ssunggun2/mrqa_preprocessed · Datasets at Hugging Face

subset stringclasses 6 values	context stringlengths 28 1.11k	context_tokens sequence	qid stringlengths 32 32	question stringlengths 13 199	question_tokens sequence	detected_answers sequence	answers sequencelengths 1 5	masked_query stringlengths 13 168	query_embedding sequencelengths 768 768
BioASQ	Using a rat model of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID), the contributions of dopamine D1 and D2 receptors to axial, limb, and orolingual (ALO) abnormal involuntary movements (AIMs) elicited by L-DOPA were examined. Chronic L-DOPA-treated rats received the D1 receptor antagonist SCH23390 (0.01, 0.1, and 1.0 mg/kg; i.p.), the D2 receptor antagonist Eticlopride (0.01, 0.1, and 1.0 mg/kg; i.p.), a mixture of both antagonists (0.01, 0.1, 1.0 mg/kg each; i.p.), or vehicle 30 min prior to L-DOPA (6 mg/kg; i.p.)+Benserazide (15 mg/kg; i.p.). SCH23390 (0.1 and 1.0 mg/kg) significantly reduced axial and limb AIMs, while the same doses of Eticlopride significantly decreased axial, limb, and orolingual AIMs. Co-administration of SCH23390+Eticlopride significantly reduced axial (0.01, 0.1 and 1.0 mg/kg), limb (0.1 and 1.0 mg/kg), and orolingual (0.1 and 1.0 mg/kg) AIMs. These results indicate the importance of D1 and D2 receptors to LID and further validate the rat AIMs model.	{ "tokens": [ "Using", "a", "rat", "model", "of", "L", "-", "DOPA", "-", "induced", "dyskinesia", "(", "LID", ")", ",", "the", "contributions", "of", "dopamine", "D1", "and", "D2", "receptors", "to", "axial", ",", ...	cef4a7fbb56948418ee4895ae79c5294	Which drug is benserazide usually co-administered with?	{ "tokens": [ "Which", "drug", "is", "benserazide", "usually", "co", "-", "administered", "with", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 6, 11, 14, 26, 34, 36, 37, 50, 54 ] }	{ "text": [ "L-Dopa" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 485, 21, 221, 191 ], "end": [ 490, 26, 226, 196 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 121, 5, 48, 41 ], ...	[ "L-Dopa" ]	Which drug is benserazide usually co-administered with?	[ 0.016245340928435326, 0.034712426364421844, 0.01377842016518116, -0.030000904574990273, -0.00566522590816021, -0.00838525965809822, 0.0036372169852256775, -0.042549822479486465, 0.027639003470540047, 0.00382024678401649, 0.008858697488904, 0.026209285482764244, -0.04562762752175331, -0.001...
BioASQ	Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) is caused by mutations in the NOTCH3 gene and is clinically characterized by recurrent stroke, cognitive decline, psychiatric disturbances and migraine. The prevalence of migraine in CADASIL is slightly higher than in the general population, and the proportion of migraine with aura is much higher. The pathophysiological mechanism that leads to increased aura prevalence in CADASIL is unknown. Possible mechanisms of the excess of migraine with aura are an increased susceptibility to cortical spreading depression (CSD) or a different expression of CSD. It is also possible that the brainstem migraine area is involved in CADASIL. Last, it is possible that the NOTCH3 mutation acts as a migraine aura susceptibility gene by itself. In this narrative review we summarize the literature about migraine in CADASIL, with a special focus on what CADASIL might teach us about the pathophysiology of migraine.	{ "tokens": [ "Cerebral", "autosomal", "dominant", "arteriopathy", "with", "subcortical", "infarcts", "and", "leukoencephalopathy", "(", "CADASIL", ")", "is", "caused", "by", "mutations", "in", "the", "NOTCH3", "gene", "and", "is"...	56b8eb3015f747f78f3544b919c22c37	Which gene is involved in CADASIL?	{ "tokens": [ "Which", "gene", "is", "involved", "in", "CADASIL", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 6, 11, 14, 23, 26, 33 ] }	{ "text": [ "Notch3 gene" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 131 ], "end": [ 141 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 18 ], "end": [ 19 ] } ] }	[ "Notch3 gene" ]	Which gene is involved in [MASK]?	[ 0.008079984225332737, 0.0018289143918082118, -0.006552095990628004, 0.011026080697774887, 0.04543011263012886, 0.0164654441177845, 0.004438546486198902, -0.009998594410717487, 0.006841522175818682, -0.0028800799045711756, -0.022249741479754448, -0.00562192453071475, -0.028802309185266495, ...
BioASQ	Mutations in the tyrosine kinase (TK) domain of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene in non-small cell lung cancers are associated with increased sensitivity of these cancers to drugs that inhibit EGFR kinase activity such as gefitinib and erlotinib. Responses to TK inhibitors in the absence of EGFR gene mutation for BAC patients have not been reported. A case of a patient with BAC refractory to chemotherapy who responded to gefitinib in the absence of EGFR gene mutations is reported. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors may have a role in BAC in the absence of EGFR gene mutations. Additional studies on other molecular alterations of the EGFR family members are needed to better predict response to these agents.	{ "tokens": [ "Mutations", "in", "the", "tyrosine", "kinase", "(", "TK", ")", "domain", "of", "the", "epidermal", "growth", "factor", "receptor", "(", "EGFR", ")", "gene", "in", "non", "-", "small", "cell", "lung", ...	edddbb8cad694d9a8b64e23dfb8292ba	Mutations in which gene determine response to both erlotinib and gefitinib?	{ "tokens": [ "Mutations", "in", "which", "gene", "determine", "response", "to", "both", "erlotinib", "and", "gefitinib", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 10, 13, 19, 24, 34, 43, 46, 51, 61, 65, 74 ] }	{ "text": [ "epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 52 ], "end": [ 95 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 11 ], "end": [ 18 ] } ] }	[ "epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene" ]	Mutations in which gene determine response to both erlotinib and gefitinib?	[ -0.010871456004679203, 0.004005592782050371, 0.013550861738622189, -0.04084448516368866, 0.01609187386929989, 0.0325886532664299, 0.03353200852870941, -0.05436057597398758, 0.017474396154284477, -0.0257948599755764, -0.011294596828520298, 0.051852140575647354, -0.04257776960730553, -0.0116...
BioASQ	Parkinson's disease (PD) and related Lewy body diseases are characterized by deposition of α-synuclein aggregates in both the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. Synucleinopathy lesions spread to larger brain areas as the disease progresses, and prion-like cell-to-cell transmission of aggregated α-synuclein is thought to be the underlying mechanism for this pathological spreading. LRRK2 is another protein linked to the pathogenesis of PD, and its presence in Lewy bodies has attracted much attention as to whether LRRK2 and α-synuclein interplay during the pathogenesis of PD. However, the relationship between these two crucial proteins still remains unclear. In this review article, we will discuss the current state of knowledge in terms of how these proteins cause the disease and provide the hypothetical mechanisms by which LRRK2 might modify the generation and progression of synucleinopathy.	{ "tokens": [ "Parkinson", "'s", "disease", "(", "PD", ")", "and", "related", "Lewy", "body", "diseases", "are", "characterized", "by", "deposition", "of", "α", "-", "synuclein", "aggregates", "in", "both", "the", "central...	ab5ce079faa34a7b97b77449fa304a3f	Which disease of the central nervous system is characterized by the presence of Lewy bodies?	{ "tokens": [ "Which", "disease", "of", "the", "central", "nervous", "system", "is", "characterized", "by", "the", "presence", "of", "Lewy", "bodies", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 6, 14, 17, 21, 29, 37, 44, 47, 61, ...	{ "text": [ "Parkinson's disease (PD)" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 0 ], "end": [ 22 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 0 ], "end": [ 4 ] } ] }	[ "Parkinson's disease (PD)" ]	Which disease of the central nervous system is characterized by the presence of Lewy bodies?	[ 0.0006749931490048766, 0.007411886937916279, 0.004520514514297247, -0.011683260090649128, 0.03721148148179054, -0.0026840169448405504, 0.038568612188100815, 0.01576652005314827, -0.027186106890439987, -0.04003119468688965, -0.043609291315078735, -0.029176542535424232, -0.03581584617495537, ...
BioASQ	The current methods available to detect chromosomal abnormalities from DNA microarray expression data are cumbersome and inflexible. CAFE has been developed to alleviate these issues. It is implemented as an R package that analyzes Affymetrix *.CEL files and comes with flexible plotting functions, easing visualization of chromosomal abnormalities. CAFE is available from https://bitbucket.org/cob87icW6z/cafe/ as both source and compiled packages for Linux and Windows. It is released under the GPL version 3 license. CAFE will also be freely available from Bioconductor. sander.h.bollen@gmail.com or nancy.mah@mdc-berlin.de Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.	{ "tokens": [ "The", "current", "methods", "available", "to", "detect", "chromosomal", "abnormalities", "from", "DNA", "microarray", "expression", "data", "are", "cumbersome", "and", "inflexible", ".", "CAFE", "has", "been", "deve...	ab902c462f7c4599b28d61cef6b38d84	Which R package is used for the detection of chromosomal abnormalities from microarray data?	{ "tokens": [ "Which", "R", "package", "is", "used", "for", "the", "detection", "of", "chromosomal", "abnormalities", "from", "microarray", "data", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 6, 8, 16, 19, 24, 28, 32, 42, 45, 57, ...	{ "text": [ "CAFE" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 520, 350, 133 ], "end": [ 523, 353, 136 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 79, 53, 18 ], "end": [ 79, 53, ...	[ "CAFE" ]	Which R package is used for the detection of chromosomal abnormalities from microarray data?	[ 0.0063017006032168865, -0.011546761728823185, 0.0018989021191373467, 0.0124440286308527, 0.030887801200151443, 0.01594855822622776, -0.0016339400317519903, -0.050894416868686676, -0.0060907648876309395, 0.026000412181019783, -0.03372128680348396, 0.023876143619418144, -0.018996991217136383, ...
BioASQ	Probe-to-bone test and simple X-rays are both standard tests for the diagnosis of diabetic foot osteomyelitis. This study demonstrates the importance of considering jointly clinical information (probe-to-bone test) and diagnostic tests (simple radiography) to increase agreement among clinicians on diagnosis of diabetic foot osteomyelitis.	{ "tokens": [ "Probe", "-", "to", "-", "bone", "test", "and", "simple", "X", "-", "rays", "are", "both", "standard", "tests", "for", "the", "diagnosis", "of", "diabetic", "foot", "osteomyelitis", ".", "This", "study", ...	117440db7a2441f29ff04ebe978b490f	Which disease can be diagnosed with the "probe to bone" test?	{ "tokens": [ "Which", "disease", "can", "be", "diagnosed", "with", "the", "\"", "probe", "to", "bone", "\"", "test", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 6, 14, 18, 21, 31, 36, 40, 41, 47, 50, 54, 56, 60 ] }	{ "text": [ "diabetic foot osteomyelitis" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 312, 82 ], "end": [ 338, 108 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 56, 19 ], "end": [ 58, 21 ] } ] }	[ "diabetic foot osteomyelitis" ]	Which disease can be diagnosed with the "probe to bone" test?	[ 0.0050520095974206924, -0.0032486303243786097, -0.017196154221892357, -0.003744596615433693, 0.043346136808395386, 0.03304223716259003, 0.03458493947982788, -0.04726327955722809, 0.02453431859612465, -0.04039527848362923, 0.0007128426223061979, 0.02339329570531845, -0.004987410735338926, 0...
BioASQ	A 65-year-old white man presented with all the clinical features of acrokeratosis paraneoplastica of Bazex, characterized by violaceous erythema and scaling of the nose, aural helices, fingers, and toes, with keratoderma and severe nail dystrophy. Examination of the patient for possible associated malignancy disclosed an asymptomatic squamous cell carcinoma at the oropharyngeal region. The skin lesions resolved almost completely following radiation therapy of the neoplasm, but the onychodystrophy persisted. This case report illustrates the importance of early recognition of Bazex syndrome.	{ "tokens": [ "A", "65-year", "-", "old", "white", "man", "presented", "with", "all", "the", "clinical", "features", "of", "acrokeratosis", "paraneoplastica", "of", "Bazex", ",", "characterized", "by", "violaceous", "erythema", ...	fecb8a65f2cf49afa3fcf85558513068	Name synonym of Acrokeratosis paraneoplastica.	{ "tokens": [ "Name", "synonym", "of", "Acrokeratosis", "paraneoplastica", "." ], "offsets": [ 0, 5, 13, 16, 30, 45 ] }	{ "text": [ "Bazex syndrome" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 581 ], "end": [ 594 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 90 ], "end": [ 91 ] } ] }	[ "Bazex syndrome" ]	Name synonym of Acrokeratosis paraneoplastica.	[ -0.02256995253264904, -0.005729652009904385, -0.007767172530293465, 0.008338348008692265, 0.026251448318362236, 0.03135184943675995, 0.03703952208161354, 0.006740911398082972, -0.03498513996601105, -0.016535243019461632, -0.007459642831236124, -0.04561987519264221, -0.05577912926673889, -0...
BioASQ	A 70 year old woman presented with a 6 year history of medically refractory severe tardive dystonia. After informed consent, a bilateral stereotactic electrode placement targeting the ventral intermediate thalamic nucleus (VIM) and the globus pallidus internus (GPi) was performed. After bilateral stimulation of the GPi, the patient showed a clear and stable improvement of the painful dystonic syndrome within hours. Stimulation of the VIM did not improve the hyperkinetic movements and simultaneous stimulation of both the GPi and the VIM did not result in any additional benefit. The possible pathophysiological mechanisms are discussed.	{ "tokens": [ "A", "70", "year", "old", "woman", "presented", "with", "a", "6", "year", "history", "of", "medically", "refractory", "severe", "tardive", "dystonia", ".", "After", "informed", "consent", ",", "a", "bilateral...	a02c851b01e7465280df78b10bd835f5	Neurostimulation of which nucleus is used for treatment of dystonia?	{ "tokens": [ "Neurostimulation", "of", "which", "nucleus", "is", "used", "for", "treatment", "of", "dystonia", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 17, 20, 26, 34, 37, 42, 46, 56, 59, 67 ] }	{ "text": [ "globus pallidus internus" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 236 ], "end": [ 259 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 38 ], "end": [ 40 ] } ] }	[ "globus pallidus internus" ]	Neurostimulation of which nucleus is used for treatment of dystonia?	[ -0.02158048376441002, -0.033302392810583115, -0.008612844161689281, -0.008333137258887291, 0.04213424026966095, 0.027502797544002533, -0.0013173207407817245, -0.05645599588751793, -0.020673906430602074, -0.013549165800213814, -0.041991617530584335, 0.00483735091984272, -0.01491519995033741, ...
BioASQ	Compression of the median nerve at the wrist, or carpal tunnel syndrome, is the most commonly recognized nerve entrapment syndrome. Carpal tunnel syndrome is usually caused by compression of the median nerve due to synovial swelling, tumor, or anomalous anatomical structure within the carpal tunnel. During a routine carpal tunnel decompression, a large vessel was identified within the carpal tunnel. The large vessel was the radial artery. It ran along the radial aspect of the carpal tunnel just adjacent to the median nerve. The unusual presence of the radial artery within the carpal tunnel could be a contributing factor to the development of carpal tunnel syndrome. In this case, after surgical carpal tunnel release, all symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome resolved.	{ "tokens": [ "Compression", "of", "the", "median", "nerve", "at", "the", "wrist", ",", "or", "carpal", "tunnel", "syndrome", ",", "is", "the", "most", "commonly", "recognized", "nerve", "entrapment", "syndrome", ".", "Car...	f1a38a0735d74f2580015f818c2fe6de	What nerve is involved in carpal tunnel syndrome?	{ "tokens": [ "What", "nerve", "is", "involved", "in", "carpal", "tunnel", "syndrome", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 5, 11, 14, 23, 26, 33, 40, 48 ] }	{ "text": [ "median" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 195, 19, 516 ], "end": [ 200, 24, 521 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 33, 3, 90 ], "end": [ 33, 3, ...	[ "median" ]	What nerve is involved in carpal tunnel syndrome?	[ 0.004143595229834318, 0.010145849548280239, -0.008395927958190441, 0.011410728096961975, 0.02712988294661045, 0.04716368392109871, 0.06538175046443939, 0.01142604649066925, -0.0014837675262242556, -0.03790475055575371, -0.01409981120377779, -0.02561270259320736, -0.008148223161697388, 0.00...
BioASQ	During mitosis, Promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies (PML NBs) change dramatically in morphology and composition, but little is known about function of PML in mitosis. Here, we show that PML is phosphorylated at T409 (PML p409) in a mitosis-specific manner. More importantly, PML p409 contributes to maintain the duration of pro-metaphase and regulates spindle checkpoint. Deficient PML p409 caused a shortening of pro-metaphase and challenged the nocodazole-triggered mitotic arrest. T409A mutation led to a higher frequency of misaligned chromosomes on metaphase plate, and subsequently death in late mitosis. In addition, inhibition of PML p409 repressed growth of tumor cells, suggesting that PML p409 is a potential target for cancer therapy. Collectively, our study demonstrated an important phosphorylated site of PML, which contributed to explore the role of PML in mitosis.	{ "tokens": [ "During", "mitosis", ",", "Promyelocytic", "leukemia", "nuclear", "bodies", "(", "PML", "NBs", ")", "change", "dramatically", "in", "morphology", "and", "composition", ",", "but", "little", "is", "known", "about"...	fb1932c2568743f8a7e02da6141a50f9	What is the effect of nocodazole cell treatment?	{ "tokens": [ "What", "is", "the", "effect", "of", "nocodazole", "cell", "treatment", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 5, 8, 12, 19, 22, 33, 38, 47 ] }	{ "text": [ "Mitotic arrest" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 470 ], "end": [ 483 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 85 ], "end": [ 86 ] } ] }	[ "Mitotic arrest" ]	What is the effect of nocodazole cell treatment?	[ -0.015766246244311333, -0.01595432497560978, -0.0009076111600734293, -0.0024974464904516935, 0.04087025672197342, -0.004640013910830021, 0.010152265429496765, -0.02664365991950035, 0.003257713746279478, -0.00947150494903326, -0.011337319388985634, 0.01699334755539894, -0.02900943160057068, ...

BioASQ

Using a rat model of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID), the contributions of dopamine D1 and D2 receptors to axial, limb, and orolingual (ALO) abnormal involuntary movements (AIMs) elicited by L-DOPA were examined. Chronic L-DOPA-treated rats received the D1 receptor antagonist SCH23390 (0.01, 0.1, and 1.0 mg/kg; i.p.), the D2 receptor antagonist Eticlopride (0.01, 0.1, and 1.0 mg/kg; i.p.), a mixture of both antagonists (0.01, 0.1, 1.0 mg/kg each; i.p.), or vehicle 30 min prior to L-DOPA (6 mg/kg; i.p.)+Benserazide (15 mg/kg; i.p.). SCH23390 (0.1 and 1.0 mg/kg) significantly reduced axial and limb AIMs, while the same doses of Eticlopride significantly decreased axial, limb, and orolingual AIMs. Co-administration of SCH23390+Eticlopride significantly reduced axial (0.01, 0.1 and 1.0 mg/kg), limb (0.1 and 1.0 mg/kg), and orolingual (0.1 and 1.0 mg/kg) AIMs. These results indicate the importance of D1 and D2 receptors to LID and further validate the rat AIMs model.

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cef4a7fbb56948418ee4895ae79c5294

Which drug is benserazide usually co-administered with?

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{ "text": [ "L-Dopa" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 485, 21, 221, 191 ], "end": [ 490, 26, 226, 196 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 121, 5, 48, 41 ], ...

[ "L-Dopa" ]

Which drug is benserazide usually co-administered with?

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BioASQ

Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) is caused by mutations in the NOTCH3 gene and is clinically characterized by recurrent stroke, cognitive decline, psychiatric disturbances and migraine. The prevalence of migraine in CADASIL is slightly higher than in the general population, and the proportion of migraine with aura is much higher. The pathophysiological mechanism that leads to increased aura prevalence in CADASIL is unknown. Possible mechanisms of the excess of migraine with aura are an increased susceptibility to cortical spreading depression (CSD) or a different expression of CSD. It is also possible that the brainstem migraine area is involved in CADASIL. Last, it is possible that the NOTCH3 mutation acts as a migraine aura susceptibility gene by itself. In this narrative review we summarize the literature about migraine in CADASIL, with a special focus on what CADASIL might teach us about the pathophysiology of migraine.

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56b8eb3015f747f78f3544b919c22c37

Which gene is involved in CADASIL?

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{ "text": [ "Notch3 gene" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 131 ], "end": [ 141 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 18 ], "end": [ 19 ] } ] }

[ "Notch3 gene" ]

Which gene is involved in [MASK]?

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BioASQ

Mutations in the tyrosine kinase (TK) domain of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene in non-small cell lung cancers are associated with increased sensitivity of these cancers to drugs that inhibit EGFR kinase activity such as gefitinib and erlotinib. Responses to TK inhibitors in the absence of EGFR gene mutation for BAC patients have not been reported. A case of a patient with BAC refractory to chemotherapy who responded to gefitinib in the absence of EGFR gene mutations is reported. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors may have a role in BAC in the absence of EGFR gene mutations. Additional studies on other molecular alterations of the EGFR family members are needed to better predict response to these agents.

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edddbb8cad694d9a8b64e23dfb8292ba

Mutations in which gene determine response to both erlotinib and gefitinib?

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{ "text": [ "epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 52 ], "end": [ 95 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 11 ], "end": [ 18 ] } ] }

[ "epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene" ]

Mutations in which gene determine response to both erlotinib and gefitinib?

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BioASQ

Parkinson's disease (PD) and related Lewy body diseases are characterized by deposition of α-synuclein aggregates in both the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. Synucleinopathy lesions spread to larger brain areas as the disease progresses, and prion-like cell-to-cell transmission of aggregated α-synuclein is thought to be the underlying mechanism for this pathological spreading. LRRK2 is another protein linked to the pathogenesis of PD, and its presence in Lewy bodies has attracted much attention as to whether LRRK2 and α-synuclein interplay during the pathogenesis of PD. However, the relationship between these two crucial proteins still remains unclear. In this review article, we will discuss the current state of knowledge in terms of how these proteins cause the disease and provide the hypothetical mechanisms by which LRRK2 might modify the generation and progression of synucleinopathy.

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ab5ce079faa34a7b97b77449fa304a3f

Which disease of the central nervous system is characterized by the presence of Lewy bodies?

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[ "Parkinson's disease (PD)" ]

Which disease of the central nervous system is characterized by the presence of Lewy bodies?

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BioASQ

The current methods available to detect chromosomal abnormalities from DNA microarray expression data are cumbersome and inflexible. CAFE has been developed to alleviate these issues. It is implemented as an R package that analyzes Affymetrix *.CEL files and comes with flexible plotting functions, easing visualization of chromosomal abnormalities. CAFE is available from https://bitbucket.org/cob87icW6z/cafe/ as both source and compiled packages for Linux and Windows. It is released under the GPL version 3 license. CAFE will also be freely available from Bioconductor. sander.h.bollen@gmail.com or nancy.mah@mdc-berlin.de Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

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ab902c462f7c4599b28d61cef6b38d84

Which R package is used for the detection of chromosomal abnormalities from microarray data?

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[ "CAFE" ]

Which R package is used for the detection of chromosomal abnormalities from microarray data?

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BioASQ

Probe-to-bone test and simple X-rays are both standard tests for the diagnosis of diabetic foot osteomyelitis. This study demonstrates the importance of considering jointly clinical information (probe-to-bone test) and diagnostic tests (simple radiography) to increase agreement among clinicians on diagnosis of diabetic foot osteomyelitis.

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117440db7a2441f29ff04ebe978b490f

Which disease can be diagnosed with the "probe to bone" test?

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[ "diabetic foot osteomyelitis" ]

Which disease can be diagnosed with the "probe to bone" test?

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BioASQ

A 65-year-old white man presented with all the clinical features of acrokeratosis paraneoplastica of Bazex, characterized by violaceous erythema and scaling of the nose, aural helices, fingers, and toes, with keratoderma and severe nail dystrophy. Examination of the patient for possible associated malignancy disclosed an asymptomatic squamous cell carcinoma at the oropharyngeal region. The skin lesions resolved almost completely following radiation therapy of the neoplasm, but the onychodystrophy persisted. This case report illustrates the importance of early recognition of Bazex syndrome.

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fecb8a65f2cf49afa3fcf85558513068

Name synonym of Acrokeratosis paraneoplastica.

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[ "Bazex syndrome" ]

Name synonym of Acrokeratosis paraneoplastica.

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BioASQ

A 70 year old woman presented with a 6 year history of medically refractory severe tardive dystonia. After informed consent, a bilateral stereotactic electrode placement targeting the ventral intermediate thalamic nucleus (VIM) and the globus pallidus internus (GPi) was performed. After bilateral stimulation of the GPi, the patient showed a clear and stable improvement of the painful dystonic syndrome within hours. Stimulation of the VIM did not improve the hyperkinetic movements and simultaneous stimulation of both the GPi and the VIM did not result in any additional benefit. The possible pathophysiological mechanisms are discussed.

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a02c851b01e7465280df78b10bd835f5

Neurostimulation of which nucleus is used for treatment of dystonia?

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[ "globus pallidus internus" ]

Neurostimulation of which nucleus is used for treatment of dystonia?

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BioASQ

Compression of the median nerve at the wrist, or carpal tunnel syndrome, is the most commonly recognized nerve entrapment syndrome. Carpal tunnel syndrome is usually caused by compression of the median nerve due to synovial swelling, tumor, or anomalous anatomical structure within the carpal tunnel. During a routine carpal tunnel decompression, a large vessel was identified within the carpal tunnel. The large vessel was the radial artery. It ran along the radial aspect of the carpal tunnel just adjacent to the median nerve. The unusual presence of the radial artery within the carpal tunnel could be a contributing factor to the development of carpal tunnel syndrome. In this case, after surgical carpal tunnel release, all symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome resolved.

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f1a38a0735d74f2580015f818c2fe6de

What nerve is involved in carpal tunnel syndrome?

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[ "median" ]

What nerve is involved in carpal tunnel syndrome?

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BioASQ

During mitosis, Promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies (PML NBs) change dramatically in morphology and composition, but little is known about function of PML in mitosis. Here, we show that PML is phosphorylated at T409 (PML p409) in a mitosis-specific manner. More importantly, PML p409 contributes to maintain the duration of pro-metaphase and regulates spindle checkpoint. Deficient PML p409 caused a shortening of pro-metaphase and challenged the nocodazole-triggered mitotic arrest. T409A mutation led to a higher frequency of misaligned chromosomes on metaphase plate, and subsequently death in late mitosis. In addition, inhibition of PML p409 repressed growth of tumor cells, suggesting that PML p409 is a potential target for cancer therapy. Collectively, our study demonstrated an important phosphorylated site of PML, which contributed to explore the role of PML in mitosis.

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fb1932c2568743f8a7e02da6141a50f9

What is the effect of nocodazole cell treatment?

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[ "Mitotic arrest" ]

What is the effect of nocodazole cell treatment?

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