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## Movement and Maneuver
## Eires
## 85th Special Purpose Force Disruption Zone:
## Disruption Zone: Task: Disrupt occupation force in vicinity EA1 and EA2 Conduct ambushes on occupation force using complex terrain features and hasty defensive positions. End State: Occupation force ground movement is delayed in vicinity EA1 and ÉA2
## Battle Zone:
## Battle Zone: Task: Prevent western movement of occupation force . Purpose: Protect southern flank of the 72d Mechanized BN. Method: Use of obstacle belts and attack by fire positions End State: Occupation force is unable to turn west to
## 65th Mechanized BN OBJ Alpha.
## 72d Mechanized BN Task: Prevent occupation of OBJ Alpha: Retain control of government. Use of obstacle belts and attack by fire position End State: Government status quo is maintained
## Support Zone:
## Disruption Zone: Task: Reinforce the 65th and 72d Mechanized BNs . 97th Mechanized BN and 10th Infantry BN (Reserve) Purpose: Prevent occupation force flanking of the 65th and 72d Mechanized BNs . End State: Occupation force is prevented from seizing OBJ Alpha and OBJ Bravo Method: Conduct a counterattack AA ...
## Sustainment: Task: Conduct resupply operations across all zones Purpose: Maintain the initiative Method: Support echelons aligned to support main and supporting efforts . End Statè: Friendly forces are able to maintain momentum of the battle to occupation force repel
## Reconnaissance Task: Identify coastal landing areas Purpose: Direct long-range precision fires . Method: Special purpose forces: End State: Occupation force lodgement is contested and delayed.
## Battle Zone: Task: Identify occupation force AAs. Purpose: Direct long-range precision fires. Method: Special purpose forces . End State: C2 elements are able to direct the main effort.
## IDENTIFY HIGH-VALUE TARGETS FOR EACH COURSE OF ACTION 6-57. Identifying HVTs involves mentally war gaming a threat COA to determine the assets required to complete the mission. This process involves using as a guide the HVT list developed based on HVTs identified as part of the threat model in step...
## Figure 6-9. High-value target list developed during step 4 of IPB (example) 6-59. Once identified and nominated, HPTs are grouped into a list-identified for a specific time and space in the battle and prioritized based on the commander's approval for formal targeting. The HPT list (see figure 6-10) ...
## IDENTIFY INITIAL COLLECTION REQUIREMENTS FOR EACH COURSE OF ACTION 6-60. After identifying the full set of potential threat COAs, the staff develops the tools necessary to determine which COA the threat may implement. Because the threat has not acted yet, this determination cannot be made during IPB....
## Table 6-1. Offensive indicators ( continued ) Table 6-2. Defensive indicators | Activity | Explanation ...
## DEVELOP THE EVENT TEMPLATE AND MATRIX 6-64. Intelligence analysts develop event templates and event matrices as analytical planning tools. The initial event template and event matrix are normally developed before COA analysis, refined during COA analysis, and further refined during execution as the situ...
## EVENT TEMPLATE 6-65. An event template is a guide for collection planning that depicts the named areas of interest where activity, or its lack of activity, will indicate which course of action the adversary has adopted (JP 2-01.3). It is a graphic overlay used during the COA analysis step of the MDMP ...
## EVENT MATRIX 6-70. An event matrix is a cross-referenced description of the indicators and activity expected to occur in each named area of interest (JP 2-01.3). Constructing an event matrix table is an analytical process that involves associating NAIs and threat decision points identified on the event template wit...
## DECISION SUPPORT TEMPLATE AND INFORMATION COLLECTION MATRIX - 6-71. The completed event template and event matrix form the basis for planning collection strategies, synchronizing intelligence with friendly operations, and developing the DST and matrix and information collection matrix (see ...
## PART THREE
## Considerations for Operations and Environments
## Chapter 7
## IPB for Unified Action and Unique Environments
## SECTION I - UNIFIED ACTION - 7-1. Unified action is the synchronization, coordination, and/or integration of the activities of governmental and nongovernmental entities with military operations to achieve unity of effort (JP 1). Under unified action, commanders synchronize military actions with activities of ...
## OFFENSIVE TASKS - 7-3. Offensive task is a task conducted to defeat and destroy enemy forces and seize terrain, resources, and population centers (ADRP 3-0). A commander may also conduct offensive tasks to secure decisive terrain, to deprive the enemy of resources, to gain information, to deceive and divert the ene...
## MOVEMENT TO CONTACT - 7-5. Movement to contact is an offensive task designed to develop the situation and to establish or regain contact (ADP 3-90). It may also include preliminary diversionary actions and preparation fires. The extent and nature of the movement to contact depends on whether threat forces were prev...
## ATTACK 7-6. An attack is an offensive task that destroys or defeats enemy forces, seizes and secures terrain, or both (ADP 3-90). Movement supported by fires characterizes the conduct of an attack. An attack differs from a movement to contact because enemy main body dispositions are at least partially known. Conduc...
## EXPLOITATION - 7-7. Exploitation is an offensive operation that usually follows a successful attack and is designed to disorganize the enemy in depth (JP 2-01.3). The objective of exploitation is to complete the enemy's disintegration. Exploitation takes advantage of previous successes a...
## PURSUIT - 7-8. Pursuit is an offensive task designed to catch or cut off a hostile force attempting to escape, with the aim of destroying it (ADP 3-90). A commander often plans for an enemy retrograde operation as either a branch or sequel to an operation. When recommending pursuit, the staff must consi...
## DEFENSIVE TASKS - 7-9. A defensive task is a task conducted to defeat an enemy attack, gain time, economize forces, and develop conditions favorable for offensive or stability tasks (ADRP 3-0). Intelligence requirements generally associated with defensive tasks include the following: -  Determine, lo...
## AREA DEFENSE - 7-11. Area defense is a defensive task that concentrates on denying enemy forces access to designated terrain for a specific time rather than destroying the enemy outright (ADP 3-90). The focus of the area defensive task is on retaining terrain where the bulk of the defending force positions itself i...
## MOBILE DEFENSE 7-13. Mobile defense is a defensive task that concentrates on the destruction or defeat of the enemy through a decisive attack by a striking force (ADP 3-90). A mobile defense focuses on defeating or destroying the enemy by allowing enemy forces to advance to a point where they are exposed to a decis...
## RETROGRADE 7-15. Retrograde is a defensive task that involves organized movement away from the enemy (ADP 3-90). The enemy may force these operations, or a commander may execute them voluntarily. In either case, the higher commander of the force executing the retrograde must approve the retrograde operation before ...
## STABILITY TASKS - 7-17. Stability tasks are tasks conducted as part of operations outside the United States in coordination with other instruments of national power to maintain or reestablish a safe and secure environment and provide essential governmental services, emergency infrastructure reconstruction, and huma...
## ESTABLISH CIVIL SECURITY 7-27. Establishing civil security is the first responsibility of military forces stability tasks and involves providing for the safety of the host nation, including protection from active enemy forces. When dealing with internal and external enemy forces that pose a direct thre...
## Protect External Borders 7-28. When conducting stability tasks, U.S. forces generally do not have to prepare for an attack by a regional power across an international border. The primary cross-border threats U.S. forces encounter are foreign nation special forces, terrorist organizations, regionally based irregular...
## Combat Internal Threats 7-31. When engaged in stability tasks, U.S. forces can be contested by one or more armed and organized groups that oppose U.S. presence and objectives in the area. These groups may vary in size and capability. Their motivations and objectives may or may not be the same. They may actively opp...
## Separate Insurgents from the General Population 7-33. Paramilitary elements, terrorists, militias, and other insurgent groups of elements conducting irregular warfare depend on the cooperation of the general population. These groups do not have the capability to sustain operations against armed conventional forces ...
## ESTABLISH CIVIL CONTROL 7-36. When mission and conditions warrant, U.S. forces may be required to implement populace and resources control measures to achieve civil control and protect the populace. The military activities associated with establishing civil control generally involve developing interim ...
## RESTORE ESSENTIAL SERVICES 7-40. The military activities associated with restoring essential services generally involve supporting indigenous populations and institutions as well as civilian relief agency operations addressing the effects of humanitarian crises, such as famine, dislocated civilians,...
## SUPPORT GOVERNANCE 7-43. When a legitimate and functional host-nation government is present, military forces operating to support a state have a limited role. However, if the host-nation government cannot adequately perform its basic civil functions, some degree of military support to governanc...
## SUPPORT ECONOMIC AND INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT 7-46. The most effective long-term measure of conflict prevention and resolution is the sustainment of a viable government that is actively engaged in meeting the needs, including economic development, of its citizens. A nation's economy affects its ability to govern ...
## Economic Development 7-48. When assessing economic conditions, the commander and staff consider the following (not all-inclusive): -  Ability of legal border-crossing sites and other ports of entry to assist the legal flow of commerce. -  Positive and negative effects of cross-border smuggling of commercial good...
## Infrastructure Development 7-50. When assessing infrastructure conditions, the intelligence staff considers- -  The condition of existing infrastructure and whether rehabilitation or new infrastructure development is needed. -  The organizations and individuals responsible for maintaining infrastructure...
## CONDUCT SECURITY COOPERATION 7-52. Security cooperation, as part of consolidation of gains, enhances military engagement and builds the security capacity of partner states. Security cooperation comprises multiple activities, programs, and missions; it is functionally and conceptually related to security ...
## SECTION II - UNIQUE ENVIRONMENTS 7-53. This section discusses IPB considerations for littoral, urban, and subterranean environments.
## LITTORAL ENVIRONMENTS 7-54. The littoral comprises two segments of operational environment: 1. Seaward: the area from the open ocean to the shore, which must be controlled to support operations ashore. 2. Landward: the area inland from the shore that can be supported and defended directly from the sea (JP 2-01.3). ...
## UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS OF LITTORAL ENVIRONMENTS 7-55. Work performed by the staff during generate intelligence knowledge is critical to understanding littoral areas and zones in the OE. Integrating the staff into IPB and using outside resources (such as Service-level intelligence centers, relevant geographic combat...
## EVALUATING THE MILITARY ASPECTS OF TERRAIN IN LITTORAL ENVIRONMENTS 7-60. The analysis of the military aspects of terrain (OAKOC) also applies to the littorals. Terrain variances in littoral environments are very diverse due to season, weather, and intended use, or are often abrupt, ranging from coastal regions wit...
## Observation and Fields of Fire 7-62. Littorals are one of the most diverse environments worldwide. This diversity often creates significant changes in observation and fields of fire over short distances. For example, many littoral areas in Central and South America contain large urban areas, but they also contain d...
## Avenues of Approach 7-63. The seaward and landward portions of littoral areas may provide different accessibility for operations: -  Seaward portions are generally more accessible to large vessels and typically offer unimpeded travel to ports. -  Landward portions are typically more canalizing with chokepoi...
## Key Terrain 7-65. Littoral regions are often important parts of a country's or region's economic infrastructure. Often, they include key financial and trade hubs, and are used by military forces for projection of power and to secure borders. For these reasons, littorals often contain key terrain essential to the su...
## Obstacles 7-66. Obstacles in littoral terrain are often used to prevent an opposing force from encroaching closer to shores and inland terrain. Obstacles may vary from offshore mines and abatises to waterways bordering population centers. Coastal terrain, wave and tidal surges, reefs, shoals, and l...
## Cover and Concealment 7-67. Cover and concealment vary by location. Littoral environments range from urban areas providing substantial cover and concealment to rural areas where cover and concealment may be limited.
## EVALUATING ASPECTS OF THE THREAT IN LITTORAL ENVIRONMENTS 7-68. Littorals are often complex and multilayered environments. The ability to understand a holistic littoral OE, including threats, can be difficult. Friendly forces operating in littoral areas may encounter a multitude of threat forces across multiple dom...
## URBAN ENVIRONMENTS 7-70. The effective conduct of urban operations requires a basic understanding of urban environments. Currently more than 50 percent of the world population lives in urban areas and is likely to increase to 70 percent by 2050, making military operations in cities both inevitable and t...
## URBAN OPERATIONS 7-75. The Army defines urban operations as operations across the range of military operations planned and conducted on, or against objectives on a topographical complex and its adjacent natural terrain, where manmade construction or the density of population are the dominant features (AT...
## UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS OF URBAN ENVIRONMENTS 7-83. Successful IPB of urban areas depends on generating intelligence knowledge sufficiently during precombat phases. Staffs require access to data files and intelligence products generated to aid the planning and execution of combat operations. Table 7-7 dep...
## EVALUATING THE MILITARY ASPECTS OF TERRAIN IN URBAN ENVIRONMENTS 7-90. Evaluating the effects of terrain in an urban environment differs from evaluating the effects of open terrain. The analysis of the military aspects of terrain (OAKOC) still applies. However, this analysis must be in the context of urban battlefi...
## Observation and Fields of Fire 7-97. Limitations on observation and fields of fire in urban areas are less subtle than in natural terrain where the landscape often varies predictably. The man-made terrain of urban environments presents multiple complex issues to maneuver forces. Due to the built-up natu...
## Avenues of Approach 7-101. The availability of AAs in urban areas is essential to accomplishing a maneuver element's mission. When identifying AAs in urban areas, staff integration and collaboration are essential as they assist in- -  Determining vehicle size limitations on road and bridge networks. -  Determini...
## Key Terrain 7-108. Key terrain varies based on the composition of the urban area and the nature of the threat. For example, if an opposing force prefers indirect fire using observation posts, tall buildings could be considered key terrain. Key terrain also varies based on the infrastructure of the u...
## Obstacles 7-111. Depending on a unit's mission, urban areas could be considered as obstacles. Due to potential collateral damage, civilians on the battlefield, and canalizing terrain, commanders may decide to bypass urban areas during the MDMP. When considering that obstacles are used to disrupt, ...
## Cover and Concealment 7-114. Sources of cover in urban environments include but are not limited to walls, vehicles, ditches, and tunnels. Depending on their composition and structure, buildings in urban environments may also provide cover. During generate intelligence knowledge, analysts must seek relevant ...
## EVALUATING ASPECTS OF THE THREAT IN URBAN ENVIRONMENTS 7-117. Specific threats in urban environments can be difficult to identify. Urban environments may have a variety of elements, including but not limited to conventional and special operations forces, paramilitary forces, elements of resistance groups, corrupt p...
## EVALUATING ASPECTS OF THE POPULATION IN URBAN ENVIRONMENTS - 7-120. While an urban area describes the physical nature of the environment, perhaps the most important mission variable to consider is the people within cities and their surroundings. Urban operations often require Army forces to operate in proximity to ...
## EVALUATING ASPECTS OF THE INFRASTRUCTURE IN URBAN ENVIRONMENTS - 7-124. An urban infrastructure consists of six categories (see paragraph 7-92). Hundreds of systems exist within an urban infrastructure's categories. Each system has a critical role in the smooth functioning of the urban area. Determining the interde...
## ADDITIONAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR URBAN ENVIRONMENTS 7-129. Additional considerations for an urban environment include but are not limited to surface, supersurface, subsurface, airspace, maritime, infrastructure analysis, threat forces, threat COAs.
## Surface Considerations 7-130. Surface areas consist of ground-level areas, including but not limited to streets, sidewalks, greenways, fields, and plazas. These are the primary movement routes or AAs when considering ground movement. Often in urban environments, ground movement becomes canalized due to ...
## Supersurface Considerations 7-131. Supersurface areas include the internal floors or levels (intrasurface areas) and external roofs or tops of buildings, stadiums, towers, and other vertical structures. These areas provide cover and concealment; limit or enhance observation and fields of fire; and restrict...
## Subsurface Considerations 7-132. Subsurface areas consist of areas below the surface area. These areas present significant challenges to fires, control, and protection that commanders must mitigate. Populations use natural and man-made subsurface terrain for many reasons, including movement of p...
## Airspace Considerations 7-135. The importance of airspace to Army operations is based on the use of aviation for observation and information collection, air delivery of munitions, aerial attack, and transporting forces and materials. In urban environments, airspace considerations mostly pertain to the mobility of a...
## Maritime Considerations 7-137. Many cities are bounded by the maritime domain, including Lagos, Nigeria, and Aden, Yemen. Therefore, the maritime domain is as critical to urban areas as roads, bridges, and airports. Not only do they support a country's/region's economy, but they are often woven into the cultural st...
## Infrastructure Analysis - 7-138. Analyzing an urban area's infrastructure is important in understanding the complexity of the terrain and the society. The infrastructure of an urban environment consists of the basic resources, communications, and industries on which the population depends. The key elements allowing...
## Threat Forces 7-142. The decision for threat forces to attack an urban area may be based on tactical, operational, or political considerations. The following include reasons for threats to attack or occupy an urban environment: -  Destroy defending forces within a built-up area. -  Achieve politic...
## Threat Courses of Action - 7-143. When developing situation templates for threats conducting operations in an urban environment, consider that threats may conduct multiple operations simultaneously within a given area. Some of these operations may be diversionary, designed to detract attention away from primary obj...
## SUBTERRANEAN ENVIRONMENTS - 7-147. The use of subterranean spaces and structures can be a means of covertly maintaining the initiative against an opponent. Such spaces and structures can be used for C2, defensive networks, operations, storage, production, or protection. Continued improvements in the construction of...
## UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS OF SUBTERRANEAN ENVIRONMENTS 7-150. Knowledge of the types of natural (category 1) and man-made (category 2) subterranean environments within an OE offers a significant advantage when performing IPB and subsequent planning. Identifying subterranean environments assists intelligenc...
## Category 1: Natural Subterranean Environments 7-151. Caves and natural cavities are primarily formed by the erosion or dissolving of limestone over time. Examples include Carlsbad Caverns in New Mexico or the Lascaux Cave in France. Tunnels are natural or often linear caves, but they can also be man-made structures...
## Category 2: Man-Made Subterranean Environments - 7-153. Urban subsurface systems include civil works and substructures. Civil works include aqueducts, sewers, subways, transportation, and utility tunnels. Substructures include basements, shelters, and parking garages, which may appear similar to sophisticated tunne...
## The Maginot Line One of the most extensive uses of man-made subterranean terrain is the French-built Maginot Line. The French built this series of fortifications to deter German aggression along the France-German border post World War I. This fortified line consisted of fortresses, bunkers, outposts, ...
## EVALUATING SUBTERRANEAN ENVIRONMENTS USING THE MILITARY ASPECTS OF TERRAIN - 7-155. Using subterranean environments provides a means of expanding the physical battlefield and cover and concealment along routes of movement. Historically, threat forces have used subterranean terrain as a means to counter friendly ove...
## Observation and Fields of Fire 7-157. Observation in subterranean terrain varies based on the type of terrain. In urban subterranean environments, such as subway tunnels, observation may be good; however, in sewer systems, observation is limited due to lack of light. Since subterranean terrain is typic...
## Avenues of Approach 7-158. Maneuverability is one of the critical factors for using subterranean terrain. Forces using subterranean terrain as AAs have an advantage because their movement may be undetected. This increases forces' possible COAs. When developing threat COAs, analysts must conside...
## Key Terrain 7-159. When analyzing subterranean terrain and possible key terrain, it is important to note the relationship between surface terrain and subterranean terrain because exploiting subterranean terrain assists in gaining advantages on surface terrain. Possible key terrain in subterranean environments inclu...
## Obstacles 7-160. Subterranean environments affect friendly and threat COAs; therefore, they must be considered during planning. Depending on the mission and mission location, subterranean terrain can be the most significant obstacle in the OE. The importance of subterranean terrain to threa...
## Cover and Concealment 7-162. The lack of cover and concealment in subterranean terrain favors forces in the defense, depending on the type of structure, its composition, and purpose: -  Tunnels. The inside of a tunnel provides minimal to no cover and concealment. Depending on the complexity, structure, and compos...
## Chapter 8
## Additional Considerations for Operational Environments
## THE OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENT - 8-1. During step 1 of the IPB process, the OE is defined. An OE encompasses the domains, the information environment, the EMS, and other factors. IPB applies across the range of Army operations. Therefore, when defining the OE, all domains in which Army and threat operations occur must...
## AIR DOMAIN - 8-2. The air domain is the atmosphere, beginning at the Earth's surface, extending to the altitude where its effects upon operations become negligible (JP 3-30). The air domain is the operating medium for fixed-wing and rotary-wing aircraft; air defense systems; UASs; cruise missiles; and some ...
## LAND DOMAIN - 8-6. The land domain is the area of the Earth's surface ending at the high water mark and overlapping with the maritime domain in the landward segment of the littorals (JP 3-31). These areas also include subsurface and supersurface areas. Army operations are conducted primarily in the land domain. Ana...
## MARITIME DOMAIN - 8-8. The maritime domain is the oceans, seas, bays, estuaries, islands, coastal areas, and the airspace above these, including the littorals (JP 3-32). The maritime domain's vastness and proximity to the land masses make this domain critical for force projection and the application of weapons and ...
## RELEVANT ASPECTS OF THE MARITIME DOMAIN 8-11. Because most Army operations occur in the land domain, intelligence staffs must maintain situational awareness of possible contingencies for which the maritime domain may become relevant to mission success. The following includes considerations when researching signific...
## TRADE - 8-13. Approximately 80 percent of global trade is conducted using the maritime domain. The importance of this domain on the global economy is significant mostly due to the low cost of shipping via water (ship) instead of air. Items such as finished products, raw materials, as well as components to finish pr...
## THREAT FORCES 8-15. Threat forces in the maritime domain range from conventional naval forces conducting missions in open seas to criminal groups, including pirates, operating in the littorals. Based on the mission, intelligence staffs determine which threat groups have the capability to impact operations. Often, t...
## SPACE DOMAIN 8-16. The space domain is the area above the altitude where atmospheric effects on airborne objects become negligible (JP 3-14). The space domain is essential to information collection, missile tracking, launch detection, environmental monitoring, communications, navigation, global positio...
## RELEVANT ASPECTS OF THE SPACE DOMAIN 8-23. Relevant aspects of the space domain within the IPB process are the- -  Space environment. -  Space weather. -  Space weather phenomena.