit the following information online through CSDCAS.
___ a. Write a letter of intent (same as ‘ personal statement or essay’ on CSDCAS)
___ b. Request three letters of recommendation (two of them must be from
Communicative Disorders faculty or adjunct faculty)
___ c. Enter the grade of all college/university courses as instructed by CSDCAS. Your GPA in the CD major (grades earned in a repeated class will be averaged out) will be computed automatically by the CSDCAS system.
___ d. Submit a copy of official transcripts from all the universities and/or community colleges that you attended to only the CSDCAS at the following address.
CSDCAS Application Center P.O. Box 9113, Watertown, MA 02471
(No GRE score is required for applying to CSU Communicative Disorders program)
You are responsible for checking your application status at BOTH the CSU Mentor (via your student portal) and your CSDCA account.
A late or incomplete application will be NOT reviewed!
For those who are currently enrolled in CSUF Post baccalaureate
'Credential-only' program. (If you are no longer enrolled the CSUF postbac program, you will follow the instructions for general public application to apply through CSU Mentor & CSDCAS)
1. You do not need to apply online through CSU Mentor.
Instead, you will submit the following form to Admissions and Records Office:
___a. The 'Change of Objective Form' (available in Admissions and Records Service Center, LH 114; on the form, you will need to add Master's Degree in Language, Speech and Hearing to your current Credential program. For the details, please refer to the following link (Pathway to a Master's degree in Communicative Disorders for students with a B.A. degree in other fields of study, http://communications.fullerton.edu/hcom/hcom-cd-ma.php).
2. You will then go to CSDCAS website (https://csdcas.liaisoncas.com/applicant-ux/#/login Follow the instructions to create your account and submit the following information online through CSDCAS.
)
___ a. Write a letter of intent (same as ‘ personal statement or essay ’ on CSDCAS)
___ b. Request three letters of recommendation (two of them must be from Communicative Disorders faculty or adjunct faculty)
___ c. Enter the grade of all college/university courses as instructed by CSDCAS. Your GPA in the CD major will be computed automatically by the CSDCAS system.
___ d. Submit a set of official transcripts from all the universities and/or community colleges that you attended to only the CSDCAS at the following address: CSDCAS Application Center P.O. Box 9113, Watertown, MA 02471
(No GRE score is required for applying to CSUF Communicative Disorders program)
You are responsible for checking your application status at your CSDCA account and double check with Admissions and Records Office for the status of your 'Change of Objective.'
A late or incomplete application will be NOT reviewed!
< Important Note:
For further information regarding letter of intent/personal statement or essay, letters of recommendations, admission requirement and application deadlines for Communicative Disorders master's program, you will click the following link (http://communications.fullerton.edu/hcom/hcom-cd-ma.php).
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CC-MAIN-2017-13
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Ages of Famous Personalities
Name________________________________
Algebra 1 Level
Supplies: Graphing Calculator, PowerPoint presentation
Task: You will be seeing photographs of twenty famous people. As you see the photos, record the names of each individual and your best estimate as to the person's age. If you do not know the person, take your best guess as to the age from observing the photo. Actual ages will be the age at the end of the current year.
| Famous Personality | Estimated Age |
|---|---|
| 1 | |
| 2 | |
| 3 | |
| 4 | |
| 5 | |
| 6 | |
| 7 | |
| 8 | |
| 9 | |
| 10 | |
| 11 | |
| 12 | |
| 13 | |
| 14 | |
| 15 | |
| 16 | |
| 17 | |
| 18 | |
| 19 | |
| 20 | |
1. Using your graphing calculator, prepare a scatter plot using the estimated age on the x-axis and the actual age on the y-axis. Sketch the scatter plot on the grid at the right. Be sure to label your axes and scale.
2. Choosing two points, find the equation of the line of best fit (model equation) for your data.
Points: ( , ) & ( , ) Slope: __________
Equation:____________________________________
3. Using your graphing calculator, find the linear regression equation, the calculator’s line of best fit, for your data. _____________________________________________
4. What is the correlation coefficient? ___________ What does it tell you about the fit of the calculator’s linear regression?
5. What is an appropriate domain for graphing age data in general? _______________________
6. If you had guessed all of the ages correctly, what would be the equation of the line representing these correct guesses?___________________________________________________________
7. Did you, in general, overestimate or underestimate the ages? ____________________________
8. a. What percent of your estimated ages were correct?__________________________________
b. What percent of your estimated ages were above the actual ages?______________________
9. Interpolate: If you guessed that a person’s age was 26, what would the exact age be based upon the calculator’s model equation? ______________________________________________
10. Interpolate : If a person’s actual age was 37, what would have been the estimated age based upon the calculator’s model equation?____________________________________________
11. Extrapolate: If a person’s estimated age was 80, what would have been the actual age based upon the calculator’s model equation?___________________________________________
12. a. What is your age? __________
b. Based upon the calculator’s model equation, what is your estimated age? _____________
13. a. Which personality had the greatest difference between the estimated age and the actual age?
___________________________________________________________________________
b. What is the AVERAGE of the differences between the actual ages and the estimated ages for all of the personalities? ________________________________________________________
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Zoning Board of Appeals
Regular Meeting Agenda
Monday, April 23, 2012 7:00 p.m., Council Chambers
1. Call to Order by Ingersoll at 7:00 p.m.
2. Roll Call
Present: Apotheker, Henry, Manley, Paull, Wheeler, Wittkop, Ingersoll
Absent: None
3. Approval of Agenda
Motion by Wittkop, second by Apotheker to approve the April 23, 2012 meeting agenda as presented.
All in favor. Motion carried.
4. Approval of Minutes – February 27, 2012
Motion by Wittkop, second by Manley to approve the February 27, 2012 regular Meeting Minutes as written.
All in favor. Motion carried.
5. Interested Citizens in the Audience Will be Heard on Items Not on the Agenda
None at this time.
NEW BUSINESS
Zachary Bossenbroek, representing Thayer Properties LLC, requests variances for two (2) properties located at 42 Lakeshore Drive. The properties are individually identified as 42 Lakeshore Drive North and 42 Lakeshore Drive South.
6a. 42 Lakeshore Drive North – A request to either 1.) receive a variance for a front yard setback to permit a second story balcony that would encroach into the required front yard or, 2.) receive a front yard setback variance to construct a deck with a
three (3) to four (4) foot elevation within the required front yard. The second option would also require a variance to allow no off street parking spaces.
6b. 42 Lakeshore Drive South – A request to either 1.) receive a variance for a front yard setback to permit a second story balcony that would encroach into the required front yard or, 2.) receive a front yard setback variance to construct a deck with a three (3) to four (4) foot elevation within the required front yard. The second option would also require a variance to allow no off street parking spaces.
Ingersoll invited the applicant's representative to explain the requests.
Zach Bossenbroek: representing Thayer Properties stated that there are two properties and the request is the same for both properties. The property owner is presently in a quiet title action to seek fee title ownership for the right-of-way which for forty years has been used by the property owners for their own use. City Council, according to Bossenbroek, asked Thayer Properties to go before the Zoning Board of Appeals to help resolve this issue of the six to nine feet of right-of-way up to where the wall had stood.
There were two (2) alternative variances presented in the application. Ingersoll explained that the Zoning Board is not in the business of picking which alternative to consider, "So for the purposes of the variances tonight, pick one". Bossenbroek said the applicant's preference is to have the second story deck and to be able to provide the off-street parking underneath. Bossenbroek noted that the city's attorney told the applicant to submit their request with alternatives. Ingersoll said, "We do not want the liability, so we do ask that you pick one and the board will go from there".
Ingersoll said if you get the three (3) feet up to the property line and you want another nine (9) feet beyond that it means the deck would go out twelve (12) feet from the front of the building. Bossenbroek stated that what he calls "the disputed area" does not go evenly up to nine (9) feet; however, that is subject to City Council's decision.
Henry asked Bossenbroek to refer to the large map displayed and stated that he is a bit confused as to what parcel is being talked about. Bossenbroek noted the large map is dated while the survey maps in the packet might be clearer. Ingersoll asked if the intent was to sell these individually. Bossenbroek said that has not been decided yet but it is probable that they would sell them individually. Ingersoll asked the width of the lots, which Bossenbroek said are in excess of thirty-three feet.
Paull said he wants to be clear that the Zoning Board is going to be discussing, by Bossenbroek's request, the higher level deck to the lot line. Bossenbroek restated that, "Just for the record, I did provide the alternative request because I was told to by the City Attorney".
Wittkop asked if the applicant has any building plans. Bossenbroek said the plan is, "We are trying to add a deck that will add value to the property. Ideally you put the deck on the front like you see in Key West and other coastal communities". Bossenbroek explained that this is to allow the owners to sit on their deck and look out at the Lake like their neighbors do; Bossenbroek wants to maximize the use of the property by bringing the deck out to the property line.
Anderson noted that everything the applicant provided is in your packet. After a question from the board, Anderson agreed that the second-story deck is the best option due to providing the off-street parking. Anderson noted that she did have calls and emails from some neighbors regarding how this will affect their view. Anderson noted that the Zoning Board of Appeals cannot grant variances that are in the rightof-way; the Zoning Ordinance states that the applicant may only ask for variances on land that is under his control.
Regarding the lot split, Anderson noted that was a legal land division, which was done last year, and the parcels under discussion are zoning compliant lots.
Ingersoll opened the public hearing and asked if there was anyone who wished to speak to this matter.
Karen Cagen; 82 Esplanade noted that it was her property for over forty years. Cagen explained that there was a trade between Mr. Hunter and Cagen. Cagen said she did not know that Mr. Hunter's granddaughter told a friend and it got back to Cagen that the swap was done because they intended all along to do a split and build two houses on the subject property. Cagen explained that makes it possible for the applicant to build up to six feet from her lot line; it will directly affect her by having the building so close and by going up high enough to block the view from the upstairs octagonal bedroom. Cagen noted that this proposed project will also cause an occlusion of view for most of the neighbors in that area.
Ingersoll asked if most of the houses in the area are two-story. Cagen said Mr. Hunter's house was a story and a half, another neighbors is one story with an attic, and yet another is two-story. Cagen said her cottage is from 1890, there are a lot of charming homes and as variances are granted to make things higher she wonders where it is going to stop. The people of South Haven have a beautiful little seaside town.
Wendy Schilcariof, 92 Esplanade stated that she purchased her property in, she believes, 1982, and she was thrilled. Schilcariof stated that she sees less and less of the lake. While Schilcariof understands that progress needs to take place and people sell to make money and buy to make money. However, Schilcariof noted, a trend is happening where variances keep being granted and she wonders when or if it is going to stop. Schilcariof understands somebody being in a house or owning property for several years and wanting to add on as their family grows. Schilcariof said people buy a property and it appears the property was bought it with the intention of building something that would need variances. Some of these houses go up and within three months they are for sale. Schilcariof asked, "Why are they building these houses if they don't want to enjoy them?"
Ingersoll asked if in that area, there are a lot of homes that are built out to the property line. Schilcariof said the whole north beach at one time had white cement block fences to the property line. Slowly, styles changed, people changed and the block walls have gradually been eliminated. Schilcariof noted that the stone fence was gone when she bought her property. Barb Adler still has a semi-one. Schilcariof noted that the owner of the green house was not allowed to extend his balconies; at least that is what Schilcariof was told by the owner.
Ingersoll asked Schilcariof if the variance would affect her property. Schilcariof responded, "That is not the point; the board is setting a trend."
Motion by Manley, second by Wheeler to close the public hearing.
All in favor. Motion carried.
Paull said the only reason for this request is that it would enhance the value of the property. Paull said the enhancement and loss of the value of the property is not something the Zoning Board of Appeals should consider.
Manley asked Anderson if he understands correctly that this property was one lot that was split into two, and then asked, "Does that affect these variances? This seems self-created."
Anderson noted the lot splits were legal lot splits and those lots could be built on without variances. Manley asked, if it is possible, then, to build two legal structures without variances, and the split was requested by the applicant, "Is this a self-created problem?" Anderson said, "I cannot say that; that is a decision the board would have to decide." Anderson explained that even if there was one lot and one house, the applicants might still decide to ask for a variance to bring the house forward and have the view.
Manley asked if it would be possible to build on this property without being granted a variance. Anderson said the lots do narrow at the back but are sufficiently wide at the front for a residence. Ingersoll said he is not used to granting something like this without seeing a house on the property. Anderson reminded the board that the balcony will be covered so it will be considered part of the house. Anderson said they are essentially asking to build a house in the front lot line and asked Bossenbroek for confirmation as to whether the balcony would be covered. Bossenbroek concurred that at least part of the balcony would have a roof over it. Anderson said it would be considered a part of the house because it would not be open to the sky. So the request, Anderson explained, is to make the wall of the house go to the lot line. Wittkop asked if that means the steps would go into the right-of-way if the house were built to the lot line. Bossenbroek said to remember that the concrete wall was out to the right-of-way so we are not asking for anything that was not historically there.
Ingersoll asked how that historical wall lines up with the neighbor's properties. Bossenbroek showed on the historic aerial that the wall that was on the subject properties lines corresponding with the remaining walls. Wittkop stated, "If you tear it down it is no longer there." Manley said that is how the Zoning Ordinance says it; once it is removed it is no longer there to be considered. Ingersoll said this area has a lot of unusual things, so this would not be unusual in that area. Apotheker said when he drove down there he noted houses that are beyond the lot line.
Ingersoll asked Wheeler if he had any comment. Wheeler said he is not comfortable with all of this so he is still listening.
Ingersoll asked Bossenbroek if he has anything else to add to the conversation. Bossenbroek said the exceptional circumstance is that we are trying to maintain a view like what the neighbors have. We do not want to be set back so we have a bowling alley view. Paull said the problem with that argument is that you are telling the board that we need to depend on your argument with the City of South Haven to decide if the lot line will move or not. Paull said he does not like to make decisions based on "what if" this and "what if" that. Paull said the request is to build to the limits of the front lot line and my feeling is "No."
Ingersoll asked if it is true that the applicant does not care whether the Zoning Board grants this or not because you are just exhausting all your avenues before going back to the City Council. Bossenbroek said he thinks it does matter; he likes to avoid litigation, as does his client. Bossenbroek pointed out that this deck is all of twelve feet, if not more, there are houses that encroach at least eight feet and noted a deck that encroaches. Bossenbroek stated that this is not a right that other people in the neighborhood do not possess therefore Bossenbroek thinks it is a fair request.
Henry stated that had the property not been split, would there be sufficient flexibility in the square footage of the lot to accomplish what needed to be accomplished without requesting a variance. Bossenbroek responded, "As Ms. Anderson rightly said, even with a bigger lot, we would still want to have our house set forward instead of to the property line."
Henry asked if the board came up with the decision to be in conformance with the standards and refused the variance, how many years going forward, until all the other properties will be torn down and in line with the appropriate standards. Several members of the board agreed it would probably not be on their watch.
Manley stated that he has concerns; 1.) The proposal appears to be for financial gain; in fact the applicant has stated so. Manley said he understands the desire to enhance the property, no matter who owns it. 2.) Can houses be built on these properties that are in compliance? Yes, they can. Manley asked if the existing houses are torn down in the future as this one was, what direction does the board want to go, toward compliance in the future or allow what happened before the ordinance was even developed. Manley assumes the ordinance is there for a purpose however agrees that the area under discussion is a special area and neighborhood. Manley reminded that the charter of the Zoning Board of Appeals is, at least in most cases, to defend the ordinance and commented, "When we don't we see the bitter fruits of some of that." Manley said the future trend needs to be seriously considered by the board. There is no one that defends the ordinances other than this board; we are the judicial body of the City of South Haven. Our decisions are not able to be appealed except to the Circuit Court. Manley concluded, "Just some thoughts, gentlemen."
Apotheker said in my experience in the building business and putting additions in, clients want to bring an addition in to the property line as close as possible. Apotheker noted that while the front set back may be twelve feet, the two neighbors on each side are considered, and the difference between the two neighbors setbacks are averaged to determine the setback of the new house or addition. Ingersoll said that is correct. Manley said no one has presented the neighbors set backs to this board.
Ingersoll said he needs to present the other side. There are various houses there that have parts of their structure up to and over the property line. Ingersoll noted that when you look at that, the precedent has already been set in that area. There are non-conformances. This is what the board went through when looking at Oak Court. There were a number of structures up to the property line. That should be a consideration, especially here; this is a unique area. Ingersoll said this is even more unique than North Shore. Ingersoll concluded, "That is the other side we might want to look at. We don't want to put this property at a disadvantage to other properties in the area."
Wheeler asked if all the members of the board agree that this is not self-created. Wittkop said it is definitely self-created. Manley said that is the question he was asking. Manley went on to say, "There is no self-creation in the depth; it may be true that if they had not split the lot and were rebuilding, they probably would still want to come out to the property line or beyond. The applicant alluded to that. The selfcreated part is that they want to build something that is not in compliance with the ordinance even though they can build something that would be in compliance."
Ingersoll said there is a slippery slope if you follow that line of thought, too. If someone just builds with the Zoning Ordinance and later wants to put a balcony out because fifteen of their neighbors have it. Wittkop noted that as presented it is not a balcony; it is part of the house.
Henry asked if there were not a roof on it, then would the structure be in conformance. Anderson said remember Oak Court, the balconies were going to come out to the lot line; the applicants still had to come in for a variance. Anderson said if anything comes out to the lot line it requires a variance. Ingersoll clarified that without the roof it is a balcony, with the roof, the house would be out to the zero lot line.
Manley pointed out the standard thought on the view; "It is the sad truth that no one owns the view. You may have a view, but unfortunately if someone builds to the right or left or in front of your view, they have every legal right to do so."
Ingersoll said right now regardless of where the house is built or the deck or anything there will be almost a panoramic 180 degree view. The discussion is about two houses and two balconies or "additions" to the house. If the board were to approve this, it would be required that the house proper would be off the lot line and only the part of the house that pertains to the balcony and roof would extend to the lot line. Paull said they have to have it open under the balcony to provide the parking underneath. Henry has seen houses built like this in the south and they are handsome structures.
Paull said it is true that this area is very unique. The setbacks from house to house are each different, unique and special. Probably the zoning should be changed and an overlying zone of some type should be placed on this area. However, at this point, such an overlay does not exist. The place is identified as a particular zone with certain setbacks at front, rear and side. If the board does not defend that everyone that tears down a house and rebuilds will want to do the same until it is no longer unique. Paull said, "This is speculation. They are not talking about 'this is a wonderful area and I want to build my home here and live here in my retirement.' These are spec houses. Let's hold them to the zoning ordinance."
Henry said he personally does not care if they are building for spec houses. That does not bother him at all. Wittkop said we do have a structure (the Zoning Ordinance) and if the board starts passing variances we lose that structure.
Motion by Paull that the request be denied on both properties for the following reasons as provided in zoning ordinance section 2205: 1.) Does not conform to, and will impair the intent of, the zoning ordinance; 2.) Is driven by financial gain, and 3.) The properties as they exist could be developed as single-family residences without undue hardship.
Second by Wittkop.
A roll call vote was taken with a yes vote denying the request.
Yes: Manley, Paull, Wheeler, Wittkop
No: Henry, Apotheker, Ingersoll
Motion carried.
8. Change of Meeting Date – May Meeting
Ingersoll stated that if there is a May meeting it will be May 21 st .
9. Adjourn
Motion by Paull, second by Henry to adjourn at 7:55 p.m.
All in favor. Motion carried.
RESPECTFULLY SUBMITTED,
Marsha Ransom Recording Secretary
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Between Multi-Level Systems of Support and English Learners
A MULTI-LEVEL SYSTEM OF SUPPORT [Response to Intervention (RtI) and Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports (PBIS)] is the practice of systematically providing differing levels of supports based on student need. Wisconsin's vision of a multi-level system of support consists of four essential elements: HIGH QUALITY INSTRUCTION, BALANCED ASSESSMENT, COLLABORATION, and CULTURALLY RESPONSIVE PRACTICES.
ENGLISH LEARNERS are an increasingly diverse group, representing numerous countries, cultures, and languages. They come from all socioeconomic levels and with varied educational experiences and backgrounds. A multi-level system of support helps address the complex needs of students who are in the process of developing another language (English). At the same time, the system validates, affi rms, builds upon, and bridges to the students' fi rst language, cultural strengths, intellectual capabilities, and prior accomplishments.
A multi-level system of support provides English learners with:
* A focus on culturally competent teaching to ensure strong academic literacy and English language development for long-term student achievement
* A commitment to district-wide and school-wide inclusive practices
* A research-validated framework for a comprehensive education that benefi ts ALL students
* Strengths-based thinking and culturally competent solutions
Connecting English Learners to Balanced Assessment
* Use valid and reliable measures aligned with state and local standards, including English Language Standards
* Tie in the language acquisition stages and students' cultural backgrounds
* Implement strategic assessment practices to measure students' academic content, language knowledge, and skills
* Provide grade-level appropriate assessments and allow for equitable alternatives when necessary
Connecting English Learners to Collaboration
* Involve educators, family, and community when making critical decisions about instruction and practices
* Team up with colleagues to plan and deliver instruction that integrates language and content
* Provide collaborative, authentic opportunities to learn by addressing specifi c language and/or cultural barriers
Connecting English Learners to Culturally Responsive Practices
* Believe that English learners can and will learn at high levels
* Understand we all have unique identities
* Create authentic, relevant learning experiences that validate and affi rm students' culture and language
* Build a sense of belonging that honors English learners' racial and ethnic identities
Connecting English Learners to High Quality Instruction
* Make content understandable by leveraging students' fi rst language, cultural assets, and prior knowledge
* Use instructional practices designed to integrate conceptual understanding and language competence
* Align learning and supports to college and career readiness
* Take profi ciency level(s) and prior schooling experiences into account when designing instruction
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Patent Policy and Procedures
The contributor is familiar with the IEEE 802.16 Patent Policy and Procedures <http://ieee802.org/16/ipr/patents/policy.html>, including the statement "IEEE standards may include the known use of patent(s), including patent applications, provided the IEEE receives assurance from the patent holder or applicant with respect to patents essential for compliance with both mandatory and optional portions of the standard." Early disclosure to the Working Group of patent information that might be relevant to the standard is essential to reduce the possibility for delays in the development process and increase the likelihood that the draft publication will be approved for publication. Please notify the Chair <mailto:firstname.lastname@example.org> as early as possible, in written or electronic form, if patented technology (or technology under patent application) might be incorporated into a draft standard being developed within the IEEE 802.16 Working Group. The Chair will disclose this notification via the IEEE 802.16 web site <http://ieee802.org/16/ipr/patents/notices>.
Clarification of renumbering and permutation based on DL_PermBase parameter
Sean Cai, Jason Hou, Liujun Hu ZTE San Diego Inc.
Lei Wang Cygnus Multimedia Communications, Inc.
Yigal Leiba, Yossi Segal Runcom Ltd.
1. Problem Statement
In section 188.8.131.52.2.1.1 of P80216_Cor1_D2, the text of downlink subchannel subcarrier allocation in PUSC mentions that DL_PermBase is used both for renumbering and permutation formulas. However, one of them states that DL_PermBase = 0 in the first zone, the other says DL_PermBase = IDcell in the first zone.
2. Proposed solutions
The forcing of DL_PermBase = 0 ensures that the first zone of PUSC, all the different sectors from different cells are orthogonal. However, IDcell shall be used in the subcarrier permutation equation to have different permutations in the first zone for different cells, where the IDcell values can be chosen differently. By adding the conditions to the renumbering and permutation formulas, DL_PermBase = 0 is no longer required. The standard text will be clean.
3. Specific text changes
[Modify the following text to section 184.108.40.206.2.1.1 Downlink subchannels subcarrier allocation in PUSC ]
=== Start text changes ====
1)
2) Renumbering the physical clusters into logical clusters using the following formula:
LogicalCluster = RenumberingSequence( (PhysicalCluster+13*IDcellDL_PermBase) mod 120)
3)
In the first PUSC zone of the downlink (first downlink zone), the default used IDcell is 0 renumbering sequence is used for logical cluster definition. For all other zones DL_PermBase parameter in the STC_DL_Zone_IE() shall be used. In the first PUSC zone of the downlink (first downlink zone) the default used DL_PermBase is 0. When the 'Use all SC indicator=0' in the STC_DL_Zone_IE(), DL_PermBase is replaced with 0. For All other cases DL_PermBase parameter in the STC_DL_Zone_IE() shall be used.
4) …. subcarriers in each symbol. Note that IDcell used for the first PUSC zone is 0. is used for the first PUSC zone in Equation (111). 0therwise the DL_PermBase parameter in the STC_DL_Zone_IE() shall be used in the equation.
[Modify the following text to section 220.127.116.11.2.2.2 Partitioning of data subcarriers into subchannels in downlink FUSC ]
Replace Equation (111) with the following equation:
[Modify the following text]
18.104.22.168.4 Transmit diversity (TD)Space-Time Coding (STC)/DL_Zone switch IE format
In the DL-MAP, a BS may transmit DIUC = 15 with the TDSTC_DL_ZONE_IE() to indicate that the subsequent allocations shall use a specific permutation, or be transmit diversitySTC encoded. The downlink frame shall start in PUSC mode with IDcellDL_PermBase = 0 and no transmit diversity. Allocations
[Replace Figure 219 with the following figure:]
=== End text changes ====
4. References
[1] IEEE 802.16-2004
[2] P80216_Cor1_D2
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APRIL 2013
SPRING NEWSLETTER
C
YNOSURE
health
HEALTH CARE IMPROVES FURTHER AND FASTER WHEN ORGANIZATIONS COLLABORATE. THE CYNOSURE TEAM PROMOTES THE EXCHANGE OF PEER-TO-PEER KNOWLEDGE THAT COMBINES THE "WHAT TO DO" WITH THE "HOW TO DO IT", RELIABLY DAY AFTER DAY.
Patient Engagement and Activation
What is it, why should we care about it and what can we do to improve it?
It seems like everywhere you go in healthcare these days' people are talking about patient engagement activation. Engaging patients in their own care is not only the right thing to do but it is becoming a necessary way to provide healthcare. The 2012 Institute of Medicine report Best Care at Lower Cost: The Path to Continuously Learning Health Care in America lists "engaged, empowered patients" as one of seven characteristics of an effective, efficient, and continuously improving health system. New models of healthcare delivery such as, Accountable Care Organizations, must define, establish, implement, and update processes to promote patient engagement.
healthcare. Patient engagement is a broader concept, including patient activation, the interventions designed to increase it, and the patient behavior that results from it.
The Patient Activation Measure is a validated tool used to score a patient's level of activation. It contains 13 questions that cause the patient to rate their confidence and skills. Statements such as "I know how to prevent problems with my health" and "I am confident that I can tell a doctor my concerns, even when he or she does not ask" are scored by the patient. These score are then complied placing the patient into one of four activation levels.
What is the difference between engagement and activation? Patient activation is a term that describes the skills and confidence that equip patients to become actively engaged in their
Engagement and activation are important because the increased responsibility and financial risk that delivery systems are taking are driving the heightened emphasis on patient centered care and activating patients to be better managers of their own health and health care. The premise is that if patients made moreinformed health care choices, were better equipped to manage their own conditions, and chose healthier lifestyles, their health care costs would be decreased. Many studies have determined that informed patients choose less invasive treatment options, use fewer services and require less health care.
There is evidence that raising patient activation scores results in improved health outcomes and lower costs. Strategies that support greater patient activation have the potential to affect costs, regardless of the patients' illness burden. Implementing individualized interventions to increase activation such as tailored coaching can be done in our current health care settings.
GAME: LEGO SIMULATION
This hands-on simulation is designed to introduce several basic concepts of the Lean System and the closely related Toyota Production System. * It requires 4 runs (with an optional 5th run); in which LEGO brand block assemblies are produced by 2 operators and shipped by a third person. Total run time is about 60-75 minutes. Discussion time and review may increase the activity time up to 120 minutes. Go to http://www.cynosurehealth.org/wwwroot/userfiles/files/lego_simulation_instructions.pdf to download the game instructions.
More Hospitals Adopting Practices to Reduce ICUAcquired Delirium and Muscle Weakness
As part of the ICU Clinical Interest Improvement Group, Bay Area hospitals have been working to implement the ABCDE bundle designed to reduce ICU acquired delirium and muscle weakness. Delirium and immobility in ICU patients lead to increased length of stay, increased morbidity and mortality, higher costs of care, and long-term harm, including long-term cognitive and functional deficits. Over the last few years, more attention and awareness has been paid to this important topic.
In February 2013, staff from 21 Californian hospitals participated in a survey designed to compare 2011 to 2013 relative to implementation of ABCDE bundle practices in their ICU and perceptions of teamwork, patient satisfaction, and engagement of staff and leaders.
The ABCDE Bundle consists of spontaneous awakening trials (to decrease sedation), spontaneous breathing trials (to wean patients off the vent faster), coordination of awakening and breathing trials, delirium screening, and early progress mobility (to decrease ICU-acquired-muscle weakness).
As of February 2013, ninety-five percent of hospitals have implemented spontaneous awakening and spontaneous breathing trials, compared to 53% and 63%, respectively in 2011. Eighty-four percent of hospitals are currently working on coordinating the efforts of the two interventions to maximize their potential.
Similar progress was seen with delirium screening and monitoring. In 2011, less than one third of the reporting hospitals had implemented a delirium screening process, e.g. CAM-ICU, and none reliably so. Currently, 74% have implemented delirium screening or are in the pilot stages, with an additional 16% in the planning stage. In addition, 67% have implemented an early progressive mobility program, with an additional 21% in the planning stages.
While practices to decrease ICU-acquired delirium and muscle weakness have improved, staff at participating hospitals indicated that patient satisfaction has improved as well. Participants also responded that teamwork among staff in the ICU and interdisciplinary teamwork has improved over the last two years and that leaders in their hospitals are more engaged in ICU improvement efforts.
Many of the hospitals throughout California are working to implement the ABCDE bundle and improve care and outcomes for their ICU patients as shown by the data above. These hospitals are among the early adopters nation-wide and will hopefully pave the way for others to follow.
Two New Models of Providing Care
The SNFist and the Hospital at Home®
What's a SNFist and what do they do?
Most everyone knows that reducing readmissions is a National Improvement Imperative. One of the goals of the Partnership for Patients is to reduce 30 day all cause readmissions by 20% by the end of this year. Those of us who are working closely to reduce readmissions know that the majority of our readmissions come from patients whom we previously discharged to a SNF. When we look to see why these patients are coming back two common themes emerge: inability to obtain necessary orders to treat the patient in the SBF setting or family insistence. A new role has emerged to address both issues called the SNFist. SNFists are like hospitalists but they practice in skilled nursing facilities. SNFists are present. On site at the SNF thus being available to assess and order treatment before the patient's condition worsens. Because they are present they are also far more accessible to families allowing for greater communication and thoughtful goals of care setting.
Another new model of care that is showing promise to improve care while decreasing cost is the hospital at home®. In this model pneumonia, HF, COPD and cellulitis patients who would otherwise been admitted to the hospital are treated in their homes. They receive daily physician visits and one-on –one nursing care for the first 8-24 hours then daily after that. All DME, O2 pharmacy support, radiology and EKGs are taken to the home when needed. A Lifeline devise is placed in the home if no family members are present. Patients are followed until they meet discharge criteria. Using this model outcomes and satisfaction were improved while costs were reduced by approximately 13rd.
SSI Prevention Webinar
If you missed a recent webinar presented by Sue Barnes, RN, CIC, National Leader Infection Prevention and Control in the Quality and Safety Department, Program Office Kaiser Permanente, then you missed a lot. Sue shared some extremely insightful observations she made when she was invited to provide suggestions to surgical teams who expressed interest in feedback regarding their practices.
Sue was welcomed into the surgical suite by her surgical colleagues and she observed practices and provided constructive feedback to the team. If you are interested in hearing more about this, please go to http://www.cyn o s ure health.org/resources/resources/resource.html?id=103 and you will be brought to the audio and slides of Sue's very informative presentation.
Cynosure Health
1688 Orvietto Drive Roseville, CA 95661 www.cynosurehealth.org
U PDATE :
Recent Project Management for Clinicians Course
The March 20th Cynosure Project Management for Clinicians course was a great success. 75 clinicians joined us in Sacramento for a day packed with interactive discussions and tips for how to plan, execute, and close a project. Group exercises including brainstorming, multivoting and team development got us out of our seats and created an opportunity to share specific ideas related to project management.
A few comments from several of the attendees:
"This was the most useful seminar I have attended. I will leave having acquired great ideas/suggestions that are practical and useful for my projects now. Thank you."
"I really enjoyed the presentation. I learned so much information that I will be able to use immediately. I especially liked the brainstorming session."
"Very informative, practical. Will be able to apply to my projects and school. Thank you!"
"I enjoyed the seminar last week. I learned so much. I already put the decision making matrix on my white board in my office…..and I have already used it"
If you would like information about future Project Management for Clinician courses, please contact us at www.cynosurehealth.org.
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Advice on Preparing for a Damaging Earthquake in Nevada
A damaging earthquake can occur in Reno/Sparks, Carson City, Las Vegas, or anywhere in Nevada at any time. Future damaging earthquakes will occur in Nevada; it is only a matter of when. Preparedness is the key to survival.
To ignore this threat and not get prepared for earthquakes is to gamble with your life and your livelihood. We know that being prepared is the key to surviving earthquakes and making the impact on your life as small as possible. Preparedness saves lives, prevents injuries, and saves property from earthquakes.
Nevada is earthquake country, and Nevadans should follow five steps to earthquake safety:
1) Know how to react safely when an earthquake occurs – Duck, Cover, and Hold.
2) Identify potential earthquake hazards in your home and business, and begin to fix them.
3) Create a disaster-preparedness plan.
4) Prepare a disaster survival kit.
5) Identify your building's earthquake weaknesses, and begin to fix them.
Earthquake preparedness doesn't have to cost a lot of money. Relocate anything that can fall on your bed and injure you while you are sleeping. Keep a sturdy pair of shoes by your bed to avoid cuts on your feet if you have to walk through an area where glass is broken.
For links to helpful earthquake information, please go to http://www.nbmg.unr.edu/EQ/earthquakes.htm.
Nevada Bureau of Mines & Geology and Nevada Seismological Laboratory University of Nevada, Reno
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The Challenges in the Implementation of International Humanitarian Law
Introduction
The 20th Congress of the International Society for Military Law and the Law of War in the spring of 2015 in Prague, Czech Republic, will deal with the challenges in the implementation of international humanitarian law (IHL). On September 22nd 2013 the outlines for a questionnaire on this subject were discussed in a special workshop. The meaning of "Implementation" in this respect is not just the legal obligation to formally implement the Treaty law into national laws, but particularly the compliance to the rules. In the introduction of the workshop it was stressed that "it does not matter how well the rules are written if there is no one to implement them and obey them". The greatest problem with IHL does not lie in insufficient rules, but in the lacking or defectiveness of their implementation. During the workshop three facets to implementation were identified: prevention, control and repression. From these three angles a wide variety of derivative and related subjects were discussed, such as: imperfect implementation, international criminal law, lessons to be learned from other areas of law, the Swiss ICRC initiative, responsibilities for countries not directly involved in the armed conflict, non-state actors, and shaping of a 'legal conscience' ('red light example'). The Workshop Report is attached as Annex A.
Imperfect Implementation; the questions
The questions of this questionnaire are derived from aforementioned workshop, and reflect the most, but not all, applicable subjects. The list of questions is deliberately kept limited to enhance participation. The overall aim of the questionnaire is to collect the views and information of and from Countries from around the world in contribution to the international dialogue, understanding and improvement of the implementation of IHL. The complete Questionnaire is also attached as Annex B.
Imperfect Implementation
1. Do you agree that there are three facets to implementation: prevention, control, and repression? Please explain if you disagree or would like to comment on this statement.
2. Even though several mechanisms such as the International Fact-Finding Commission, the Protecting Powers, and the inquiry procedure are available, most of them have not been used recently, and some of them never at all. Why is this the case in your view?
3. States frequently claim that what is occurring is not an armed conflict, but merely a police operation, riot control, or a domestic counter-terrorism operation. What should be done to tackle the challenge which arises when States deny that IHL is applicable to a particular situation, in particular in the case of a non-international armed conflict?
4. Currently there are a little more than 100 national committees set up to advise and assist governments in the implementation of IHL. Should the international community consider making the
establishment of such a national committee a legal or soft law obligation? What role and composition should such national committees have in your opinion?
5. How could the implementation of IHL by State armed forces be improved in your view?
6. To what extent and how should the national justice sector be trained in IHL?
Progress Through International Criminal Law
7. While some might say that the fight against impunity with the activities of the ICC, ICTY, ICTR and other specialized tribunals is proving to be quite successful, in the field of reparation and compensation not much progress has been made. Should reparation for victims be implemented at the national and/or international level? Please explain.
Lessons Learned from Other Areas of Law
8. How could IHL benefit from what international human rights law compliance mechanisms have accomplished?
9. How could the Geneva Conventions legal regime learn from other international treaties on the subject of institutional development, like conferences/assemblies of States Parties to conduct periodic reviews? For example, from environmental treaties, the Chemical Weapons Convention, the Convention on the Protection of Cultural Property in Armed Conflict, etc.
10. What (if any) are the potential complementary roles of the International Fact-Finding Commission on the one hand and the Human Rights Council on the other hand?
Specific Responsibilities for States Not Directly Involved in an Ongoing Armed Conflict 11. Is there an (emerging) norm that States that fund and support armed opposition must ensure that those armed groups that benefit from their money and their arms, conduct their hostilities in line with IHL? Compare for instance Art. 6 paragraph 3 and Art. 7 of the Arms Trade Treaty adopted by the UN General Assembly in April 2013 on arms transfers and the risk of arms being used in violation of IHL.
Non-State Actors
12. How should one deal with armed opposition groups which are ignorant of the law?
13. Is it a problem that some armed opposition groups are designated as terrorist organizations? Please explain.
Overall summary of the findings
The respondents
The Secretary of the International Society for Military Law and Law of War (the Secretary) received contributions from the following (representatives of) 11 nations:
Austria
Belgium
Czech Republic
Germany
Ireland
Jordan
Morocco
The Netherlands
Paraguay
Switzerland
A nation not specified 1
In this report they will be addressed to as 'contributing' or 'responding nation' or only as 'respondent'. The input received is limited, compared to the nations that were invited to respond (9,7% of 113 nations) and the nations represented at the Congress (50 % of 22 nations). The list of contributing nations also shows that most of the inputs (64%) came from European countries. No inputs were received from North America, Asia (except from the Middle-East), Australia and Oceania. This has to be taken into account when drawing conclusions, especially in terms of universally accepted views.
The overall findings
The Society benefited from a certain number of answers to its questionnaire, which were submitted by a combination of States and various national sections. The overall quality of the submissions indicates a genuine interest and understanding of the questions at stake. These submissions will undoubtedly bring highly valuable contributions to the debates and discussions to be held in Prague. Moreover, while there is general concurrence on some general orientations of IHL, the respondents' submissions can serve as baseline references that map original approaches to contemporary IHL problems and illustrate practical and conceptual nuances.
Most responding nations agree with the approach of the three facets to implementation, but the terminology lacks a general understanding and may lead to confusion. The importance of 'prevention' and 'repression' is generally understood, but the second facet, 'control' remains underexposed. All contributing nations and experts seem to understand why the IHL-mechanisms, such as the International Fact-Finding Commission, the Protecting Powers, and the Inquiry Procedure, haven't been used much or ever, and see various reasons for this fact. We would say that
1 This nation provided its answers on a confidential basis, therefore it is not listed.
the most important thereof are the limited adaptability and flexibility of the systems. They seem to be drafted in and for the past world context. Most respondents also agree on the problem of not acknowledging a NIAC in a situation of conflict. There seems to be little trust in the application of domestic laws and (general) Human Rights Law principles in a given internal conflict. The determination of the status of the conflict (internal, NIAC or IAC) is a factual and legal virtue, to be dealt with by specialized legal authorities. Several political and legal bodies might play a role in this respect. Convincing states and parties engaged in a conflict is of a more political nature. Coordinated, international political pressure is seen as the best way to convince the states and parties involved. Many states have a National Committee on IHL, that mainly serves as an advisory body to the respective governments and is composed of multidisciplinary representatives and IHL experts. The added value of these National Committees is broadly confirmed, but a legal or 'soft law' obligation is by most nations not considered apparent nor necessary. Further encouragement to establish these National Committees is needed and the best we can do. In relation to the improvement of IHL, by State armed forces the respondents produced many worthwhile answers and ideas, many of which are related to education and training, dissemination and international consultations and exchange on IHL implementation issues. Most of the contributing nations also see the benefit of special IHL training for the national justice sector, although the circumstances of states may differ, and therefore training has to be adjudicated to those branches and sectors within a national justice sector, that really do engage in IHL cases. Training sessions and seminars on IHL will certainly help, but there can be done more, like offering (master)studies at universities, providing for specialized training in criminal investigation in IHL cases and participating in such investigations and participation of the national justice sector as a member in the National Committee on IHL. A common element in the reactions on the question relating to reparation and compensation is that many saw a very positive development in the enhancement of reparation tools for victims. It is in assessing the benefits and challenges of implementation at the national and at the international levels respectively that respondents have divergent views. There is great interest in this subject, but the responses were indicative that reparation and compensation is an area that deserves to be seriously examined by states and international law stakeholders. Many respondents recognized that International Human Rights Law (IHRL) benefits from a robust system of inquiry and adjudication mechanisms, which is seen as the result of a strong State involvement and support. The exercise of jurisdiction of IHRL adjudicative bodies on IHL issues has been reported to be limited and exercised inconsistently, but a comparable kind of human rights compliance mechanisms do, in the eyes of the respondents, not appear to be easily transferred to IHL realities. The need for regular dialogue on IHL issues is widely recognized but the ways in which it could be facilitated are very diverse. The ICRC has often been cited as an organization playing a key role in providing a forum for and a structure to those exchanges. Other bodies were also mentioned, such as the Assembly of States, parties to the Rome Statute and the UN. Responding nations have varying and often opposed views on whether the IHFFC and the HRC could play mutually complementary roles. The importance of the existence of both of them and the value of their respective contributions is recognized, but since they rely on distinct legal regimes and pursue different mandates, their complementarity seems limited if at all possible. On the question about an emerging norm that arms transfers should not be undertaken where there is a real risk that they will be used in the commission of violations of IHL, the contributing nations responded that there is no norm or obligation for States to ensure that aid in the form of weapons
and operational capabilities is employed in a manner that is compliant with IHL. It seems to them that ensuring IHL compliance by the recipient of weapons falls more within the realm of the aspirational goals rather than in that of emerging norms. The respondents recognize the importance to maintain communications open with any armed opposition group that could be brought to increase its compliance to IHL through enhanced awareness or otherwise. Because of the political nature of the engagement with such groups, the involvement of independent, impartial and credible NGOs is seen as a means that could achieve at least in part, some educational and dissemination functions. The political nature is on the other hand seen as a limiting factor to granting incentives to these groups and therefore as an added challenge to a broader IHL implementation. Most respondents concur that the designation of armed opposition groups as terrorists does have negative impacts on IHL awareness, compliance and enforcement, but there is an inherent degree of political and legal sensitivity associated with this issue. Respondents to the questionnaire seem to concur that states can, on a case-by-case basis, designate and treat armed opposition groups as terrorist.
The Results (Answers to the Questions)
Introduction
In this chapter we will discuss the questions and answers, one by one. After presenting the question, we will give a short introduction to that particular question, followed by the general outcome and specifics in the in the answers of all respondents. We also asked two experts on IHL to give their sidelight appreciation to the questions 2 . Where applicable, their inputs are also reflected in the discussion of the questions and answers below. In Annex C to this report you will find a summarizing overview of the answers per nation and per expert. In Annex D all inputs – apart from one nation – are presented integrally.
Imperfect Implementation
Question 1
Do you agree that there are three facets to implementation: prevention, control, and repression? Please explain if you disagree or would like to comment on this statement.
Starting Point of the Reflection
In the Workshop Report (see Annex A) these three facets to implementation were mentioned, without further explanation. This calls for a deeper inquiry into definitions and basis of the facets mentioned. Firstly about 'implementation'. In an article in The Military Law and the Law of War Review, Nicolas Lang writes about ways to improve 'compliance' with International Humanitarian Law 3 . Other related expressions he uses in relation to the (defective) practical utilization of International Humanitarian Law (IHL), are: 'respecting', 'observing' and 'applying'. In the preamble of Additional Protocol I (AP I) the High Contracting Parties (HCP) are called to fully apply all provisions of the Geneva Conventions and the Protocol in all circumstances and in Article 1 of AP I the HCP's are obliged to respect and ensure respect for the Protocol. Part V of AP I deals with the execution of the Conventions and AP I and gives instructions for inter alia execution, dissemination and repression. Article 80 of AP I describes the obligations of the Parties with respect to taking all necessary measures for the execution of their obligations and to giving orders and instructions to ensure observance of the Conventions and AP I and to supervising their execution. With this in mind, one might conclude that the Workshop-participants in 2013 aimed particularly at Part V of AP I and used the word 'Implementation' for all aspects referred to in Part V, that itself uses the umbrella 'Execution'. On the other hand – as we will see in question 2 – the terms 'prevention', 'control' and 'repression' are not only related to the measures prescribed in Part V of AP I, but also to the provisions of Article 5 AP I and Articles 8/9 of the Geneva Conventions 1949 (Protecting Powers), 6 AP I (Qualified Persons), 7 AP I (Meetings) and 52/53/132/149 of the Geneva Conventions 1949 (Enquiry Procedure). Question 4 will deal with the National Committees. The establishment of National Committees on IHL is not obliged under the Geneva Conventions, nor under the Additional Protocols, but it certainly plays a role in the implementation of IHL. Thus, we can conclude that the
2 Air Commodore (ret.) Dr. William Boothby (UK) and Commander (ret.) Barrister Christopher Griggs (NZL). 3 "The Path to Better Compliance with International Humanitarian Law", H.E. Nicolas Lang; The Military Law and the Law of War Review 52, 2013, page 131-144.
Workshop-participants didn't look at the term 'Implementation' in a limited way, but utilized the word for a whole range of measures and instruments to enhance the compliance with, respect for and/or application of IHL. Maybe the word 'Implementation' to that end is too limited and somewhat confusing. The broader intentions of the Workshop-participants become more explicit when we take a closer look at the three facets that are related to the word 'Implementation'.
To begin with 'prevention'. Aspects that might be covered by the term 'prevention' are fi.:
- Orders and instructions to ensure observance of IHL (Article 80, paragraph 2 AP I);
- Providing for legal advice and advisers for armed forces and military commanders (Article 82 AP I);
- Dissemination of the Geneva Conventions 1949 and the Protocols as widely as possible in the countries, within the military as well as within the civilian communities (Article 83 AP I and similar provisions in the Geneva Conventions 1949);
- Exchange of national translation of AP I, and laws and regulations that ensure its application (Article 84 AP I and similar provisions in the Geneva Conventions 1949);
- Train qualified persons to facilitate the application of IHL and the activities of the Protecting Powers (Article 6 AP I);
- Ensuring awareness of obligations under IHL with military/persons under command of a military commander (Article 87, paragraph 2 AP I);
- Establishment of National Committees and other National Bodies on IHL (facultative).
The second facet is 'control'. This may refer to:
- Supervision of the execution of IHL in general, as meant in Article 80, paragraph 2 AP I.
- Preventing of and reporting about breaches of IHL by members of the armed forces or other persons under control of a military commander (Article 87, paragraph 1 AP I);
- Protecting Powers (Article 5 AP I and Articles 8/9 of the Geneva Conventions 1949);
- In relation to their service to Protecting Powers: qualified persons as meant in Article 6 AP I;
- Enquiry Procedure (Articles 52/53/132/149 of the Geneva Conventions 1949);
- International Humanitarian Fact Finding Commission (IHFFC, Article 90 AP I);
- Meetings of HCP's (Article 7 AP I).
The third facet that the Workshop identified under 'Implementation' is 'repression' that inter alia relates to:
- Repression of grave breaches and suppression of breaches of IHL (Article 86 AP I);
- Initiate disciplinary or penal action against violators of IHL by commanders (Article 87, paragraph 3 AP I);
- Mutual assistance in criminal matters (Article 88 AP I) and co-operation with the United Nations (Article 89 AP I);
- Responsibility for all acts committed by persons forming part of its armed forces and liability to pay compensation (Article 91 AP I).
In the IHL treaties a specific role is granted to the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), especially in ongoing armed conflicts, but also in relation to preventing and controlling, the ICRC can play a significant role, as can do other humanitarian organizations.
Questionnaire Findings
Most reactions on question 1 showed a general agreement with the facets that were identified by the Workshop-participants, but we also discovered confusion or even disagreement on the terminology. Some contributing nations missed elements in relation to implementation, fi. 'dissemination' was mentioned as the fourth facet, or 'compensation for victims', linked to the third facet 'repression'. One nation was critical about the used terminology: there are many facets to implementation, which overlap and interlink and the language 'prevention, control and repression' may not reflect the terminology used in IHL more generally. Another nation pointed out that not all provisions can be framed in 'prevention, control, repression'. A perhaps more constructive input was the suggestion that the three facets, mentioned in the question, can be summarized in the term 'integration'. One expert stated that it is more complex than this; there are more relevant factors.
As regards content, we discovered that many contributors explicitly or implicitly see 'prevention' as the most important of the three facets. They especially emphasize the role of dissemination and education, and for one nation these even are the key to the other facets. Some, non-European nations point at the absence or defectiveness of 'repression'. To one nation 'compensation for victims', as a species of 'repression', is the central element for IHL. Only one nation comments on the second facet, 'control', but only with regard to terminology ('control' in fact means 'oversight'). As a side-light one expert identified as the first factor: 'willingness to implement'.
In conclusion to question 1 most nations agree with the approach of the three facets to implementation, but the terminology lacks a general understanding and may lead to confusion. The importance of 'prevention' and 'repression' is generally understood, but the second facet, 'control' remains underexposed.
Question 2
Even though several mechanisms such as the International Fact-Finding Commission, the Protecting Powers, and the inquiry procedure are available, most of them have not been used recently, and some of them never at all. Why is this the case in your view?
Starting Point of the Reflection
The Background Document in preparation of the Second Meeting of States on Strengthening Compliance with International Humanitarian Law (Swiss-ICRC initiative), held on June 17/18, 2013, elaborates on the mechanisms in current IHL and points at the non or rare utilization of them 4 .
4 Background Document for the Second Meeting of States on Strengthening Compliance with International Humanitarian Law (IHL) on June 17/18, 2013 in Geneva, May 2013, page 5-6.
Three mechanisms stricto sensu are provided for in the 1949 Geneva Conventions and Additional Protocol 1 thereto of 1977:
The Protecting Powers (PP) mechanism is provided for in common Articles 8/8/8/9 of the 1949 Geneva Conventions and Article 5 of Additional Protocol I. It obliges each Party to the conflict to designate a neutral State, with the agreement of the other side, to safeguard its humanitarian interests, and to thus monitor compliance with IHL. In practice, the Protecting Powers system has been used on very few occasions since World War II (in five instances), the last reported instance having occurred three decades ago in the Falklands-Malvinas conflict (1982).
The formal Enquiry Procedure was first provided for in the 1929 Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armies in the Field (Article 30). It was later repeated, with additional details, in the 1949 Geneva Conventions (common Articles 52/53/132/149). Pursuant to this mechanism, an enquiry into an alleged violation of the Geneva Conventions must take place at the request of a party to the conflict. Very few attempts to use the Enquiry Procedure have been made since the 1929 Convention was adopted, and none resulted in its actual launching.
The International Humanitarian Fact-Finding Commission (IHFFC) was created in 1991 pursuant to Article 90 of Additional Protocol I. It is competent to enquire into any facts alleged to be a grave breach or other serious violation of the 1949 Geneva Conventions or Additional Protocol I, or to facilitate, through its good offices, the restoration of an attitude of respect for these instruments. The competence of the IHFFC is mandatory if the relevant States are Parties to the Protocol and have made a formal declaration accepting such competence, and one of them requests its services. The parties to an international armed conflict may also use the services of the Commission on an ad hoc basis. The IHFFC has not been triggered to date. Regardless of this, and in contrast to the Protecting Powers and Enquiry Procedure mechanisms, the IHFFC's potential as a tool for improving compliance with IHL has been emphasized on various occasions. In 2009, many participants of the 60th anniversary Geneva Conventions' Conference were of the view that the IHFFC was a useful institution, the potential of which has to be used in order to promote compliance with IHL. Participants of the 2011 International Conference of the Red Cross and Red Crescent, while recognizing that all options should be studied with a view to strengthening the international system for monitoring respect for IHL, expressed a desire to find ways of making the IHFFC efficient. Similar views were expressed during the discussions and consultations held since the Swiss-ICRC initiative was launched. It was noted that the Commission is already in existence as a fact-finding mechanism, with members elected and available to carry out its mandate. It was recalled that the Commission has expressed its readiness to be engaged in fact-finding in situations of noninternational armed conflicts, in addition to international armed conflicts. Many States were of the view that ways should be examined to revitalize the IHFFC, having in mind the usefulness of a factfinding function within an IHL compliance system. It was likewise observed that additional efforts should be made to promote awareness of the Commission, both domestically and internationally.
In addition to the three mechanisms outlined above, Additional Protocol I (Article 7) provides that the Depositary shall convene a meeting of the High Contracting Parties thereto "to consider general
Report on the Questionnaire for the 20 th Congress of the International Society for Military Law and Law of War
April 2015, Prague
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problems concerning the application of the Conventions and of the Protocol" if requested to do so by one or more Parties to the Protocol and agreed to by the majority of States Parties to that treaty. It must be noted that an Article 7 meeting is limited to an examination of "general problems" only and not of compliance more broadly. Moreover, not all States are party to the Protocol. Such a meeting has never been convened.
The analysis of the Meeting of States on Strengthening Compliance with International Humanitarian Law on the defectiveness of the current mechanisms pointed at the following factors:
1. Contrary to other international law systems, IHL has a limited number of mechanisms to ensure compliance with its norms;
2. The current mechanisms are self-contained instruments, not embedded in a coherent, and broader (comprehensive) system;
3. The mechanisms lack an appropriate institutional anchorage (fi. States' Meetings on a regular base);
4. The mandates for the instruments are rigid and narrow (fi. only for IAC);
5. The requirement of consent of the Parties engaged in conflict.
Questionnaire Findings
The Questionnaire for the ISMLLW Congress 2015 showed that the attitudes of the parties, especially the lack of political will to recognize the competence of the mechanisms, as one contributing nation formulated it, is an important factor. Also the limited scope – only IAC, while most current conflicts are NIACs – and the requirement of consent of the parties ('no sovereignty', as one contributing nation stated it) are often called a major problem in relation to the effectiveness of the mechanisms. Other factors that are mentioned are lack of necessary resources and institutional support, and difficult or complicated practices. History shows that states prefer the services of the ICRC instead of Protecting Powers.
Some nations came up with fresh food for thought and more controversial insights on the failing functioning of the current IHL mechanisms. Reluctance to utilize the enquiry and fact-finding mechanisms is caused by the limited influence states have on the composition of these mechanisms. An argument that was already distinguished during the process and meetings of states on strengthening compliance, is that the IHFFC, PP and the Enquiry Procedure in fact act contrary to the interests of states engaged in NIACs, because their utilization in such a conflict might be seen as a (step towards) formal conformation and legalization of the status of the opposing armed group. Therefore states are reluctant to make use of these mechanisms in NIACs. Other nations pointed at the changed global environment in which the IHL-mechanisms have to operate: a fast moving, information driven and coalition seeking world for which the current mechanisms lack the adaptability. Military coalitions seek their own, separate enquiry procedures and other institutions take over the functions dedicated to the (formal) IHL-mechanisms, such as states themselves, Human Rights bodies (NGO's) and the UNSC on an ad hoc basis. Especially for investigation purposes these bodies are quicker, have enough resources and are better structured to disseminate reports, fi. through the social media. An expert-view pointed at the lack of methods whereby individuals can seek compensation for IHL breaches.
In conclusion, all contributing nations and experts seem to understand why these IHL-mechanisms haven't been used much or ever, and see various reasons for this fact. We would say that the most important thereof are the limited adaptability and flexibility of the systems. They seem to be drafted in and for the past world context.
Question 3
States frequently claim that what is occurring is not an armed conflict, but merely a police operation, riot control, or a domestic counter-terrorism operation. What should be done to tackle the challenge which arises when States deny that IHL is applicable to a particular situation, in particular in the case of a non-international armed conflict?
Starting Point of the Reflection
Mohammed bin Ghanem Al-Ali Al-Maadheed, Chairman of the Qatar Red Crescent, gave a presentation on "The Arab Spring and the observance of IHL in recent conflicts" during the 36th Round Table on Current Issues of International Humanitarian Law in San Remo in 2013, to provide the necessary background information on international humanitarian law (IHL) and its relevance during non-international armed conflicts. He clearly explains the reluctance of states in classifying a conflict being (just) an internal conflict or a NIAC: "The distinction made by humanitarian law between international and non-international armed conflicts has a political basis. Many were opposed to any international regulation of non-international armed conflicts, despite the humanitarian imperatives. Traditionally, States were reluctant to grant any international legal status to rebels, to recognize rebel movements or to legitimize warfare by anyone other than its armed forces. When rebels took up arms against States, States preferred to deal with them under their national law, trying them as common criminals. In this case, the resort to force itself would be illegal and the rebels would be tried for war crimes even without any other violation of international humanitarian law. International law precluded interference by other States in the internal affairs of other States, and States were allowed to use necessary means to suppress rebellions and preserve the territorial integrity of the State. Further, only States were considered as subjects of international law, and it was not conceived how non-state actors, such as rebels, could derive rights and duties under international law. At the same time, it was clear that the humanitarian problems created by internal armed conflict demanded some sort of an international response." 5 The latter observation resulted in a common article 3 to the Geneva Conventions, Additional Protocol II of 1977, that was adopted to address some of the deficiencies in the law regarding non-international armed conflicts, and customary international law, that largely fills the gaps in the regulation of the conduct of hostilities in Additional Protocol II regulating non-international armed conflict. In order to be classified as a NIAC - and not simply as a case of 'internal disturbances and tensions, such as riots, isolated and sporadic acts of violence' - the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia has indicated that two factual criteria must be satisfied:
5 International Institute of Humanitarian Law, Respecting International Humanitarian Law: Challenges and Responses, 36th Round Table on Current Issues of International Humanitarian Law (Sanremo, 5th-7th September 2013), page 65-66.
- The violence must reach a certain level of intensity that distinguishes it from situations of internal disturbances such as riots and isolated acts of violence;
- The parties involved must demonstrate a certain level of organization. 6
These criteria are were set in the well-known Tadic-case.
7
Questionnaire Findings
With regard to the answers by the contributing nations we discovered that most nations acknowledge the problem of classification and application of IHL in conflicts. As a recent example of this problem, one nation points at Syria. The nations also explicitly or implicitly share the opinion that the classification issue is rather a factual and legal determination than a political opinion. Judicial bodies are the only authoritative and binding bodies in respect of proper legal classification, although usually ex post a conflict, one nation concludes. Nevertheless one will need an instrument to make this assessment and decide upon the classification. Some 'instruments' to that end are proposed, like the UNSC (investigation conform article 34 UN Charter), the International Court of Justice (advisory opinion conform article 96 UN Charter), the IHFFC, the ICRC and independent advisory committees with a binding advise (international and national). One nation refers to a useful website of the Geneva Academy of International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights, that provides countryspecific advice on whether or not an armed conflict exists in a given situation (http://www.rulac.org/). Determination of the status of a conflict is one thing, but the acknowledgement by the states and parties concerned is another thing. In that respect, most contributing nations feel that this problem needs to be tackled by coordinated political pressure, especially from (mobilized) international institutions and other states. The EU in relation to Syria was mentioned, and more generally, UN bodies, ICRC, NGO's and other states. At least these international actors can help remind the states and parties concerned of their situation and obligations. Interstate dialogue might be stimulated by diplomatic engagement, conferences and round tables on specific situations. A mere deviant view is that of one nation that asks itself the question whether the non-acknowledgement of a NIAC is a problem at all. The consequence of denial of the application of IHL, leaves a state with its responsibilities under domestic and Human Rights law, that are often more restrictive. One independent expert more or less supports this view. He points out that not acknowledging an IAC is a more important challenge, with respect to the protection of their own combatants. By not acknowledging a NIAC – and that is primarily a decision by the state itself – a state restricts its own options in the conflict.
As an overall conclusion on the responses on the third question we may say that most nations agree on the problem of not acknowledging a NIAC in a situation of conflict. There seems to be little trust in the application of domestic laws and (general) Human Rights Law principles in a given internal conflict. The determination of the status of the conflict (internal, NIAC or IAC) is a factual and legal virtue, to be dealt with by specialized legal authorities. Several political and legal bodies might play a role in this respect. Convincing states and parties engaged in a conflict is of a more political nature.
6 Ibid, page 67.
7 ICTY, The Prosecutor v. Dusko Tadic, Judgment, IT-94-1-T, 7 May 1997, para. 561-568.
Coordinated, international political pressure amounts for the best chance to succeed in convincing the states and parties involved.
Question 4
Currently there are a little more than 100 national committees set up to advise and assist governments in the implementation of IHL. Should the international community consider making the establishment of such a national committee a legal or soft law obligation? What role and composition should such national committees have in your opinion?
Starting Point of the Reflection
National Committees have been advocated by the ICRC, the Intergovernmental Group of Experts for the Protection of War Victims and the 26th International Conference of the Red Cross and Red Crescent (Geneva, 1995). In a separate ICRC Advisory Service document – available through internet – one can read about these National Committees, their purpose and the establishment of such committees. There is also a document with a table of all the National Committees and other national bodies on international humanitarian law per State in place today. Below we provide for a short extraction of the ICRC documents.
The Geneva Conventions of 1949 and their Additional Protocols of 1977 are the principal treaties governing aid to and protection of the victims of armed conflict. In order to secure the guarantees provided by these instruments, it is essential that the States implement their provisions to the fullest possible extent. Implementation requires the States to adopt a number of internal laws and regulations. They must, for example, establish rules on the punishment of violations, the use and protection of the red cross and red crescent emblems and the fundamental rights for protected persons. In addition, the States are obliged to spread knowledge of the Conventions and Protocols as widely as possible. Owing to the broad range of issues associated with these responsibilities, comprehensive implementation of the rules of international humanitarian law (IHL) requires coordination and support from all the government departments and other entities concerned.
To facilitate this process, some States have created either national inter-ministerial working groups, often called committees for the implementation of IHL or national humanitarian law committees. Their purpose is to advise and assist the government in implementing and spreading knowledge of IHL. Setting up such committees is recognized as an important step in ensuring the effective application of IHL. Such a committee should have the following characteristics:
- It should be able to evaluate existing national law in the light of the obligations created by the Conventions, Protocols, and other instruments of IHL;
- It should be in a position to make recommendations for further implementation, to monitor the law and ensure it is applied. This may involve proposing new legislation or amendments to existing law, coordinating the adoption and content of administrative regulations, or providing guidance on the interpretation and application of humanitarian rules;
- The committee should play an important role in promoting activities to spread knowledge of IHL. It should have the authority to conduct studies, propose activities, and assist in making IHL more widely known. The committee should therefore be involved in instructing the armed forces in
this domain, teaching it at various levels of the public education system and promoting the basic principles of IHL among the general population.
Given its functions, a national humanitarian law committee requires a wide range of expertise. The committee must include representatives of the government ministries concerned with implementing IHL. Precisely which ministries are relevant will depend on the committee's mandate, but they are likely to include Defence, Foreign Affairs, Internal Affairs, Justice, Finance, Education and Culture. It may also be useful to have representatives of legislative committees, members of the judiciary and personnel from the headquarters of the armed forces. It is important that such a committee include other qualified persons. These may be individuals not associated with government ministries but who are appointed for their legal, educational, communications or other expertise.
Neither the Geneva Conventions nor their Additional Protocols require such a committee to be set up. It is therefore entirely up to the State concerned to determine how it is created, how it functions, and who are its members. The process by which it is set up will depend on the structure and procedures of the State concerned.
As of 31 August 2014 there are 107 National Committees or other national bodies on IHL. France established such a committee already in 1947 and the most recent establishments of a National Committee took place in 2014 in Bangladesh, Bahrein and Iraq.
Questionnaire Findings
Apart from one, all contributing nations to the Questionnaire have a National Committee in place. Many of the answers given, provide for extensive overviews of the respective National Committees in relation to tasks, composition and influence. They unanimously do perceive a National Committee as a valuable national instrument to enhance the implementation of IHL. The importance of direct access to Governmental bodies is widely acknowledged. Some nations explicitly point at the importance of political influence of the National Committee. Contrary to this more general government-embedded view, one nation suggests that a National Committee better be established as an autonomous and independent institution of the powers of the State or Government, so that the mandate, composition and powers of the National Committee cannot be modified by them.
The idea that a multidisciplinary composition of the National Committee is required, is broadly confirmed. A National Committee should not only consist of Governmental representatives, but also of judiciary, academic and information (media) representatives (experts).
Most nations attribute an advisory and promotional role on all issues related with IHL to the National Committee. One nation seems to go further by proposing that all IHL activities by a state should be decided through a National Committee as the competent authority, in coordination with the relevant authorities. The National Committee should, in its view, also be the monitoring authority over the implementation of IHL on the national level. And proper funding would help its National Committee to be more effective.
On the issue of obligatory National Committees we see different opinions. One contributing nation is of the opinion that a 'soft law' obligation already exists, since its establishment was recommended by Annex I to Resolution 1 of the 26th International Conference of the Red Cross and Red Crescent (Geneva, 1995). Another contributing nation explicitly argues whether such a 'soft law' obligation already exists. Again another nation thinks it should be a legally binding obligation. But most nations do not perceive a legal obligation, nor a 'soft law' obligation. One nation thinks that such an obligation will not have added value, nor will be necessary. Some also point at the difficult process to make it an obligation under international law. Nevertheless, all nations confirm the importance of encouraging states to create a National Committee. To that end ICRC and current National Committees might do a better effort, one nation 'complains'.
The consulted expert puts a question mark on the advisory role of National Committees and emphasizes, with regard to an obligation to create a National Committee, that one should look at states that have no National Committee and where application of IHL is more than a theoretical prospect.
In conclusion we can say that many states have a National Committee on IHL, that mainly serves as an advisory body to the respective governments and is composed of multidisciplinary representatives and IHL experts. The added value of these National Committees is broadly confirmed, but a legal or 'soft law' obligation is by most nations not considered apparent nor necessary. Further encouragement to establish these National Committees is needed and the best we can do.
Question 5
How could the implementation of IHL, by State armed forces be improved in your view?
Starting Point of the Reflection
The consultation process based on resolution 1 of the 31st International Conference of the Red Cross and Red Crescent in 2011 (also called the Swiss-ICRC facilitated initiative), and consisting of Meetings of States on Strengthening Compliance with International Humanitarian Law (IHL) is still going on and will finally result in a fourth Meeting of States in April 2015 and a concluding report to the 32nd International Conference in December 2015. During this process various options for improving compliance were discussed, and the following procedures, created within other compliance frameworks, received the broadest support:
- A periodic reporting system on national compliance with IHL;
- Regular thematic discussions on IHL issues, including on policy-related concerns common to States;
- A fact-finding mechanism.
It was furthermore widely recognized that a regular Meeting of States should be established as a forum for regular dialogue on IHL, one which could also serve as an institutional anchor for other elements of a possible IHL compliance system.
These findings however, relate to the more strategic and political level of improving compliance. The improvement of IHL compliance within or by Armed Forces is different and more practical issue. Proposals to that end can be very important in the IHL practice of nowadays warfare.
One consulted expert for this Questionnaire has a very comprehensive view on this subject. He considers that while war crimes and crimes against humanity can and often are ordered by superior officers, they are generally carried out by low-ranking soldiers and individual fighters. They are therefore the target audience for any truly effective program to enhance implementation. If this is done well, war crimes and crimes against humanity may not actually be committed, even if they are ordered. As was indicated in the September 2013 workshop held by the Society on this topic, the key is to develop a culture among individual soldiers and fighters whereby the core principles of IHL are internalized as part of their moral code. This represents a real challenge. My experience suggests that it is most likely to occur when:
- IHL is incorporated into the basic training of the soldier or fighter.
- The training is delivered in a language he or she understands. This encapsulates the level of language used.
- The training is delivered by someone who the soldier/fighter respects. This suggests that Senior NCOs should be trained to deliver the training. They can be assisted by experts, but it should be platoon sergeants who tell the privates to comply with IHL. It is no good if the IHL disseminator tells them one thing, and the sergeant tells them another – experience suggests they will usually do what the sergeant tells them to do.
- The training is "real", in the sense that it reflects the practical realities for the soldier/fighter on the ground. The trainer should be able to clearly and simply explain why it is in the interests of the soldier/fighter and his immediate group to comply with IHL, even if they are ordered to breach it.
- Field and operational training incorporates practical IHL scenarios. There should be careful debriefing by military legal advisors, so that soldiers/fighters learn the right lessons before deployment.
- Units are evaluated against their soldiers' compliance with IHL. Ideally, a unit should not be authorized to deploy unless it has passed the IHL evaluation to the satisfaction of the relevant national military legal advisor. It would be useful if there were a way for international organizations to monitor this – it would be a way of seeing trouble "coming down the tracks".
States and non-State actors should, in his view, be encouraged to train their personnel to comply with IHL core principles as a basic fundamental; whether or not the Geneva Conventions or Additional Protocols strictly apply in a particular situation. This has been done by a number of States already. It has the advantage of simplicity and making sure that the State's armed forces (or nonState actor's fighters) do not violate IHL unwittingly, because they thought it did not apply.
With regard to non-State actors he states that the foregoing measures are more difficult to implement, but they can be adapted given time and appropriate commitment. He envisages a real role here for international organizations, as is reflected in the report of the September 2013 workshop. It would be worthwhile for the Society to do what it can to facilitate such efforts – there is
real potential to make a difference. It certainly does not help when such non-State actors are designated terrorists, but that has been the history of internal conflict and it is unlikely to change. We need to devise ways of working within that construct.
Questionnaire Findings
Overseeing the results of the Questionnaire on this question, the majority – if not all – of the contributing nations emphasize the importance of education and training in IHL, not only at military schools, but also during exercises and pre-deployment training and throughout the services, from soldier to staff officer and (superior) commander. Some nations add to this feature the need of integration of IHL in the military doctrine, Rules of Engagement, and apparently somewhat pathetically, the ethos of the armed forces, but meant to attribute responsibility at the highest military and political level. Dissemination of IHL, in the meaning of promoting knowledge and understanding of IHL is mentioned by some nations as a separate activity.
A couple of nations – in one way or another – underline the benefits and importance of exchange on IHL issues by states, especially when working together with other states in a military mission. Exchange on practical experiences, needs to meet the standards (capacity-building), challenges, and best practices between states and in cooperation with international organizations is also advocated by some nations. There should be an international forum to discuss IHL implementation and that facilitates such exchanges. The Meeting of States conferences could serve in that respect. Related to this international engagement of states and organizations is the idea of a circular reporting system on IHL to further enhance compliance with and implementation of IHL from the international level.
Some nations also point at the relevance of suppression and an effective penal and disciplinary system. Violations of IHL by the military should be dealt with in accordance with primarily domestic laws that implement the international obligations under IHL. A consulted expert adds to this issue that most war criminals will continue to be prosecuted through national courts, such as courts martial or civilian tribunals where courts martial have been abolished. That is reflected in the principle of complementarity under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. It is also the most effective way of sanctioning such crimes, provided that the local law is adequate and the organs of justice are properly equipped and prepared for the task. A useful area of activity for the Society would be to assess national jurisdictions in this respect and provide assistance where necessary. We have accumulated a lot of expertise in military justice.
Other interesting remarks related to this question are the improvement of IHL by the formation of legal advisers in the armed forces (according to article 82 of Additional Protocol I), the active verification of the correct implementation of IHL (as a complementary facet to education, training and understanding of IHL) and the support of or participation in the implementation of IHL by other states. The latter is not just favorable for the supported state, but also for the supporting state itself.
In conclusion we received many worthwhile answers and ideas on this question, most of which are related to education and training, dissemination and international consultations and exchange on IHL implementation issues.
Question 6
To what extent and how should the national justice sector be trained in IHL?
Starting Point of the Reflection
During the General Assembly of the United Nations on 9 October 2014 the ICRC was invited to make a statement on "The rule of law at the national and international levels". The statement expressed inter alia the following:
"The rule of law encompasses judicial institutions and normative frameworks that should be implemented at all times. In armed conflict, upholding the rule of law strengthens the effectiveness of international humanitarian law (IHL), which governs such situations. Respect for IHL not only has an impact on saving lives and reducing suffering, but also gives authorities the necessary platform on which to rebuild communities shattered by violence following the end of hostilities.
States have the primary responsibility to respect and ensure respect for IHL. This requires them to develop clear normative frameworks and strong judicial mechanisms that include accountability measures, so as to prevent and punish serious violations of IHL. As this forum is aware, to have greater impact, such action needs to be undertaken already in peacetime. Based on State practice that the ICRC has collected, compiled and shared, through its publicly available databases on national implementation and customary IHL, it is encouraging to note the continuous progress made towards this objective. States have taken a number of measures to ensure that national legislation and civilian and military judicial systems remain aligned with IHL and related norms that protect those affected by armed conflict.
In this regard, it is important to include a range of safeguards to ensure that all persons deprived of their liberty are protected from arbitrary detention and denial of their fundamental rights and freedoms. Such safeguards include regulatory frameworks, such as inspection and complaint mechanisms, as well as judicial guarantees in conformity with IHL and relevant international law. While the adoption of domestic legislation and related measures is an important first step towards upholding the rule of law, it must be followed by extensive awareness-raising efforts to translate knowledge into appropriate behaviour. Therefore, the ICRC, at the invitation of States, organizes and participates in programmes aimed at audiences with a direct bearing on ensuring respect for IHL and other applicable norms, such as the armed forces, law-enforcement agencies, civil servants, the judiciary and parliamentarians. The ICRC specifically recognizes the important contribution made by judges in this context and is planning to organize an expert consultation to further support their role." 8
From this statement it is clear that ICRC highly values the education of the law-enforcement agencies and the judiciary, and assign a special role in this respect to judges.
8 General Assembly of the United Nations, 69th session, Sixth Committee, items 82 of the agenda, New York, 9 October 2014.
Late 2015, the UN General Assembly adopted a Resolution on the Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Gross Violations of International Human Rights Law and Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law. 9 The Basic Principles and Guidelines are led down in an Annex to the resolution. One of the obligations in this annex is that of providing Guarantees of non-repetition. These guarantees should include, where applicable, any or all of the listed measures (in total 8), which will also contribute to prevention. In subparagraph (e) the following measure is formulated: 'Providing, on a priority and continued basis, human rights and international humanitarian law education to all sectors of society and training for law enforcement officials as well as military and security forces.' These statements emphasize that the UN and ICRC find it important that (also) the national justice sectors are well educated and trained in IHL.
Questionnaire Findings
The responses on the Questionnaire gave the following output. While most nations fully agree that the national justice sector should be trained in IHL, some nations have a more differentiated approach. It depends on the nature of the legal system in a state whether training in IHL, and to what extent, is needed. One nation explains that the national justice sector of that particular country is normally not involved in IHL matters, since this is the prerogative of the military courts and prosecutors. If civilian prosecutors and courts have to deal with IHL issues, a flexible training system should provide for the adequate training in time. In another nation, the military justice is fully incorporated in the civilian criminal courts procedure, and therefore IHL knowledge should be present in these civilian courts and prosecuting offices. A third nation states that there are specialized branches within the national justice sector that deal with military justice and hence may deal with IHL matters. Training in IHL for these specialized branches is paramount, but not for the national justice sector as a whole. A recent development, that this responding nation also points at, is the departure of civilians to war areas in order to fight with armed groups and their return to their homeland. They will be tried by civilian courts, that will need to have knowledge of IHL too. This development requires the dissemination of IHL knowledge to a broader national justice audience. One nation is of the opinion that the national justice sector is lacking training in IHL. A consulted expert seems to implicitly share this opinion for judges and personnel of international human rights courts and institutions, when he says that in his view, training in IHL should be extended to this category as well. Anyhow, and as said before, many responding nations confirm the necessity of IHL training for the national justice sector. IHL should be integrated in the training programs of (relevant sectors of) the national security sector, or at least should this sector be equipped with IHL knowledge.
On the question of how this training should be organized, many answers are given, such as seminars, workshops, special literature on IHL, theoretical and practical sessions on the national and international laws, and education on universities (fi. a special master study on IHL and Moot Courts training). Some nations point at the participation of the national justice sector in relevant IHL communities, like the National Committees on IHL, and in the training programs of the military. Special attendance is asked by one nation to specific IHL-knowledge enhancing activities, like taking
9 Resolution 60/147 of 16 December 2005, General Assembly A/RES/60/147, published 21 March 2006.
part in the training at the Institute for International Criminal Investigations in The Hague or participation in UN or ICC criminal investigation missions. The EU is drafting a special training program for investigators in cases of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes. The establishment of specialized courts for IHL cases might, according to one responding nation, also have a positive impact on the increase of knowledge and experience in IHL among the members of the national justice sector.
In conclusion, most nations see the benefit of special IHL training for the national justice sector, although the circumstances of states may differ, and therefore training has to be adjudicated to those branches and sectors within a national justice sector, that really do engage in IHL cases. Training sessions and seminars on IHL will certainly help, but there can be done more, like offering (master)studies at universities, providing for specialized training in criminal investigation in IHL cases and participating in such investigations and membership by the national justice sector of the National Committee on IHL.
Progress Through International Criminal Law
Question 7
While some might say that the fight against impunity with the activities of the ICC, ICTY, ICTR and other specialized tribunals is proving to be quite successful, in the field of reparation and compensation not much progress has been made. Should reparation for victims be implemented at the national and/or international level? Please explain.
Starting Point of the Reflection
At the Society's Workshop of September 2013, the progress made in terms of repression has been discussed, particularly in the area of international criminal law. It was noted that the ICTY, ICTR and ICC have done a good job, but areas of concern remain. One problem with international criminal law is that it operates very slowly. The facts of the case, which happened on the battlefield, need to be proven beyond a reasonable doubt, and this takes time. As one participant pointed out, the criminal court system is slow and deliberate—as it well should be to ensure proper carriage of justice. It was therefore understandable that the ICC started off with the Lubanga case on child soldiers, since this was relatively easy to prove. When the Court then tried to go get the "big guys" in other African countries, it was confronted with massive political resistance. Another downside is that the ICC appears to be a selective African court, which upsets many in Africa and harms the Court's credibility. Many felt it is nonetheless very important to signal that violations of IHL will not be tolerated, and that there is an effective criminal mechanism in place to hold perpetrators to account. Additionally, one participant argued that criminal law does not necessarily deter, and therefore the greatest value of the ICTY can be said to be its contribution to the shaping of an international legal conscience.
The aforementioned Annex to the UN General Assembly Resolution of 2005 on the Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Gross Violations of International Human Rights Law and Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law (see Question 6) provides for a more comprehensive framework for reparation measures (see in
particular chapter IX: Reparation for harm suffered). The resolution in this respect is not obligatory, but a recommendation, that States take the Basic Principles and Guidelines into account, promote respect thereof and bring them to the attention of members of the executive bodies of government, in particular law enforcement officials and military and security forces, legislative bodies, the judiciary, victims and their representatives, human rights defenders and lawyers, the media and the public in general. It could be of interest to investigate to what end states have followed this recommendation.
Questionnaire Findings
This question raised a great deal of interest amongst the respondents. A wide variety of views were expressed, and there was no consensus on the best means of implementation for reparative jurisdiction. One common element to most responses is that many saw a very positive development in the enhancement of reparation tools for victims. It is in assessing the benefits and challenges of implementation at the national and at the international levels respectively that respondents have divergent views.
Some respondents favored an implementation at the international level, which was seen as posing less practical difficulties than if it was implemented at the national level. Other posited that an international implementation might result in State disempowerment. The idea to entrust the ICC with a compensation jurisdiction has also been proposed, which is believed to offer this court system additional tools to counter impunity and IHL non-compliance. It is noted that the ICTY and the ICTR do not have competence to adjudicate reparations and that international law does not presently offer wide basis for reparation based on individual responsibility. Historically, compensation for war damages was rather the result of settlement negotiation between states.
It has been observed that reparation can take many forms, which may not equate to material compensation. The recognition of victims' suffering is also part of a process that provides a form of reparation, which is also empirically associated to the restoration of justice.
The interest shown by respondents is clearly indicative that reparation is an area that deserves to be seriously examined by states and international law stakeholders.
Lessons Learned from Other Areas of Law
Question 8
How could IHL benefit from what international human rights law compliance mechanisms have accomplished?
Starting Point of the Reflection
During the Society's Workshop of 2013, there was significant discussion on how IHL could benefit from what was seen as human rights law accomplishments. For example, it was considered that IHL might adopt similar procedures to those used by human rights tribunals and jurisdiction. Caution was nonetheless issued that IHL should be preserved from shortcomings associated with the Human
Rights Council, including the perceived problem of political selectivity. The recent events in Libya were cited as a very good account of how IHRL standards could be useful in the context of an armed conflict. In this particular situation, the inquiry commission established by the Human Rights Council had the cooperation of the authorities on the ground, which had political incentives to cooperate. These incentives are not always present. Therefore, the IHRL standards and practice are not always easily transposed in IHL situations.
Questionnaire Findings
Many respondents recognized that IHRL benefits from a robust system of inquiry and adjudication mechanisms, which is seen as the result of a strong State involvement and support. For European States, the European Convention on Human Rights and its Court constitute key factors in achieving greater human rights compliance amongst the states party to the Convention.
A prevalent dimension in the answers is the importance of the role of states. For example, in the context of non-international armed conflicts, the state is seen as holding the dual responsibility to implement IHL and protect HR. It has also been observed that political consideration would likely impede state support to reporting mechanisms that would assess state compliance. Lastly, states are more likely to take corrective actions following IHRL abuses in response to an international inquiry or decision. However, there is no jurisdiction that could adjudicate on such abuses, except perhaps in the European context, where the European Court of Human Rights is partially fulfilling this role.
While developments that have occurred in the realm of IHRL are seen as positive, human rights compliance mechanisms do not appear to be easily transferred to IHL realities. The exercise of jurisdiction of IHRL adjudicative bodies on IHL issues has been reported to be limited and exercised inconsistently. These bodies have also been described as lacking IHL expertise. For instance, it has been suggested in various responses that an independent fact finding body that would review periodic state reports and issue IHL interpretations might be a desirable option, although some pointed that it might be an unrealistic one at this time.
Question 9
How could the Geneva Conventions legal regime learn from other international treaties on the subject of institutional development, like conferences/assemblies of States Parties to conduct periodic reviews? For example, from environmental treaties, the Chemical Weapons Convention, the Convention on the Protection of Cultural Property in Armed Conflict, etc.
Starting Point of the Reflection
During the Society's Workshop of 2013, the participants explored the suitability of using modern international treaties institutional development processes in the context of the Geneva Conventions legal regime. Some treaty regimes have a build-in system of conference of the parties (COP) which regularly reviews the functioning of the treaty system, and which has the power to establish bodies responsible for the better implementation of the treaty. For example, environmental treaties, the Chemical Weapons Convention, or the Convention on the Protection of Cultural Property in Armed
Conflict operate in this manner. The question that was debated was whether the treaty regime of the Geneva Conventions would benefit from having a similar, regularly organized COP.
In the aforementioned Swiss-ICRC initiative (see Questions 2 and 5), four options – more or less copied from other legal regimes – for institutionally improving adherence to IHL were proposed: a periodic reporting system, regular thematic discussions, a fact-finding mechanism and regular Meetings of States. Following these proposals, IHL might in future become more effective.
Questionnaire Findings
On this question, the respondents to the Questionnaire express in various ways the necessity to establish a constant dialogue and to revisit periodically issues of common interest. The Geneva Conventions do not include or contemplate a formal structure for the State Parties to meet on a regular basis and suggestions differ on the means that could be employed to facilitate an ongoing dialogue between the States. It has also been observed that such mechanism have been discussed since the moment the Geneva Conventions were adopted, but never resulted in a tangible system. Consequently, the Geneva Conventions stand out more or less as an exception system which lacks a Conference of the Parties. This might result from historical reasons and the context that prevailed in the years when the conventions were adopted.
The ICRC has often been cited as an organization playing a key role in providing a forum for and a structure to those exchanges. Other bodies were also mentioned, such as the Assembly of States, parties to the Rome Statute and the UN. The need for dialogue is widely recognized but the ways in which it could be facilitated are very diverse.
Question 10
What (if any) are the potential complementary roles of the International Fact-Finding Commission on the one hand and the Human Rights Council on the other hand?
Starting Point of the Reflection
The International Humanitarian Fact Finding Commission (IHFFC) is a body rooted in the commitment of States Parties to the Geneva Conventions (and to their Protocols) to respect and to ensure respect for these treaties. Thus, by recognizing the competence of the IHFFC, States contribute to the implementation of IHL and to the protection of victims of armed conflicts. By accepting the Commission's competence by declaration, a State consents to an enquiry on an ongoing basis, and in return obtains the right to request an enquiry in conflicts between other declaring States.
The Human Rights Council is an inter-governmental body within the United Nations system responsible for strengthening the promotion and protection of human rights around the globe and for addressing situations of human rights violations and make recommendations on them. It has the ability to discuss all thematic human rights issues and situations that require its attention throughout the year. It meets at the UN Office at Geneva. The Council is made up of 47 United Nations Member States which are elected by the UN General Assembly.
A number of participants to the Society's Workshop of September 2013 seemed to agree that the problem regarding the IHFFC is that the members of the commission (who were referred to as "15 poor guys") do not have enough political support from States to impact as meaningfully as desirable in post-conflict contexts. It was suggested that this may be the reason the Human Rights Council (HRC) has shown resistance in the past to work with the IHFFC, despite the potential complementary roles of the two institutions. However, the integration of the IHFFC into a conference of the parties could give it the necessary political support and legitimacy.
Questionnaire Findings
The respondents to the 2015 Questionnaire seem to have varying and often opposed views on whether the IHFFC and the HRC could play mutually complementary roles. The importance of the existence of both of them and the value of their respective contributions is recognized. There is a prevalent view that these bodies suffer from perceived lack of legitimacy amongst states and stakeholders. Consequently, it is difficult to enforce the recommendations driven by their findings. However, while it is recognized that there is a degree of interaction between the two bodies and that cooperation is desirable where possible, they rely on distinct legal regimes and pursue different mandates making their complementarity limited if at all possible.
Specific Responsibilities for States Not Directly Involved in an Ongoing Armed Conflict
Question 11
Is there an (emerging) norm that States that fund and support armed opposition must ensure that those armed groups that benefit from their money and their arms, conduct their hostilities in line with IHL? Compare for instance art. 6 para 3 and art. 7 of the Arms Trade Treaty adopted by the UN General Assembly in April 2013 on arms transfers and the risk of arms being used in violation of IHL.
Starting Point of the Reflection
During the Society's workshop of 23 September 2013, one of the participants quoted Ms. Carla Del Ponte, who as a member of the Independent International Commission of lnquiry au the Syrian Arab Republic, said that she "believes there is an emerging norm that arms transfers should not be undertaken where there is a real risk that they will be used in the commission of violations of IHL".
The question remained: is there indeed such an emerging norm? We can refer here to Art. 6 § 3 of the Arms Trade Treaty, recently adopted by the UN General Assembly in April 2013, which states that "a State Party shall not authorize any transfer of conventional arms covered under the treaty if it has knowledge at the time of authorization that the arms would be used in the commission of genocide, crimes against humanity, grave breaches of the Geneva Conventions, attacks directed against civilian objects or civilians protected as such, or other war crimes" and Art. 7 of that same treaty, stating "if export is not prohibited under article 6, each exporting State Party shall assess inter alia the potential that the arms could be used to commit or facilitate a serious violation of IHL and consider whether measures could be undertaken to mitigate the risks and if an overriding risk remains at stake the State Party shall not authorize the export."
Ms. Del Ponte also reportedly said that States that fund and support the Syrian armed opposition must ensure that those armed groups that benefit from their money and their arms, conduct their hostilities in line with IHL, and she explained that in practice it means that they do not use those arms to target civilians, that they do not torture when they detain, and that they do not execute those they capture. Similarly, she said, Russia and Iran must use their leverage to pressure the Syrian government to conduct their attacks proportionally and observe the distinction between civilians and those who are directly participating in hostilities. Civilians who are in areas that the government views as sympathetic to the opposition should not be targeted for their geographic proximity, their sectarian affiliation, or their political beliefs. But IHL compliance does not only apply to States: it is also necessary to address the issue of compliance by non-state actors!
Questionnaire Findings
The approach taken by the respondents is generally aligned on the idea that there is no norm or obligation for States to ensure that aid in the form of weapons and operational capabilities is employed in a manner that is compliant with IHL. There is an acknowledgement however that this is an important issue and that States providing such aid should exert influence on the recipients of their military aid, who can be States or Non-State Actors, do comply with IHL to the maximum extent possible.
Interestingly, some States may be party to the European Union Code of Conduct on Arms Exportations, which have provisions on exporting States obligations. There are also domestic legal provisions that will deny issuing export licenses of military weapons or technology in situations where there exist sufficient indicia that these weapons or technologies might contribute to human rights violations, and other illegal or reprehensible activities. While these legal constructs makes no specific reference to IHL, it seems to be indicative, at a minimum, of an aspirational goal that should guide some States' policies and practice.
Still, according to many respondents, most States are likely to emphasize on the distinction between the responsibility engaged by their own conduct and the responsibility engaged by another State or organization. Consequently, based on respondents answers, it seems that ensuring IHL compliance by the recipient of weapons falls more within the realm of the aspirational goals rather than in that of emerging norms.
Non-State Actors
Question 12
How should one deal with armed opposition groups which are ignorant of the law?
Starting Point of the Reflection
How do we deal with armed opposition groups unknowing about the law? Ignorance might not be an excuse, but it definitely is a real problem, as the majority of the current conflicts in the world are intra-state conflicts. This does not mean that there are no non-state actors who respect IHL. Some larger and better-organized groups such as the FARC and the Taliban have their own
military manuals, which they expect their members to obey (although these manuals do not always reflect IHL properly). However when the groups get smaller or more fragmented, such as for example the current situation in Syria with several independent groups, this instantly becomes significantly more difficult. The ICRC did have some dissemination activities with these groups, in an attempt to make them realize the importance of respecting IHL, but there's still a large disregard to it. There is also the work of the organization Geneva Call, which educates approximately 80 armed groups on IHL, and encourages them to sign a so-called deed of commitment. For example they have had significant success regarding the non-use of antipersonnel mines.
Questionnaire Findings
The respondents recognize the importance to maintain communications open with any group that could be brought to increase its compliance to IHL through enhanced awareness or otherwise. An interesting avenue that has been explored is to identify the political wing of armed opposition groups when feasible or appropriate as a first step. These negotiations are assessed to have the potential to facilitated reconciliation.
The political nature of the interaction with armed opposition group has also been identified. A such, the involvement of independent, impartial and credible NGOs is seen as a means that could achieve at least in part, some educational and dissemination functions.
The questions of incentives for armed opposition groups to comply with IHL norms and potential amnesties granted to their combatants have also been explored by a number of respondents. Again, the political nature of these questions has been identified as a limiting factor to granting incentives to these groups and as an added challenge to a broader IHL implementation.
Question 13
Is it a problem that some armed opposition groups are designated as terrorist organizations? Please explain.
Starting Point of the Reflection
An additional problem is presented by the fact that some of these groups are designated as terrorist organizations. The panel and participants of the Workshop of September 2013 did seem to generally agree on the fact that labeling a group as terrorists, which is also impliedly a political decision, runs counter to the goal of increasing compliance with IHL.
Referring to the 2010 Holder case in the US, it was noted that there is a difference between the EU style of branding groups as terrorists and the US style. In this case, an organization was convicted under the US Patriot Act for providing material support to terrorist groups because they wanted to advise them on humanitarian law matters. The finding in the case was based on the principle that any assistance could help to legitimate the terrorist organization and free up its resources for terrorist activities. In the EU, on the other hand, the designation of a group as a terrorist organization has implications for the members' movement and assets but does not apply to the dissemination of
IHL to that group. A number of participants indicated that the US terrorist designation had not affected their work because they had not planned to engage in IHL training with any of these groups. However one participant pointed out that the US legislation also affects the dissemination of humanitarian aid particularly in cooperative efforts between the American Red Cross and other Red Cross organizations.
Questionnaire Findings
Most respondents concur that the designation of armed opposition groups as terrorists does have negative impacts on IHL awareness, compliance and enforcement. States may nonetheless be justified to designate those groups as terrorists and treat them accordingly.
There is an inherent degree of sensitivity associated with this issue and the designation is rooted in political considerations as well as in legal ones. Respondents to the questionnaire seem to concur that states can, on a case-by-case basis, legitimately and appropriately designate armed opposition groups as terrorist and treat them as such.
Annexes
A – Workshop Report: The Challenges in the Implementation of International Humanitarian Law, 23 September 2013.
B – Questionnaire for the Prague Congress
C – Summarizing overview of the responses
D – Responses of the contributing nations (integral)
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Subject: : Paflyfish General Forum
Topic: : To count or not to count- that is the question.
Re: To count or not to count- that is the question.
Author: : Maurice
Date: : 2010/2/11 16:58:37
URL:
I count and have come to the conclusion that people who catch more than 500 trout/year are either liars or are way better than me at it. I am inclined to believe the former most often.
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P Cells and Potassium
By Patrick Chambers MD
Introduction
The late great French cardiologist Philippe Coumel, a giant in the field of arrhythmias who also wrote the foreword for Lone Atrial Fibrillation: Towards A Cure by Hans Larsen, was the first to describe vagally mediated atrial fibrillation (VMAF) about 20 years ago. His seminal patient went into AF upon reclining but could terminate the episode upon standing. It is difficult to believe that such a dramatic disease could go unnoticed prior, unless, of course, it didn't exist prior. This suggests that environment plays a significant role in its genesis. To quote from Hans' new book Lone Atrial Fibrillation: Towards A Cure - Volume 2, Coumel "developed the concept of the triangle of arrhythmogenesis". "There are always three main ingredients required for the production of a clinical arrhythmia, the arrhythmogenic substrate, the trigger factor and the modulation factors of which the most common is the autonomic nervous system." The role of the ANS in the genesis of AF is obvious to all. Identification of the arrhythmogenic substrate (the tissue in which the arrhythmia starts and propagates) and the trigger factor have been more problematic.
Arrhythmogenic Substrate (P Cells)
Many LAFers are consumed by the search for their AF trigger, some specific item present or absent from their diet. Although this search will undoubtedly improve their general health, for the vast majority frustration will be a constant companion. And this is because of the arrhythmogenic substrate that all LAFers share.
P is for pole cells and they are the pacemaker cells of the heart. These have traditionally been described only in nodal tissue (SA node and AV node). However, in August of 2003 the Cleveland Clinic group was the first to describe P cells in human pulmonary veins (PVs) near their entry into the left atrium. They were found at autopsy in 4/4 AF patients and in 0/6 controls (one without history of tachyarrhythmia and five heart transplant donors). To date they have not been described anywhere else in the heart outside of nodal tissue.
Pacemaker cells are unique in that they slowly depolarize by themselves, hence their greater inherent automaticity. This is due to their unique Na (sodium) and K (potassium) ion channels. They are regulated by the opposing influence of sympathetic (adrenergic) and parasympathetic (vagal) stimulation. Both of these, but especially the vagus, cause shortening of the effective refractory period (ERP). The refractory period is the rest period following a contraction of the heart muscle. Individual heart cells do not respond to stimulation during this period so ectopic beats or afib cannot be initiated during the ERP. A shortened ERP thus increases the risk of ectopics and afib.
In September of 1998 the Bordeaux group published an electrophysiologic (EP) study of 45 patients with frequent paroxysmal AF. They looked at the location of the triggering atrial ectopic beats and found that 94% were located in the PVs (2-4 cm inside the veins). I'm not sure what per cent of those with paroxysmal AF qualify as lone (LAF), but I would guess that if one accepts any degree of hypertension in the definition of LAF, it would be a clear majority.
In October of 2002 this same group published another EP study of 28 patients with paroxysmal AF (average age about 50) v. 20 age-matched controls. They evaluated the effective refractory period (ERP) of cells in the pulmonary veins and the atrial ERP (AERP) in both groups. First they found that AERP did not differ between the two groups. However, in the AF group the PV ERP was SHORTER than the AERP, whereas in the control group it was LONGER. Furthermore, they found that there was greater dispersion of PV conduction velocity in the AF patients, and that in these same patients AF was more easily induced (by fast pacing) in the PVs (22/90) than in the left atrium (1/81). Consequently, this PV refractoriness and dispersion of conduction properties create a substrate favorable for reentry. It would appear to me that these PVs represent the oftquoted but elusive "defective substrate" or "arrhythmogenic substrate" of LAF. This is what is responsible for "the loss of physiologic rate adaptation" present in AF, e.g., conditions that should slow down the heart (slower conduction velocity, shortened refractory period) often result in a tachyarrhythmia instead.
Putting these studies together paroxysmal AFers appear to have a problem with their PVs. It would seem logical to implicate P cells in this process. The increasingly successful reports of catheter ablation via pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) for LAF are certainly consistent with this interpretation. Whether these P cells have been damaged by free radicals or not remains to be determined, although delayed onset of LAF is suggestive of this. Free radical damage to PVs is further supported by the frequent occurrence of AF after surgery. The mechanism involves lipid peroxidation (damage to cell walls caused by ROS or reactive oxygen species, especially peroxynitrite). It is also called ischemic reperfusion injury. Please see pp. 137-138 of Hans' book Lone Atrial Fibrillation: Towards A Cure for an eloquent description of how this relates to AF and the PVs. Furthermore, the demonstrated abnormalities in refractory period, conduction velocity, and dispersion in the PVs of LAFers involves many sodium, potassium and calcium channels. This finding is much more consistent with indiscriminate damage to cell membranes due to ROS than that rendered by some specific genetically determined channelopathy. The $64 question: We all know that LAF is more frequently encountered in endurance athletes (five times more in one study). Is their primary problem an arrhythmogenic substrate created by such action of ROS or is enhanced vagal tone more contributory to their VMAF (or both)? Vitamin C and magnesium have both been shown to be instrumental in preventing damage due to ROS.
Trigger Factor (Low Potassium)
Information on a diurnal rhythm for potassium, if any, is hard to find in the medical literature. I initially assumed that because blood potassium is so intimately associated with aldosterone, any possible diurnal rhythm would follow that of aldosterone (and ACTH/cortisol). But such is not the case.
The diurnal rhythm of aldosterone secretion in healthy individuals parallels that of cortisol and is ACTH dependent. The lowest values are observed from midnight to 4AM. Values peak in the morning around 8AM after which there is a gradual decline throughout the day (assuming a normal sleep-wake cycle).[1]
Furthermore, cortisol and ACTH are not always secreted uniformly throughout the day. Episodic spikes can occur when the body is stressed, e.g., fasting, anxiety, etc. Otherwise, in humans, urinary potassium excretion peaks in the early morning between 0530 and 0730 with a minimum at night from 2100 to 0530. Therefore, the diurnal rhythm of urinary potassium excretion seems to be controlled by the diurnal rhythm of cortisol and/or aldosterone. Not so for blood potassium.
Plasma potassium follows a diurnal rhythm with a peak at noon and a trough at midnight with an average peak-to-trough difference of 0.62 +/- 0.05 mmol/L.[2]
In other words blood potassium is lowest when aldosterone secretion is lowest and blood potassium climbs as blood aldosterone/cortisol are peaking. This seems somewhat contradictory. Is this excreted potassium coming from inside the cells? If aldosterone/cortisol are not driving this drop in blood potassium, what is? A partial answer may be insulin.
As an aside, blood magnesium peaks around 0330 and reaches its lowest point around 1530. Its diurnal variation is greater than that of blood potassium. We all know how critical magnesium is to the maintenance of intracellular potassium.[3]
According to one study, the frequency of hypokalemia (potassium less than or equal to 3.5 mmol/L) is related to the time at which the blood potassium is measured.[4]
Not many blood samples for evaluation of potassium are drawn in the evening, especially around midnight (its diurnal nadir). How many people with lower range blood potassium values on specimens drawn during a daytime visit to the doctor's office are frankly hypokalemic at midnight?
Blood potassium values decrease postprandially because of insulin released in response to an ingested carbohydrate load. Blood potassium after our largest meal of the day (dinner in America) slowly declines due to insulin.
Insulin induced cellular uptake of glucose affects blood potassium in the following manner: Similar to Na, entry of glucose into a cell brings water with it, thereby decreasing the concentration of intracellular potassium. The ATP (requires magnesium) sensitive Na+/K+ pump is then stimulated to increase intracellular potassium. Blood potassium consequently drops.
This insulin-induced uptake of glucose (and potassium) occurs primarily in fat, liver and muscle, including cardiac muscle. However, cardiac muscle (v. skeletal muscle) is relatively less dependent on glucose generated ATP and relatively more dependent on oxygen generated ATP. This latter process occurs in the mitochondria and is called cellular respiration. Heart muscle cells have the greatest concentration of mitochondria at about 5,000 per cell. By weight 40% of each heart cell is mitochondria. [This is one reason why CoenzymeQ10 (protects mitochondria from oxidative damage) deficiency associated with statin therapy is causing an epidemic of heart failure.] Also, the cell membrane of the heart is HIGHLY permeable to potassium ions (there are many passive potassium channels). Therefore, it would seem that beneficial glucose and potassium uptake by the heart is relatively less helpful and that the potassium concentration gradient for the heart becomes relatively more problematic (v. skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, liver and fat cells). For spontaneously depolarizing P cells (specialized nerve cells) gradient rules!
Furthermore, aerobic training is associated with enhanced insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle but diminished insulin-stimulated glucose (and potassium) uptake in the heart.[5]
Perhaps such conditioning enhances oxygen exchange so much so that glucose is relegated to an even less significant role as an energy substrate for the heart. Aging further diminishes this insulin sensitivity in the heart. So, especially in the physically fit and the elderly, low blood potassium is more likely to cause arrhythmia.
In one study comparing response to orthostatic challenge between those with high vagal tone and those with low vagal tone "a significant increase in plasma renin activity was found during LBNP (lower body negative pressure) in the HI responders only".[6]
In other words prolonged standing or the equivalent causes a greater release of aldosterone in those with high vagal tone. During this time, e.g., a round of golf, aldosterone secretion is increased. In VMAFers this is a mixed bag, aldosterone is vagolytic (lengthens ERP) but the potassium loss it induces shortens ERP. While relaxing afterward blood aldosterone drops and its protective effect is lost but not the damage it has done to the potassium gradient. Combine this with a concomitant drop in blood glucose and AF risk is maximized. Much of this was discussed in Session 33 of the Conference Room Proceedings.[7]
Since a one mmole reduction in blood potassium generally translates to a deficit of about 300 mmoles of total body potassium, about 7 grams of potassium must move from the intracellular compartment to the extracellular compartment between its blood concentration trough and its peak.[8]
Part of the intracellular deficit so created is addressed by dietary potassium, but the RDA for potassium is only 3.5 gm in both America and Europe. And this dietary intake is offset by that lost in the urine.
This diurnal nadir of blood potassium certainly correlates well with the preponderance of night time episodes. Indeed the diurnal contribution of the PNS (vagal tone increases during the night, assuming a normal sleep wake cycle) seems to have camouflaged the diurnal contribution of low blood potassium to night time episode.
What to do about it?
Last year Hans brought to my attention an article by Dr Allan Struthers ("What Is the Optimum Serum Potassium Level in Cardiovascular Patients?" - 2004) in which he states that potassium supplementation is pretty useless at least in heart failure patients in the absence of an aldosterone antagonist, e.g., spironolactone or eplerenone. "A serum potassium increase of 0.25 mmol/L elevates serum aldosterone concentrations by 50% or 100%." Since most of supplemental potassium is absorbed and then distributed in the blood (total blood volume is about 5 liters), just over 1 mmole or about 50 mg of ingested potassium should result in a 50100% increase in aldosterone.
According to Struthers et al., "Clinicians can be comforted by the fact that hyperkalemia does not typically occur in patients with normal renal status, because large potassium loads are efficiently and rapidly excreted."[9]
Dr. Michael Lam (www.lammd.com) on p. 246 of his book How to Stay Young and Live Longer indicates 15 gm daily potassium as safe in a healthy adult. In a study of eight patients with long QT syndrome the equivalent of 250 mg of spironolactone and 9 gm of supplemental potassium daily (70 kg person) increased blood potassium from 4.0 to 5.2 mmoles/L. Four weeks of this therapy resulted in no serious complications.[10]
So, the combination of an aldosterone antagonist with potassium is certainly effective and does not seem to pose excessive risk. However, although I'm a physician, I'm not your physician and this is not a blank endorsement of the above combination.
Furthermore, these aldosterone antagonists appear to be more effective in increasing blood potassium in the morning and ineffective in the evening. This latter finding is certainly consistent with the diurnal rhythm of aldosterone. It's hard to block aldosterone, if it's not being secreted
(evening). Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) decrease urinary potassium excretion and, according to most studies, increase blood potassium.[11]
Although decreased urinary potassium excretion translates to increased blood potassium, changes in blood potassium directly stimulate aldosterone secretion without the renin angiotensin system (RAS). And ACTH, responsible for the diurnal rhythm, also works independently of the RAS.
As another aside, simultaneous supplementation of magnesium with potassium and an aldosterone antagonist increases cellular uptake of both potassium and magnesium.
It is important to remember that blood potassium levels may vary for reasons other than diurnal variation. Insulin and catecholamines cause transcellular shifts of potassium. The latter also causes urinary potassium wasting. Orthostatic challenge, e.g., prolonged standing or exercise, can also cause urinary potassium wasting via increased RAAS induced aldosterone. This would be more common amongst VMAFers, since they hyper respond with aldosterone during such activities (see above). And, of course, stress does the same for ALAFers (adrenergic lone atrial fibrillation).
On pp. 63-64 of Hans' book it is reported that excessive vagal tone is associated with a flat GTT (glucose tolerance test) curve. In other words VMAFers may have a more prolonged response to insulin. Perhaps the explanation for this lies in hepatic insulin sensitizing substance (HISS). This substance is secreted by the liver under the control of the vagus nerve.[12]
Increased insulin sensitivity would certainly be useful in those whose caloric intake was occasionally insufficient for their daily energy expenditure (endurance athletes). Many LAFers have reported an increase in episodes during weight loss.
So, in VMAF insulin or hypoglycemia (transcellular shifts or urinary potassium wasting respectively) may be the predominant determinant for triggering a daytime episode. In ALAF it might be stress-induced cortisol/aldosterone. All appear to work by increasing the potassium gradient. Emphasis on steady potassium supplementation throughout the day from the moment we arise to bedtime would seem to be a good idea for all LAFers. Decreasing salt intake might also prove beneficial, since it causes urinary potassium wasting. Addition of a potassium sparing diuretic might improve not only this gradient but also magnesium balance as well. In ALAF the contribution of the potassium gradient may be relatively greater than in VMAF, where vagal tone is more critical (see below equation). Obviously under appropriate conditions (a round of golf – see above) aldosterone may aggravate VMAF and insulin can do the same for ALAF.
One brief word on "Waller water". This is an aqueous magnesium preparation divined by our own Erling Waller. He was one of the first to realize that many LAFers may owe their malady to magnesium deficiency, at least in part, since it is inextricably entwined with maintenance of intracellular potassium. He created the recipe (soda water and milk of magnesia), which can be found at www.afibbers.org/Wallerwater.pdf One word of caution concerning supplementing KCl or any powdered organic potassium preparation with magnesium. Potassium inhibits magnesium absorption and you may easily exceed your bowel tolerance for magnesium.
In my opinion the common denominator linking VMAF and ALAF appears to be low potassium, at least in part. P cells, as described above, would be the other link. As the Bordeaux group has shown, those with paroxysmal AF have inexplicably low PV ERP. Both arms of the ANS cause shortening of the ERP, as does low blood potassium. So either arm in combination with low potassium can trigger an episode in the arrhythmogenic heart. ERP x ( P cells + Potassium + ANS ) => AF Risk
My own personal experience with LAF episodes suggests that vagal tone and low potassium work in concert. My 9AM potassium values are usually 4.5 or less. That would put me well under 4 during the night. The simultaneous appearance of high vagal tone and low potassium would accentuate the shortening of ERP. This would conveniently explain my typical middle of the night episodes.
However, during the late morning or afternoon I've had occasional episodes (less than 10% of the total) that appear to be related to possible dehydration and/or hypoglycemia. Both of these stimulate not only catecholamine but also ACTH and aldosterone release (as does physical or emotional stress). Oftentimes I've had just a pastry for breakfast. Talk about an open invitation to an insulin surge. My HR is usually over 70 with low vagal tone at the time, but the episode is nonetheless triggered by a vagal maneuver. Presumably the insulin and fasting state induce the hypoglycemia. According to one study, ERP is shortest under hypoglycemia (v. hyperglycemia) in the left atrium (v. the right atrium).[13]
Might this be P cell related? A greater potassium gradient would presumably augment this shortening. Another study in rats has shown that insulin-induced hypoglycemia directly stimulates vagal neurons in the brainstem.[14] Perhaps hypoglycemia can induce AF via both vagal stimulation and increased potassium gradient (catecholamine induced).
On very rare occasions I've triggered an episode by a short sprint. Here again, the timing of the episodes suggests low blood sugar and underscores the arrhythmogenic risk posed at the extremes of autonomic tone. During heart attacks the humoral catecholamine surge that can occur causes a rapid, transient transcellular shift of potassium, resulting in a short-lived but dramatic fall in blood potassium of approximately 0.5-0.6 mmol/L or more.[15] Although these shifts are evanescent and readily reversible, the transient drop in blood potassium can trigger PACs (and PVCs) and sometimes AF. This, of course, is in addition to the urinary potassium wasting that catecholamines cause.
I've also had episodes that are postprandial, but only in the evening (presumably because there is more reinforcing vagal tone at this time). Initially I thought this was due primarily to the alkaline tide associated with a meal (production of gastric acid by the stomach reflexively causes blood alkalosis) and subsequent urinary potassium loss (low blood potassium both causes and is caused by alkalosis). Then I thought that it was due to the effect of insulin and loss of cardiac intracellular potassium due to the increased concentration gradient. Then I thought I might have a mild problem with gastroesophageal reflux (GERD)/lower esophagal sphincter (LES). GERD is increased in athletes, especially in those that run, which I do (no more marathons, however). However, now I'm inclined to think that evening meals with poor K/glucose and K/Na ratios are the primary problem. I once thought that seafood (lots of salt) at dinner was a trigger. Looking back on such episodes, these meals were often low on the veggies and high on the simple carbs (love my desserts).
Hans went from typical stress related ALAF to typical vagally mediated AF, when he briefly took spironolactone, which has a vagotonic effect (in addition to being a potassium sparing diuretic). So, it seems that LAF can appear anywhere along the spectrum of autonomic tone. And remember, Hans always ran right at the lower limit of normal with his blood potassium. And his aldosterone, a vagolytic, and cortisol were always elevated (both aldosterone and cortisol bind to mineralocorticoid receptors, i.e., cause urinary loss of potassium). Furthermore, although there was never much change in his blood potassium (daytime values of 3.5 – 3.7 mmoles/L), his urinary potassium (and magnesium) excretion continued to escalate, as he approached the next episode. Obviously there was continual leakage of potassium from the intracellular compartment to maintain the constant blood potassium concentration in the face of escalating urinary loss.
Many LAFers have commented on what seems to be a repeating periodicity to their episodes. It seems that the length of my episodes was directly proportional to the time interval before the next episode. On the Bulletin Board (BB) in late 2002 before choosing the inaugural topic for the Conference Room.[16] Hans queried as to why there always seemed to be an abundance of PACs just prior to an episode and none just after termination. He surmised that ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide) might explain this. ANP is secreted during episodes via a mechanism that involves atrial cell stretch. ANP inhibits aldosterone synthesis and renin release thereby conserving blood potassium and helping replete intracellular levels. At some point ERP shortening due to the potassium gradient is sufficiently lengthened and the episode terminates. This point is usually in the AM when vagal tone is low and its associated ERP has also lengthened.
During this natriuresis (sodium in urine) the consequent drop in blood volume and increase in blood K/Na stimulates aldosterone secretion to oppose circulating ANP. Additionally during AF cardiac output drops by about 30% and with it the hydrostatic pressure sensed by the renal baroreceptors (the juxtaglomerular apparatus). This is another reason why aldosterone should be elevated at the end of an episode. I've often noticed on my Polar S810 HR monitor that immediately after termination of an episode my HR albeit NSR is always inappropriately high and my HRV is always inappropriately low for several hours. The vagolytic state caused by elevated aldosterone would easily explain this. It would also explain the complete absence of PACs. The half-life of aldosterone is about 15 minutes. The more aldosterone (vagolytic) present at the end of an episode, i.e., the longer the episode of AF, the longer this post episode PAC free period will last. But it comes with a cost and that is accelerated urinary potassium wasting after the protection of ANP has been removed. Life style and diet might then combine to slowly deplete these intracellular potassium stores until blood potassium level cannot be maintained and some threshold gradient value (for P cells) is breached and another episode is triggered. In this scenario the potassium gradient may be more integral in triggering ALAF episodes and vagal tone may be more integral in triggering VMAF episodes.
If one assumes the potassium gradient as vital to triggering an episode, then one can continue further along this line of thinking. Typical night time (vagally mediated) episodes rebalance potassium stores and protect against typical daytime (adrenergic) episodes and vice versa. However, if vagal tone in VMAF is lowered by medication, then daytime episodes should become relatively more frequent. And if potassium loss in ALAF is lowered by medication, then night time episodes should become relatively more frequent. I've experienced the former with disopyramide and Hans has experienced the latter with spironolactone.
LAFers exist all along the spectrum of both autonomic tone and the potassium gradient. Our arrhythmogenic substrate is a given and separates us from "normals". Some LAFers have minimal tone or gradient problems (fortunate) but enough of both to trigger LAF (unfortunate). They are fortunate because either by medication for autonomic tone or lifestyle and diet for potassium gradient they have been able to avoid the beast. Counter-regulating mechanisms (RAS, blood K/Na, ACTH) otherwise make the latter a very difficult proposition. The real question is could this "fortunate" category of LAFers be expanded by addition of medication for better potassium balance? Inbred resistance to combining increased potassium intake with a potassium sparing diuretic makes this a very difficult proposition. Triamterene or amiloride and NOT spironolactone or eplerenone would seem to be the best choices on this count (see below). Neseritide (synthetic BNP) or carperitide (synthetic ANP) might be even better, but are only available by the intravenous route. According to the medical literature ACEIs are vagotonic, but perhaps not all are. For example, enalapril but not captopril significantly inhibits plasma aldosterone concentration and urinary aldosterone excretion. Since aldosterone is vagolytic, perhaps enalapril is vagotonic and captopril is not.[17]
Another interesting question is why proton pump inhibitors (PPI) not only relieve GERD but also appear to relieve AF. Is it only because there is less irritation of the lower esophagus (and less vagal stimulation)? Or is it also because of an improvement in the potassium gradient? Gastric acid production causes a simultaneous blood alkalosis (alkaline tide). Hypokalemia both causes and is caused by alkalosis. By inhibiting the proton pump (H+ is no more than a proton) less H+ is lost in the gastric juice. Less potassium is lost in the urine, because the blood is less alkaline (since the gastric fluid is less acidic).
Jackie Burgess, well known and respected by all of us that frequent the BB and CR, has suggested a balanced snack of protein, complex carbohydrate and healthy fat two hours before bedtime. And, of course, magnesium and potassium are always welcome at anytime. This approach would impede any insulin induced hypokalemia/hypoglycemia and possibly AF as well. She also has reiterated for us an old adage "if you can feel your heart beating at night when lying in bed, you may be low in potassium". This undoubtedly is due to the mild BP elevating effects of low blood potassium. The heart has to work just a little harder, enough to make you aware of its beating, when all else is quiet.
Due to the insulin induced drop in blood potassium that occurs after a carbohydrate meal, it would seem prudent to always ingest potassium with your carbohydrates. Jackie has also pointed out that KCl can cause gastric irritation, at least if taken on an empty stomach. It can also elevate blood pressure in the salt sensitive. However, potassium in fruit without chloride is less absorbable. According to one source only 40 percent of the potassium in a banana is retained. This is one reason why MDs prescribe potassium as KCl (about 800mg K as KCl per tab of K-Dur). KCl also addresses hypochloremia, which often accompanies hypokalemia. If KCl irritates your stomach, then you should never let a meal go by without potassium supplementation, thereby exploiting its buffering effect in this regard. K-Dur is also a sustained release formulation, most convenient at bedtime to address the midnight diurnal nadir of blood potassium.
I heartily agree with the general recommendation to shift from simple to complex carbohydrates in our diets. I used to think this advice was better directed at those that struggle with their weight. However, given my problems with episodes being triggered when I skip or delay meals, I think thin people can also benefit from it. Eat properly and don't skip meals. Graze rather than gorge. Earlier is better than later.
In a past post on the BB I suggested that a portable potassium meter might be a very useful item for a LAFer. Horiba and Hoskin Scientific make good ones, but they are not quite ready for prime time, at least not in humans. I recently purchased an Omron BP monitor (less than $50 at Costco) and have found that relative evening BP (slightly higher systolic than normal) and/or the presence of PACs when lying on my right side both provide feedback on probable intracellular potassium.[18] Although this is only an indirect approach at best, it may be the difference between PM AF and normal sinus rhythm (NSR).
Being on top of my daily potassium supplementation definitely decreases my evening PACs and BP. This also requires awareness of activities that cause transcellular shifts of potassium and sometimes urinary potassium (and magnesium) wasting as well. Appropriate countermeasures are needed, i.e., more fluid intake, small potassium rich complex carb snacks, e.g., a banana, etc.
My Experience with Spironolactone
I have experimented extensively with potassium and spironolactone. A combination of 3 g/day of potassium and 100 mg/day of spironolactone increased my blood level of potassium to 4.7 mEq/L. Increasing my potassium intake to 6 g/day and my spironolactone to 200 mg/day (blood potassium over 5 mmoles/L) increased the frequency and duration of my afib episodes despite also taking 500 mg/day of disopyramide (Norpace). I have now concluded, and Hans' experience supports this, that spironolactone is unlikely to be beneficial for either adrenergic or vagal afibbers for the simple reason that its detrimental vagotonic effect clearly outweighs its positive effect in regard to potassium conservation. I have therefore terminated my experiment with spironolactone. My next experiment will involve aggressive potassium supplementation starting in the afternoon and escalating until bedtime as well as taking K-Dur (800 mg of elemental potassium in a sustained release formulation) at bedtime. If that produces insufficient improvement I plan on investigating triamterene (Dyrenium) and amiloride (Midamor). Most, if not all, ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) are decidedly vagotonic so I intend to give them a miss.
Triamterene and amiloride, both potassium-sparing diuretics, work at the level of the distal convoluted tubule in the kidneys, but do not bind to mineralocorticoid receptors. They impair sodium reabsorption in exchange for potassium and hydrogen. Thus, unlike spironolactone and eplerenone, they should not directly increase vagal tone. In fact, they may modestly increase blood potassium and thereby elevate the K/Na ratio. This would increase aldosterone secretion and thereby increase vagolysis. This, in turn, would increase the component of total blood aldosterone due to K/Na compared to the other two sources of aldosterone (RAAS, major and ACTH, minor). This might prove beneficial because increased potassium and decreased sodium intake would have greater impact on aldosterone secretion, in effect providing greater control over aldosterone secretion via diet and/or supplements (especially useful for a VMAFer).
Conclusion
You can't directly control the arrhymogenic substrate (PVs) except through PVI. You can't effectively control vagal or sympathetic tone except through meds. That leaves low potassium. If you want to get serious about controlling your episodes, then you must get serious about your potassium intake. You must address not only how much you ingest but when you ingest it. Either avoid those situations that assault your blood potassium gradient (stress, hypoglycemia, dehydration, etc) or increase your daily potassium (and magnesium) intake with appropriately time-targeted supplementation. Although food sources are best for most of what we need, for potassium repletion IMHO supplements are superior (fish oils and omega 3s are another such exception). Intake of potassium through diet alone is less convenient, less quantifiable and less absorbable. And then there's the glycemic load problem posed. Presently there is great resistance within mainstream medicine to combining potassium supplementation with a potassium sparing diuretic. Hyperkalemia and life threatening ventricular arrhythmias are of great concern. However, with the pioneering work of Drs. Struthers, MacDonald and others this overemphasized concern may soon take a back seat to a rational combination regimen. In my view it is quite plausible that this LAF epidemic might be reversed, if such an aggressive regimen were pursued by those afflicted. The study that needs to be done is one similar to that referenced above on LQTS (long QT syndrome), but with amiloride or triamterene and on LAF patients instead. But until then please remember my above disclaimer and make sure you have good renal function. My BUN (blood urea nitrogen) and creatinine are well within normal limits, but I still routinely monitor my blood potassium.
References
1. http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic3193.htm
2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&list_uids=1714003&dopt= Abstract
3. http://www.afibbers.org/conference/PCMagnesium.pdf
4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=1714003&dopt= Abstract
5. http://ajpendo.physiology.org/cgi/content/full/276/4/E706
6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=9 263619
7. http://www.afibbers.org/conference/session33.pdf
8. http://www.uhmc.sunysb.edu/internalmed/nephro/webpages/Part_D.htm
9. http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/438088
10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=1 4642687
11. http://home.caregroup.org/clinical/altmed/interactions/Nutrients/Potassium.htm
12. http://ajpgi.physiology.org/cgi/content/full/281/1/G29
13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8501411&dopt= Abstract
14. http://jn.physiology.org/cgi/content/short/00791.2003v1
15. http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/438088_3
16. http://www.afibbers.org/conference/session1.pdf
17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7881704&dopt= Abstract
18. http://www.afibbers.org/conference/session36.pdf
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For fast/pertinent info VoteForBernie.org/KY
Kentucky
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VoteForBernie.org's LIVE 'Text Support': 8023-We-Vote/(802) 393-8683
Or email us: email@example.com
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NURSING AND CARE QUALITY FORUM MEMBERSHIP
CHAIR Sally Brearley
Sally trained initially as a physiotherapist in Manchester. In 1988, she completed a degree in Nursing Studies at King's College London. However, for many years Sally has been mainly involved in patient representation, including membership of Community Health Councils, Patient and Public Involvement Forums and Local Involvement Networks (LINks). She has been a member of the NHS Constitutional Advisory Forum, the Organ Donation Taskforce and the NHS Future Forum. Currently Sally holds visiting fellowships in patient and public involvement at the National Nursing Research Unit, King's College London, and the Faculty of Health and Social Care Sciences, Kingston University and St George's University of London. She is also a lay member on the National Quality Board.
WORKSTREAM LEAD – Empowered and accountable nurse leadership Professor Jani e Stevens CBE. MA. RGN. c
Janice has an extensive NHS career that has established an innovative and inspirational approach, which has transformed nursing care, clinical outcomes and patient experience at both national and local levels of the NHS. Janice has worked at the highest level in policy development, reporting directly to the Chief Nursing Officer for six years and has a track record of exceeding delivery xpectations, demonstrating an ability to deliver large scale complex sustainable e change.
Janice is a professionally qualified, academically credible national director and previous trust executive nurse director with extensive experience in health service strategy, delivery and leadership. She has successfully designed and implemented three high profile operating framework requirements reducing MRSA by 80% and C.difficleby 60%. She also led the coalition commitment to liminate mixed‐sex accommodation, all of which had a direct impact on ig a e improving patient d nity comfort nd safety.
Since leaving the Department of Health, Janice has continued to work independently with nurses, doctors, managers and Board members in over 20 Trusts. This work has included providing advice and coaching to front line nurses, undertaking a range of assignments including working in SHA London as a programme director, undertaking independent reviews at Trusts following dverse CQC inspections on aspects of quality safety, dignity and nutrition and orking with red‐brick university to advise on future nurse education strategy. a w
WORKSTREAM LEAD Right culture and right values Professor Tricia Hart, MA, MHSM, DipHSM, RGN, RM, RHV, CPT, FPCert
Tricia joined South Tees Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust in April 2005 and is the Deputy CEO/Director of Nursing and Patient Safety (DIPC).
Jointly with the Medical Director, Tricia is responsible for Governance and ssurance across the Trust. As the DIPC, she has a lead role in ensuring the Trust A continues with its zero tolerance culture around healthcare acquired infections.
Tricia was the expert nurse panel member in the Independent Inquiry into care provided by Mid Staffordshire NHS Foundation Trust and is now advising the Public Inquiry.
WORKSTREAM LEAD – Involve, listen to, hear Dr Ruth May
Ruth May was appointed as Nurse Director for the NHS Midlands and East SHA Cluster in September 2011 following two years as Chief Nurse at NHS East of England. She provides strategic leadership for nurses, midwives, allied health rofessionals and healthcare scientists across the region. Her new role includes p executive lead for the quality agenda across the new SHA Cluster.
Ruth has a theatre nursing background and more than 20 years experience of working in the NHS. During her career, she has held several high profile NHS management roles. From September 2007, Ruth was Chief Executive of Mid Essex Hospital Services NHS Trust, where she was instrumental in turning round the Trust's financial performance and achieving an 'excellent' rating for quality of services from the Healthcare Commission. Prior to this Ruth was Chief Executive at The Queen Elizabeth Hospital King's Lynn NHS Trust for two years. She played a pivotal part in turning round the organisation's clinical and financial performance and greatly improved its reputation.
WORKSTREAM LEAD – Time to care Elaine InglesbyBurke
laine Inglesby‐Burke joined the Salford Royal Foundation Trust in April 2004 E and is currently their Director of Nursing.
Elaine has held Executive Nurse Director positions since 1996 in both specialist and large acute Trusts. She qualified as a Registered nurse in 1980 at Warrington District General Hospital and specialised in critical care and general medicine. She has held various clinical positions at ward level and nurse specialist. Educated to postgraduate degree level Elaine maintains her professional/clinical development through regular clinical shifts and executive safety shifts with frontline staff. She is a Florence Nightingale leadership Scholar and took the opportunity to undertake a women's leadership programme for global executives at Harvard University as well as the Executive Quality Academy at the nstitute of Healthcare Improvement, Boston. She has a strong track record in rofessional nursing and operational management. I p
Elaine is Executive lead for Nursing, Governance, Patient safety and Quality Improvement. She was instrumental in establishing a Nursing Assessment and Accreditation System within Salford, which has enabled improvement in care given to patients, empowerment to frontline nursing staff and autonomy to ward sisters. She is currently involved in ongoing improvement work in particular the reduction of avoidable deaths, harm to hospital inpatients and patient experience.
FORUM MEMBERS
Professor Jessica Corner
Jessica will play a particular cross cutting role across all four workstreams in the forum to make sure that they consider the knowledge, skills and educational needs of staff.
Jessica is Dean of the Faculty of Health Sciences and has over 25 years of experience in higher education. Among the first groups of students to graduate with a degree in Nursing from London University, she went on to specialise in Cancer Nursing at the Royal Marsden Hospital. She gained her PhD in 1990 from Kings College London. She was Director of the Centre of Cancer and Palliative care Studies and Deputy Dean (Nursing) at the Institute of Cancer Research at the Royal Marsden Hospital for 12 years and was the first nurse to be appointed to a Chair at the Institute. She joined the University of Southampton in 2002. Throughout her career, she has a wide range of research interests focussed on improving the care and support for people with Cancer combining academic, clinical work and research. In 2005, she was seconded to Macmillan Cancer Support to work as Director of Improving Cancer Services returning to outhampton University in 2008. She continues to advise Macmillan Cancer S support as the charity's Chief Clinician.
She is co‐chair of the Department of Health Cancer Patient Experience Advisory roup with Professor Sir Mike Richards, National Cancer Director. She is also ice Chair of the Council of Deans for Health. G V
Sharon Blackburn
haron will play a particular role across all four workstreams in the forum to S ensure that they consider all care settings.
Sharon Blackburn RGN RMN is the Policy and Communications Director for the National Care Forum. Until April 2009, she was the Managing Director for Heart of England Housing and Care Ltd. She has particular skills in the areas of the management of change and of Health and Social Care Policy. Sharon is passionate about quality, people and their potential. Until March 2002, Sharon was the Chair of the RCN Mental Health and Older People Forum. She was the professional consultant to the Residential Forum, which the Department of Health commissioned to review Registered Nursing staffing levels in Care Homes. In 2003, Sharon was the winner of the Nursing Standard Nurse
Leadership award. Sharon is National Advisor to National Council for Palliative Care on Older People. Sharon sits on a number of national committees and forums. She is Chair of the DH‐Chief Nursing Officer/Independent Sector Advisory Forum; a member of the Residential Forum and on the England Advisory Group for My Home Life; one of three chairs of the Dementia Action lliance and a Board Member of European Association of Homes and Services for he Ageing (EAHSA). She is also a fellow of the RSA. A t
Trudie Brailey
Trudie is a Unison Representative, Staffside Chair and Assistant Practitioner employed by Northern Devon Healthcare Trust. Trudie predominantly works in the Exeter, Eastern and Mid Devon area covering 12 Community hospitals and community services with around 4000 staff. She has been a Healthcare Assistant for over 25 years working in a local community hospital on a general medical ward nursing mainly the elderly. In 2006, she took the opportunity to undertake the two year training to become an Assistant Practitioner specialising in general medical care and rehabilitation. Trudie has been a Unison representative for over 10 years and represents the South West on Unison's National Health Service Group Executive and National Nursing Sector. Trudie feels she can bring to the group examples of excellent nursing and quality care that have been achieved in he South West with an expectation that this will become common practice hroughout the country. t
Jo Coombs
Jo Coombs is Director of Quality and Nursing at NHS Airedale, Bradford and Leeds (Cluster PCT). Jo has been a Director of Nursing for over 8 years, predominantly working in a commissioning role. In October 2011, Jo became the PCT cluster director of Quality and Nursing with overall responsibility for securing high quality safe services across all commissioned services in Airedale, Bradford and Leeds. Her responsibilities include quality standards and ompliance, patient safety, Healthcare Associated Infections, safeguarding c children and vulnerable groups and patient experience.
Jo has been a nurse advisor for the Department of Health in the past and was a member of the Chief Nursing Officer's working group on nursing in ommissioning roles. She is a keen advocate for meaningful clinical engagement nd improving the patient's experience of care. c a
Janet Davies
Janet Davies has been an Executive Director of the Royal College of Nursing RCN) since September 2005 and has the strategic lead for nursing and service ( delivery to its members.
She leads the Nursing, Learning & Development, Employment Relations, Policy & International, Members Support Services and RCN Direct departments. In addition, Janet is also chair of the Management Board of the National Clinical
Guidance Centre of NICE and chair of HQIP (Healthcare Quality Improvement artnership). She is also an Executive member of the P European Federation of Public Service Unions.
Before joining the RCN, she had a long career as a Nurse within the NHS. She was irector of Nursing in West Lancashire and Liverpool and Chief Executive of ersey Regional Ambulance Service. D M
Catherine Gamble
Catherine Gamble, Mental Health Consultant Nurse works for South West London and St Georges Mental Health NHS Trust. Her knowledge of, and clinical expertise in family work for Psychosis has resulted in her being asked to disseminate the approach in this country and abroad. Catherine has published widely, was Royal College of Nursing's Mental Health Nurse of 2008 and is the irst editor of Working with Serious Mental Illness: a manual for clinical practice 2006) Elsevier: London. f (
Annette Hall BSc DipN RN
Trust. Annette is a Senior Ward Sister at Milton Keynes Hospital NHS Foundation
On completing her Diploma in Nursing in August 2002 at the University of Nottingham, Annette participated in the first surgical rotation at the Derbyshire Royal Infirmary (DRI) for her initial year as a Registered Nurse and experienced many surgical specialities. Annette then worked as a Senior Nurse for four years on the Surgical Assessment Unit at DRI. After a year working for the NHS National Blood Service collection team in Oxford, she joined Milton Keynes Hospital in August 2008 as a Sister on the Colorectal / General Surgical Ward, before becoming the Ward Sister in December 2009. Annette completed her BSc n Health Care Studies in August 2010. She is also a member of the Royal College i of Nursing.
Annette is very committed to providing excellent patient care within a busy surgical inpatient area. Annette believes that her role and experience as a Senior ard Sister is key to achieving this through leading and empowering the clinical eam and through listening to and acting on the needs of patients. W t
Linda Sheldrake
Linda started her career as a registered nurse in 1987 working in Accident and Emergency and later in geriatric medicine before embarking in 1992 on an academic career in research at Hammersmith hospital ‐ Imperial College NHS Trust. Linda then moved into the quality field in 2002, notably introducing outcome based frameworks and evidenced based quality standards into community based support services across social care and third sector organisations. In 2007, she moved to work with the Royal Pharmaceutical Society, working with a dedicated team aiming to build research capacity and knowledge among practice pharmacists. In 2010, Linda joined the Society as
Head of Quality and Evaluation and has been working to introduce and imbed quality standards across the Society's core services.
Vicki Leah
Vicki Leah has been a consultant nurse for the past 8 years. She is currently working at University College Hospital London where her clinical work centres on improving the experience of older people admitted through the emergency department, with a special interest in dementia. She is qualified in physical assessment skills and independent prescribing, and is a qualified dementia rainer. Service development work includes improving the surgical pathway, t person‐centred care and continuity of care.
Vicki joined the NHS London Dementia Prescribing and Care Programme on a f re. part‐time secondment with the aim to reduce the inappropriate prescribing o antipsychotic drugs to people with dementia, through improving quality of ca She has published a number of papers including improving the experience of lder people admitted acutely to hospital, and is an honorary lecture at City niversity. o U
Katherine Murphy
Katherine is Chief Executive of The Patients Association.She joined The Patients Association in 2003 as Head of Communications having come from a background in Nursing. She was appointed the Chief Executive in 2008. As Chief Executive, Katherine has been at the forefront of most of the recent campaigns at The Patients Association, and has initiated a number of other high profile initiatives that have featured largely in the media including:
‐ The Care Campaign
‐ Patient Stories
‐ Malnutrition
‐ Pain
‐ Dignity and Compassion
Katherine is a dedicated and tireless campaigner with a very strong interest in the rights and responsibilities of the patient and a true patient advocate. She is passionate about making sure the patient's voice is central to every decision and that the patient voice is heard and translated into genuine quality improvement for all. The co‐creation of policy and partnership decision making must be present in all health and social care encounters.
Katherine continues to set the strategic direction of the Patients Association. During her time with the organization, Katherine has worked with the Department of Health, National Patient Safety Agency (NPSA), Care Quality Commission, Cabinet office, Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA), Royal College of Nursing, Nursing and Midwifery Council and all the of Medical Royal Colleges and other health and social care regulators.
Katherine sits on many Committees and Boards always representing the views of the patient and making sure the rhetoric from politicians is translated into reality for patients and the public.
For the past 18 months, Katherine has dedicated her time and energy working in partnership with many NHS Directors of Patient Experience, cascading good practice through joint conferences on the patient journey in the hope that this will translate to good patient experience and outcomes.
In 2011, Katherine was nominated by the London Evening Standard as one of the capital's 1000 most influential people.
Jayne Parker MBCS CITP
Jayne is a third year adult branch student at the University of Brighton, qualifying in September 2012. Before starting her nursing course, she had worked as a Chartered IT Professional writing industrial software and managing control systems projects. During her course, Jayne has represented students ithin the Royal College of Nursing at national level, campaigning for pre‐ egistration nurse education and on issues of diversity and inclusivity. w r
Candice Pellett BSc (Hons) DipHE DN RNA IndNP CPT Queen's Nurse
Candice Pellett is a Case Manager District Nurse at Lincolnshire Community Health Services. In 1999, she obtained a double‐award BSc in Community Health Nursing and Specialist Nurse Practitioner (District Nursing). In 2007, she was awarded the Queen's Nurse Title in recognition of excellence in practice, and innovation and improvement in patient care. Candice works in clinical practice and was previously seconded to the Department of Health as Clinical Lead for Nursing on the Transforming Community Services Programme and to the University of Nottingham as a lecturer/practitioner. Currently, Candice sits on the Royal College of Nursing District Nursing Steering Committee and the National Inter‐professional Dignity Group. Candice cares for people with long‐ term conditions and delivers palliative and end‐of‐life care in the community setting. She is passionate about patient dignity, particularly when caring for eople at the end of their lives. She has presented nationally for the Department f Health and has published both on dignity and end‐of‐life care. p o
Rita Newland RGN,RM,RHV,DN, MSc, PGdip, BSc,
Rita Newland is director of Education at the Nursing and Midwifery Council and ppreciates the importance of lifelong quality education and learning to a registered nurses and midwives.
As a registered nurse and midwife, Rita's professional career has also taken her into the fields of district nursing and health visiting. More recently, she has worked in higher education where she has contributed to the delivery of pre‐ registration nursing education and led the development and delivery of education programs for those entering the fields of health visiting, district nursing and school nursing.
Rita has particular interest in the integration of theory and practice and in making learning accessible to practitioners in practice. Her roles since qualification have enabled her to progress this interest. She was a lecturer practitioner in a large Primary Care Trust in North East London and worked closely with practice teachers as a programme director to facilitate their ontribution to curriculum development and the learning and assessment of ice. c learners in pract
She is author ofRecord Keeping and Documentation,Principles into Practiceand s a member of the author team for the E‐Learning forHealth Care Healthy Child i Programme.
She is Honorary Senior Lecturer at City University London and a reviewer for Community PractitionerandPrimary Care Research and Development.
Gill Duncan
ill Duncan has been in post as Director of Hampshire County Council's Adult G Services since December 2008.
Prior to joining Hampshire County Council in 2004, Gill was a Primary Care Trust hief Executive bringing with her over 10 years board level leadership and a C clinical background in nursing and community services.
As the Director of Adult Services in Hampshire, Gill oversees around 4,000 staff commissioning and providing residential, day care and home care services to older people and people with disabilities and mental health problems. The ounty Council supports more than 90,000 adults and older people each year C including support for over 6,000 living independently in their own homes.
Gill is leading the Department towards new ways of working embracing the challenges that Personalisation and Transforming Social Care will inevitably bring. This includes an ExtraCare housing strategy for Hampshire which is upported by a £45m capital investment programme to deliver housing, care and upport solutions. s
Kathryn Clarkson
Kathryn qualified as a State Registered Nurse (SRN) in 1981 and continued to accumulate a wealth of general nursing experience until 1994 when she became a 'General Practice nurse'. Kathryn says that during her career she has been fortunate to work with excellent teams and colleagues who have been and are onscientious, showing caring and compassion and who daily deliver quality are. c
Kathryn has gained practical experience in chronic disease management as well as undertaking diplomas in Advanced COPD, Asthma, Diabetes, Cardiovascular disease and sexual health and reproduction. She is a specialist practitioner with a iploma in health education in community health and has had a role as a clinical d placement supervisor for practice nurses.
Recently Kathryn has become a 'Nurse representative for Pendle locality Clinical Commissioning Steering Group' in East Lancashire, looking at pathways to maintain and improve care in Pendle and East Lancashire, engaging with nurses, rimary care teams and patients, whilst focusing on the changes and p opportunities ahead.
Kathryn is interested in motivational interviewing and use this and neuro‐ linguistic programming when seeing my patients in general practice. She is passionate about the delivery of good quality patient care and treats each patient with dignity and respect, as though they were a valued member of her own family. Kathryn thinks innovatively and wants to go that extra step towards ensuring that quality care is not only expected but given willingly. Throughout her years of nursing Kathryn says that she has felt honoured and humbled that patients, their families and her working teams have trusted her and respected that she will care for each and every patient that she sees to the ery best of her ability. Kathryn believes that Nurses should let their light shine nd be proud to do so. v a
Lorna Catlin, DPSN, Bsc (Hons) Nursing, MSc Advanced Clinical Practice
Lorna Catlin is Matron for Acute and Specialist Medicine at Burton Hospitals NHS Trust. This role involves Leadership, support and delivery of high quality patient are to three acute medical wards, the Coronary Care Unit, the Medical Day Case c Unit and Discharge Lounge.
Lorna has recently implemented 'Tea with Matron', which has yielded some extremely positive results capturing real time patient experience and enabling changes that directly impact on patient care. Lorna has also been instrumental in taking forward an 'Ask me campaign' where patients have been encouraged to sk staff about their care and management plan. This has resulted in excellent a patient experience results within the Trust.
Lorna is extremely engaged in ensuring patients receive safe effective quality care which will result in their hospital stay being a positive experience. Her background is in Emergency Care of which she has worked in a number of roles including emergency nurse practitioner, senior sister and matron within the Emergency Department. Lorna is a Trauma nurse instructor and the Non Medical Prescribing lead for the Trust. Over the last year, Lorna has led on the igh impact action 'Ready to Go – no delays' which has involved equipping h nurses with the skills and knowledge for complex patient discharge.
Other achievements include introducing LEAN working practice into the Emergency Department; introducing a system of initial assessment that improved patient flow and patient management; and involvement in peer reviews across the west midlands for emergency care. Lorna worked with other nearby Trusts and the University in order to develop a module in emergency care. She is also a visiting lecturer at a number of Universities across the idlands. Lorna has worked on a number of Trust projects including evelopment and implementation of the Knowledge and Skills Framework. m d
GillHarris
Gill was appointed as Deputy Chief Executive and Director of Nursing and Performance at Wrightington, Wigan and Leigh NHS Foundation Trust in 2010. This followed her appointment as Director of Nursing and Patient Services and Director of Infection Prevention and Control (DIPC) in 2007. This very senior ole means that she is responsible for the day‐to‐day management of the Trust as r well as professional and strategic leadership for Quality.
In her current role, Gill provides strong professional leadership to the Trust's nursing and midwifery workforce. She strives to ensure that patients receive the best and safest standards of care. She very much drives the adoption of NHS values throughout the Trust through her relentless promotion of compassion, dignity, respect and the delivery of improvements to our patients' experience. Gill is also responsible for Operational Management, Quality and Safety, Engagement, Patient Relations, Resilience and Legal Services. Within the health economy Gill is the clinical lead for the multi‐agency QIPP programme, which ce. promotes self‐care, community case management and admission avoidan
Gill's leadership role also extends to a number of regional commitments including the North West Director of Nursing Lead for Energise for Excellence. She is lead Executive Director for the Trust for the North West's Advancing Quality Alliance (AQuA) and a member Director of its Board. Additionally Gill leads for the Trust in its participation in the North West Transparency Pilot and HS Quest. Her active involvement in these initiatives clearly demonstrates her ommitment to the highest standards of patient care, quality and safety. N c
EXPERT ADVISORS TO THE FORUM
Jill Maben
Professor Jill Maben is Director of the National Nursing Research Unit, King's College London. She is a registered nurse and recently experienced being part of the direct care nursing workforce again, working on an elderly care ward in an acute trust. Jill's expertise lies in research in the healthcare and nursing workforce, particularly the quality of the work environment and nurses' working lives and the effects of these on patient and staff outcomes and on the patient experience. Jill is an experienced researcher with 20 years experience, widely published and was lead author ofNurses in Society; Staring the debate(2008). he sits on national advisory committees supporting work on the healthcare orkforce, role of the nurse and compassion and humanity in care. S w
Jill is expert advisor to the Nursing and Care quality Forum, representing the wide ranging expertise within the National Nursing Research Unit. Research includes national and international studies on workforce issues, improving care quality and measuring patient experience.
David Oliver
Professor David Oliver is the National Clinical Director for Older Peoples ervices, seconded to the Older People and Dementia branch of the Social Care S Division in the Department of Health (DH).
He was formerly a specialist clinical advisor to the DH (leading on falls and bone health services) and frequently advised governmental bodies before he became NCD. He combines this role with a very hands‐on clinical job as a consultant physician in geriatric and general internal at the Royal Berkshire NHS foundation trust, where he has been since 2004 and was until recently a clinical director. This ensures he remains in touch with the realities of frontline practice and helps him to deliver his civil service role and retain clinical credibility. From 1998‐2004 he was a consultant and a clinical director at what is now South London NHS Trust. He is an active researcher, teacher and lecturer, with over 100 publications – on subjects such as falls and bone health, health services for older people, age discrimination and healthcare ethics and law and having been Senior Lecturer at the University of Reading until 2009 is now visiting professor of medicine for Older People at City University London. He is a former national ecretary of the British Geriatrics Society and has frequently commented in the s media on services for older people.
In addition to his initial medical degrees from Cambridge, he has a BA in Physiology (Oxford), research doctorate (MD) from the University of London, Masters Degrees respectively in Health Management (London), Health Leadership (Middlesex) and Health Care Ethics and Law (Manchester), and is a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians and the Royal Society of Medicine. He works closely with other NCDs and across the DH and government in helping to secure better services for older people.
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A Guide for a Young Patriarch
Dicipres
March 30 , 2014
This text is dedicated to those who are part of a thing that does not exist, to a soldier without an army, to a priest without a religion, to a patriarch without a family.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work was significantly influenced by the works of Roosh, (the original) Roissy, Rollo Tommasi, Dalrock, Jack Donovan, Free Northerner, Davis Aurini, Bill Price and other voices from the cesspool.
CONTENTS
Contents
3 . 4 Applied Game 39
3 . 6 General 40
3 . 5 Development and Preservation of Physical Power 39
INTRODUCTION
1 . 1 background
This text is a tool to allow young men to rediscover what was meant to be forgotten. I hope the ideas written in this text will give you a better understanding of yourself and humanity in general. This knowledge can be applied to increase your power over yourself and your environment and to understand your current place in society. The focus will be on sexuality and tribalism, which are the core of the human animal. I am writing this in my mid-thirties after more than a decade of reflecting on these subjects and I hope this information will be of benefit to you.
1 . 2 presentation of arguments
When possible, this text will use structure similar to informal logic (e.g. each contention will be presented as the result of two preceding premises) in order to clearly present and support relevant arguments. Some definitions and terms to be used are:
* Premise:
an assumption that something is true
* Contention: a conclusion emanating from at least two supporting premises
* Lemma: a premise for a contention above it and a contention for the premise below it
* Corollary: a statement that follows readily from a previous statement
* Argument: a combination of two (or more) premises yielding at least one contention
1 . 3 the fundamental argument
Human beings are biological organisms and human behavior is a biological function of the human animal. Analysis of human behavior should thus begin from the biologic perspective. From the biologic perspective, and specifically from the sciences of genetics and evolution, we obtain the following elementary argument:
Argument #1
1 . (Premise) Our genes evolved to maximize reproductive success.
2 . (Premise) Our biology, which is a manifestation of our genes, significantly influences our emotions and desires.
3 . (Contention based on 1 and 2) The Law of Evolution: Our biology, emotions and desires developed by an evolutionary process as a tool of our genes to facilitate reproduction of genetic data.
4 . (Corollary #1 to 3) The Law of Game: One can create an emotion in another human by creating a set of circumstances for which the requested emotion would have maximized reproduction of genetic data at the time of the evolutionary development of the genes.
The above argument is not novel or even uncommon. However, the implications of this argument are dark, significant and are mostly ignored in modern society. The essence of all human behaviors, such as love, empathy, sexuality, war, family, etc. are to be understood primarily from an evolutionary and biological perspective. This is widely different from the common essential premises used in society which are similar to the following:
* The religious premise: There is a god and human behavior should follow the will of the god.
* The humanist premise: Society and human behavior should be such as to minimize human suffering.
* The egalitarian premise: Society and human behavior should be such as to minimize inequality between various sub-groups of humans.
* The libertarian premise: Society should be such as to allow maximal freedom to individual humans.
Unlike the views of the majority of the population, this view does not have clear good and bad and in fact it does not even have pleasure and pain as a guide. Life exists since it creates life, a self-exciting solution of an unknown function of the universe. Pleasure and pain are your genes manipulating you to enable replicating them. We and our souls are just side-effect of evolution, like the patterns on a peacock feathers. This is not even nihilism.
The accuracy of analyzing our world via this approach is limited. Nature design might be optimal (e.g. a fish shape is optimal for swimming in water) but it is never optimal with regard to a single parameter. Organisms such as humans as subjected to a wide array of parameters and biological limitations acting on them. Not all of these parameters might be obvious and clearly visible. In addition, species are still evolving and many species might be still far from the optimal configuration and thus there might be significant imperfections. Even after taking these limitations into account, this approach is still an effective tool to analyze our world and allows for reducing the influence of morality and current governing ideologies from our observations of the world.
1 . 4 a bitter taste
Many of the ideas which are presented in this text can will leave a feeling of emptiness, anger and bitterness. This does not affect the validity of these ideas. In time the bitter taste the initial disappointment and pain, and maybe the feeling that it is not worth it, will go away. Our genes calibrate our emotions, so they are relative, not absolute. After you come to terms with these observations you will have a better model of the world and thus you will have more power and could operate more efficiently in it.
ARGUMENTS
This chapter will build on argument # 1 in order to examine and attempt to provide simple models to understand the self, sexual relations and tribalism.
2 . 1 observing without morality and empa thy
"The man of knowledge must be able not only to love his enemies but also to hate his friends," Friedrich Nietzsche.
Argument #2
1 . (Premise) The validity of an argument or an opinion is determined by how accurately the opinion or argument correlates with reality.
2 . (Corollary #1 to 1) The validity of an argument is not related to the argument being offensive, sexist, racist or otherwise immoral.
3 . (Corollary #2 to 1) The validity of an argument is not related to emotional pain it cause to others or yourself.
4 . (Premise) Humans tend to avoid pain.
5 . (Contention based on 1 and 4) Humans will tend avoid arguments creating pain to themselves or others people who they empathize with.
6 . (Corollary #1 to 5) In order to be able to think clearly you must ignore your morals and empathy, at least temporarily 1 .
7 . (Corollary #2 to 5) A world filled with empathy is a world filled with lies.
8 . (Corollary #3 to 5) The amoral see more clearly than the righteous.
9 . (Corollary #4 to 5) Nice-guys lie more than assholes.
The desire to not offend others, to adhere to mainstream ideologues and political correctness limits thought. A thinking man should value truth, the accurate amoral description of reality, over emotions and moral codes. Be free to think the even most horrible thoughts and
1 Support, from a biological cognitive perspective, to the idea that empathy represses analytic thinking and that similarly analytic thought represses empathy, is given by Jack et al. ( 2012 ) 'fMRI reveals reciprocal inhibition between social and physical cognitive domains,' NeuroImage.
not be chained within the mental prison of politically correct insanity where logic is controlled by offended feelings of righteous victims.
2 . 2 biological insanity
Argument #3
1 . (The Law of Evolution) Our biology, emotions and desires developed by an evolutionary process as a tool of our genes to facilitate reproduction of genetic data.
2 . (Premise) The time scale for significant genetic changes is, at least, several human generations, while our world changed rapidly and radically (contraceptives, culture, etc.) in less than one human life span.
3 . (Contention based on 1 and 2) Our genes, and thus our emotions, are not adapted to the modern world which thus yields behaviors and emotions which are counterproductive to their original biological reason.
4 . (Corollary #1 to 3) Humans do things which are insane from a biological perspective.
5 . (Premise) Religious people reproduce, on average, significantly more than atheists.
6 . (Contention based on 4 and 5) There is a paradox of insanity. The religious are insane in their belief in god, but this belief makes them to be saner from a biological perspective.
7 . (Corollary #1 to 6) The atheists are saner, due to their lack of belief in a lie. However, this reduces their sanity from a biological perspective.
This insanity is manifested in numerous actions made by modern humans. A simple example to this insanity is paying a prostitute to have sex with you and using a condom. The reason you want to have sex with the prostitute emanates from your genes which entice you to have sex with the prostitute by injecting chemicals to your brain. Your genes are designed to a world without contraceptives and think that you will impregnate the prostitute and thus ensure the propagation of your genes. However, in reality the chances of impregnating the prostitute are zero, since you live in a world with contraceptives. You are futility wasting resources and making a biologically insane action. You can say that you dont care about your genes and pay to have sex with the prostitute but basically you are still following genetic instructions given to you in the form of pleasure by your out-of-date genes. You say you dont care about your genes, but you are very much controlled by them. If you go against your genes, and consciously act to make rational biological decisions, your genes will have better chance of propagating, but
you might be less happy since your out-of-date genes will punish you by taking away pleasure.
2 . 3 the problem of emptiness
"Regarding life, the wisest men of all ages have judged alike: it is worthless," Friedrich Nietzsche.
Argument #4
1 . (The Law of Evolution) Our biology, emotions and desires developed by an evolutionary process as a tool of our genes to facilitate reproduction of genetic data.
2 . (Corollary #1 to 1) People who feel happiness and pleasure follow the instructions of their genes.
3 . (Corollary #2 to 1) There is no great goal or meaning to our emotions. There is just emptiness.
4 . (Corollary #3 to 1) Everything humans do and feel begin and end in reproduction.
5 . (Corollary #4 to 1) Love is just a tool of reproduction.
6 . (Corollary #5 to 1) There is no meaning for life.
7 . (Corollary #6 to 1) We and our souls are just biological machines.
8 . (Corollary #7 to 1) The question, how can I get laid? is an essential question of an organism.
9 . (Corollary #8 to 1) There is nothing true to be comforted by, only lies can comfort.
10 . (Corollary #9 to 1) Things like viewing death of an innocent person cause us much distress only since they represent loss of genes.
11 . (Corollary #10 to 1) Not only there is no god, there is also no proof of innate value to human life.
Our emotions are just chemical reactions used by our genes to regulate our behaviors in order to facilitate reproduction. There is no evidence of higher goal to life and even the modern hedonism (i.e. do what makes you happy) can be seen as servitude, since our emotions are just a tool used by our genes to control our behavior. Following your feelings is servitude as any other.
Understanding our world and letting go of the beautiful lies us comes at a great price which is hard to comfort. However, this is just temporary, since your emotions will stabilize. A man who wants to think must accept this price and value clear, accurate description of the world over his own emotions. Look firmly into the emptiness, god is a lie, emotions are chemical genetic manipulations and there is thus lack of any innate meaning or goal to life.
2 . 4 the patriarchal dogma
The problem of emptiness (i.e. god is false, emotions are chemical genetic manipulations and there is thus lack of any innate meaning or goal to life) is not logically solvable. Logic is a tool to have power other your world and achieve goals, but it is not sufficient in determining your primary motivation. Dying is just as logical as any other choice. Following your feelings and being a slave to genetic emotions, even if not suited to modern society is just as logical as any other choice.
The approach of the Patriarch to the problem of emptiness is the following
A Genetic and Cultural Lineage is of the Utmost Importance to the Patriarch.
All the Patriarchs of the past, in one form of the other, followed this dogma. The decision to exist and fight is not logical, but it lay in the core of a man, burning from the inside.
2 . 5 on men and women , basics
Argument #5
1 . (The Law of Evolution) Our biology, emotions and desires developed by an evolutionary process as a tool of our genes to facilitate reproduction of genetic data.
2 . (Premise) There are significant differences between the reproductive systems of men and women.
3 . (Contention based on 1 and 2) Differences in reproduction system would yield differences in the biology and behavior between men and women to optimize reproductive success.
4 . (Premise) Men do not have certainty of paternity, women have.
5 . (Contention based on 1 and 4) Men will be less devoted to their children compared with women.
6 . (Corollary #1 to 5) Paternity testing for multiple generations, enough to influence evolution will make men more devoted parents.
7 . (Corollary #2 to 5) Men will be more devoted parents and there will be less difference between the genders in societies with high certainty of paternity.
8 . (Premise) Sex is biologically cheap for men, compared with women (e.g. pregnancy, childbirth and breast-feeding vs. sperm).
9 . (Contention based on 1 and 7) Sex is a better biological deal for men compared with women.
10 . (Corollary #1 to 9) Men will prioritize quantity of lovers (more good deals, sperm is cheap) while women will prioritize the quality of their lovers (get best deal for the high price paid for sex).
11 . (Corollary #2 to 9) Since sex is a better deal for men, women can demand resources (provider to assist in raising the children), or demand the men to be more attractive (hypergamy) to compensate the gap in biological price paid for sex.
2 . 6 masculinity is dominance
* Alternative title 1 : They can only ride female or castrated male horses.
* Alternative title 2 : The innate conflict between masculinity and equality.
Argument #6
1 . (Premise) Creation of masculine characteristics emanates from testosterone and other hormones from the androgen group. 2 .
2 . (Premise) Dominant behavior creates testosterone and testosterone creates dominant behavior. 3
2 "There is good evidence that exposure to high levels of androgens during prenatal development results in masculinization of activity and occupational interests..." from Berenbaum and Beltz ( 2011 ), "Sexual differentiation of human behavior: Effects of prenatal and pubertal organizational hormones,". Frontiers in Endocrinology 32 ( 2 ): 183200 .
3 From an article entitled Fake it Till You Make It published in Harvard Business School Working Knowledge website: In "Power Posing: Brief Nonverbal Displays Affect Neuroendocrine Levels and Risk Tolerance ", Cuddy shows that simply holding one's body in expansive,
3 . (Contention based on 1 and 2) Masculinity emanates from dominance.
4 . (Premise) Feminism acts to eliminate the dominance of men.
5 . (Contention based on 3 and 4) Equality cannot coexist with masculine men.
Since dominance and testosterone are interchangeable, and since masculinity emanates from testosterone, masculinity requires dominance. Therefore, masculinity innately contradicts equality. Masculine men will tend to dominate, since it is masculinity itself that requires dominance. Forcing masculine men to avoid being dominant involves reducing their masculinity which will also reduce their biological testosterone levels (similar to castration as a tool to eliminate testosterone, and thus allow for control of the castrated animal).
2 . 7 a promiscuous woman is not worthy of commitment
An alternative title: Sluts dont deserve to be loved.
"high-power" poses for as little as two minutes stimulates higher levels of testosterone (the hormone linked to power and dominance in the animal and human worlds)."
Argument # 7
1 . (Premise) Men dont have certainty in paternity.
2 . (Premise) A promiscuous woman is more likely to be impregnated by a different male.
3 . (Contention based on 1 and 2) Promiscuous woman increases the uncertainly of paternity.
4 . (The Law of Evolution) Our biology, emotions and desires developed by an evolutionary process as a tool of our genes to facilitate reproduction of genetic data.
5 . (Contention based on 3 and 4) In order to enhance reproductive success, a man has interest to protect and support children with more certainty.
6 . (Corollary #1 to 5) Men will tend to be less attached and less inclined to support children of sexually experienced women.
Men have an innate inclination to avoid emotionally bonding to promiscuous women while still be sexually attracted to such women. Modern progressive societies view negatively judging and discriminating between women based on their sexual experience. However, for men, such a discrimination maximizes the benefits of promiscuous women (easy access to sex and reproduction) while reducing the possible costs
(cuckloding and exploitation of resources in a failed bond). 4 , 5 , 6
4 Overall, 13.1% of the women were currently divorced or separated, 62.1% were currently married, 8.3% were cohabitating, and 16.4% were never married. Divorced/separated women were more likely to report 5 or more lifetime sex partners and 2 or more sex partners in the past year than never married women. They were less likely to report condom use., from Liddone et al. ( 2010 ) Divorce and Sexual Risk Among U.S. Women: Findings from the National Survey of Family Growth J. Womens Health
6 The effects of premarital sexual promiscuity on subsequent marital sexual satisfaction, by Sherie Adams Christensen, Department of Marriage and Family Therapy. Results indicate that for every additional premarital sexual partner an individual has, not including the marital sexual partner, the likelihood that they will say their current marital sexual relationship is extremely satisfying versus only being moderately satisfying goes down 3.9%. Additionally, when running models separately for males and females, the male model was more significant at 5.3%.
5 Using nationally representative data from the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth, I estimate the association between intimate premarital relationships (premarital sex and premarital cohabitation) and subsequent marital dissolution. I extend previous research by considering relationship histories pertaining to both premarital sex and premarital cohabitation. I find that premarital sex or premarital cohabitation that is limited to a womans husband is not associated with an elevated risk of marital disruption. However, women who have more than one intimate premarital relationship have an increased risk of marital dissolution. These results suggest that neither premarital sex nor premarital cohabitation by itself indicate either preexisting characteristics or subsequent relationship environments that weaken marriages. Indeed, the findings are consistent with the notion that premarital sex and cohabitation limited to ones future spouse has become part of the normal courtship process for marriage, from Teachman, J. ( 2003 ). Premarital sex, premarital cohabitation, and the risk of subsequent marital dissolution among women. Journal of Marriage and Family, 65 ( 2 ), 444 455 .
2 . 8 femininity is masochistic , masculinity is sadistic
* Alternative title 1 : Why you should be an asshole and treat women like crap.
* Alternative title 2 : Why nice guys sexually repulse women
"I am afraid that women appreciate cruelty, downright cruelty, more than anything else. They have wonderfully primitive instincts. We have emancipated them, but they remain slaves looking for their masters all the same," Oscar Wilde.
Argument #8
1 . (The Law of Evolution) Our biology, emotions and desires developed by an evolutionary process as a tool of our genes to facilitate reproduction of genetic data.
2 . (Premise) Sex is biologically cheap for men, compared with women (e.g. pregnancy, childbirth and breast-feeding vs. sperm).
3 . (Contention based on 1 and 2) Sex is a better biological deal for men compared with women.
from Christensen, S. A. ( 2004 ). The Effects of Premarital Sexual Promiscuity on Subsequent Marital Sexual Satisfaction (Doctoral dissertation, Brigham Young University).
4 . (Corollary #1 to 3) Men will prioritize quantity of lovers (more good deals, sperm is cheap) while women will prioritize the quality of their lovers (get best deal for the high price paid for sex).
5 . (Corollary #2 to 3) It is of more importance for women, compared with men, to acquire the male genetic data with the best possible chance of reproduction.
6 . (Premise) Men with high social status reproduced more successfully than men of lower statues and the relationship between status and reproduction success is much more pronounced in men, compared with women ( 80 % of women ever lived reproduced while only 40 % of men ever lived reproduced , .)
7 . (Contention based on 5 and 6) Women will tend to be sexually attracted to men with high social status . Mens attraction to women of high social status is much weaker since the sexual success of women is weakly (compared with men) correlated to their social status.
8 . (Premise) Humans with high social status tend to dominate others and humans of low social status tend to be dominated by others.
9 . (Contention based on 4 and 8) Women will tend to be sexually attracted to men who dominate them and dominate others, regardless of how immoral and abusive these men are .
10 . (Corollary #1 to 9) Women are sexually repulsed from men they can dominate, regardless of how nice and supportive they are.
11 . (Corollary #2 to 9) A woman in a power position over a man will tend to be sexually repulsed by him.
12 . (Corollary #3 to 9) Women sexuality is fulfilled when she is weak within her relationship.
13 . (Corollary #4 to 9) Being respectful to a woman will lower her attraction to you, since it indicates you have low status compared to her.
14 . (Corollary #5 to 9) Patronizing a woman will increase her attraction to you, since it indicates you have high status compared to her.
Women are innately attracted to dominant men. This sexual attraction is blind how moral the dominant behavior is.
Within a relationship a woman needs to be dominated in order to truly fulfill her own sexuality, just as much as men need to dominate. Thus, a man should dominate and even hurt a woman if he loves her. On the other hand, in long term relationship there is also friendship and partnership, not only lust, and a balance should be found between the often contradicting relationships of lust and friendship.
2 . 9 concealed ovulation and other lies
Womens mating strategies show complexities that defy efforts at easy understanding. The challenge is not merely penetrating the puzzle of what women want; its revealing the strategies that women have evolved to achieve their desires. Hidden within their bodies, concealed within their minds, reside bewildering intricacies of sexuality that cry out for understanding. Some strategies remain secret for an excellent evolutionary reason they cannot be implemented successfully if their true design is revealed, David Buss.
Womens ovulation is concealed, i.e. there are no distinctive signals that a woman is near ovulation. Such concealed ovulation is highly uncommon in nature and characterizes only humans and a few other species . 7
Argument # 9
1 . (The Law of Evolution) Our biology, emotions and desires developed by an evolutionary process as a tool of our genes to facilitate reproduction of genetic data.
2 . (Premise) Women have concealed ovulation, i.e. their biology conceals information regarding their sexuality and fertility.
7 See Gangestad SW, Thornhill R. ( 2008 ) "Human oestrus," Proc Biol Sci. 275 ( 1638 ): 991 1000 .
3 . (Contention based on 1 and 2) Women reproduction success benefits from hiding information regarding their own sexuality.
4 . (Corollary #1 to 3) If there is an evolutionary advantage for women to conceal their sexual nature it must have affected more than just the biology of concealed ovulation. Hence, womens psychology and behavior had evolutionary pressure to conceal sexual information.
5 . (Corollary #2 to 3) Biology evolved so that women themselves are not aware of their own ovulation. Hence, lack of self-awareness of their own sexual nature gave women reproductive advantage. Therefore, womens psychology and behavior had evolutionary pressure to reduce womens awareness of their own sexuality 8 .
6 . (Corollary #3 to 3) Womens sexual mystery is a deliberate attempt by nature to obtain reproductive advantage.
7 . (Corollary #4 to 3) Dont listen to women on the subject of female attraction. They dont understand it.
8 . (Corollary #5 to 3) Women cant teach their sons how to interact with women.
8 Extensive support for this claim can be found in Chivers ML, Seto MC, Lalumire ML, Laan E, Grimbos ( 2010 ) Agreement of self-reported and genital measures of sexual arousal in men and women: a meta-analysis, T. Arch Sex Behav. 39 ( 1 ): 5 56
There are several theories as to why women choose to hide sexual information, these theories range from a method for cuckolding, keeping the man close as much as possible, and other hypotheses. In any case, the existence of concealed ovulation strongly suggests hiding information from others and themselves yielded a reproductive advantage for women. It is hard to understand womens sexual behavior for a reason: their biology and psychology deliberately dont want you (or her) to understand it since such understanding will give you true power over a woman.
2 . 10 the selfish nature of selflessness
* Alternative title # 1 : People who care about other people are actually assholes, just less self-centered assholes
* Alternative title # 2 : I like you because I'm like you.
Argument #10
1 . (The Law of Evolution) Our biology, emotions and desires developed by an evolutionary process as a tool of our genes to facilitate reproduction of genetic data.
2 . (Premise) Humans share many genes.
3 . (Contention based on 1 and 2) Genes in person # 1 can reproduce by helping the survival and reproduction of person # 2 .
4 . (Premise) The more similar the appearance of person # 1 is to person # 1 , the more similar are their genes.
5 . (Contention based on 3 and 4) Humans will tend to be more compassionate toward people similar to themselves.
6 . (Corollary #1 to 5) Compassion and empathy are, like all other emotions, selfish emotion from a genetic perspective.
Acts of generosity and compassion are actually genetically selfish behavior (at least in intention), like all human and animal behaviors. A person sees himself in another person. Genes identify similar genes and control human behavior so as to assist the survival of similar genetic data.
2 . 11 on tribalism
In this post tribalism is used in the most general way as a term to describe the tendency of humans to create and identify with a group. The size of the group can be a pair, family, town, race, country, etc. While tribalism is created (and eventually creates) genetically similar groups, the interplay between tribalism and genetic homogeneity will be discussed in the following section.
Argument # 11
1 . (The Law of Evolution) Our biology, emotions and desires developed by an evolutionary process as a tool of our genes to facilitate reproduction of genetic data.
2 . (Premise) The average reproductive success for members of a group is greater than that of humans without a group (e.g. for population of 100 people, 50 collaborating as a group will reproduce more than the 50 non-collaborating).
3 . (Contention based on 1 and 2) Humans have an emotional tendency to desire to belong in a group.
4 . (Premise) Within a given group, sub-groups can be created. All groups can be seen as sub-groups of group humanity.
5 . (Corollary #1 to 4) The average reproductive success for members of a sub-group is greater than that of members of the original group without affiliation to a sub-group (e.g. if the U.S. consists of 100 American citizens, and 50 of them are part of a sub-U.S. group, and thus give preferable treatment to each-other, they will have an advantage over the 50 who only identify with
the U.S. group and give equal treatment to all U.S. group members.)
6 . (Contention based on 1 and 5) The people outside of the sub-group would tend to create a counter sub-group so as not to be in a disadvantage. Hence, creation of a sub-group creates a counter sub-group.
7 . (Corollary #1 to 6) A group, or a sub-group, is defines by the people outside of the group (e.g. whiteness only has meaning if there are black people acting as a group and similarly blackness only has meaning near whites. The enclosed rich white people dont feel white, while the poor whites which are in contact with black groups have stronger white identification.)
8 . (Corollary #2 to 6) Tribalism creates a rival and is created by a rival.
9 . (Premise) Division of a group to sub-groups weakens the group against external threats, and thus lowers the average reproductive success of the group members.
10 . (Contention based on 5 and 9) Creating a subgroup within a group yields benefits over other group members but weakens the original group. Thus, a group will stay united if unity provides advantage over external threats which is more significant than the benefits a member might obtain by joining a sub-group.
11 . (Corollary #1 to 10) A group cannot exist without an external threat.
12 . (Corollary #2 to 10) If one sub-group totally destroys the rival sub-group it will be destroyed by internal division (e.g. if all whites were united Nazis and would have managed to kill all black people, there will be no white identity, only subwhite-group identities such as French and English, etc.)
2 . 12 the race and the tribe
Argument #12
13 . (The Law of Evolution) Our biology, emotions and desires developed by an evolutionary process as a tool of our genes to facilitate reproduction of genetic data.
14 . (Premise) Humans share many genes.
15 . (Contention, based on 1 and 2) and the First Law: Genes in person A can reproduce by helping the reproduction of person B (as long as the damage to the reproductive success to person A is low enough).
16 . (Premise) The more similar the appearance of person A is to person B, the more similar are their genes.
17 . (Contention, based on 3 and 4) Humans will tend to be more emphatic toward people similar to themselves.
18 . (Premise) The average reproductive success for members of a group is greater than that of humans without a group (e.g. for population of 100 people, 50 collaborating as a group will reproduce more than the 50 non-collaborating).
19 . (Contention, based on 2 and 6) Humans have an emotional tendency to desire to belong in a group.
20 . (Contention, based on 4 and 7) Humans will prefer to desire to belong in a group with genetically similar humans over a group genetically different humans (assuming groups of similar strength).
21 . (Corollary #1 to 8) Humans are naturally racist, i.e. more emphatic to genetically similar humans and prefer to belong to a genetically similar group.
22 . (Corollary #2 to 8) Since the family is the most basic group, preferring to take care of your biological child over other children is the most basic form of racism.
23 . (Corollary #3 to 8) In order to increase a persons empathy to another group show how similar they are to that person. In order to reduce
a persons empathy to another group show how different they are to that person.
24 . (Corollary #4 to 8) The more homogeneous a group (such as a state) is, the more stable it will be.
While humans will tend to be more emphatic to genetically similar humans, other races are genetically similar too. A person of your race has x (maybe) difference in genes and a person of another race has 2x difference. Hence, in the absence of group conflict, there will be natural empathy to people of other races, just a little bit less. In any case, unless a person poses a danger to your genetic reproduction, hurting another human is always genetically like hurting yourself, since all humans share the vast majority of their genes.
EDUC AT I O N
The accumulation of knowledge and building of a solid inner-base for a patriarch is a consuming task of most importance. Here I suggest texts relevant to the selfeducation and building of a solid constitution.
3 . 1 on war and conflict
* The Art of War, Sun Tzu, approx 500 BC, China
* On War, Carl von Clausewitz, 1832 , Prussia
* The Book of Five Rings, Miyamoto Musashi, 1645 , Japan
* Hagakure, Yamamoto Tsunetomo, 1709 , Japan
* The Old Man and the Sea, Ernest Hemingway, 1952 , Cuba
3 . 2 on economics and collaboration
It is not from the benevolence of the butcher, the brewer, or the baker that we expect our dinner, but from their regard to their own interest, Adam Smith
Books on war are of clear importance to a patriarch since they involve conflict and fight for dominance, which are in the essence of masculinity (i.e. both create and emanate from testosterone). The motives to study economics are far less clear and emanate from the solid red-pill observations in the heart of classical economic text. We can see the relation between economics and the red pill when we discuss the sexual market place, or when the economists talk about money as a social contract, or when pre-seletion mixes with supply and demand, or when goods are valued due to nothing but scarcity.
To put it bluntly: If war is the most brutal and honest form of conflict, economics is the most brutal and honest form of human relationships. I recommend any young patriarchal man to read at least one fundamental text in classical economics as part of his education.
* The Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith, 1776 , Scotland
* Money and Banking: What Everyone Should Know (audiobook), Michael Salemi, 2012 , USA
3 . 3 evolution and theoretical game
* The Selfish Gene, Richard Dawkins, 1976 , USA
* The Evolution Of Desire, by David Buss, 1994 , USA
3 . 4 applied game
* Bang: More Lays In 60 Days, Roosh V, 2007 USA
* The Married Man Sex Life Primer, Athol Kay, 2011 , USA
* No more Mr. Nice Guy, Robert Glover, 2003 , USA
* The Art of Seduction, Robert Greene, 2004 , USA
* Attraction isnt a choice, by David DeAngelo, 2004 , USA
3 . 5 development and preservation of phys ical power
Physical training is of importance to any person due to health reasons, effects on mental abilities, delay in effects of aging, physical attractiveness and more. Strength training and body building are of significant interest to the Patriarch since they are strongly related to masculinity (i.e. both emanates and create testosterone) and since muscles have a primal psychological effect
on a man power and ability to physical violence. It is thus important that a young Patriarch will be wellinformed in the proper methods and biology of strength training and I thus very strongly advise any young Patriarch to read on physical exercise and strength training. Make sure you study the proper methods to train and preserve you body.
* Body by Science, John R. Little, 2008 , USA
* Lifelong Health: Achieving Optimum Well-Being at Any Age (audiobook), Anthony A. Goodman, 2013 , USA
3 . 6 general
* Willpower: Rediscovering the Greatest Human Strength, John Tierney and Roy Baumeister, 2011 , USA
* The way of men, Jack Donovan, 2012 , USA
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Dear Friends in Mission,
Your generosity during our campaign to raise funds for community service projects at BirminghamSouthern College touched us all. Thanks to you, our "Loafing for Community Engagement was successful. There are many issues that face the Church today, and teaching generosity remains central. Thank you for being a living reminder of generous hearts.
Sincerely yours, Kristin Harper, Director of Bunting Center for Engaged Study and Community Action Rev. Julie Holly, Chaplain Laura Sisson, Director of Church Relations
Traditional Worship
ecember
D 4, 2016
The Second Sunday of Advent The Chancel Choir Presents I n T erra P ax Choirmaster and Organist — Dr. Lester Seigel
WELCOME CHILDREN! —Parents, make sure your children get a worship activity pack in the Narthex entrance area. The Children's Comfort Room is also adjacent to the Narthex.
Order of Morning Worship
*Congregation Please Stand
Words in bold type are spoken or sung by the congregation.
VoluntaryExcerpts from Partita on "Savior of the Nations, Come" Hermann Schroeder
Welcome and Parish Notices
IntroitPeople, Look East
BESANÇON
Furrows, be glad. Though earth is bare, one more seed is planted there. Give up your strength the seed to nourish, that in course the flower may flourish. People, look east and sing today: Love, the Rose, is on the way.
* Processional Hymn 211O Come, O Come, Emmanuel, vv. 1 - 4, 7
VENI EMMANUEL
Lighting the Advent Candle
Drew and Joanna Clayton
Last Sunday, we began the Advent practice of lighting candles to commemorate the arrival of Jesus into our lives. We lit the candle of hope as a reminder that with Jesus, there is always the promise of a new future. This morning, we light the second candle, the candle of PEACE. We all know that peace can be elusive. At times, it can feel completely absent! But in this season of Advent, we trust that God is never absent from us.
God is always preparing something new. And even where there is war and discord, whether between countries, within families, or within our own hearts, God is present, gently leading us to new possibilities.
Let us pray together:
Loving God,
We thank You for the hope and peace You offer us.
Heal our hearts, so that we may walk in the peace of Christ at all times.
Prepare our hearts to be changed by You,
That we may walk in the light of Christ.
In Jesus' name we pray. Amen.
Sung Response: Come, Thou Long-Expected Jesus
* Passing of the PeaceThe Peace of the Lord be with you, and also with You.
Prayer of Confession and Words of Forgiveness
Minister: Christ our Lord invites to his table all who love him, who earnestly repent of their sin and seek to live in peace with one another. Therefore, let us confess our sin before God and one another.
People: Merciful God, we confess that we have not loved you with our whole heart. We have failed to be an obedient church. We have not done your will, we have broken your law, we have rebelled against your love, we have not loved our neighbors, and we have not heard the cry of the needy. Forgive us, we pray. Free us for joyful obedience, through Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen.
All pray in silence
Kyrie482
Lord, have mercy. Lord, have mercy. Christ, have mercy. Christ, have mercy. Lord, have mercy. Lord, have mercy.
Minister: Hear the good news: Christ died for us while we were yet sinners; that proves God's love toward us. In the name of Jesus Christ, you are forgiven!
People: In the name of Jesus Christ, you are forgiven!
All: Glory to God. Amen.
Our Gifts and Music
OffertoryEs ist ein Ros' (Lo, How a Rose E'er Blooming) Johannes Brahms
* Doxology(Sung to the tune of "O Come, O Come, Emmanuel")
VENI EMMANUEL
Praise God from whom all blessings flow; praise Him, all creatures here below; praise Him, above ye heavenly hosts, praise Father, Son, and Holy Ghost. Amen.
IN TERRA PAX, OPUS 39 BY GERALD FINZI
The Canterbury Church Choir and Instrumentalists Nick DeCastro, baritone soloist Hannah Ellington, soprano soloist
Hymn of Presentation 626Let All Mortal Flesh Keep Silence, vv. 1, 2, 4
PICARDY
Presenting the ElementsTy and LaVone Warren
The Great Thanksgiving, page 17 in Hymnal, Music Setting A
The Lord's Prayer
Our Father, who art in heaven, hallowed be thy name. Thy kingdom come, thy will be done on earth as it is in heaven. Give us this day our daily bread. And forgive us our trespasses, as we forgive those who trespass against us. And lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil. For thine is the kingdom, and the power, and the glory, forever. Amen.
Breaking the Bread and Giving the Bread
Fraction Anthem
Be Known to Us, Lord Jesus Rebecca Bolding, cantor
SungRefrain: Be known to us, Lord Jesus, in the breaking of the bread.
Music During Communion
Hymn 230 O Little Town of Bethlehem
ST. LOUIS
Hymn 221 In the Bleak Midwinter
CRANHAM
Prayer After Receiving
Eternal God, we give you thanks for this holy mystery in which you have given yourself to us. May we be transformed into your image. Grant that we may go into the world in the strength of your Spirit, to give ourselves for others, in the name of Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen.
* Dismissal & Blessing
Want to know more about Following Jesus and Serving Others? To make Canterbury your home church, contact Rev. Tori Hastings at 868-6580 or firstname.lastname@example.org.
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