DOI stringlengths 13 40 | question stringlengths 28 165 | context stringlengths 19 2k | answers dict | qa_type stringclasses 3
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10.1038/s41598-019-45696-w | What is the yield strength of Ti-6Al-4V? | The results of the room temperature tensile testing are presented in Table 3. AMS4999A specifies minimum values in the Z-direction for additively manufactured Ti-6Al-4V of 855 MPa for ultimate tensile strength (UTS), 765 MPa for yield strength at 0.2% offset, and 5% elongation at failure. It can be seen from Table 3 that all samples met the minimum requirements for UTS and yield stress, but that seven of the samples failed to meet the required standard for elongation. | {
"answer_start": [
217
],
"text": [
"765 MPa"
]
} | Numeric Lookup | YieldStrength | 0 |
10.1038/s41598-019-45696-w | Which compound has a yield strength of 765 MPa? | The results of the room temperature tensile testing are presented in Table 3. AMS4999A specifies minimum values in the Z-direction for additively manufactured Ti-6Al-4V of 855 MPa for ultimate tensile strength (UTS), 765 MPa for yield strength at 0.2% offset, and 5% elongation at failure. It can be seen from Table 3 that all samples met the minimum requirements for UTS and yield stress, but that seven of the samples failed to meet the required standard for elongation. | {
"answer_start": [
159
],
"text": [
"Ti-6Al-4V"
]
} | Entity Lookup | YieldStrength | 1 |
10.1038/s41598-019-45696-w | According to the paragraph, which mechanical property is 765 MPa for Ti-6Al-4V? | The results of the room temperature tensile testing are presented in Table 3. AMS4999A specifies minimum values in the Z-direction for additively manufactured Ti-6Al-4V of 855 MPa for ultimate tensile strength (UTS), 765 MPa for yield strength at 0.2% offset, and 5% elongation at failure. It can be seen from Table 3 that all samples met the minimum requirements for UTS and yield stress, but that seven of the samples failed to meet the required standard for elongation. | {
"answer_start": [
229
],
"text": [
"yield strength"
]
} | Property Identification | YieldStrength | 2 |
10.1038/s41598-019-45696-w | What is the ultimate tensile strength of Ti-6Al-4V? | The results of the room temperature tensile testing are presented in Table 3. AMS4999A specifies minimum values in the Z-direction for additively manufactured Ti-6Al-4V of 855 MPa for ultimate tensile strength (UTS), 765 MPa for yield strength at 0.2% offset, and 5% elongation at failure. It can be seen from Table 3 that all samples met the minimum requirements for UTS and yield stress, but that seven of the samples failed to meet the required standard for elongation. | {
"answer_start": [
172
],
"text": [
"855 MPa"
]
} | Numeric Lookup | UltimateTensileStrength | 3 |
10.1038/s41598-019-45696-w | Which compound has a ultimate tensile strength of 855 MPa? | The results of the room temperature tensile testing are presented in Table 3. AMS4999A specifies minimum values in the Z-direction for additively manufactured Ti-6Al-4V of 855 MPa for ultimate tensile strength (UTS), 765 MPa for yield strength at 0.2% offset, and 5% elongation at failure. It can be seen from Table 3 that all samples met the minimum requirements for UTS and yield stress, but that seven of the samples failed to meet the required standard for elongation. | {
"answer_start": [
159
],
"text": [
"Ti-6Al-4V"
]
} | Entity Lookup | UltimateTensileStrength | 4 |
10.1038/s41598-019-45696-w | According to the paragraph, which mechanical property is 855 MPa for Ti-6Al-4V? | The results of the room temperature tensile testing are presented in Table 3. AMS4999A specifies minimum values in the Z-direction for additively manufactured Ti-6Al-4V of 855 MPa for ultimate tensile strength (UTS), 765 MPa for yield strength at 0.2% offset, and 5% elongation at failure. It can be seen from Table 3 that all samples met the minimum requirements for UTS and yield stress, but that seven of the samples failed to meet the required standard for elongation. | {
"answer_start": [
184
],
"text": [
"ultimate tensile strength"
]
} | Property Identification | UltimateTensileStrength | 5 |
10.1038/s41598-019-45696-w | What is the ultimate tensile strength of Ti-6Al-4V? | The results of the room temperature tensile testing are presented in Table 3. AMS4999A specifies minimum values in the Z-direction for additively manufactured Ti-6Al-4V of 855 MPa for ultimate tensile strength (UTS), 765 MPa for yield strength at 0.2% offset, and 5% elongation at failure. It can be seen from Table 3 that all samples met the minimum requirements for UTS and yield stress, but that seven of the samples failed to meet the required standard for elongation. | {
"answer_start": [
217
],
"text": [
"765 MPa"
]
} | Numeric Lookup | UltimateTensileStrength | 6 |
10.1038/s41598-019-45696-w | Which compound has a ultimate tensile strength of 765 MPa? | The results of the room temperature tensile testing are presented in Table 3. AMS4999A specifies minimum values in the Z-direction for additively manufactured Ti-6Al-4V of 855 MPa for ultimate tensile strength (UTS), 765 MPa for yield strength at 0.2% offset, and 5% elongation at failure. It can be seen from Table 3 that all samples met the minimum requirements for UTS and yield stress, but that seven of the samples failed to meet the required standard for elongation. | {
"answer_start": [
159
],
"text": [
"Ti-6Al-4V"
]
} | Entity Lookup | UltimateTensileStrength | 7 |
10.1038/s41598-019-45696-w | According to the paragraph, which mechanical property is 765 MPa for Ti-6Al-4V? | The results of the room temperature tensile testing are presented in Table 3. AMS4999A specifies minimum values in the Z-direction for additively manufactured Ti-6Al-4V of 855 MPa for ultimate tensile strength (UTS), 765 MPa for yield strength at 0.2% offset, and 5% elongation at failure. It can be seen from Table 3 that all samples met the minimum requirements for UTS and yield stress, but that seven of the samples failed to meet the required standard for elongation. | {
"answer_start": [
184
],
"text": [
"ultimate tensile strength"
]
} | Property Identification | UltimateTensileStrength | 8 |
10.1038/s41598-020-58273-3 | What is the yield strength of SS 316? | Additive manufacturing (AM) has attracted much attention over past ten years in the perspective of an innovative fabrication processing including intrinsic design freedom and short lead times. Heat sources (laser or electron beam) of the AM melt metal particles selectively and build up incrementally layer by layer utilizing powder bed fusion (PBF) or direct energy deposition (DED) processes. Inherently, the small melting particles (~a few hundreds μm in diameter) experience rapid solidification with fast cooling rates (about 106 K/s in PBF and 102 K/s in DED). Such higher cooling rates of AM process can provide significantly different microstructural characteristics such as fine grains, directional grain architectures, and non-equilibrium phases/composition substructures compared to the conventional casting process (~0.1–10 K/s). As a result, several studies have reported higher yield strengths and comparable elongations compared to cast or wrought forms in AM stainless steels (SS). Pham et al. reported extraordinary high yield strength of 520 MPa and elongation of ~60% in PBF AM SS 316 L (double of annealed commercial SS 316 L alloys) and highlighted fine subgrains having high dislocation density and strong twinning-induced plasticity. Recently AM reaches HEAs, for example, AM CrCoNiFe (Al, Ti, Mn) and AM refractory HEAs (MoNbTaW, TiZrNbTa). Noticeably, Li et al. showed tensile strength over 600 MPa in a high energy laser AM CrCoNiFeMn HEA (not less than cast-wrought CrCoNiFeMn HEA) having a large number of dislocation pile-ups and nanotwins in refined grains. Thus, full-fill knowledge and accurate analyses of the SFE is critical to elucidate the reason of the superior strength properties, which is highly relevant to the dominant deformation mode between dislocation slip and twinning in AM alloys. | {
"answer_start": [
1056
],
"text": [
"520 MPa"
]
} | Numeric Lookup | YieldStrength | 9 |
10.1038/s41598-020-58273-3 | Which compound has a yield strength of 520 MPa? | Additive manufacturing (AM) has attracted much attention over past ten years in the perspective of an innovative fabrication processing including intrinsic design freedom and short lead times. Heat sources (laser or electron beam) of the AM melt metal particles selectively and build up incrementally layer by layer utilizing powder bed fusion (PBF) or direct energy deposition (DED) processes. Inherently, the small melting particles (~a few hundreds μm in diameter) experience rapid solidification with fast cooling rates (about 106 K/s in PBF and 102 K/s in DED). Such higher cooling rates of AM process can provide significantly different microstructural characteristics such as fine grains, directional grain architectures, and non-equilibrium phases/composition substructures compared to the conventional casting process (~0.1–10 K/s). As a result, several studies have reported higher yield strengths and comparable elongations compared to cast or wrought forms in AM stainless steels (SS). Pham et al. reported extraordinary high yield strength of 520 MPa and elongation of ~60% in PBF AM SS 316 L (double of annealed commercial SS 316 L alloys) and highlighted fine subgrains having high dislocation density and strong twinning-induced plasticity. Recently AM reaches HEAs, for example, AM CrCoNiFe (Al, Ti, Mn) and AM refractory HEAs (MoNbTaW, TiZrNbTa). Noticeably, Li et al. showed tensile strength over 600 MPa in a high energy laser AM CrCoNiFeMn HEA (not less than cast-wrought CrCoNiFeMn HEA) having a large number of dislocation pile-ups and nanotwins in refined grains. Thus, full-fill knowledge and accurate analyses of the SFE is critical to elucidate the reason of the superior strength properties, which is highly relevant to the dominant deformation mode between dislocation slip and twinning in AM alloys. | {
"answer_start": [
1097
],
"text": [
"SS 316"
]
} | Entity Lookup | YieldStrength | 10 |
10.1038/s41598-020-58273-3 | According to the paragraph, which mechanical property is 520 MPa for SS 316? | Additive manufacturing (AM) has attracted much attention over past ten years in the perspective of an innovative fabrication processing including intrinsic design freedom and short lead times. Heat sources (laser or electron beam) of the AM melt metal particles selectively and build up incrementally layer by layer utilizing powder bed fusion (PBF) or direct energy deposition (DED) processes. Inherently, the small melting particles (~a few hundreds μm in diameter) experience rapid solidification with fast cooling rates (about 106 K/s in PBF and 102 K/s in DED). Such higher cooling rates of AM process can provide significantly different microstructural characteristics such as fine grains, directional grain architectures, and non-equilibrium phases/composition substructures compared to the conventional casting process (~0.1–10 K/s). As a result, several studies have reported higher yield strengths and comparable elongations compared to cast or wrought forms in AM stainless steels (SS). Pham et al. reported extraordinary high yield strength of 520 MPa and elongation of ~60% in PBF AM SS 316 L (double of annealed commercial SS 316 L alloys) and highlighted fine subgrains having high dislocation density and strong twinning-induced plasticity. Recently AM reaches HEAs, for example, AM CrCoNiFe (Al, Ti, Mn) and AM refractory HEAs (MoNbTaW, TiZrNbTa). Noticeably, Li et al. showed tensile strength over 600 MPa in a high energy laser AM CrCoNiFeMn HEA (not less than cast-wrought CrCoNiFeMn HEA) having a large number of dislocation pile-ups and nanotwins in refined grains. Thus, full-fill knowledge and accurate analyses of the SFE is critical to elucidate the reason of the superior strength properties, which is highly relevant to the dominant deformation mode between dislocation slip and twinning in AM alloys. | {
"answer_start": [
892
],
"text": [
"yield strength"
]
} | Property Identification | YieldStrength | 11 |
10.1038/s41598-020-58273-3 | What is the yield strength of CrCoNi? | Tensile specimens were additively manufactured by using the DED process using AM powder (see Methods, Fig. 1(a,b)). Figure 1(c) show the engineering stress-strain curve with the strain rate of 2 × 10−5 s−1 in AM SS 316 L and AM CrCoNi specimens. To avoid complication the results of higher strain rate (2 × 10−3 s−1) will be described later separately. It shows the yield strength (σy), ultimate tensile strength (σUTS), and elongation (εf) of 540 MPa, 660 MPa, 62% for AM SS 316 L, respectively, as summarized in Table 1. It is higher than typical cast-wrought type SS 316 L specimens (σy: 260–300 MPa, σUTS: 500–600 MPa, εf: 40–50%) and similar to the PBF SS 316 L specimens (550–650 MPa, 580–730, 50–55%) in literature. Meanwhile, tensile properties of AM CrCoNi (490 MPa, 790 MPa, 57%) is comparable to those of cast-wrought CrCoNi alloys (360–440 MPa, 800–890 MPa, 46–72%). A recent study of the cast-wrought CrCoNi shows wide ranges of σy (350–1300 MPa), σUTS (800–1300 MPa), and εf (15–75%) depending on degrees of recrystallization relevant to twins and dislocation densities. Higher work hardening was observed in AM CrCoNi compared to the AM SS 316 L in true stress-strain curve (shown in Fig. S2, Supplementary information). The hardening capacity (Hc = σUTS/σy − 1) of 1.50 in AM CrCoNi is two times higher than 0.75 in AM SS 316 L. | {
"answer_start": [
453
],
"text": [
"660 MPa"
]
} | Numeric Lookup | YieldStrength | 12 |
10.1038/s41598-020-58273-3 | Which compound has a yield strength of 660 MPa? | Tensile specimens were additively manufactured by using the DED process using AM powder (see Methods, Fig. 1(a,b)). Figure 1(c) show the engineering stress-strain curve with the strain rate of 2 × 10−5 s−1 in AM SS 316 L and AM CrCoNi specimens. To avoid complication the results of higher strain rate (2 × 10−3 s−1) will be described later separately. It shows the yield strength (σy), ultimate tensile strength (σUTS), and elongation (εf) of 540 MPa, 660 MPa, 62% for AM SS 316 L, respectively, as summarized in Table 1. It is higher than typical cast-wrought type SS 316 L specimens (σy: 260–300 MPa, σUTS: 500–600 MPa, εf: 40–50%) and similar to the PBF SS 316 L specimens (550–650 MPa, 580–730, 50–55%) in literature. Meanwhile, tensile properties of AM CrCoNi (490 MPa, 790 MPa, 57%) is comparable to those of cast-wrought CrCoNi alloys (360–440 MPa, 800–890 MPa, 46–72%). A recent study of the cast-wrought CrCoNi shows wide ranges of σy (350–1300 MPa), σUTS (800–1300 MPa), and εf (15–75%) depending on degrees of recrystallization relevant to twins and dislocation densities. Higher work hardening was observed in AM CrCoNi compared to the AM SS 316 L in true stress-strain curve (shown in Fig. S2, Supplementary information). The hardening capacity (Hc = σUTS/σy − 1) of 1.50 in AM CrCoNi is two times higher than 0.75 in AM SS 316 L. | {
"answer_start": [
228
],
"text": [
"CrCoNi"
]
} | Entity Lookup | YieldStrength | 13 |
10.1038/s41598-020-58273-3 | According to the paragraph, which mechanical property is 660 MPa for CrCoNi? | Tensile specimens were additively manufactured by using the DED process using AM powder (see Methods, Fig. 1(a,b)). Figure 1(c) show the engineering stress-strain curve with the strain rate of 2 × 10−5 s−1 in AM SS 316 L and AM CrCoNi specimens. To avoid complication the results of higher strain rate (2 × 10−3 s−1) will be described later separately. It shows the yield strength (σy), ultimate tensile strength (σUTS), and elongation (εf) of 540 MPa, 660 MPa, 62% for AM SS 316 L, respectively, as summarized in Table 1. It is higher than typical cast-wrought type SS 316 L specimens (σy: 260–300 MPa, σUTS: 500–600 MPa, εf: 40–50%) and similar to the PBF SS 316 L specimens (550–650 MPa, 580–730, 50–55%) in literature. Meanwhile, tensile properties of AM CrCoNi (490 MPa, 790 MPa, 57%) is comparable to those of cast-wrought CrCoNi alloys (360–440 MPa, 800–890 MPa, 46–72%). A recent study of the cast-wrought CrCoNi shows wide ranges of σy (350–1300 MPa), σUTS (800–1300 MPa), and εf (15–75%) depending on degrees of recrystallization relevant to twins and dislocation densities. Higher work hardening was observed in AM CrCoNi compared to the AM SS 316 L in true stress-strain curve (shown in Fig. S2, Supplementary information). The hardening capacity (Hc = σUTS/σy − 1) of 1.50 in AM CrCoNi is two times higher than 0.75 in AM SS 316 L. | {
"answer_start": [
366
],
"text": [
"yield strength"
]
} | Property Identification | YieldStrength | 14 |
10.1038/s41598-020-58273-3 | What is the yield strength of CrCoNi? | Let us discuss about the relationship between strain rates and SFE/microstructure in AM CrCoNi alloy. Firstly, it should be mentioned that higher strength properties were observed when tensile loaded with a higher strain rate. Note that an additional AM CrCoNi specimen was prepared with the identical sample dimension and tensile loaded at a relatively higher strain rate (HSR) of 2 × 10−3 s−1 compared to the lower strain rate (LSR) of 2 × 10−5 s−1. The stress-strain curve at the HSR results in the σy of 560 MPa, the σUTS of 850 MPa, and the εf of 47% (Fig. 1(c)), which are higher than LSR as summarized in Table 1. The observed stress relaxations of about 50 MPa (corresponding to about 10% of flow stress) is caused by interrupts with displacement holding for 600 s at each step of 0.5 mm in the plastic regime until fracture. It is necessary for the neutron diffraction in situ experiments to record diffraction peaks due to the long neutron counting time resolution (~a few minutes). Higher strengths readily achieved by HSR is likely relevant to the dominant stacking faults/twins in microstructure due to the excess of a critical stress. | {
"answer_start": [
508
],
"text": [
"560 MPa"
]
} | Numeric Lookup | YieldStrength | 15 |
10.1038/s41598-020-58273-3 | Which compound has a yield strength of 560 MPa? | Let us discuss about the relationship between strain rates and SFE/microstructure in AM CrCoNi alloy. Firstly, it should be mentioned that higher strength properties were observed when tensile loaded with a higher strain rate. Note that an additional AM CrCoNi specimen was prepared with the identical sample dimension and tensile loaded at a relatively higher strain rate (HSR) of 2 × 10−3 s−1 compared to the lower strain rate (LSR) of 2 × 10−5 s−1. The stress-strain curve at the HSR results in the σy of 560 MPa, the σUTS of 850 MPa, and the εf of 47% (Fig. 1(c)), which are higher than LSR as summarized in Table 1. The observed stress relaxations of about 50 MPa (corresponding to about 10% of flow stress) is caused by interrupts with displacement holding for 600 s at each step of 0.5 mm in the plastic regime until fracture. It is necessary for the neutron diffraction in situ experiments to record diffraction peaks due to the long neutron counting time resolution (~a few minutes). Higher strengths readily achieved by HSR is likely relevant to the dominant stacking faults/twins in microstructure due to the excess of a critical stress. | {
"answer_start": [
88
],
"text": [
"CrCoNi"
]
} | Entity Lookup | YieldStrength | 16 |
10.1038/s41598-020-58273-3 | According to the paragraph, which mechanical property is 560 MPa for CrCoNi? | Let us discuss about the relationship between strain rates and SFE/microstructure in AM CrCoNi alloy. Firstly, it should be mentioned that higher strength properties were observed when tensile loaded with a higher strain rate. Note that an additional AM CrCoNi specimen was prepared with the identical sample dimension and tensile loaded at a relatively higher strain rate (HSR) of 2 × 10−3 s−1 compared to the lower strain rate (LSR) of 2 × 10−5 s−1. The stress-strain curve at the HSR results in the σy of 560 MPa, the σUTS of 850 MPa, and the εf of 47% (Fig. 1(c)), which are higher than LSR as summarized in Table 1. The observed stress relaxations of about 50 MPa (corresponding to about 10% of flow stress) is caused by interrupts with displacement holding for 600 s at each step of 0.5 mm in the plastic regime until fracture. It is necessary for the neutron diffraction in situ experiments to record diffraction peaks due to the long neutron counting time resolution (~a few minutes). Higher strengths readily achieved by HSR is likely relevant to the dominant stacking faults/twins in microstructure due to the excess of a critical stress. | {
"answer_start": [
502
],
"text": [
"σy"
]
} | Property Identification | YieldStrength | 17 |
10.1038/s41598-020-58273-3 | What is the yield strength of CrCoNi? | Excellent combination of strength, ductility, and toughness has been found in an equiatomic, face-centered-cubic CrCoNiFeMn high-entropy alloys (HEA). The reason of the exceptional properties at cryogenic temperature has been mainly attributed to the evolution of the nanoscale twinning under plastic deformation, so-called twinning-induced plasticity. Compared to the HEA, superior mechanical properties of CrCoNi medium-entropy alloys (MEA) have been recently reported at both room and cryogenic temperature. High attention has been focused on the evolution of the twinning substructure and/or a new phase with hexagonal close packed structure instead of the initial deformation mode of the dislocation slip in MEAs. Systematic examinations of the substructure elucidate that the critical twinning stress of 790 ± 100 MPa reaches at the earlier strain of 9.7–12.9% for CrCoNi MEA than 720 ± 30 MPa at ~25% for CrCoNiFeMn HEA because of higher yield strength and work hardening rate with larger shear modulus of the MEA. Earlier formation of the nano-twinning and its activation over a more extended strain range is of importance accepted as the reason of the exceptional strength-ductility-toughness combination in MEA. | {
"answer_start": [
810
],
"text": [
"790 ± 100 MPa"
]
} | Numeric Lookup | YieldStrength | 18 |
10.1038/s41598-020-58273-3 | Which compound has a yield strength of 790 ± 100 MPa? | Excellent combination of strength, ductility, and toughness has been found in an equiatomic, face-centered-cubic CrCoNiFeMn high-entropy alloys (HEA). The reason of the exceptional properties at cryogenic temperature has been mainly attributed to the evolution of the nanoscale twinning under plastic deformation, so-called twinning-induced plasticity. Compared to the HEA, superior mechanical properties of CrCoNi medium-entropy alloys (MEA) have been recently reported at both room and cryogenic temperature. High attention has been focused on the evolution of the twinning substructure and/or a new phase with hexagonal close packed structure instead of the initial deformation mode of the dislocation slip in MEAs. Systematic examinations of the substructure elucidate that the critical twinning stress of 790 ± 100 MPa reaches at the earlier strain of 9.7–12.9% for CrCoNi MEA than 720 ± 30 MPa at ~25% for CrCoNiFeMn HEA because of higher yield strength and work hardening rate with larger shear modulus of the MEA. Earlier formation of the nano-twinning and its activation over a more extended strain range is of importance accepted as the reason of the exceptional strength-ductility-toughness combination in MEA. | {
"answer_start": [
113
],
"text": [
"CrCoNi"
]
} | Entity Lookup | YieldStrength | 19 |
10.1038/s41598-020-58273-3 | According to the paragraph, which mechanical property is 790 ± 100 MPa for CrCoNi? | Excellent combination of strength, ductility, and toughness has been found in an equiatomic, face-centered-cubic CrCoNiFeMn high-entropy alloys (HEA). The reason of the exceptional properties at cryogenic temperature has been mainly attributed to the evolution of the nanoscale twinning under plastic deformation, so-called twinning-induced plasticity. Compared to the HEA, superior mechanical properties of CrCoNi medium-entropy alloys (MEA) have been recently reported at both room and cryogenic temperature. High attention has been focused on the evolution of the twinning substructure and/or a new phase with hexagonal close packed structure instead of the initial deformation mode of the dislocation slip in MEAs. Systematic examinations of the substructure elucidate that the critical twinning stress of 790 ± 100 MPa reaches at the earlier strain of 9.7–12.9% for CrCoNi MEA than 720 ± 30 MPa at ~25% for CrCoNiFeMn HEA because of higher yield strength and work hardening rate with larger shear modulus of the MEA. Earlier formation of the nano-twinning and its activation over a more extended strain range is of importance accepted as the reason of the exceptional strength-ductility-toughness combination in MEA. | {
"answer_start": [
945
],
"text": [
"yield strength"
]
} | Property Identification | YieldStrength | 20 |
10.1038/s41598-020-58273-3 | What is the yield strength of CrCoNi? | Tensile specimens were additively manufactured by using the DED process using AM powder (see Methods, Fig. 1(a,b)). Figure 1(c) show the engineering stress-strain curve with the strain rate of 2 × 10−5 s−1 in AM SS 316 L and AM CrCoNi specimens. To avoid complication the results of higher strain rate (2 × 10−3 s−1) will be described later separately. It shows the yield strength (σy), ultimate tensile strength (σUTS), and elongation (εf) of 540 MPa, 660 MPa, 62% for AM SS 316 L, respectively, as summarized in Table 1. It is higher than typical cast-wrought type SS 316 L specimens (σy: 260–300 MPa, σUTS: 500–600 MPa, εf: 40–50%) and similar to the PBF SS 316 L specimens (550–650 MPa, 580–730, 50–55%) in literature. Meanwhile, tensile properties of AM CrCoNi (490 MPa, 790 MPa, 57%) is comparable to those of cast-wrought CrCoNi alloys (360–440 MPa, 800–890 MPa, 46–72%). A recent study of the cast-wrought CrCoNi shows wide ranges of σy (350–1300 MPa), σUTS (800–1300 MPa), and εf (15–75%) depending on degrees of recrystallization relevant to twins and dislocation densities. Higher work hardening was observed in AM CrCoNi compared to the AM SS 316 L in true stress-strain curve (shown in Fig. S2, Supplementary information). The hardening capacity (Hc = σUTS/σy − 1) of 1.50 in AM CrCoNi is two times higher than 0.75 in AM SS 316 L. | {
"answer_start": [
444
],
"text": [
"540 MPa"
]
} | Numeric Lookup | YieldStrength | 21 |
10.1038/s41598-020-58273-3 | Which compound has a yield strength of 540 MPa? | Tensile specimens were additively manufactured by using the DED process using AM powder (see Methods, Fig. 1(a,b)). Figure 1(c) show the engineering stress-strain curve with the strain rate of 2 × 10−5 s−1 in AM SS 316 L and AM CrCoNi specimens. To avoid complication the results of higher strain rate (2 × 10−3 s−1) will be described later separately. It shows the yield strength (σy), ultimate tensile strength (σUTS), and elongation (εf) of 540 MPa, 660 MPa, 62% for AM SS 316 L, respectively, as summarized in Table 1. It is higher than typical cast-wrought type SS 316 L specimens (σy: 260–300 MPa, σUTS: 500–600 MPa, εf: 40–50%) and similar to the PBF SS 316 L specimens (550–650 MPa, 580–730, 50–55%) in literature. Meanwhile, tensile properties of AM CrCoNi (490 MPa, 790 MPa, 57%) is comparable to those of cast-wrought CrCoNi alloys (360–440 MPa, 800–890 MPa, 46–72%). A recent study of the cast-wrought CrCoNi shows wide ranges of σy (350–1300 MPa), σUTS (800–1300 MPa), and εf (15–75%) depending on degrees of recrystallization relevant to twins and dislocation densities. Higher work hardening was observed in AM CrCoNi compared to the AM SS 316 L in true stress-strain curve (shown in Fig. S2, Supplementary information). The hardening capacity (Hc = σUTS/σy − 1) of 1.50 in AM CrCoNi is two times higher than 0.75 in AM SS 316 L. | {
"answer_start": [
228
],
"text": [
"CrCoNi"
]
} | Entity Lookup | YieldStrength | 22 |
10.1038/s41598-020-58273-3 | According to the paragraph, which mechanical property is 540 MPa for CrCoNi? | Tensile specimens were additively manufactured by using the DED process using AM powder (see Methods, Fig. 1(a,b)). Figure 1(c) show the engineering stress-strain curve with the strain rate of 2 × 10−5 s−1 in AM SS 316 L and AM CrCoNi specimens. To avoid complication the results of higher strain rate (2 × 10−3 s−1) will be described later separately. It shows the yield strength (σy), ultimate tensile strength (σUTS), and elongation (εf) of 540 MPa, 660 MPa, 62% for AM SS 316 L, respectively, as summarized in Table 1. It is higher than typical cast-wrought type SS 316 L specimens (σy: 260–300 MPa, σUTS: 500–600 MPa, εf: 40–50%) and similar to the PBF SS 316 L specimens (550–650 MPa, 580–730, 50–55%) in literature. Meanwhile, tensile properties of AM CrCoNi (490 MPa, 790 MPa, 57%) is comparable to those of cast-wrought CrCoNi alloys (360–440 MPa, 800–890 MPa, 46–72%). A recent study of the cast-wrought CrCoNi shows wide ranges of σy (350–1300 MPa), σUTS (800–1300 MPa), and εf (15–75%) depending on degrees of recrystallization relevant to twins and dislocation densities. Higher work hardening was observed in AM CrCoNi compared to the AM SS 316 L in true stress-strain curve (shown in Fig. S2, Supplementary information). The hardening capacity (Hc = σUTS/σy − 1) of 1.50 in AM CrCoNi is two times higher than 0.75 in AM SS 316 L. | {
"answer_start": [
366
],
"text": [
"yield strength"
]
} | Property Identification | YieldStrength | 23 |
10.1038/s41598-020-58273-3 | What is the ultimate tensile strength of CrCoNiFeMn? | Additive manufacturing (AM) has attracted much attention over past ten years in the perspective of an innovative fabrication processing including intrinsic design freedom and short lead times. Heat sources (laser or electron beam) of the AM melt metal particles selectively and build up incrementally layer by layer utilizing powder bed fusion (PBF) or direct energy deposition (DED) processes. Inherently, the small melting particles (~a few hundreds μm in diameter) experience rapid solidification with fast cooling rates (about 106 K/s in PBF and 102 K/s in DED). Such higher cooling rates of AM process can provide significantly different microstructural characteristics such as fine grains, directional grain architectures, and non-equilibrium phases/composition substructures compared to the conventional casting process (~0.1–10 K/s). As a result, several studies have reported higher yield strengths and comparable elongations compared to cast or wrought forms in AM stainless steels (SS). Pham et al. reported extraordinary high yield strength of 520 MPa and elongation of ~60% in PBF AM SS 316 L (double of annealed commercial SS 316 L alloys) and highlighted fine subgrains having high dislocation density and strong twinning-induced plasticity. Recently AM reaches HEAs, for example, AM CrCoNiFe (Al, Ti, Mn) and AM refractory HEAs (MoNbTaW, TiZrNbTa). Noticeably, Li et al. showed tensile strength over 600 MPa in a high energy laser AM CrCoNiFeMn HEA (not less than cast-wrought CrCoNiFeMn HEA) having a large number of dislocation pile-ups and nanotwins in refined grains. Thus, full-fill knowledge and accurate analyses of the SFE is critical to elucidate the reason of the superior strength properties, which is highly relevant to the dominant deformation mode between dislocation slip and twinning in AM alloys. | {
"answer_start": [
1416
],
"text": [
"600 MPa"
]
} | Numeric Lookup | UltimateTensileStrength | 24 |
10.1038/s41598-020-58273-3 | Which compound has a ultimate tensile strength of 600 MPa? | Additive manufacturing (AM) has attracted much attention over past ten years in the perspective of an innovative fabrication processing including intrinsic design freedom and short lead times. Heat sources (laser or electron beam) of the AM melt metal particles selectively and build up incrementally layer by layer utilizing powder bed fusion (PBF) or direct energy deposition (DED) processes. Inherently, the small melting particles (~a few hundreds μm in diameter) experience rapid solidification with fast cooling rates (about 106 K/s in PBF and 102 K/s in DED). Such higher cooling rates of AM process can provide significantly different microstructural characteristics such as fine grains, directional grain architectures, and non-equilibrium phases/composition substructures compared to the conventional casting process (~0.1–10 K/s). As a result, several studies have reported higher yield strengths and comparable elongations compared to cast or wrought forms in AM stainless steels (SS). Pham et al. reported extraordinary high yield strength of 520 MPa and elongation of ~60% in PBF AM SS 316 L (double of annealed commercial SS 316 L alloys) and highlighted fine subgrains having high dislocation density and strong twinning-induced plasticity. Recently AM reaches HEAs, for example, AM CrCoNiFe (Al, Ti, Mn) and AM refractory HEAs (MoNbTaW, TiZrNbTa). Noticeably, Li et al. showed tensile strength over 600 MPa in a high energy laser AM CrCoNiFeMn HEA (not less than cast-wrought CrCoNiFeMn HEA) having a large number of dislocation pile-ups and nanotwins in refined grains. Thus, full-fill knowledge and accurate analyses of the SFE is critical to elucidate the reason of the superior strength properties, which is highly relevant to the dominant deformation mode between dislocation slip and twinning in AM alloys. | {
"answer_start": [
1450
],
"text": [
"CrCoNiFeMn"
]
} | Entity Lookup | UltimateTensileStrength | 25 |
10.1038/s41598-020-58273-3 | According to the paragraph, which mechanical property is 600 MPa for CrCoNiFeMn? | Additive manufacturing (AM) has attracted much attention over past ten years in the perspective of an innovative fabrication processing including intrinsic design freedom and short lead times. Heat sources (laser or electron beam) of the AM melt metal particles selectively and build up incrementally layer by layer utilizing powder bed fusion (PBF) or direct energy deposition (DED) processes. Inherently, the small melting particles (~a few hundreds μm in diameter) experience rapid solidification with fast cooling rates (about 106 K/s in PBF and 102 K/s in DED). Such higher cooling rates of AM process can provide significantly different microstructural characteristics such as fine grains, directional grain architectures, and non-equilibrium phases/composition substructures compared to the conventional casting process (~0.1–10 K/s). As a result, several studies have reported higher yield strengths and comparable elongations compared to cast or wrought forms in AM stainless steels (SS). Pham et al. reported extraordinary high yield strength of 520 MPa and elongation of ~60% in PBF AM SS 316 L (double of annealed commercial SS 316 L alloys) and highlighted fine subgrains having high dislocation density and strong twinning-induced plasticity. Recently AM reaches HEAs, for example, AM CrCoNiFe (Al, Ti, Mn) and AM refractory HEAs (MoNbTaW, TiZrNbTa). Noticeably, Li et al. showed tensile strength over 600 MPa in a high energy laser AM CrCoNiFeMn HEA (not less than cast-wrought CrCoNiFeMn HEA) having a large number of dislocation pile-ups and nanotwins in refined grains. Thus, full-fill knowledge and accurate analyses of the SFE is critical to elucidate the reason of the superior strength properties, which is highly relevant to the dominant deformation mode between dislocation slip and twinning in AM alloys. | {
"answer_start": [
1394
],
"text": [
"tensile strength"
]
} | Property Identification | UltimateTensileStrength | 26 |
10.1038/s41598-020-58273-3 | What is the ultimate tensile strength of CrCoNi? | The critical twinning stress (σtw) is described as an equivalent stress of importance to form sufficient stacking faults followed by the measureable deformation twins. Several theoretical or phenomenological approaches have determined the σtw using TEM, neutron diffraction or first-principle calculation based on energy barriers of stacking/twin faults. It has been estimated for the CrCoNi alloy as 790 ± 100 MPa using TEM, 890 MPa by first-principle calculation, and 680–770 MPa by a numerical model by Steinmetz et al.; M(SFE/3 bp + 3Gbp/Lo), where the M is the Taylor factor (3.13, mean value of Taylor factor map by EBSD, Fig. 2(d)) and assuming the SFE ranges 11–24 mJ/m2, bp is the magnitude of the Burgers vector of partials (0.146 nm), G is the shear modulus (87 GPa), and Lo is the width of a twin embryo (200 nm). Besides, the Byun’ prediction reported the σtw of the SS 316 L of about 850 MPa with the SFE of 21 mJ/m2. Figure 8 shows significant variations of the SFEs at the strain of 0.12 and 0.23 between stage I and II. Supposedly it is relevant to the deformation substructure changes, the critical point of SFE is estimated to be located at 830 ± 25 MPa for the AM SS 316 L and 790 ± 40 MPa for AM CrCoNi. The stress ranges are comparable to the σtw of the cast-wrought type alloys above. The critical resolved shear stress for twinning (CRSS, τtw = σtw/M) is suggested as about 260 MPa for the AM CrCoNi and 270 MPa for the AM SS 316 L with the M of 3.067. Although similar τtw, Fig. 8 shows that the AM CrCoNi (ε = 0.12) has a longer period of nano-twinning due to much earlier occurrence of the CRSS than the AM SS 316 L (ε = 0.23). Supposedly, higher shear modulus of the AM CrCoNi can also lead to higher work hardening rate and ultimate tensile strength as shown in Fig. 1(c,d). Note that reported shear modulus is 65.6 GPa for SS 316 L and 87 GPa CrCoNi alloy. | {
"answer_start": [
898
],
"text": [
"850 MPa"
]
} | Numeric Lookup | UltimateTensileStrength | 27 |
10.1038/s41598-020-58273-3 | Which compound has a ultimate tensile strength of 850 MPa? | The critical twinning stress (σtw) is described as an equivalent stress of importance to form sufficient stacking faults followed by the measureable deformation twins. Several theoretical or phenomenological approaches have determined the σtw using TEM, neutron diffraction or first-principle calculation based on energy barriers of stacking/twin faults. It has been estimated for the CrCoNi alloy as 790 ± 100 MPa using TEM, 890 MPa by first-principle calculation, and 680–770 MPa by a numerical model by Steinmetz et al.; M(SFE/3 bp + 3Gbp/Lo), where the M is the Taylor factor (3.13, mean value of Taylor factor map by EBSD, Fig. 2(d)) and assuming the SFE ranges 11–24 mJ/m2, bp is the magnitude of the Burgers vector of partials (0.146 nm), G is the shear modulus (87 GPa), and Lo is the width of a twin embryo (200 nm). Besides, the Byun’ prediction reported the σtw of the SS 316 L of about 850 MPa with the SFE of 21 mJ/m2. Figure 8 shows significant variations of the SFEs at the strain of 0.12 and 0.23 between stage I and II. Supposedly it is relevant to the deformation substructure changes, the critical point of SFE is estimated to be located at 830 ± 25 MPa for the AM SS 316 L and 790 ± 40 MPa for AM CrCoNi. The stress ranges are comparable to the σtw of the cast-wrought type alloys above. The critical resolved shear stress for twinning (CRSS, τtw = σtw/M) is suggested as about 260 MPa for the AM CrCoNi and 270 MPa for the AM SS 316 L with the M of 3.067. Although similar τtw, Fig. 8 shows that the AM CrCoNi (ε = 0.12) has a longer period of nano-twinning due to much earlier occurrence of the CRSS than the AM SS 316 L (ε = 0.23). Supposedly, higher shear modulus of the AM CrCoNi can also lead to higher work hardening rate and ultimate tensile strength as shown in Fig. 1(c,d). Note that reported shear modulus is 65.6 GPa for SS 316 L and 87 GPa CrCoNi alloy. | {
"answer_start": [
385
],
"text": [
"CrCoNi"
]
} | Entity Lookup | UltimateTensileStrength | 28 |
10.1038/s41598-020-58273-3 | According to the paragraph, which mechanical property is 850 MPa for CrCoNi? | The critical twinning stress (σtw) is described as an equivalent stress of importance to form sufficient stacking faults followed by the measureable deformation twins. Several theoretical or phenomenological approaches have determined the σtw using TEM, neutron diffraction or first-principle calculation based on energy barriers of stacking/twin faults. It has been estimated for the CrCoNi alloy as 790 ± 100 MPa using TEM, 890 MPa by first-principle calculation, and 680–770 MPa by a numerical model by Steinmetz et al.; M(SFE/3 bp + 3Gbp/Lo), where the M is the Taylor factor (3.13, mean value of Taylor factor map by EBSD, Fig. 2(d)) and assuming the SFE ranges 11–24 mJ/m2, bp is the magnitude of the Burgers vector of partials (0.146 nm), G is the shear modulus (87 GPa), and Lo is the width of a twin embryo (200 nm). Besides, the Byun’ prediction reported the σtw of the SS 316 L of about 850 MPa with the SFE of 21 mJ/m2. Figure 8 shows significant variations of the SFEs at the strain of 0.12 and 0.23 between stage I and II. Supposedly it is relevant to the deformation substructure changes, the critical point of SFE is estimated to be located at 830 ± 25 MPa for the AM SS 316 L and 790 ± 40 MPa for AM CrCoNi. The stress ranges are comparable to the σtw of the cast-wrought type alloys above. The critical resolved shear stress for twinning (CRSS, τtw = σtw/M) is suggested as about 260 MPa for the AM CrCoNi and 270 MPa for the AM SS 316 L with the M of 3.067. Although similar τtw, Fig. 8 shows that the AM CrCoNi (ε = 0.12) has a longer period of nano-twinning due to much earlier occurrence of the CRSS than the AM SS 316 L (ε = 0.23). Supposedly, higher shear modulus of the AM CrCoNi can also lead to higher work hardening rate and ultimate tensile strength as shown in Fig. 1(c,d). Note that reported shear modulus is 65.6 GPa for SS 316 L and 87 GPa CrCoNi alloy. | {
"answer_start": [
1753
],
"text": [
"ultimate tensile strength"
]
} | Property Identification | UltimateTensileStrength | 29 |
10.1038/s41598-020-58273-3 | What is the ultimate tensile strength of CrCoNi? | Tensile specimens were additively manufactured by using the DED process using AM powder (see Methods, Fig. 1(a,b)). Figure 1(c) show the engineering stress-strain curve with the strain rate of 2 × 10−5 s−1 in AM SS 316 L and AM CrCoNi specimens. To avoid complication the results of higher strain rate (2 × 10−3 s−1) will be described later separately. It shows the yield strength (σy), ultimate tensile strength (σUTS), and elongation (εf) of 540 MPa, 660 MPa, 62% for AM SS 316 L, respectively, as summarized in Table 1. It is higher than typical cast-wrought type SS 316 L specimens (σy: 260–300 MPa, σUTS: 500–600 MPa, εf: 40–50%) and similar to the PBF SS 316 L specimens (550–650 MPa, 580–730, 50–55%) in literature. Meanwhile, tensile properties of AM CrCoNi (490 MPa, 790 MPa, 57%) is comparable to those of cast-wrought CrCoNi alloys (360–440 MPa, 800–890 MPa, 46–72%). A recent study of the cast-wrought CrCoNi shows wide ranges of σy (350–1300 MPa), σUTS (800–1300 MPa), and εf (15–75%) depending on degrees of recrystallization relevant to twins and dislocation densities. Higher work hardening was observed in AM CrCoNi compared to the AM SS 316 L in true stress-strain curve (shown in Fig. S2, Supplementary information). The hardening capacity (Hc = σUTS/σy − 1) of 1.50 in AM CrCoNi is two times higher than 0.75 in AM SS 316 L. | {
"answer_start": [
444
],
"text": [
"540 MPa"
]
} | Numeric Lookup | UltimateTensileStrength | 30 |
10.1038/s41598-020-58273-3 | Which compound has a ultimate tensile strength of 540 MPa? | Tensile specimens were additively manufactured by using the DED process using AM powder (see Methods, Fig. 1(a,b)). Figure 1(c) show the engineering stress-strain curve with the strain rate of 2 × 10−5 s−1 in AM SS 316 L and AM CrCoNi specimens. To avoid complication the results of higher strain rate (2 × 10−3 s−1) will be described later separately. It shows the yield strength (σy), ultimate tensile strength (σUTS), and elongation (εf) of 540 MPa, 660 MPa, 62% for AM SS 316 L, respectively, as summarized in Table 1. It is higher than typical cast-wrought type SS 316 L specimens (σy: 260–300 MPa, σUTS: 500–600 MPa, εf: 40–50%) and similar to the PBF SS 316 L specimens (550–650 MPa, 580–730, 50–55%) in literature. Meanwhile, tensile properties of AM CrCoNi (490 MPa, 790 MPa, 57%) is comparable to those of cast-wrought CrCoNi alloys (360–440 MPa, 800–890 MPa, 46–72%). A recent study of the cast-wrought CrCoNi shows wide ranges of σy (350–1300 MPa), σUTS (800–1300 MPa), and εf (15–75%) depending on degrees of recrystallization relevant to twins and dislocation densities. Higher work hardening was observed in AM CrCoNi compared to the AM SS 316 L in true stress-strain curve (shown in Fig. S2, Supplementary information). The hardening capacity (Hc = σUTS/σy − 1) of 1.50 in AM CrCoNi is two times higher than 0.75 in AM SS 316 L. | {
"answer_start": [
228
],
"text": [
"CrCoNi"
]
} | Entity Lookup | UltimateTensileStrength | 31 |
10.1038/s41598-020-58273-3 | According to the paragraph, which mechanical property is 540 MPa for CrCoNi? | Tensile specimens were additively manufactured by using the DED process using AM powder (see Methods, Fig. 1(a,b)). Figure 1(c) show the engineering stress-strain curve with the strain rate of 2 × 10−5 s−1 in AM SS 316 L and AM CrCoNi specimens. To avoid complication the results of higher strain rate (2 × 10−3 s−1) will be described later separately. It shows the yield strength (σy), ultimate tensile strength (σUTS), and elongation (εf) of 540 MPa, 660 MPa, 62% for AM SS 316 L, respectively, as summarized in Table 1. It is higher than typical cast-wrought type SS 316 L specimens (σy: 260–300 MPa, σUTS: 500–600 MPa, εf: 40–50%) and similar to the PBF SS 316 L specimens (550–650 MPa, 580–730, 50–55%) in literature. Meanwhile, tensile properties of AM CrCoNi (490 MPa, 790 MPa, 57%) is comparable to those of cast-wrought CrCoNi alloys (360–440 MPa, 800–890 MPa, 46–72%). A recent study of the cast-wrought CrCoNi shows wide ranges of σy (350–1300 MPa), σUTS (800–1300 MPa), and εf (15–75%) depending on degrees of recrystallization relevant to twins and dislocation densities. Higher work hardening was observed in AM CrCoNi compared to the AM SS 316 L in true stress-strain curve (shown in Fig. S2, Supplementary information). The hardening capacity (Hc = σUTS/σy − 1) of 1.50 in AM CrCoNi is two times higher than 0.75 in AM SS 316 L. | {
"answer_start": [
387
],
"text": [
"ultimate tensile strength"
]
} | Property Identification | UltimateTensileStrength | 32 |
10.1038/s41598-020-58273-3 | What is the ultimate tensile strength of CrCoNi? | Tensile specimens were additively manufactured by using the DED process using AM powder (see Methods, Fig. 1(a,b)). Figure 1(c) show the engineering stress-strain curve with the strain rate of 2 × 10−5 s−1 in AM SS 316 L and AM CrCoNi specimens. To avoid complication the results of higher strain rate (2 × 10−3 s−1) will be described later separately. It shows the yield strength (σy), ultimate tensile strength (σUTS), and elongation (εf) of 540 MPa, 660 MPa, 62% for AM SS 316 L, respectively, as summarized in Table 1. It is higher than typical cast-wrought type SS 316 L specimens (σy: 260–300 MPa, σUTS: 500–600 MPa, εf: 40–50%) and similar to the PBF SS 316 L specimens (550–650 MPa, 580–730, 50–55%) in literature. Meanwhile, tensile properties of AM CrCoNi (490 MPa, 790 MPa, 57%) is comparable to those of cast-wrought CrCoNi alloys (360–440 MPa, 800–890 MPa, 46–72%). A recent study of the cast-wrought CrCoNi shows wide ranges of σy (350–1300 MPa), σUTS (800–1300 MPa), and εf (15–75%) depending on degrees of recrystallization relevant to twins and dislocation densities. Higher work hardening was observed in AM CrCoNi compared to the AM SS 316 L in true stress-strain curve (shown in Fig. S2, Supplementary information). The hardening capacity (Hc = σUTS/σy − 1) of 1.50 in AM CrCoNi is two times higher than 0.75 in AM SS 316 L. | {
"answer_start": [
453
],
"text": [
"660 MPa"
]
} | Numeric Lookup | UltimateTensileStrength | 33 |
10.1038/s41598-020-58273-3 | Which compound has a ultimate tensile strength of 660 MPa? | Tensile specimens were additively manufactured by using the DED process using AM powder (see Methods, Fig. 1(a,b)). Figure 1(c) show the engineering stress-strain curve with the strain rate of 2 × 10−5 s−1 in AM SS 316 L and AM CrCoNi specimens. To avoid complication the results of higher strain rate (2 × 10−3 s−1) will be described later separately. It shows the yield strength (σy), ultimate tensile strength (σUTS), and elongation (εf) of 540 MPa, 660 MPa, 62% for AM SS 316 L, respectively, as summarized in Table 1. It is higher than typical cast-wrought type SS 316 L specimens (σy: 260–300 MPa, σUTS: 500–600 MPa, εf: 40–50%) and similar to the PBF SS 316 L specimens (550–650 MPa, 580–730, 50–55%) in literature. Meanwhile, tensile properties of AM CrCoNi (490 MPa, 790 MPa, 57%) is comparable to those of cast-wrought CrCoNi alloys (360–440 MPa, 800–890 MPa, 46–72%). A recent study of the cast-wrought CrCoNi shows wide ranges of σy (350–1300 MPa), σUTS (800–1300 MPa), and εf (15–75%) depending on degrees of recrystallization relevant to twins and dislocation densities. Higher work hardening was observed in AM CrCoNi compared to the AM SS 316 L in true stress-strain curve (shown in Fig. S2, Supplementary information). The hardening capacity (Hc = σUTS/σy − 1) of 1.50 in AM CrCoNi is two times higher than 0.75 in AM SS 316 L. | {
"answer_start": [
228
],
"text": [
"CrCoNi"
]
} | Entity Lookup | UltimateTensileStrength | 34 |
10.1038/s41598-020-58273-3 | According to the paragraph, which mechanical property is 660 MPa for CrCoNi? | Tensile specimens were additively manufactured by using the DED process using AM powder (see Methods, Fig. 1(a,b)). Figure 1(c) show the engineering stress-strain curve with the strain rate of 2 × 10−5 s−1 in AM SS 316 L and AM CrCoNi specimens. To avoid complication the results of higher strain rate (2 × 10−3 s−1) will be described later separately. It shows the yield strength (σy), ultimate tensile strength (σUTS), and elongation (εf) of 540 MPa, 660 MPa, 62% for AM SS 316 L, respectively, as summarized in Table 1. It is higher than typical cast-wrought type SS 316 L specimens (σy: 260–300 MPa, σUTS: 500–600 MPa, εf: 40–50%) and similar to the PBF SS 316 L specimens (550–650 MPa, 580–730, 50–55%) in literature. Meanwhile, tensile properties of AM CrCoNi (490 MPa, 790 MPa, 57%) is comparable to those of cast-wrought CrCoNi alloys (360–440 MPa, 800–890 MPa, 46–72%). A recent study of the cast-wrought CrCoNi shows wide ranges of σy (350–1300 MPa), σUTS (800–1300 MPa), and εf (15–75%) depending on degrees of recrystallization relevant to twins and dislocation densities. Higher work hardening was observed in AM CrCoNi compared to the AM SS 316 L in true stress-strain curve (shown in Fig. S2, Supplementary information). The hardening capacity (Hc = σUTS/σy − 1) of 1.50 in AM CrCoNi is two times higher than 0.75 in AM SS 316 L. | {
"answer_start": [
387
],
"text": [
"ultimate tensile strength"
]
} | Property Identification | UltimateTensileStrength | 35 |
10.1038/srep29471_ | What is the yield strength of Mg-Zn-Y-Zr? | Due to the low density and high specific strength and stiffness, Mg alloys have recently received considerable attention for the applications in aerospace and automobile industries. However, the low absolute strength and poor corrosion resistance greatly limited their industrial applications. Recently, researchers reported that the I-phase (Mg3Zn6Y, icosahedral quasicrystal structure, quasi-periodically ordered) could enhance the mechanical properties of Mg-Zn-Y-(Zr) alloys at both ambient and elevated temperatures. By combining powder metallurgy and hot extrusion processes, the fabricated I-phase containing Mg-Zn-Y alloys could have a yield stress of 410 MPa and an elongation of 12%. Meanwhile, the yield strength of as-cast Mg-Zn-Y-Zr alloy could reach up to 450 MPa at room temperature depending on the volume fraction of I-phase. Thus, the I-phase strengthened Mg-Zn-Y-(Zr) alloys have superior mechanical properties and could meet the mechanical requirements of structural components in automobile and aerospace industries. However, in real service conditions, the structural components often suffer from stress corrosion cracking (SCC) due to their exposure to the aggressive environment. Generally, SCC is extremely dangerous, complicated and insidious in the real industries, which can cause unexpected and sudden fracture of structural components and lead to catastrophic accidents. It has been reported that between 10 and 60 magnesium alloy components in aerospace applications alone suffered SCC failures each year. Due to the increasing demand of Mg alloys in structural and automotive applications, the deep understanding about their SCC behavior becomes more and more important. | {
"answer_start": [
770
],
"text": [
"450 MPa"
]
} | Numeric Lookup | YieldStrength | 36 |
10.1038/srep29471_ | Which compound has a yield strength of 450 MPa? | Due to the low density and high specific strength and stiffness, Mg alloys have recently received considerable attention for the applications in aerospace and automobile industries. However, the low absolute strength and poor corrosion resistance greatly limited their industrial applications. Recently, researchers reported that the I-phase (Mg3Zn6Y, icosahedral quasicrystal structure, quasi-periodically ordered) could enhance the mechanical properties of Mg-Zn-Y-(Zr) alloys at both ambient and elevated temperatures. By combining powder metallurgy and hot extrusion processes, the fabricated I-phase containing Mg-Zn-Y alloys could have a yield stress of 410 MPa and an elongation of 12%. Meanwhile, the yield strength of as-cast Mg-Zn-Y-Zr alloy could reach up to 450 MPa at room temperature depending on the volume fraction of I-phase. Thus, the I-phase strengthened Mg-Zn-Y-(Zr) alloys have superior mechanical properties and could meet the mechanical requirements of structural components in automobile and aerospace industries. However, in real service conditions, the structural components often suffer from stress corrosion cracking (SCC) due to their exposure to the aggressive environment. Generally, SCC is extremely dangerous, complicated and insidious in the real industries, which can cause unexpected and sudden fracture of structural components and lead to catastrophic accidents. It has been reported that between 10 and 60 magnesium alloy components in aerospace applications alone suffered SCC failures each year. Due to the increasing demand of Mg alloys in structural and automotive applications, the deep understanding about their SCC behavior becomes more and more important. | {
"answer_start": [
735
],
"text": [
"Mg-Zn-Y-Zr"
]
} | Entity Lookup | YieldStrength | 37 |
10.1038/srep29471_ | According to the paragraph, which mechanical property is 450 MPa for Mg-Zn-Y-Zr? | Due to the low density and high specific strength and stiffness, Mg alloys have recently received considerable attention for the applications in aerospace and automobile industries. However, the low absolute strength and poor corrosion resistance greatly limited their industrial applications. Recently, researchers reported that the I-phase (Mg3Zn6Y, icosahedral quasicrystal structure, quasi-periodically ordered) could enhance the mechanical properties of Mg-Zn-Y-(Zr) alloys at both ambient and elevated temperatures. By combining powder metallurgy and hot extrusion processes, the fabricated I-phase containing Mg-Zn-Y alloys could have a yield stress of 410 MPa and an elongation of 12%. Meanwhile, the yield strength of as-cast Mg-Zn-Y-Zr alloy could reach up to 450 MPa at room temperature depending on the volume fraction of I-phase. Thus, the I-phase strengthened Mg-Zn-Y-(Zr) alloys have superior mechanical properties and could meet the mechanical requirements of structural components in automobile and aerospace industries. However, in real service conditions, the structural components often suffer from stress corrosion cracking (SCC) due to their exposure to the aggressive environment. Generally, SCC is extremely dangerous, complicated and insidious in the real industries, which can cause unexpected and sudden fracture of structural components and lead to catastrophic accidents. It has been reported that between 10 and 60 magnesium alloy components in aerospace applications alone suffered SCC failures each year. Due to the increasing demand of Mg alloys in structural and automotive applications, the deep understanding about their SCC behavior becomes more and more important. | {
"answer_start": [
709
],
"text": [
"yield strength"
]
} | Property Identification | YieldStrength | 38 |
10.1038/srep29471_ | What is the yield strength of NaCl? | It can be seen that when tested in air, the difference of tensile properties between two differently treated samples is very slight. Among them, the yield strength (YS) and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of the as-forged samples were 185 and 272 MPa, respectively. The YS and UTS of T4 samples were 160 and 265 MPa, respectively. Meanwhile, the plasticity of T4 samples was slightly higher than that of the as-forged samples (Table 1). When tested in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution, the tensile properties significantly decreased when compared to those in air. It reveals that for the as-forged samples, the YS and UTS decrease to 141 and 177 MPa, respectively. Moreover, its elongation-to-failure (εf) was only 1.1%. For the T4 samples, the YS and UTS decreased to 140 and 189 MPa, respectively. Additionally, the εf of T4 samples was 3.4%, which was approximately 3.1 times as high as that of the as-forged samples, indicating that T4 treatment can be helpful for improving the SCC resistance. After pre-immersion and cathodic charging, the as-forged samples showed a considerable loss of 11.3%, 20.6% and 88.3% in the YS, UTS and εf respectively when compared to those tested in air (Table 2). However, for the T4 samples, the relevant losses in the YS, UTS and εf were 6.9%, 8.3% and 38.6%, respectively (Table 2). | {
"answer_start": [
308
],
"text": [
"265 MPa"
]
} | Numeric Lookup | YieldStrength | 39 |
10.1038/srep29471_ | Which compound has a yield strength of 265 MPa? | It can be seen that when tested in air, the difference of tensile properties between two differently treated samples is very slight. Among them, the yield strength (YS) and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of the as-forged samples were 185 and 272 MPa, respectively. The YS and UTS of T4 samples were 160 and 265 MPa, respectively. Meanwhile, the plasticity of T4 samples was slightly higher than that of the as-forged samples (Table 1). When tested in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution, the tensile properties significantly decreased when compared to those in air. It reveals that for the as-forged samples, the YS and UTS decrease to 141 and 177 MPa, respectively. Moreover, its elongation-to-failure (εf) was only 1.1%. For the T4 samples, the YS and UTS decreased to 140 and 189 MPa, respectively. Additionally, the εf of T4 samples was 3.4%, which was approximately 3.1 times as high as that of the as-forged samples, indicating that T4 treatment can be helpful for improving the SCC resistance. After pre-immersion and cathodic charging, the as-forged samples showed a considerable loss of 11.3%, 20.6% and 88.3% in the YS, UTS and εf respectively when compared to those tested in air (Table 2). However, for the T4 samples, the relevant losses in the YS, UTS and εf were 6.9%, 8.3% and 38.6%, respectively (Table 2). | {
"answer_start": [
461
],
"text": [
"NaCl"
]
} | Entity Lookup | YieldStrength | 40 |
10.1038/srep29471_ | According to the paragraph, which mechanical property is 265 MPa for NaCl? | It can be seen that when tested in air, the difference of tensile properties between two differently treated samples is very slight. Among them, the yield strength (YS) and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of the as-forged samples were 185 and 272 MPa, respectively. The YS and UTS of T4 samples were 160 and 265 MPa, respectively. Meanwhile, the plasticity of T4 samples was slightly higher than that of the as-forged samples (Table 1). When tested in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution, the tensile properties significantly decreased when compared to those in air. It reveals that for the as-forged samples, the YS and UTS decrease to 141 and 177 MPa, respectively. Moreover, its elongation-to-failure (εf) was only 1.1%. For the T4 samples, the YS and UTS decreased to 140 and 189 MPa, respectively. Additionally, the εf of T4 samples was 3.4%, which was approximately 3.1 times as high as that of the as-forged samples, indicating that T4 treatment can be helpful for improving the SCC resistance. After pre-immersion and cathodic charging, the as-forged samples showed a considerable loss of 11.3%, 20.6% and 88.3% in the YS, UTS and εf respectively when compared to those tested in air (Table 2). However, for the T4 samples, the relevant losses in the YS, UTS and εf were 6.9%, 8.3% and 38.6%, respectively (Table 2). | {
"answer_start": [
149
],
"text": [
"yield strength"
]
} | Property Identification | YieldStrength | 41 |
10.1038/srep29471_ | What is the yield strength of NaCl? | It can be seen that when tested in air, the difference of tensile properties between two differently treated samples is very slight. Among them, the yield strength (YS) and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of the as-forged samples were 185 and 272 MPa, respectively. The YS and UTS of T4 samples were 160 and 265 MPa, respectively. Meanwhile, the plasticity of T4 samples was slightly higher than that of the as-forged samples (Table 1). When tested in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution, the tensile properties significantly decreased when compared to those in air. It reveals that for the as-forged samples, the YS and UTS decrease to 141 and 177 MPa, respectively. Moreover, its elongation-to-failure (εf) was only 1.1%. For the T4 samples, the YS and UTS decreased to 140 and 189 MPa, respectively. Additionally, the εf of T4 samples was 3.4%, which was approximately 3.1 times as high as that of the as-forged samples, indicating that T4 treatment can be helpful for improving the SCC resistance. After pre-immersion and cathodic charging, the as-forged samples showed a considerable loss of 11.3%, 20.6% and 88.3% in the YS, UTS and εf respectively when compared to those tested in air (Table 2). However, for the T4 samples, the relevant losses in the YS, UTS and εf were 6.9%, 8.3% and 38.6%, respectively (Table 2). | {
"answer_start": [
632
],
"text": [
"177 MPa"
]
} | Numeric Lookup | YieldStrength | 42 |
10.1038/srep29471_ | Which compound has a yield strength of 177 MPa? | It can be seen that when tested in air, the difference of tensile properties between two differently treated samples is very slight. Among them, the yield strength (YS) and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of the as-forged samples were 185 and 272 MPa, respectively. The YS and UTS of T4 samples were 160 and 265 MPa, respectively. Meanwhile, the plasticity of T4 samples was slightly higher than that of the as-forged samples (Table 1). When tested in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution, the tensile properties significantly decreased when compared to those in air. It reveals that for the as-forged samples, the YS and UTS decrease to 141 and 177 MPa, respectively. Moreover, its elongation-to-failure (εf) was only 1.1%. For the T4 samples, the YS and UTS decreased to 140 and 189 MPa, respectively. Additionally, the εf of T4 samples was 3.4%, which was approximately 3.1 times as high as that of the as-forged samples, indicating that T4 treatment can be helpful for improving the SCC resistance. After pre-immersion and cathodic charging, the as-forged samples showed a considerable loss of 11.3%, 20.6% and 88.3% in the YS, UTS and εf respectively when compared to those tested in air (Table 2). However, for the T4 samples, the relevant losses in the YS, UTS and εf were 6.9%, 8.3% and 38.6%, respectively (Table 2). | {
"answer_start": [
461
],
"text": [
"NaCl"
]
} | Entity Lookup | YieldStrength | 43 |
10.1038/srep29471_ | According to the paragraph, which mechanical property is 177 MPa for NaCl? | It can be seen that when tested in air, the difference of tensile properties between two differently treated samples is very slight. Among them, the yield strength (YS) and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of the as-forged samples were 185 and 272 MPa, respectively. The YS and UTS of T4 samples were 160 and 265 MPa, respectively. Meanwhile, the plasticity of T4 samples was slightly higher than that of the as-forged samples (Table 1). When tested in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution, the tensile properties significantly decreased when compared to those in air. It reveals that for the as-forged samples, the YS and UTS decrease to 141 and 177 MPa, respectively. Moreover, its elongation-to-failure (εf) was only 1.1%. For the T4 samples, the YS and UTS decreased to 140 and 189 MPa, respectively. Additionally, the εf of T4 samples was 3.4%, which was approximately 3.1 times as high as that of the as-forged samples, indicating that T4 treatment can be helpful for improving the SCC resistance. After pre-immersion and cathodic charging, the as-forged samples showed a considerable loss of 11.3%, 20.6% and 88.3% in the YS, UTS and εf respectively when compared to those tested in air (Table 2). However, for the T4 samples, the relevant losses in the YS, UTS and εf were 6.9%, 8.3% and 38.6%, respectively (Table 2). | {
"answer_start": [
149
],
"text": [
"yield strength"
]
} | Property Identification | YieldStrength | 44 |
10.1038/srep29471_ | What is the ultimate tensile strength of NaCl? | It can be seen that when tested in air, the difference of tensile properties between two differently treated samples is very slight. Among them, the yield strength (YS) and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of the as-forged samples were 185 and 272 MPa, respectively. The YS and UTS of T4 samples were 160 and 265 MPa, respectively. Meanwhile, the plasticity of T4 samples was slightly higher than that of the as-forged samples (Table 1). When tested in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution, the tensile properties significantly decreased when compared to those in air. It reveals that for the as-forged samples, the YS and UTS decrease to 141 and 177 MPa, respectively. Moreover, its elongation-to-failure (εf) was only 1.1%. For the T4 samples, the YS and UTS decreased to 140 and 189 MPa, respectively. Additionally, the εf of T4 samples was 3.4%, which was approximately 3.1 times as high as that of the as-forged samples, indicating that T4 treatment can be helpful for improving the SCC resistance. After pre-immersion and cathodic charging, the as-forged samples showed a considerable loss of 11.3%, 20.6% and 88.3% in the YS, UTS and εf respectively when compared to those tested in air (Table 2). However, for the T4 samples, the relevant losses in the YS, UTS and εf were 6.9%, 8.3% and 38.6%, respectively (Table 2). | {
"answer_start": [
308
],
"text": [
"265 MPa"
]
} | Numeric Lookup | UltimateTensileStrength | 45 |
10.1038/srep29471_ | Which compound has a ultimate tensile strength of 265 MPa? | It can be seen that when tested in air, the difference of tensile properties between two differently treated samples is very slight. Among them, the yield strength (YS) and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of the as-forged samples were 185 and 272 MPa, respectively. The YS and UTS of T4 samples were 160 and 265 MPa, respectively. Meanwhile, the plasticity of T4 samples was slightly higher than that of the as-forged samples (Table 1). When tested in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution, the tensile properties significantly decreased when compared to those in air. It reveals that for the as-forged samples, the YS and UTS decrease to 141 and 177 MPa, respectively. Moreover, its elongation-to-failure (εf) was only 1.1%. For the T4 samples, the YS and UTS decreased to 140 and 189 MPa, respectively. Additionally, the εf of T4 samples was 3.4%, which was approximately 3.1 times as high as that of the as-forged samples, indicating that T4 treatment can be helpful for improving the SCC resistance. After pre-immersion and cathodic charging, the as-forged samples showed a considerable loss of 11.3%, 20.6% and 88.3% in the YS, UTS and εf respectively when compared to those tested in air (Table 2). However, for the T4 samples, the relevant losses in the YS, UTS and εf were 6.9%, 8.3% and 38.6%, respectively (Table 2). | {
"answer_start": [
461
],
"text": [
"NaCl"
]
} | Entity Lookup | UltimateTensileStrength | 46 |
10.1038/srep29471_ | According to the paragraph, which mechanical property is 265 MPa for NaCl? | It can be seen that when tested in air, the difference of tensile properties between two differently treated samples is very slight. Among them, the yield strength (YS) and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of the as-forged samples were 185 and 272 MPa, respectively. The YS and UTS of T4 samples were 160 and 265 MPa, respectively. Meanwhile, the plasticity of T4 samples was slightly higher than that of the as-forged samples (Table 1). When tested in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution, the tensile properties significantly decreased when compared to those in air. It reveals that for the as-forged samples, the YS and UTS decrease to 141 and 177 MPa, respectively. Moreover, its elongation-to-failure (εf) was only 1.1%. For the T4 samples, the YS and UTS decreased to 140 and 189 MPa, respectively. Additionally, the εf of T4 samples was 3.4%, which was approximately 3.1 times as high as that of the as-forged samples, indicating that T4 treatment can be helpful for improving the SCC resistance. After pre-immersion and cathodic charging, the as-forged samples showed a considerable loss of 11.3%, 20.6% and 88.3% in the YS, UTS and εf respectively when compared to those tested in air (Table 2). However, for the T4 samples, the relevant losses in the YS, UTS and εf were 6.9%, 8.3% and 38.6%, respectively (Table 2). | {
"answer_start": [
173
],
"text": [
"ultimate tensile strength"
]
} | Property Identification | UltimateTensileStrength | 47 |
10.1038/srep29471_ | What is the ultimate tensile strength of NaCl? | It can be seen that when tested in air, the difference of tensile properties between two differently treated samples is very slight. Among them, the yield strength (YS) and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of the as-forged samples were 185 and 272 MPa, respectively. The YS and UTS of T4 samples were 160 and 265 MPa, respectively. Meanwhile, the plasticity of T4 samples was slightly higher than that of the as-forged samples (Table 1). When tested in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution, the tensile properties significantly decreased when compared to those in air. It reveals that for the as-forged samples, the YS and UTS decrease to 141 and 177 MPa, respectively. Moreover, its elongation-to-failure (εf) was only 1.1%. For the T4 samples, the YS and UTS decreased to 140 and 189 MPa, respectively. Additionally, the εf of T4 samples was 3.4%, which was approximately 3.1 times as high as that of the as-forged samples, indicating that T4 treatment can be helpful for improving the SCC resistance. After pre-immersion and cathodic charging, the as-forged samples showed a considerable loss of 11.3%, 20.6% and 88.3% in the YS, UTS and εf respectively when compared to those tested in air (Table 2). However, for the T4 samples, the relevant losses in the YS, UTS and εf were 6.9%, 8.3% and 38.6%, respectively (Table 2). | {
"answer_start": [
632
],
"text": [
"177 MPa"
]
} | Numeric Lookup | UltimateTensileStrength | 48 |
10.1038/srep29471_ | Which compound has a ultimate tensile strength of 177 MPa? | It can be seen that when tested in air, the difference of tensile properties between two differently treated samples is very slight. Among them, the yield strength (YS) and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of the as-forged samples were 185 and 272 MPa, respectively. The YS and UTS of T4 samples were 160 and 265 MPa, respectively. Meanwhile, the plasticity of T4 samples was slightly higher than that of the as-forged samples (Table 1). When tested in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution, the tensile properties significantly decreased when compared to those in air. It reveals that for the as-forged samples, the YS and UTS decrease to 141 and 177 MPa, respectively. Moreover, its elongation-to-failure (εf) was only 1.1%. For the T4 samples, the YS and UTS decreased to 140 and 189 MPa, respectively. Additionally, the εf of T4 samples was 3.4%, which was approximately 3.1 times as high as that of the as-forged samples, indicating that T4 treatment can be helpful for improving the SCC resistance. After pre-immersion and cathodic charging, the as-forged samples showed a considerable loss of 11.3%, 20.6% and 88.3% in the YS, UTS and εf respectively when compared to those tested in air (Table 2). However, for the T4 samples, the relevant losses in the YS, UTS and εf were 6.9%, 8.3% and 38.6%, respectively (Table 2). | {
"answer_start": [
461
],
"text": [
"NaCl"
]
} | Entity Lookup | UltimateTensileStrength | 49 |
10.1038/srep29471_ | According to the paragraph, which mechanical property is 177 MPa for NaCl? | It can be seen that when tested in air, the difference of tensile properties between two differently treated samples is very slight. Among them, the yield strength (YS) and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of the as-forged samples were 185 and 272 MPa, respectively. The YS and UTS of T4 samples were 160 and 265 MPa, respectively. Meanwhile, the plasticity of T4 samples was slightly higher than that of the as-forged samples (Table 1). When tested in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution, the tensile properties significantly decreased when compared to those in air. It reveals that for the as-forged samples, the YS and UTS decrease to 141 and 177 MPa, respectively. Moreover, its elongation-to-failure (εf) was only 1.1%. For the T4 samples, the YS and UTS decreased to 140 and 189 MPa, respectively. Additionally, the εf of T4 samples was 3.4%, which was approximately 3.1 times as high as that of the as-forged samples, indicating that T4 treatment can be helpful for improving the SCC resistance. After pre-immersion and cathodic charging, the as-forged samples showed a considerable loss of 11.3%, 20.6% and 88.3% in the YS, UTS and εf respectively when compared to those tested in air (Table 2). However, for the T4 samples, the relevant losses in the YS, UTS and εf were 6.9%, 8.3% and 38.6%, respectively (Table 2). | {
"answer_start": [
173
],
"text": [
"ultimate tensile strength"
]
} | Property Identification | UltimateTensileStrength | 50 |
10.1007/s43452-020-00133-y | What is the ultimate tensile strength of cyl? | cyl. Finally, split tensile strength tests were performed using ZD 40 testing machine. The tensile strength was determined to 4.4 MPa for the cylinders and 4.1 MPa for the cubes. | {
"answer_start": [
126
],
"text": [
"4.4 MPa"
]
} | Numeric Lookup | UltimateTensileStrength | 51 |
10.1007/s43452-020-00133-y | Which compound has a ultimate tensile strength of 4.4 MPa? | cyl. Finally, split tensile strength tests were performed using ZD 40 testing machine. The tensile strength was determined to 4.4 MPa for the cylinders and 4.1 MPa for the cubes. | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"cyl"
]
} | Entity Lookup | UltimateTensileStrength | 52 |
10.1007/s43452-020-00133-y | According to the paragraph, which mechanical property is 4.4 MPa for cyl? | cyl. Finally, split tensile strength tests were performed using ZD 40 testing machine. The tensile strength was determined to 4.4 MPa for the cylinders and 4.1 MPa for the cubes. | {
"answer_start": [
20
],
"text": [
"tensile strength"
]
} | Property Identification | UltimateTensileStrength | 53 |
10.1007/s00784-022-04813-2_ | What is the ultimate tensile strength of D2Z? | Model D1 had a higher maximum stress value (11.23 MPa for D1Z and 11.00 for D1F) than model D2 (4.00 MPa for D2Z and 0.98 MPa for D2F). All these values were lower than the enamel tensile strength (11.50 MPa). It means that model D1 transmitted stresses to enamel 4 times more than model D2 in the case of zirconia and 11 times in the case of FRC. The pattern of stress distribution showed more eventual stress distribution for FRC than for zirconia subgroups. | {
"answer_start": [
198
],
"text": [
"11.50 MPa"
]
} | Numeric Lookup | UltimateTensileStrength | 54 |
10.1007/s00784-022-04813-2_ | Which compound has a ultimate tensile strength of 11.50 MPa? | Model D1 had a higher maximum stress value (11.23 MPa for D1Z and 11.00 for D1F) than model D2 (4.00 MPa for D2Z and 0.98 MPa for D2F). All these values were lower than the enamel tensile strength (11.50 MPa). It means that model D1 transmitted stresses to enamel 4 times more than model D2 in the case of zirconia and 11 times in the case of FRC. The pattern of stress distribution showed more eventual stress distribution for FRC than for zirconia subgroups. | {
"answer_start": [
109
],
"text": [
"D2Z"
]
} | Entity Lookup | UltimateTensileStrength | 55 |
10.1007/s00784-022-04813-2_ | According to the paragraph, which mechanical property is 11.50 MPa for D2Z? | Model D1 had a higher maximum stress value (11.23 MPa for D1Z and 11.00 for D1F) than model D2 (4.00 MPa for D2Z and 0.98 MPa for D2F). All these values were lower than the enamel tensile strength (11.50 MPa). It means that model D1 transmitted stresses to enamel 4 times more than model D2 in the case of zirconia and 11 times in the case of FRC. The pattern of stress distribution showed more eventual stress distribution for FRC than for zirconia subgroups. | {
"answer_start": [
180
],
"text": [
"tensile strength"
]
} | Property Identification | UltimateTensileStrength | 56 |
10.1007/s11340-022-00831-z | What is the yield strength of TiAl? | The plastic zone size (17) is similar to the second order estimate of Irwin . However, size ry holds in the limit of small-scale yielding, i.e., when ry is much smaller than the notch and specimen dimensions. For our TiAl alloy, using the manufacturer reported fracture toughness (KIc=15-18MPam) and the evaluated yield strength (σy=225 MPa), the estimated plastic zone size is ry=1.75-2.5 mm (in case of a hypothetical notched specimen). It is to be emphasized that the calculated ry is only valid for a notched specimen and its purpose in the given three-point bending tests is merely to provide an estimation of a range of plastic zone size for small-scale yielding. Nonetheless, we show that the crack initiation and propagation in three-point bending occurs in fully yielded zone. | {
"answer_start": [
333
],
"text": [
"225 MPa"
]
} | Numeric Lookup | YieldStrength | 57 |
10.1007/s11340-022-00831-z | Which compound has a yield strength of 225 MPa? | The plastic zone size (17) is similar to the second order estimate of Irwin . However, size ry holds in the limit of small-scale yielding, i.e., when ry is much smaller than the notch and specimen dimensions. For our TiAl alloy, using the manufacturer reported fracture toughness (KIc=15-18MPam) and the evaluated yield strength (σy=225 MPa), the estimated plastic zone size is ry=1.75-2.5 mm (in case of a hypothetical notched specimen). It is to be emphasized that the calculated ry is only valid for a notched specimen and its purpose in the given three-point bending tests is merely to provide an estimation of a range of plastic zone size for small-scale yielding. Nonetheless, we show that the crack initiation and propagation in three-point bending occurs in fully yielded zone. | {
"answer_start": [
217
],
"text": [
"TiAl"
]
} | Entity Lookup | YieldStrength | 58 |
10.1007/s11340-022-00831-z | According to the paragraph, which mechanical property is 225 MPa for TiAl? | The plastic zone size (17) is similar to the second order estimate of Irwin . However, size ry holds in the limit of small-scale yielding, i.e., when ry is much smaller than the notch and specimen dimensions. For our TiAl alloy, using the manufacturer reported fracture toughness (KIc=15-18MPam) and the evaluated yield strength (σy=225 MPa), the estimated plastic zone size is ry=1.75-2.5 mm (in case of a hypothetical notched specimen). It is to be emphasized that the calculated ry is only valid for a notched specimen and its purpose in the given three-point bending tests is merely to provide an estimation of a range of plastic zone size for small-scale yielding. Nonetheless, we show that the crack initiation and propagation in three-point bending occurs in fully yielded zone. | {
"answer_start": [
314
],
"text": [
"yield strength"
]
} | Property Identification | YieldStrength | 59 |
10.1007/s11340-022-00831-z | What is the youngs modulus of poly-Si? | Tsuchiya et al. performed microscale tensile testing of smooth thin-films of polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si) to evaluate their reliability. Overall, six different sizes were tested each using two types of poly-Si: nondoped and P-doped. The validation of law (18) is performed with respect to the data of nondoped poly-Si in this work. The data in provided maximum tensile strength σN and specimen dimensions for each of the six sizes. Due to brittle nature of failure of poly-Si thin films, fracture energy density wc=σN2/2E is obtained where E=163 GPa. The data of fracture energy density with respective standard deviation against the specimen volumes is plotted in Fig. 11 where size effect is clearly evident. The prediction with equation (18) is also plotted in Fig. 11 with coefficients w0=30 MPa and V0=100μm3 (the best fit). Again, a qualitatively satisfactory agreement with data establishes the general applicability of the proposed size effect law (18). | {
"answer_start": [
547
],
"text": [
"163 GPa"
]
} | Numeric Lookup | YoungsModulus | 60 |
10.1007/s11340-022-00831-z | Which compound has a youngs modulus of 163 GPa? | Tsuchiya et al. performed microscale tensile testing of smooth thin-films of polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si) to evaluate their reliability. Overall, six different sizes were tested each using two types of poly-Si: nondoped and P-doped. The validation of law (18) is performed with respect to the data of nondoped poly-Si in this work. The data in provided maximum tensile strength σN and specimen dimensions for each of the six sizes. Due to brittle nature of failure of poly-Si thin films, fracture energy density wc=σN2/2E is obtained where E=163 GPa. The data of fracture energy density with respective standard deviation against the specimen volumes is plotted in Fig. 11 where size effect is clearly evident. The prediction with equation (18) is also plotted in Fig. 11 with coefficients w0=30 MPa and V0=100μm3 (the best fit). Again, a qualitatively satisfactory agreement with data establishes the general applicability of the proposed size effect law (18). | {
"answer_start": [
102
],
"text": [
"poly-Si"
]
} | Entity Lookup | YoungsModulus | 61 |
10.1007/s11340-022-00831-z | According to the paragraph, which mechanical property is 163 GPa for poly-Si? | Tsuchiya et al. performed microscale tensile testing of smooth thin-films of polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si) to evaluate their reliability. Overall, six different sizes were tested each using two types of poly-Si: nondoped and P-doped. The validation of law (18) is performed with respect to the data of nondoped poly-Si in this work. The data in provided maximum tensile strength σN and specimen dimensions for each of the six sizes. Due to brittle nature of failure of poly-Si thin films, fracture energy density wc=σN2/2E is obtained where E=163 GPa. The data of fracture energy density with respective standard deviation against the specimen volumes is plotted in Fig. 11 where size effect is clearly evident. The prediction with equation (18) is also plotted in Fig. 11 with coefficients w0=30 MPa and V0=100μm3 (the best fit). Again, a qualitatively satisfactory agreement with data establishes the general applicability of the proposed size effect law (18). | {
"answer_start": [
545
],
"text": [
"E="
]
} | Property Identification | YoungsModulus | 62 |
10.1007/s10924-019-01534-8 | What is the ultimate tensile strength of triglyceride? | The library of composite laminates from WVO was expanded through the produced based on NFRC as an approach to manufacture materials with improved the environmental performance and distinct properties from GF equivalents. In this regard, materials combining EPVO and untreated natural fibres presented a maximum Young’s Modulus 0.60 ± 0.05 GPa and tensile strength of 22.7 ± 0.9 MPa of tensile strength, Table 4. The utilisation of resins produced from neat oil produced laminates with very similar properties, while DGEBA-FF resulted in laminates with much superior performance. These differences illustrate the challenge of compatibilizing the triglyceride-based matrices and the untreated natural fibres, which present a highly hydrophilic nature, and therefore producing components for structural applications. | {
"answer_start": [
327
],
"text": [
"0.60 ± 0.05 GPa"
]
} | Numeric Lookup | UltimateTensileStrength | 63 |
10.1007/s10924-019-01534-8 | Which compound has a ultimate tensile strength of 0.60 ± 0.05 GPa? | The library of composite laminates from WVO was expanded through the produced based on NFRC as an approach to manufacture materials with improved the environmental performance and distinct properties from GF equivalents. In this regard, materials combining EPVO and untreated natural fibres presented a maximum Young’s Modulus 0.60 ± 0.05 GPa and tensile strength of 22.7 ± 0.9 MPa of tensile strength, Table 4. The utilisation of resins produced from neat oil produced laminates with very similar properties, while DGEBA-FF resulted in laminates with much superior performance. These differences illustrate the challenge of compatibilizing the triglyceride-based matrices and the untreated natural fibres, which present a highly hydrophilic nature, and therefore producing components for structural applications. | {
"answer_start": [
645
],
"text": [
"triglyceride"
]
} | Entity Lookup | UltimateTensileStrength | 64 |
10.1007/s10924-019-01534-8 | According to the paragraph, which mechanical property is 0.60 ± 0.05 GPa for triglyceride? | The library of composite laminates from WVO was expanded through the produced based on NFRC as an approach to manufacture materials with improved the environmental performance and distinct properties from GF equivalents. In this regard, materials combining EPVO and untreated natural fibres presented a maximum Young’s Modulus 0.60 ± 0.05 GPa and tensile strength of 22.7 ± 0.9 MPa of tensile strength, Table 4. The utilisation of resins produced from neat oil produced laminates with very similar properties, while DGEBA-FF resulted in laminates with much superior performance. These differences illustrate the challenge of compatibilizing the triglyceride-based matrices and the untreated natural fibres, which present a highly hydrophilic nature, and therefore producing components for structural applications. | {
"answer_start": [
347
],
"text": [
"tensile strength"
]
} | Property Identification | UltimateTensileStrength | 65 |
10.1007/s10924-019-01534-8 | What is the ultimate tensile strength of triglyceride? | The library of composite laminates from WVO was expanded through the produced based on NFRC as an approach to manufacture materials with improved the environmental performance and distinct properties from GF equivalents. In this regard, materials combining EPVO and untreated natural fibres presented a maximum Young’s Modulus 0.60 ± 0.05 GPa and tensile strength of 22.7 ± 0.9 MPa of tensile strength, Table 4. The utilisation of resins produced from neat oil produced laminates with very similar properties, while DGEBA-FF resulted in laminates with much superior performance. These differences illustrate the challenge of compatibilizing the triglyceride-based matrices and the untreated natural fibres, which present a highly hydrophilic nature, and therefore producing components for structural applications. | {
"answer_start": [
367
],
"text": [
"22.7 ± 0.9 MPa"
]
} | Numeric Lookup | UltimateTensileStrength | 66 |
10.1007/s10924-019-01534-8 | Which compound has a ultimate tensile strength of 22.7 ± 0.9 MPa? | The library of composite laminates from WVO was expanded through the produced based on NFRC as an approach to manufacture materials with improved the environmental performance and distinct properties from GF equivalents. In this regard, materials combining EPVO and untreated natural fibres presented a maximum Young’s Modulus 0.60 ± 0.05 GPa and tensile strength of 22.7 ± 0.9 MPa of tensile strength, Table 4. The utilisation of resins produced from neat oil produced laminates with very similar properties, while DGEBA-FF resulted in laminates with much superior performance. These differences illustrate the challenge of compatibilizing the triglyceride-based matrices and the untreated natural fibres, which present a highly hydrophilic nature, and therefore producing components for structural applications. | {
"answer_start": [
645
],
"text": [
"triglyceride"
]
} | Entity Lookup | UltimateTensileStrength | 67 |
10.1007/s10924-019-01534-8 | According to the paragraph, which mechanical property is 22.7 ± 0.9 MPa for triglyceride? | The library of composite laminates from WVO was expanded through the produced based on NFRC as an approach to manufacture materials with improved the environmental performance and distinct properties from GF equivalents. In this regard, materials combining EPVO and untreated natural fibres presented a maximum Young’s Modulus 0.60 ± 0.05 GPa and tensile strength of 22.7 ± 0.9 MPa of tensile strength, Table 4. The utilisation of resins produced from neat oil produced laminates with very similar properties, while DGEBA-FF resulted in laminates with much superior performance. These differences illustrate the challenge of compatibilizing the triglyceride-based matrices and the untreated natural fibres, which present a highly hydrophilic nature, and therefore producing components for structural applications. | {
"answer_start": [
347
],
"text": [
"tensile strength"
]
} | Property Identification | UltimateTensileStrength | 68 |
10.1038/s41598-019-39570-y | What is the yield strength of 35Co? | Outstanding cryogenic-temperature tensile properties (e.g., yield strength; 653 MPa, tensile strength; 1623 MPa, elongation; 65% in the 35Co alloy) were attributed to the continuously increased strain hardening in the later deformation stages. Large transformation strain and complex network structure containing a plenty of high-angle grain boundaries or phase boundaries led to the dynamic grain refinement and significant enhancement of strain hardening rate. This high strain hardening rate and resultant strength-ductility balance could be tuned by the Co-Ni balance which played a leading role in phase stability for the deformation-induced transformation. | {
"answer_start": [
76
],
"text": [
"653 MPa"
]
} | Numeric Lookup | YieldStrength | 69 |
10.1038/s41598-019-39570-y | Which compound has a yield strength of 653 MPa? | Outstanding cryogenic-temperature tensile properties (e.g., yield strength; 653 MPa, tensile strength; 1623 MPa, elongation; 65% in the 35Co alloy) were attributed to the continuously increased strain hardening in the later deformation stages. Large transformation strain and complex network structure containing a plenty of high-angle grain boundaries or phase boundaries led to the dynamic grain refinement and significant enhancement of strain hardening rate. This high strain hardening rate and resultant strength-ductility balance could be tuned by the Co-Ni balance which played a leading role in phase stability for the deformation-induced transformation. | {
"answer_start": [
136
],
"text": [
"35Co"
]
} | Entity Lookup | YieldStrength | 70 |
10.1038/s41598-019-39570-y | According to the paragraph, which mechanical property is 653 MPa for 35Co? | Outstanding cryogenic-temperature tensile properties (e.g., yield strength; 653 MPa, tensile strength; 1623 MPa, elongation; 65% in the 35Co alloy) were attributed to the continuously increased strain hardening in the later deformation stages. Large transformation strain and complex network structure containing a plenty of high-angle grain boundaries or phase boundaries led to the dynamic grain refinement and significant enhancement of strain hardening rate. This high strain hardening rate and resultant strength-ductility balance could be tuned by the Co-Ni balance which played a leading role in phase stability for the deformation-induced transformation. | {
"answer_start": [
60
],
"text": [
"yield strength"
]
} | Property Identification | YieldStrength | 71 |
10.1038/s41598-019-39570-y | What is the ultimate tensile strength of 35Co? | Figure 4(a,b) shows representative engineering stress-strain curves tested at room and cryogenic temperatures, and the results are shown in Table 1. The MEAs exhibit the much higher strength and ductility as well as strain hardening capability at cryogenic temperature than at room temperature, although the ductility decreases by 5% in the 35Co alloy. Interestingly, the 35Co alloy shows the cryogenic-temperature tensile strength of 1623 MPa, which is twice higher than the room-temperature one. It is also noted that a change in stress-strain curves from a ‘parabolic’ shape to a ‘sigmoidal’ shape appears as the test temperature decreases or the Co content increases. The sigmoidal curve consists of an easy deformation stage (plateau in the stress-strain curve at lower strains) followed by a rapid hardening stage at higher strains. | {
"answer_start": [
435
],
"text": [
"1623 MPa"
]
} | Numeric Lookup | UltimateTensileStrength | 72 |
10.1038/s41598-019-39570-y | Which compound has a ultimate tensile strength of 1623 MPa? | Figure 4(a,b) shows representative engineering stress-strain curves tested at room and cryogenic temperatures, and the results are shown in Table 1. The MEAs exhibit the much higher strength and ductility as well as strain hardening capability at cryogenic temperature than at room temperature, although the ductility decreases by 5% in the 35Co alloy. Interestingly, the 35Co alloy shows the cryogenic-temperature tensile strength of 1623 MPa, which is twice higher than the room-temperature one. It is also noted that a change in stress-strain curves from a ‘parabolic’ shape to a ‘sigmoidal’ shape appears as the test temperature decreases or the Co content increases. The sigmoidal curve consists of an easy deformation stage (plateau in the stress-strain curve at lower strains) followed by a rapid hardening stage at higher strains. | {
"answer_start": [
341
],
"text": [
"35Co"
]
} | Entity Lookup | UltimateTensileStrength | 73 |
10.1038/s41598-019-39570-y | According to the paragraph, which mechanical property is 1623 MPa for 35Co? | Figure 4(a,b) shows representative engineering stress-strain curves tested at room and cryogenic temperatures, and the results are shown in Table 1. The MEAs exhibit the much higher strength and ductility as well as strain hardening capability at cryogenic temperature than at room temperature, although the ductility decreases by 5% in the 35Co alloy. Interestingly, the 35Co alloy shows the cryogenic-temperature tensile strength of 1623 MPa, which is twice higher than the room-temperature one. It is also noted that a change in stress-strain curves from a ‘parabolic’ shape to a ‘sigmoidal’ shape appears as the test temperature decreases or the Co content increases. The sigmoidal curve consists of an easy deformation stage (plateau in the stress-strain curve at lower strains) followed by a rapid hardening stage at higher strains. | {
"answer_start": [
415
],
"text": [
"tensile strength"
]
} | Property Identification | UltimateTensileStrength | 74 |
10.1038/s41598-019-39570-y | What is the ultimate tensile strength of 35Co? | Outstanding cryogenic-temperature tensile properties (e.g., yield strength; 653 MPa, tensile strength; 1623 MPa, elongation; 65% in the 35Co alloy) were attributed to the continuously increased strain hardening in the later deformation stages. Large transformation strain and complex network structure containing a plenty of high-angle grain boundaries or phase boundaries led to the dynamic grain refinement and significant enhancement of strain hardening rate. This high strain hardening rate and resultant strength-ductility balance could be tuned by the Co-Ni balance which played a leading role in phase stability for the deformation-induced transformation. | {
"answer_start": [
76
],
"text": [
"653 MPa"
]
} | Numeric Lookup | UltimateTensileStrength | 75 |
10.1038/s41598-019-39570-y | Which compound has a ultimate tensile strength of 653 MPa? | Outstanding cryogenic-temperature tensile properties (e.g., yield strength; 653 MPa, tensile strength; 1623 MPa, elongation; 65% in the 35Co alloy) were attributed to the continuously increased strain hardening in the later deformation stages. Large transformation strain and complex network structure containing a plenty of high-angle grain boundaries or phase boundaries led to the dynamic grain refinement and significant enhancement of strain hardening rate. This high strain hardening rate and resultant strength-ductility balance could be tuned by the Co-Ni balance which played a leading role in phase stability for the deformation-induced transformation. | {
"answer_start": [
136
],
"text": [
"35Co"
]
} | Entity Lookup | UltimateTensileStrength | 76 |
10.1038/s41598-019-39570-y | According to the paragraph, which mechanical property is 653 MPa for 35Co? | Outstanding cryogenic-temperature tensile properties (e.g., yield strength; 653 MPa, tensile strength; 1623 MPa, elongation; 65% in the 35Co alloy) were attributed to the continuously increased strain hardening in the later deformation stages. Large transformation strain and complex network structure containing a plenty of high-angle grain boundaries or phase boundaries led to the dynamic grain refinement and significant enhancement of strain hardening rate. This high strain hardening rate and resultant strength-ductility balance could be tuned by the Co-Ni balance which played a leading role in phase stability for the deformation-induced transformation. | {
"answer_start": [
85
],
"text": [
"tensile strength"
]
} | Property Identification | UltimateTensileStrength | 77 |
10.1038/s41598-019-39570-y | What is the ductility of 35Co? | Figure 3(b) show XRD profiles after the room-temperature tensile deformation. The fraction of fcc phase (Vfcc) is 100% in the 10Co and 20Co alloys, which means no phase transformation. However, the 35Co alloy shows distinct peaks of bcc phase, and the residual Vfcc is 27.1%. After the cryogenic-temperature tensile deformation (Fig. 3(c)), the Vfcc is 100% in the 10Co and 20Co alloys, but decreases considerably with increasing Co content. Particularly in the 30Co and 35Co alloys, the Vfcc is only 2.5% and 1.1%, respectively. This change in Vfcc reveals that the fcc to bcc martensitic transformation occurred during the tensile deformation, which well confirms the second objective (to increase the thermal stability of bcc phase at low temperature, i.e., generation of deformation-induced martensitic transformation) of the present HEA design. In addition, the fraction of transformed bcc phase increases with increasing Co content after the tensile deformation at room and cryogenic temperatures (Fig. 3(c)). The stability of fcc phase thus decreases with increasing Co content. Considering that the deformation-induced martensitic transformation is affected by the Gibbs free energy difference between the parent and daughter phases, this result corresponds to our MEA design approach based on ΔGbcc-fcc (Fig. 1(e,f)). | {
"answer_start": [
503
],
"text": [
"5%"
]
} | Numeric Lookup | Ductility | 78 |
10.1038/s41598-019-39570-y | Which compound has a ductility of 5%? | Figure 3(b) show XRD profiles after the room-temperature tensile deformation. The fraction of fcc phase (Vfcc) is 100% in the 10Co and 20Co alloys, which means no phase transformation. However, the 35Co alloy shows distinct peaks of bcc phase, and the residual Vfcc is 27.1%. After the cryogenic-temperature tensile deformation (Fig. 3(c)), the Vfcc is 100% in the 10Co and 20Co alloys, but decreases considerably with increasing Co content. Particularly in the 30Co and 35Co alloys, the Vfcc is only 2.5% and 1.1%, respectively. This change in Vfcc reveals that the fcc to bcc martensitic transformation occurred during the tensile deformation, which well confirms the second objective (to increase the thermal stability of bcc phase at low temperature, i.e., generation of deformation-induced martensitic transformation) of the present HEA design. In addition, the fraction of transformed bcc phase increases with increasing Co content after the tensile deformation at room and cryogenic temperatures (Fig. 3(c)). The stability of fcc phase thus decreases with increasing Co content. Considering that the deformation-induced martensitic transformation is affected by the Gibbs free energy difference between the parent and daughter phases, this result corresponds to our MEA design approach based on ΔGbcc-fcc (Fig. 1(e,f)). | {
"answer_start": [
198
],
"text": [
"35Co"
]
} | Entity Lookup | Ductility | 79 |
10.1038/s41598-019-39570-y | According to the paragraph, which mechanical property is 5% for 35Co? | Figure 3(b) show XRD profiles after the room-temperature tensile deformation. The fraction of fcc phase (Vfcc) is 100% in the 10Co and 20Co alloys, which means no phase transformation. However, the 35Co alloy shows distinct peaks of bcc phase, and the residual Vfcc is 27.1%. After the cryogenic-temperature tensile deformation (Fig. 3(c)), the Vfcc is 100% in the 10Co and 20Co alloys, but decreases considerably with increasing Co content. Particularly in the 30Co and 35Co alloys, the Vfcc is only 2.5% and 1.1%, respectively. This change in Vfcc reveals that the fcc to bcc martensitic transformation occurred during the tensile deformation, which well confirms the second objective (to increase the thermal stability of bcc phase at low temperature, i.e., generation of deformation-induced martensitic transformation) of the present HEA design. In addition, the fraction of transformed bcc phase increases with increasing Co content after the tensile deformation at room and cryogenic temperatures (Fig. 3(c)). The stability of fcc phase thus decreases with increasing Co content. Considering that the deformation-induced martensitic transformation is affected by the Gibbs free energy difference between the parent and daughter phases, this result corresponds to our MEA design approach based on ΔGbcc-fcc (Fig. 1(e,f)). | {
"answer_start": [
65
],
"text": [
"deformation"
]
} | Property Identification | Ductility | 80 |
10.1186/s40069-020-00399-9 | What is the ultimate tensile strength of Polyethylene Terephthalate? | From Table 5, it can be observed that the highest tensile strength was recorded for the control sample as 1.28 MPa. Whereas, from the mixes, the optimum mix design was for Run 3 having a PET/PU of 60/40 ratio, as it has the highest tensile strength. This is due to the strong bond formed between the polyethylene terephthalate powder and the polyurethane binder. The total curing time of 3 days was provided for all samples to ensure the wet mixes; Run 1 and Run 2 were completely dried and ready for testing, yet the overall results obtained for the tensile strength were unsatisfactory. | {
"answer_start": [
106
],
"text": [
"1.28 MPa"
]
} | Numeric Lookup | UltimateTensileStrength | 81 |
10.1186/s40069-020-00399-9 | Which compound has a ultimate tensile strength of 1.28 MPa? | From Table 5, it can be observed that the highest tensile strength was recorded for the control sample as 1.28 MPa. Whereas, from the mixes, the optimum mix design was for Run 3 having a PET/PU of 60/40 ratio, as it has the highest tensile strength. This is due to the strong bond formed between the polyethylene terephthalate powder and the polyurethane binder. The total curing time of 3 days was provided for all samples to ensure the wet mixes; Run 1 and Run 2 were completely dried and ready for testing, yet the overall results obtained for the tensile strength were unsatisfactory. | {
"answer_start": [
300
],
"text": [
"Polyethylene Terephthalate"
]
} | Entity Lookup | UltimateTensileStrength | 82 |
10.1186/s40069-020-00399-9 | According to the paragraph, which mechanical property is 1.28 MPa for Polyethylene Terephthalate? | From Table 5, it can be observed that the highest tensile strength was recorded for the control sample as 1.28 MPa. Whereas, from the mixes, the optimum mix design was for Run 3 having a PET/PU of 60/40 ratio, as it has the highest tensile strength. This is due to the strong bond formed between the polyethylene terephthalate powder and the polyurethane binder. The total curing time of 3 days was provided for all samples to ensure the wet mixes; Run 1 and Run 2 were completely dried and ready for testing, yet the overall results obtained for the tensile strength were unsatisfactory. | {
"answer_start": [
50
],
"text": [
"tensile strength"
]
} | Property Identification | UltimateTensileStrength | 83 |
10.1007/s11661-020-05797-y | What is the ultimate tensile strength of Zn3Ag? | The ultrafine-grained sample after HPT gave the highest UTS of ~516 MPa when straining at 10−2 s−1 but the values for the UTS at the two lower strain rates were lower than for the CR condition. The most significant differences were recorded for the total elongations in the HPT samples which were much higher than for the CR samples at all three strain rates. Necking was observed at all strain rates and Figure 8(f) shows an example of small spherical and slit-like dimples on the fracture surface. These dimples are significantly deeper than in the rolled state and the elongation to failure was double the value for the CR state. In ductile fracture modes, the ε-Zn3Ag phase precipitates and Mg-rich grains are not responsible for initiating cracks and it appears that other deformation mechanisms, such as grain boundary sliding (GBS), may be responsible for the high ductility in the fine-grained samples. | {
"answer_start": [
63
],
"text": [
"~516 MPa"
]
} | Numeric Lookup | UltimateTensileStrength | 84 |
10.1007/s11661-020-05797-y | Which compound has a ultimate tensile strength of ~516 MPa? | The ultrafine-grained sample after HPT gave the highest UTS of ~516 MPa when straining at 10−2 s−1 but the values for the UTS at the two lower strain rates were lower than for the CR condition. The most significant differences were recorded for the total elongations in the HPT samples which were much higher than for the CR samples at all three strain rates. Necking was observed at all strain rates and Figure 8(f) shows an example of small spherical and slit-like dimples on the fracture surface. These dimples are significantly deeper than in the rolled state and the elongation to failure was double the value for the CR state. In ductile fracture modes, the ε-Zn3Ag phase precipitates and Mg-rich grains are not responsible for initiating cracks and it appears that other deformation mechanisms, such as grain boundary sliding (GBS), may be responsible for the high ductility in the fine-grained samples. | {
"answer_start": [
666
],
"text": [
"Zn3Ag"
]
} | Entity Lookup | UltimateTensileStrength | 85 |
10.1007/s11661-020-05797-y | According to the paragraph, which mechanical property is ~516 MPa for Zn3Ag? | The ultrafine-grained sample after HPT gave the highest UTS of ~516 MPa when straining at 10−2 s−1 but the values for the UTS at the two lower strain rates were lower than for the CR condition. The most significant differences were recorded for the total elongations in the HPT samples which were much higher than for the CR samples at all three strain rates. Necking was observed at all strain rates and Figure 8(f) shows an example of small spherical and slit-like dimples on the fracture surface. These dimples are significantly deeper than in the rolled state and the elongation to failure was double the value for the CR state. In ductile fracture modes, the ε-Zn3Ag phase precipitates and Mg-rich grains are not responsible for initiating cracks and it appears that other deformation mechanisms, such as grain boundary sliding (GBS), may be responsible for the high ductility in the fine-grained samples. | {
"answer_start": [
56
],
"text": [
"UTS"
]
} | Property Identification | UltimateTensileStrength | 86 |
10.1007/s10853-016-0647-4 | What is the ultimate tensile strength of PIM-1? | Song et al. performed tensile testing of PIM-1 films cast from a 2 wt% solution of the polymer in chloroform . The tensile strength measured for an 80-μm-thick membrane was 45 MPa, and the failure strain exceeded 10%. There was no discussion on the elastic modulus but from the reported stress–strain curve it was approximately 1.2 GPa . In 2010, Du et al. using the same methodology measured the tensile strength of PIM-1 films cut into dumbbell-shaped samples with a thickness 70–90 μm, obtaining a tensile strength at break of 47.1 MPa and a tensile strain at break of 11.2% . No studies indicate the amount of tested samples, nor the standard deviations of properties, which are of interest to understand the variability of properties. Additionally, in the work of Song et al. , nanoindentation of PIM-1 films was performed resulting in a hardness of 149 ± 4 MPa and a Young’s modulus 1.876 ± 0.029 GPa. It is worth noting that the molar masses of PIM-1 used in these studies had a range of values, as presented in Table 1. | {
"answer_start": [
173
],
"text": [
"45 MPa"
]
} | Numeric Lookup | UltimateTensileStrength | 87 |
10.1007/s10853-016-0647-4 | Which compound has a ultimate tensile strength of 45 MPa? | Song et al. performed tensile testing of PIM-1 films cast from a 2 wt% solution of the polymer in chloroform . The tensile strength measured for an 80-μm-thick membrane was 45 MPa, and the failure strain exceeded 10%. There was no discussion on the elastic modulus but from the reported stress–strain curve it was approximately 1.2 GPa . In 2010, Du et al. using the same methodology measured the tensile strength of PIM-1 films cut into dumbbell-shaped samples with a thickness 70–90 μm, obtaining a tensile strength at break of 47.1 MPa and a tensile strain at break of 11.2% . No studies indicate the amount of tested samples, nor the standard deviations of properties, which are of interest to understand the variability of properties. Additionally, in the work of Song et al. , nanoindentation of PIM-1 films was performed resulting in a hardness of 149 ± 4 MPa and a Young’s modulus 1.876 ± 0.029 GPa. It is worth noting that the molar masses of PIM-1 used in these studies had a range of values, as presented in Table 1. | {
"answer_start": [
41
],
"text": [
"PIM-1"
]
} | Entity Lookup | UltimateTensileStrength | 88 |
10.1007/s10853-016-0647-4 | According to the paragraph, which mechanical property is 45 MPa for PIM-1? | Song et al. performed tensile testing of PIM-1 films cast from a 2 wt% solution of the polymer in chloroform . The tensile strength measured for an 80-μm-thick membrane was 45 MPa, and the failure strain exceeded 10%. There was no discussion on the elastic modulus but from the reported stress–strain curve it was approximately 1.2 GPa . In 2010, Du et al. using the same methodology measured the tensile strength of PIM-1 films cut into dumbbell-shaped samples with a thickness 70–90 μm, obtaining a tensile strength at break of 47.1 MPa and a tensile strain at break of 11.2% . No studies indicate the amount of tested samples, nor the standard deviations of properties, which are of interest to understand the variability of properties. Additionally, in the work of Song et al. , nanoindentation of PIM-1 films was performed resulting in a hardness of 149 ± 4 MPa and a Young’s modulus 1.876 ± 0.029 GPa. It is worth noting that the molar masses of PIM-1 used in these studies had a range of values, as presented in Table 1. | {
"answer_start": [
115
],
"text": [
"tensile strength"
]
} | Property Identification | UltimateTensileStrength | 89 |
10.1007/s10853-016-0647-4 | What is the ultimate tensile strength of PIM-1? | Song et al. performed tensile testing of PIM-1 films cast from a 2 wt% solution of the polymer in chloroform . The tensile strength measured for an 80-μm-thick membrane was 45 MPa, and the failure strain exceeded 10%. There was no discussion on the elastic modulus but from the reported stress–strain curve it was approximately 1.2 GPa . In 2010, Du et al. using the same methodology measured the tensile strength of PIM-1 films cut into dumbbell-shaped samples with a thickness 70–90 μm, obtaining a tensile strength at break of 47.1 MPa and a tensile strain at break of 11.2% . No studies indicate the amount of tested samples, nor the standard deviations of properties, which are of interest to understand the variability of properties. Additionally, in the work of Song et al. , nanoindentation of PIM-1 films was performed resulting in a hardness of 149 ± 4 MPa and a Young’s modulus 1.876 ± 0.029 GPa. It is worth noting that the molar masses of PIM-1 used in these studies had a range of values, as presented in Table 1. | {
"answer_start": [
530
],
"text": [
"47.1 MPa"
]
} | Numeric Lookup | UltimateTensileStrength | 90 |
10.1007/s10853-016-0647-4 | Which compound has a ultimate tensile strength of 47.1 MPa? | Song et al. performed tensile testing of PIM-1 films cast from a 2 wt% solution of the polymer in chloroform . The tensile strength measured for an 80-μm-thick membrane was 45 MPa, and the failure strain exceeded 10%. There was no discussion on the elastic modulus but from the reported stress–strain curve it was approximately 1.2 GPa . In 2010, Du et al. using the same methodology measured the tensile strength of PIM-1 films cut into dumbbell-shaped samples with a thickness 70–90 μm, obtaining a tensile strength at break of 47.1 MPa and a tensile strain at break of 11.2% . No studies indicate the amount of tested samples, nor the standard deviations of properties, which are of interest to understand the variability of properties. Additionally, in the work of Song et al. , nanoindentation of PIM-1 films was performed resulting in a hardness of 149 ± 4 MPa and a Young’s modulus 1.876 ± 0.029 GPa. It is worth noting that the molar masses of PIM-1 used in these studies had a range of values, as presented in Table 1. | {
"answer_start": [
41
],
"text": [
"PIM-1"
]
} | Entity Lookup | UltimateTensileStrength | 91 |
10.1007/s10853-016-0647-4 | According to the paragraph, which mechanical property is 47.1 MPa for PIM-1? | Song et al. performed tensile testing of PIM-1 films cast from a 2 wt% solution of the polymer in chloroform . The tensile strength measured for an 80-μm-thick membrane was 45 MPa, and the failure strain exceeded 10%. There was no discussion on the elastic modulus but from the reported stress–strain curve it was approximately 1.2 GPa . In 2010, Du et al. using the same methodology measured the tensile strength of PIM-1 films cut into dumbbell-shaped samples with a thickness 70–90 μm, obtaining a tensile strength at break of 47.1 MPa and a tensile strain at break of 11.2% . No studies indicate the amount of tested samples, nor the standard deviations of properties, which are of interest to understand the variability of properties. Additionally, in the work of Song et al. , nanoindentation of PIM-1 films was performed resulting in a hardness of 149 ± 4 MPa and a Young’s modulus 1.876 ± 0.029 GPa. It is worth noting that the molar masses of PIM-1 used in these studies had a range of values, as presented in Table 1. | {
"answer_start": [
115
],
"text": [
"tensile strength"
]
} | Property Identification | UltimateTensileStrength | 92 |
10.1007/s10853-016-0647-4 | What is the ultimate tensile strength of PIM-1? | Polymers of intrinsic microporosity (PIMs) are currently attracting interest due to their unusual combination of high surface areas and capability to be processed into free-standing films. However, there has been little published work with regards to their physical and mechanical properties. In this paper, detailed characterisation of PIM-1 was performed by considering its chemical, gas adsorption and mechanical properties. The polymer was cast into films, and characterised in terms of their hydrogen adsorption at −196 °C up to much higher pressures (17 MPa) than previously reported (2 MPa), demonstrating the maximum excess adsorbed capacity of the material and its uptake behaviour in higher pressure regimes. The measured tensile strength of the polymer film was 31 MPa with a Young’s modulus of 1.26 GPa, whereas the average storage modulus exceeded 960 MPa. The failure strain of the material was 4.4%. It was found that the film is thermally stable at low temperatures, down to −150 °C, and decomposition of the material occurs at 350 °C. These results suggest that PIM-1 has sufficient elasticity to withstand the elastic deformations occurring within state-of-the-art high-pressure hydrogen storage tanks and sufficient thermal stability to be applied at the range of temperatures necessary for gas storage applications. | {
"answer_start": [
773
],
"text": [
"31 MPa"
]
} | Numeric Lookup | UltimateTensileStrength | 93 |
10.1007/s10853-016-0647-4 | Which compound has a ultimate tensile strength of 31 MPa? | Polymers of intrinsic microporosity (PIMs) are currently attracting interest due to their unusual combination of high surface areas and capability to be processed into free-standing films. However, there has been little published work with regards to their physical and mechanical properties. In this paper, detailed characterisation of PIM-1 was performed by considering its chemical, gas adsorption and mechanical properties. The polymer was cast into films, and characterised in terms of their hydrogen adsorption at −196 °C up to much higher pressures (17 MPa) than previously reported (2 MPa), demonstrating the maximum excess adsorbed capacity of the material and its uptake behaviour in higher pressure regimes. The measured tensile strength of the polymer film was 31 MPa with a Young’s modulus of 1.26 GPa, whereas the average storage modulus exceeded 960 MPa. The failure strain of the material was 4.4%. It was found that the film is thermally stable at low temperatures, down to −150 °C, and decomposition of the material occurs at 350 °C. These results suggest that PIM-1 has sufficient elasticity to withstand the elastic deformations occurring within state-of-the-art high-pressure hydrogen storage tanks and sufficient thermal stability to be applied at the range of temperatures necessary for gas storage applications. | {
"answer_start": [
337
],
"text": [
"PIM-1"
]
} | Entity Lookup | UltimateTensileStrength | 94 |
10.1007/s10853-016-0647-4 | According to the paragraph, which mechanical property is 31 MPa for PIM-1? | Polymers of intrinsic microporosity (PIMs) are currently attracting interest due to their unusual combination of high surface areas and capability to be processed into free-standing films. However, there has been little published work with regards to their physical and mechanical properties. In this paper, detailed characterisation of PIM-1 was performed by considering its chemical, gas adsorption and mechanical properties. The polymer was cast into films, and characterised in terms of their hydrogen adsorption at −196 °C up to much higher pressures (17 MPa) than previously reported (2 MPa), demonstrating the maximum excess adsorbed capacity of the material and its uptake behaviour in higher pressure regimes. The measured tensile strength of the polymer film was 31 MPa with a Young’s modulus of 1.26 GPa, whereas the average storage modulus exceeded 960 MPa. The failure strain of the material was 4.4%. It was found that the film is thermally stable at low temperatures, down to −150 °C, and decomposition of the material occurs at 350 °C. These results suggest that PIM-1 has sufficient elasticity to withstand the elastic deformations occurring within state-of-the-art high-pressure hydrogen storage tanks and sufficient thermal stability to be applied at the range of temperatures necessary for gas storage applications. | {
"answer_start": [
732
],
"text": [
"tensile strength"
]
} | Property Identification | UltimateTensileStrength | 95 |
10.1186/s42252-020-00010-0 | What is the ultimate tensile strength of Nylon-Carbon? | The Main Effect plots also show a marginal improvement in moving from a (0,45) pattern to a (0,90) pattern, with UTS increasing from 1.23% below global mean to 1.27% above global mean (Table 7), and E increasing from 5.78% below global mean to 5.80% above global mean (Table 8). This small effect may be due to the similarity between the two lay-up patterns. Higher performance was achieved by Klift et al. , achieving 400 MPa (σ = 20.35) UTS for Nylon-Carbon samples, using a concentric ring lay-up, with our Nylon-CF only achieving 249 ± 6 MPa. Although the results are not directly comparable as Klift et al. used an increased number of reinforcement layers of 16, compared to 12 in our research. It is clear though from this research that a (0,90) pattern does help to optimise the UTS and E and has no significant effect on the cost (as we see later). | {
"answer_start": [
419
],
"text": [
"400 MPa"
]
} | Numeric Lookup | UltimateTensileStrength | 96 |
10.1186/s42252-020-00010-0 | Which compound has a ultimate tensile strength of 400 MPa? | The Main Effect plots also show a marginal improvement in moving from a (0,45) pattern to a (0,90) pattern, with UTS increasing from 1.23% below global mean to 1.27% above global mean (Table 7), and E increasing from 5.78% below global mean to 5.80% above global mean (Table 8). This small effect may be due to the similarity between the two lay-up patterns. Higher performance was achieved by Klift et al. , achieving 400 MPa (σ = 20.35) UTS for Nylon-Carbon samples, using a concentric ring lay-up, with our Nylon-CF only achieving 249 ± 6 MPa. Although the results are not directly comparable as Klift et al. used an increased number of reinforcement layers of 16, compared to 12 in our research. It is clear though from this research that a (0,90) pattern does help to optimise the UTS and E and has no significant effect on the cost (as we see later). | {
"answer_start": [
447
],
"text": [
"Nylon-Carbon"
]
} | Entity Lookup | UltimateTensileStrength | 97 |
10.1186/s42252-020-00010-0 | According to the paragraph, which mechanical property is 400 MPa for Nylon-Carbon? | The Main Effect plots also show a marginal improvement in moving from a (0,45) pattern to a (0,90) pattern, with UTS increasing from 1.23% below global mean to 1.27% above global mean (Table 7), and E increasing from 5.78% below global mean to 5.80% above global mean (Table 8). This small effect may be due to the similarity between the two lay-up patterns. Higher performance was achieved by Klift et al. , achieving 400 MPa (σ = 20.35) UTS for Nylon-Carbon samples, using a concentric ring lay-up, with our Nylon-CF only achieving 249 ± 6 MPa. Although the results are not directly comparable as Klift et al. used an increased number of reinforcement layers of 16, compared to 12 in our research. It is clear though from this research that a (0,90) pattern does help to optimise the UTS and E and has no significant effect on the cost (as we see later). | {
"answer_start": [
113
],
"text": [
"UTS"
]
} | Property Identification | UltimateTensileStrength | 98 |
10.1007/s11661-020-06032-4 | What is the yield strength of Zn-1Mg? | The results of mechanical properties are given in Figure 8 and Table III. In comparison to pure Zn, the Zn-1Mg alloy was characterized by superior strength. It is clear that enhancement of YS and UTS was intensified by hydrostatic extrusion. In the case of pure Zn, the hydrostatic extrusion process resulted in an increase in strength, but only to some extent. The stress–strain curves shown in Figure 8 indicate that pure Zn exhibits strain-hardening behavior. At each step of the plastic deformation process, the shape of strain-stress curves are nearly the same, with a wide region of necking, indicating good ductility from the beginning of the hydrostatic extrusion process. The addition of Mg provoked major changes in tensile behavior, the evolution of which may be observed with subsequent passes of the hydrostatic extrusion process. After the first pass, the Zn-1Mg alloy showed the widest range of uniform strain, indicating the highest strengthening effect. However, low ductility was noticed. Additional passes resulted in a further increase of YS and UTS, and finally reached 383 and 482 MPa, respectively. Hence, the Zn-1Mg alloy exhibits a rather narrow range of uniform strain and, which is also characteristic, the onset of non-uniform strain was preceded by a distinct UTS peak, which is followed by strain-softening. Considering changes in plasticity, a remarkable increase in the elongation to failure was noticed for the Zn-1Mg alloy fabricated by hydrostatic extrusion, where a constant increase in elongation with subsequent passes was achieved. | {
"answer_start": [
1099
],
"text": [
"482 MPa"
]
} | Numeric Lookup | YieldStrength | 99 |
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MechQA is a domain-specific extractive question–answering dataset designed for evaluating language models on mechanical engineering knowledge. The dataset is automatically generated from a structured materials database containing engineering materials and their corresponding values for five fundamental mechanical properties. QA pairs are formatted in the SQuAD style, enabling straightforward training and evaluation of QA models.
The dataset is introduced in the paper “Automatic Generation of a Mechanical Properties Question-Answering Dataset for Language Model Benchmarking: A Comparative Study of BERT, XLNet, and LLaMA Models”
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