instruction string | input string | output string | source string | category string | matched_keywords list | data_source string | sample_id string | question_type string | difficulty string | species_involved list | original_question string |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Is reflective functioning associated with clinical symptoms and long-term course in patients with personality disorders? | Mentalization is the capacity to understand behavior as the expression of various mental states and is assumed to be important in a range of psychopathologies, especially personality disorders (PDs). The first aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between mentalization capacity, operationalized a... | These findings indicate that RF is associated with core aspects of personality pathology and capture clinically relevant phenomena in adult patients with PDs. Moreover, patients with different capacities for mentalization may need different kinds of therapeutic approaches. | pubmedqa/train_pqa_unlabeled.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"uti"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Does helicobacter pylori eradication treatment benefit patients with nonulcer dyspepsia? | The aim of this study was to assess the still controversial role of treatment of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection in patients with nonulcer dyspepsia. We conducted a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial comparing the efficacy of 7 days of eradication treatment (lansoprazole 15 mg b.i... | This study did not demonstrate any substantial benefit of curing H. pylori infection in patients with nonulcer dyspepsia. The study adds further evidence that H. pylori is not the main pathogenetic or therapeutic target in these patients.
结论: no | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"infection",
"uti",
"helicobacter pylori"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Is caveolin 1 overexpressed and amplified in a subset of basal-like and metaplastic breast carcinomas : a morphologic , ultrastructural , immunohistochemical , and in situ hybridization analysis? | The distribution and significance of caveolin 1 (CAV1) expression in different breast cell types and role in breast carcinogenesis remain poorly understood. Both tumor-suppressive and oncogenic roles have been proposed for this protein. The aims of this study were to characterize the distribution of CAV1 in normal brea... | The concurrent CAV1 amplification and overexpression call into question its tumor-suppressive effects in basal-like breast carcinomas.
结论: yes | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"uti"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Do glutamine and arginine improve permeability and tight junction protein expression in methotrexate-treated Caco-2 cells? | Chemotherapy induces an increase of intestinal permeability that is partially related to an alteration of tight junction proteins, occludin and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1). Protective effects of glutamine on intestinal barrier function have been previously shown but the effects of other amino acids remained poorly docume... | Glutamine prevented MTX-induced barrier disruption in Caco-2 cells. Arginine also had protective effects but in a lesser extent. The effect of glutamine and arginine should be evaluated in vivo.
结论: yes | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre",
"resistance",
"uti"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Does repeated waon therapy improve pulmonary hypertension during exercise in patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease? | Repeated Waon therapy, which uses a far infrared-ray dry sauna system, improved the vascular endothelial function and the cardiac function in patients with chronic heart failure. In patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pulmonary hypertension (PH) is associated with a poor prognosis. We investigat... | Repeated Waon therapy improved right ventricular positive dP/dt, PH during exercise, exercise tolerance and the QOL in patients with severe COPD.
结论: yes | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre",
"uti"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Prevalence and characteristics of voiding difficulties in women: are subjective symptoms substantiated by objective urodynamic data? | To examine the prevalence and characteristics of voiding difficulties in women. Two hundred six consecutive female patients who attended a urogynecology clinic were recruited. Patients were interviewed regarding the presence and severity of symptoms that would suggest voiding difficulties (ie, hesitancy, straining to v... | Objective evidence of voiding difficulty may be found in both symptomatic and asymptomatic patients and is usually due to impaired detrusor contractility. The clinical significance of the abnormal flow parameters in asymptomatic patients is unclear. | pubmedqa/train_pqa_unlabeled.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"uti"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
如果是尖锐湿疣的话，有什么治疗方法呢？ | 对话历史:
问: 医生，我最近发现阴茎上有一些白色颗粒，数量也在逐渐增多，我该怎么办呢？
答: 您好，根据您的描述，这种情况很有可能是由阴囊湿疹引起的，也有可能是尖锐湿疣导致的。阴囊湿疹一般与个人卫生关系密切，建议及时用药治疗，并避免内裤过度摩擦，以免这些小颗粒表面溃烂，引发糜烂疼痛。
问: 阴囊湿疹和尖锐湿疣有什么区别呢？我应该如何判断是哪一种情况呢？
答: 阴囊湿疹和尖锐湿疣在症状上有一些区别。阴囊湿疹主要表现为阴囊皮肤出现湿疹样红斑、糜烂、渗液等，常伴有瘙痒感。而尖锐湿疣则是由人乳头瘤病毒感染引起的，通常呈现为阴茎上的小颗粒状疣或者突起的细长疣，这些疣状物可以单个或者成群。为了准确诊断，请及时就医进行检查。 | 对于尖锐湿疣，我们常采用抗病毒治疗。可以使用局部抗病毒药物，如外用含有聚乙烯醇和富马酸的药膏等。此外，保持良好的个人卫生和阴茎的清洁干燥也很重要，避免手淫，尽量避免性生活，以免传染给伴侣，并定期更换清洁干燥的内裤。辛辣刺激的食物也要尽量少吃。 | cmtmedqa/train.jsonl | chinese_medical_qa_男科 | [
"抗病毒药",
"病毒",
"感染"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Is consumption of micronutrient-fortified milk and noodles associated with lower risk of stunting in preschool-aged children in Indonesia? | Stunting is highly prevalent in developing countries and is associated with greater morbidity and mortality. Micronutrient deficiencies contribute to stunting, and micronutrient-fortified foods are a potential strategy to reduce child stunting. To examine the relationship between the use of fortified powdered milk and ... | The consumption of fortified milk and noodles is associated with decreased odds of stunting among Indonesian children. These findings add to a growing body of evidence regarding the potential benefits of multiple micronutrient fortification on child growth.
结论: yes | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Is device-based impedance measurement a useful and accurate tool for direct assessment of intrathoracic fluid accumulation in heart failure? | Heart failure patients are often equipped with implanted devices and are frequently hospitalized due to volume overload. Reliable prediction of imminent fluid congestion has the potential to provide early detection of cardiac decompensation and therefore might be capable of enhancing therapy management. We investigated... | Changes of Z show a strong inverse correlation with changes of directly measured EVLWI. This allows the application of Z as a measure of intrathoracic fluid status and has the potential to optimize patient care, especially in the context of evolving telemedicine concepts.
结论: yes | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Does oscillatory MEG motor activity reflect therapy-related plasticity in stroke patients? | A goal of stroke rehabilitation is to harness the capacity of the brain to reorganize following neurological damage and enable restoration of function. To understand how neural oscillatory motor responses change following a therapeutic intervention and to illuminate whether these neurophysiological alterations correlat... | These case-series data indicate that oscillatory MEG responses may be useful in gauging plasticity in motor cortices following therapy in stroke patients.
结论: yes | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"uti"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Does antioxidant vitamin therapy alter burn trauma-mediated cardiac NF-kappaB activation and cardiomyocyte cytokine secretion? | This study examined the effects of antioxidant vitamins A, C, and E on nuclear transcription factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) nuclear translocation, on secretion of inflammatory cytokines by cardiac myocytes, and on cardiac function after major burn trauma. Adult rats were divided into four experimental groups: group I, sham... | These data suggest that antioxidant vitamin therapy in burn trauma provides cardioprotection, at least in part, by inhibiting translocation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB and interrupting cardiac inflammatory cytokine secretion.
结论: yes | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre",
"uti"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Is it possible to use urodynamic variables to predict upper urinary tract dilatation in children with neurogenic bladder-sphincter dysfunction? | To investigate the possibility of using urodynamic variables to predict upper urinary tract dilatation (UUTD) in children with neurogenic bladder-sphincter dysfunction (NBSD). The study included 200 children with NBSD, of whom 103 had UUTD and 97 did not; they were examined using routine urological, neurological and ur... | The selective use of urodynamic variables might be valuable for predicting the risk of UUTD in children with NBSD. Decreased BC, and increased DLPP and ACD are the main urodynamic risk factors, and they reciprocally increase the occurrence and grades of UUTD. The grades of UUTD are compatible with increases in RUCC, RR... | pubmedqa/train_pqa_unlabeled.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre",
"uti"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Is low hemoglobin level associated with the development of delirium after hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma patients? | Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignant tumors worldwide and liver resection is the only potential curative treatment option for those patients. Postoperative complications specific to elderly surgical patients such as delirium will be increasingly relevant in the coming decades. Herein, we a... | Although the mechanism of postoperative delirium is not well understood, numbers of studies have shown that patients with postoperative delirium tend to have prolonged hospital stay, worse postoperative outcome and an increased risk of short- and long-term mortality. In this study, we found that advanced age, prolonged... | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Most common genital infection in HIV infected patient | A. Chlamydia
B. Herpes
C. Syphilis
D. Candida | 正确答案: A. Chlamydia
解释: Ans. is 'b' i.e., Herpes`Herpes simplex (in the developed world) and chancroid (in Africa) are the most common cause of genital ulceration in HIV infected patients.' - An Atlas of differential diagnosis in HIV disease' by Lipman, Gluck and Johnson 1st (1995) p. 30 | medmcqa/train.jsonl | med_exam_qa | [
"HIV",
"infection",
"candida"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Does leucine co-ingestion improve post-prandial muscle protein accretion in elderly men? | It has been speculated that the amount of leucine in a meal largely determines the post-prandial muscle protein synthetic response to food intake. The present study investigates the impact of leucine co-ingestion on subsequent post-prandial muscle protein accretion following the ingestion of a single bolus of dietary p... | Leucine co-ingestion with a bolus of pure dietary protein further stimulates post-prandial muscle protein synthesis rates in elderly men.
结论: yes | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Are resveratrol oligomers potent MRP1 transport inhibitors? | Knowledge of the structure-activity relationships of multidrug resistance protein 1 (MRP1, ABCC1) inhibitors may aid in developing potent inhibitors that can be used to circumvent MRP1-mediated multidrug resistance. Six stilbenes were examined for their ability to inhibit MRP1-mediated transport of 2',7'-bis-(carboxypr... | Stilbenes may efficiently inhibit MRP1-mediated organic anion transport. This inhibitory potency of stilbenes increases with oligomerisation. The membrane is not a strong barrier for the inhibitory activity of the trimeric stilbenes.
结论: yes | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"drug resistance",
"cre",
"resistance"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Is metabolic risk in schoolchildren associated with low levels of cardiorespiratory fitness , obesity , and parents ' nutritional profile? | Verify the association between metabolic risk profile in students with different levels of cardiorespiratory fitness and body mass index, as well as the nutritional status of their parents. A cross-sectional study comprising 1.254 schoolchildren aged between seven and 17 years. The metabolic risk profile was calculated... | the occurrence of developing metabolic risk in schoolchildren increase when they have low levels of cardiorespiratory fitness and overweight/obesity, and the presence of parental obesity.
结论: yes | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Departmental h-Index: Evidence for Publishing Less? | The h-index is an established method for determining an individual faculty member's impact on the scientific literature. The purpose of this study was to measure and describe over time the combined h-index of a large university medical imaging department. All faculty members from the Department of Medical Imaging, Univ... | Our study suggests that to increase a department's h-index, it is important to foster impactful research from within the faculty ranks of the department. The h-index of academic radiology departments is a meaningful tool that allows for evaluation from within and against other academic centres. | pubmedqa/train_pqa_unlabeled.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre",
"uti"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Does new approach to prevention and treatment of radial artery graft vasospasm? | There has been renewed interest in radial artery (RA) conduits for coronary artery bypass because of the relative resistance of arterial grafts to atherosclerosis compared with autogenous vein grafts. Although improved drug therapy for arterial spasm is now available, vasospasm still occurs in at least 5% to 10% of RA ... | Diltiazem, which is used empirically to prevent RA vasospasm, had little effect on human RA contractions (receptor-independent and receptor-dependent). Organic nitrates inhibited and reversed RA contractions. Adenoviral transfer of NOS suggests that future clinical application of gene therapy may play an important role... | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cmv",
"cre",
"escherichia coli"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
An unimmunized child is brought to you with a history of UI. On examination you find signs suggestive of diphtheria. Which type of diphtheria would suggest the worst prognosis? | A. Tonsillopharyngeal
B. Laryngeal
C. Nasal
D. Cutaneous | 正确答案: A. Tonsillopharyngeal
解释: Tonsillopharyngeal type of diphtheria is the commonest type of diphtheria infection. Here there is a small chance for bullneck and toxemia. In case of laryngeal diphtheria there is a real danger of asphyxia and urgent tracheostomy may be required to save the patient. Hence it is the mos... | medmcqa/train.jsonl | med_exam_qa | [
"infection"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Do serum vascular endothelial growth factor and fibronectin predict clinical response to high-dose interleukin-2 therapy? | High-dose interleukin-2 (IL-2) induces durable therapeutic responses in a small subset of patients with metastatic melanoma and renal cell carcinoma, but simple pretreatment predictors of response have not been identified. To identify predictive biomarkers of clinical response, sera from patients treated with high-dose... | Serum VEGF and fibronectin are easily measured pretreatment biomarkers that could serve to exclude patients unlikely to respond to IL-2 therapy.
结论: yes | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre",
"uti"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Are polymorphisms in NR5A2 , gene encoding liver receptor homolog-1 associated with preterm birth? | Preterm birth (PTB) is a major cause of neonatal mortality and morbidity. There is strong evidence of genetic susceptibility. Objective of this study was to identify genetic variants contributing to PTB. Genotyping was performed for 24 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 4 candidate genes (NR5A2, FSHR, FOXP3, and... | This study suggests a potential association between intronic SNPs in the NR5A2 gene and PTB. NR5A2 gene encodes for the liver receptor homolog-1 protein, which plays a critical role in regulation of cholesterol metabolism, steroidogenesis, and progesterone synthesis. These findings suggest that NR5A2 may be important i... | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"susceptibility",
"candida",
"uti"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Do regulatory T cells protect fine particulate matter-induced inflammatory responses in human umbilical vein endothelial cells? | To investigate the role of CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells (Tregs) in protecting fine particulate matter (PM-) induced inflammatory responses, and its potential mechanisms. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were treated with graded concentrations (2, 5, 10, 20, and 40 µg/cm(2)) of suspension of fine particles for 2... | Tregs could attenuate fine particles-induced inflammatory responses and NF- κ B activation in HUVECs.
结论: yes | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre",
"culture"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Is serum apolipoprotein C-III independently associated with chronic hepatitis C infection and advanced fibrosis? | The hepatitis C virus (HCV) is known to disrupt lipid metabolism, making serum lipoprotein levels good candidates to explore as markers of HCV disease progression. Assessment of the major apolipoproteins (Apo) and their relationship to hepatic fibrosis remain largely unexplored. We compared the levels of total choleste... | Relative to other lipoproteins, low serum Apo C-III levels are the most strongly associated with chronic versus cleared infection and decline with increasing severity of hepatic fibrosis. Apo C-III deserves further attention as a possible marker of HCV disease progression.
结论: yes | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre",
"infection",
"virus"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
莫西沙星与哪些药物合用时需要调整给药时间，具体建议是什么？ | 莫西沙星在与含多价阳离子的药物（如抗酸剂、铁剂、钙剂等）合用时，会因螯合作用而显著减少其吸收。为避免这种相互作用，建议在服用这些药物的4小时前或8小时后给予莫西沙星。该策略可最大程度地减少胃肠道中金属离子对莫西沙星的结合，从而保证其口服生物利用度和疗效。 | medllm-dataset-md-ocr/热病桑福德抗微生物治疗指南/热病桑福德抗微生物治疗指南.md | 机制原理 | null | llm_textbook | null | null | null | null | null | |
Is laparoscopic left pancreatic resection justified? | We reviewed our experience of laparoscopic left pancreatectomy to establish the feasibility of this approach and the characteristics of the operating procedure. Thirteen patients with a mean age of 60 years were deemed for a left pancreatectomy. Preoperative diagnoses were: nine mucinous cystadenoma and one insulinoma,... | These preliminary results confirm that in selected cases laparoscopic resection of the left pancreas is feasible and safe. | pubmedqa/train_pqa_unlabeled.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Does pentoxifylline prevent neither liver damage nor early profibrogenic events in a rat model of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis? | Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a metabolic disorder of the liver, which may evolve to fibrosis or cirrhosis. Pentoxifylline (PTX) has been postulated to act as an antifibrogenic agent able to inhibit hepatic stellate cell proliferation and collagen synthesis in vitro. Short-term studies suggest beneficial effe... | PTX does influence neither liver injury nor early profibrogenic events in the CDD model of NASH.
结论: no | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"PCR",
"cre",
"pcr"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
谢谢医生的建议，我会好好保养鼻部的。还有其他需要注意的地方吗？ | 对话历史:
问: 我鼻孔开起来好大，请问通过整形可以有变化吗？
答: 您好，通过整形手术可以对鼻孔进行一定的改变，使其看起来更加协调美观。不过具体的变化效果需要根据您的个人特征和实际情况来确定，建议您在进行整形手术前咨询专业医生，进行详细的面诊和评估。
问: 那整形手术有什么风险吗？我听说做整形手术会有一些并发症。
答: 是的，整形手术是一种外科手术，可能存在一定的风险和并发症。常见的并发症包括手术切口感染、术后出血、局部肿胀、瘀斑等。但是在正规专业医疗机构选择有经验的医生，遵循医生的术后护理指导，可以减少并发症的发生率。
问: 听说整形手术恢复期比较长，我平时工作繁忙，不知道要请多长时间的假才能进行手术？
答: 整形手术的恢复期因... | 不客气，保养鼻部是一个综合的过程，除了以上提到的方法外，还要注意饮食均衡，多摄入富含维生素和抗氧化物质的食物，多喝水，保持良好的心情和充足的睡眠。如果您有其他疑问，可以随时向我提问。 | cmtmedqa/train.jsonl | chinese_medical_qa_整形美容 | [
"感染"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
好的，我会遵循医生的建议。非常感谢您的帮助！ | 对话历史:
问: 医生你好，我是一个17岁的男生。最近洗澡的时候发现我的生殖器冠状沟出现了一些红点，我很担心，请问这是怎么回事呢？
答: 你好，我是仲景智能医学助手。关于你所描述的症状，有两种可能性，一种是尖锐湿疣，另一种是珍珠疹。为了明确红点的性质，你可以去做个HPV的检查。但根据症状描述，珍珠疹的可能性较大。建议你结合医生指导，使用外用药物进行治疗。阴茎珍珠状丘疹会出现很多红色点，经过科学的治疗后，一段时间内就可以消退。如果病情不是很严重，暂时也可以观察。但是为了预防病情加重，我建议你保持局部清洁卫生，勤洗阴茎及会阴部，保持干燥。
问: 好的，我明白了。但是我还有一些其他的担心。除了红点，我还感觉生殖器冠状沟附近有些痒痒的感觉，... | 不用客气，我很高兴能为你提供帮助。如果你还有其他问题，随时可以向我咨询。祝你早日恢复健康！ | cmtmedqa/train.jsonl | chinese_medical_qa_男科 | [
"感染"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Does cannabinoid type 1 receptor antagonism ameliorate harmaline-induced essential tremor in rat? | Essential tremor (ET) is a neurological disorder with unknown aetiology. Its symptoms include cerebellar motor disturbances, cognitive and personality changes, hearing and olfactory deficits. Hyperactivity of excitotoxic cerebellar climbing fibres may underlie essential tremor and has been induced in rodents by systemi... | These results provide the first evidence of the effects of modulating the endocannabinoid system on motor function in the harmaline model of ET. Our data suggest that CB
结论: yes | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"uti"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Example of artificial passive immunity? | A. Infection
B. Mother to child
C. Vaccine
D. Readymade immunoglobulin | 正确答案: C. Vaccine
解释: Infection - Natural active
Mother to child - Natural passive
Vaccine - Artificial active
Immunoglobulins - Artificial passive | medmcqa/train.jsonl | med_exam_qa | [
"infection"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Does mechanical stretch-induced vascular hypertrophy occur through modulation of leptin synthesis-mediated ROS formation and GATA-4 nuclear translocation? | Obesity and hypertension are associated with increased leptin production contributing to cardiovascular remodeling. Mechanisms involving mechanical stretch-induced leptin production and the cross talk between signaling pathways leading to vascular remodeling have not been fully elucidated. Rat portal vein (RPV) organ c... | Our results demonstrate that ROS formation, RhoA/ROCK pathway, and GATA-4 activation play a pivotal role in mechanical stretch-induced leptin synthesis leading to VSMC remodeling.
结论: yes | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre",
"uti",
"culture"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Fibroid causes all the following except: | A. Infertility
B. Amenorrhea
C. Pelvic mass
D. Menorrhagia | 正确答案: A. Infertility
解释: Ans. B. AmenorrheaSymptoms of fibroid are:a. Menorrhagia, polymenorrhea and metrorrhagiab. Infertility, recurrent abortionsc. Paind. Abdominal lumpe. Pressure symptomsf. Vaginal dischargeAround 50% women are asymptomatic.Important points:a. These are benign neoplasms occurring in 5-20% of wome... | medmcqa/train.jsonl | med_exam_qa | [
"uti"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Does laboratory assessment of thermal characteristics of three phacoemulsification tip design operated using torsional ultrasound? | Ultrasound activation of phacoemulsification (phaco) tips can create considerable thermal energy that may increase the risk of tissue damage during cataract surgery. The purpose of this study was to define the thermal profiles of three phaco tip designs in simulated surgical conditions. In this laboratory investigation... | In all experiments for each tip design, increasing ultrasound power was associated with greater increases in tip temperature. Tip temperatures increased with applied load, but marked temperature increases during occlusion were observed only with the bent-mini tip. The balanced tip produced minimal thermal peaks in all ... | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Expression and function of inducible costimulator on peripheral blood CD4+ T cells in Behçet's patients with uveitis: a new activity marker? | Inducible costimulator (ICOS) is an important costimulatory molecule involved in T-cell activation. In this study, the role of ICOS in the pathogenesis of uveitis in Behçet's disease (BD) was investigated. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were obtained from BD patients with uveitis in the active or remission ... | High ICOS expression in BD patients with uveitis contributed to the upregulation of IFN-γ, IL-17, and TNF-α production, suggesting that abnormal ICOS costimulation may play an immunopathologic role in the pathogenesis of uveitis in BD. | pubmedqa/train_pqa_unlabeled.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Does sesamin ameliorate oxidative stress and mortality in kainic acid-induced status epilepticus by inhibition of MAPK and COX-2 activation? | Kainic acid (KA)-induced status epilepticus (SE) was involved with release of free radicals. Sesamin is a well-known antioxidant from sesame seeds and it scavenges free radicals in several brain injury models. However the neuroprotective mechanism of sesamin to KA-induced seizure has not been studied. Rodents (male FVB... | Taken together, it suggests that sesamin could protect KA-induced brain injury through anti-inflammatory and partially antioxidative mechanisms.
结论: yes | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
针对MSSA（甲氧西林敏感金黄色葡萄球菌）引起的心内膜炎或菌血症，推荐的抗生素治疗方案是什么？ | 对于MSSA引起的严重感染如心内膜炎或菌血症，首选萘夫西林（nafcillin）或苯唑西林（oxacillin），剂量为2g静脉注射，每4小时一次。替代方案包括头孢唑啉2g静脉注射，每8小时一次。这些药物具有良好的抗葡萄球菌活性且优于万古霉素在MSSA感染中的疗效。若患者对β-内酰胺类过敏，方可考虑使用万古霉素，剂量为30–60 mg/(kg·d)，分2–3次给药，目标AUC₂₄/MIC比值为400–600 μg·h/mL以确保疗效。 | medllm-dataset-md-ocr/热病桑福德抗微生物治疗指南/热病桑福德抗微生物治疗指南.md | 诊断治疗 | null | llm_textbook | null | null | null | null | null | |
Does the radioisotope contribute significantly to the activity of radioimmunotherapy? | A multicenter, randomized study was undertaken to estimate the single agent activity of Tositumomab and to determine the contribution of radioisotope-labeling with (131)I to activity and toxicity by comparing treatment outcomes for Tositumomab and Iodine I 131 Tositumomab (BEXXAR) to an equivalent total dose of unlabel... | Unlabeled Tositumomab showed single agent activity, but in this direct comparison, all of the therapeutic outcome measures were significantly enhanced by the conjugation of (131)I to Tositumomab.
结论: yes | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"uti"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Bilateral brachial artery occlusion decreases internal carotid artery volume flow: a simple adjunct for cerebral protection? | To investigate if a decrease in internal carotid artery (ICA) blood flow occurs with bilateral brachial artery occlusion (BBO), which may improve the effectiveness of cerebral protection devices during carotid interventions. Thirty-two asymptomatic patients (21 men; mean age 67 years) with carotid atherosclerosis betwe... | A transient decrease in ICA VF, with concomitant elevations of the ECA and vertebral VFs, occurs with occlusion of the brachial arteries in the setting of a complete circle of Willis. Since no flow reversal occurs, this maneuver is insufficient to provide complete cerebral protection, but it may improve the effectivene... | pubmedqa/train_pqa_unlabeled.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Is there a correlation between anti-pig antibody levels in humans and geographic location during childhood? | An initial observation suggested high levels of anti-pig antibodies in healthy humans who had spent their childhood in the Middle East. We tested larger cohorts to determine whether anti-pig antibody levels correlated with the geographic location in which the subject spent his/her childhood, because this might have imp... | Clinical trials of xenotransplantation may be influenced by various factors, including the geographic location of the recipient during childhood, possibly associated with exposure to different microorganisms. | pubmedqa/train_pqa_unlabeled.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre",
"influenza"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Does serum and urinary NGAL but not KIM-1 raise in human postrenal AKI? | We examined the value of the novel acute kidney injury (AKI) markers neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) in acute postrenal impairment. These biomarkers have been evaluated in prerenal and intrarenal AKI so far, but not in human acute postrenal kidney injury. With rega... | High levels of sNGAL and uNGAL observed in stone-induced acute obstructive nephropathy may represent a valuable marker of postrenal AKI. Low uKIM-1 levels may help to discriminate postrenal AKI events using a panel of markers in this setting.
结论: yes | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"ELISA",
"cre",
"elisa"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Is post-fracture prescribed calcium and vitamin D supplements alone or , in females , with concomitant anti-osteoporotic drugs associated with lower mortality in elderly hip fracture patients : a prospective analysis? | Several studies have shown excess mortality among hip fracture patients compared with the normal population of the same age. Finnish guidelines for medical treatment of hip fracture patients recommend anti-osteoporosis medication and the daily concomitant use of prescribed calcium and vitamin D supplements. However, wh... | Our results indicate a potential relationship between reduced mortality and post-fracture use of prescribed calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and, in females, concomitant use of anti-osteoporotic drugs. However, further investigations are needed to understand the reason for the reduction in the risk of death. Popu... | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"uti"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Which of the following is NOT TRUE regarding refining of oils? | A. Refining is done using steam, alkali etc
B. It removes free fatty acid and rancid material from oil
C. It increases unsaturated fatty acid content of the oil
D. Refined oils are costly | 正确答案: B. It removes free fatty acid and rancid material from oil
解释: Refining of oils is done by treatment with steam, alkali etc. Refining does not bring about any change in in the unsaturated fatty acid content of a paicular oil. It removes free fatty acids and rancid material thereby aiding in deodorisation and imp... | medmcqa/train.jsonl | med_exam_qa | [
"cre"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Lactate and base deficit in trauma: does alcohol or drug use impair their predictive accuracy? | Abnormal blood lactate and base deficit (BD) reflect hypoperfusion and have been documented to predict outcome in trauma. Alcohol and drug use may also induce metabolic acidosis in trauma victims, potentially diminishing the predictive accuracy of lactate and BD. We, therefore, sought to examine the effect of alcohol a... | Alcohol and drug use are common in trauma, but do not impair the predictive accuracy of admission lactate and BD in trauma outcome. Admission lactate and BD are therefore confirmed as significant independent predictors of trauma outcome in patients with acute alcohol and drug use in this largest clinical study to date. | pubmedqa/train_pqa_unlabeled.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Does acute L-triiodothyronine administration potentiate inotropic responses to beta-adrenergic stimulation in the isolated perfused rat heart? | Acute inotropic effects of triiodothyronine (T3) have been reported, employing both in vivo experimental animal models and in vitro isolated heart perfusions. However, the mechanisms responsible for these acute inotropic effects remain unclear. The aim of this study, therefore, was to delineate the role of the beta-adr... | The acute inotropic effects of T3 in non-ischemic myocardium probably result from an acute interaction between T3 and catecholamines rather than through a direct inotropic effect of T3 alone.
结论: yes | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Does grape seed extract reduce oxidative stress and fibrosis in experimental biliary obstruction? | The aim of this study was to assess the protective effect of grape seed extract (GSE) against oxidative liver injury and fibrosis induced by biliary obstruction in rats. Wistar albino rats were divided into four groups; control (C), GSE-treated, bile duct ligated (BDL), and BDL and GSE-treated (BDL + GSE) groups. GSE w... | These results suggest that GSE protects the liver from oxidative damage following bile duct ligation in rats. This effect possibly involves the inhibition of neutrophil infiltration and lipid peroxidation; thus, restoration of oxidant and antioxidant status in the tissue.
结论: yes | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Is overproduction of cyclo-oxygenase-2 ( COX-2 ) involved in the resistance to apoptosis in vascular smooth muscle cells from diabetic patients : a link between inflammation and apoptosis? | Inflammation is a common feature in cardiovascular diseases, including diabetes mellitus. In addition to the well-known inflammatory role of cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2), this protein has also been implicated in apoptosis resistance in tumour cells. Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) from diabetic patients are also resis... | These results suggest a link between inflammation (COX-2) and apoptosis resistance (BCL2) in the arteries of diabetic patients. This relationship is not causative and the common production of these two proteins may be co-regulated by shared regulatory elements in diabetes.
结论: yes | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre",
"resistance"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Are fish immune systems really affected by parasites? | The basic function of the immune system is to protect an organism against infection in order to minimize the fitness costs of being infected. According to life-history theory, energy resources are in a trade-off between the costly demands of immunity and other physiological demands. Concerning fish, both physiology and... | Even if no direct trade-off between the measures of host immunity and physiology was confirmed when taking into account the seasonality, it seems that seasonal variability affects host immunity and physiology through energy allocation in a trade-off between life important functions, especially reproduction and fish con... | pubmedqa/train_pqa_unlabeled.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"parasite",
"infection",
"Parasites"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
A 70-year-old man comes to the emergency department because of severe lower back pain for 3 weeks. The pain was initially exacerbated by activity but now presents also at rest. The patient has not had a headache or a cough. He reports no changes in bowel movements or urination. He has type 2 diabetes mellitus and hyper... | A. CT-guided biopsy
B. Surgical debridement
C. Prostate-specific antigen assay
D. Isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, ethambutol
" | 正确答案: A. CT-guided biopsy | medqa/train.jsonl | med_exam_qa | [
"cre",
"culture",
"abscess"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
谢谢医生的建议，我会尽快咨询专业医生的。 | 对话历史:
问: 最近我感觉自己的了强迫症，总是反复的洗手。
答: 您好，我是仲景智能医学助手。关于您的强迫症问题，我可以给您一些建议。强迫症是一种常见的心理障碍，病人常常会出现强迫思维和强迫行为。洗手是强迫症病人常见的强迫行为之一，而且病人可能会感到自己在洗手时没有达到满意的程度。这种情况也可以治疗，您不用太担心。
问: 最近我感觉自己的了强迫症，总是反复的洗手洗衣服，就是衣服叠的有一点不好，就得重叠，这种情况可以服用舍曲林吗？
答: 对于强迫症，药物治疗是一种有效的手段之一，您提到的舍曲林是一种常用的治疗药物。舍曲林属于选择性5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂(SSRI)。它可以通过调节脑内5-羟色胺水平的变化来缓解强迫症症状。但是请注意，... | 不客气，祝您早日康复！如果您还有其他问题，随时提问。希望您能找到适合您的治疗方案。 | cmtmedqa/train.jsonl | chinese_medical_qa_心理科 | [
"培养"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
NCCLS发布的M2-A5标准在抗菌药物敏感性试验中有何临床应用价值？ | NCCLS（现为CLSI）于1993年发布的M2-A5标准《抗菌药物纸片扩散法敏感性试验性能标准》第五版，规定了纸片扩散法（Kirby-Bauer法）的操作流程、抑菌圈测量方法及结果判读的折点（breakpoints）。该标准统一了临床微生物实验室对抗菌药物敏感性测试的技术规范，确保不同实验室间结果的可比性和可靠性，指导临床医生合理选择抗生素，优化感染治疗方案。 | medllm-dataset-md-ocr/临床微生物学手册_上/临床微生物学手册_上.md | 临床应用 | null | llm_textbook | null | null | null | null | null | |
The risk of bacteria in foam sclerotherapy: does the condition of the air in outpatient vs. operating rooms make a difference? | Foam sclerotherapy has been one of the most frequently applied therapeutic methods for the treatment of varicose veins and venous malformation. Few studies have investigated the sterile condition of the air used for foam creation. To evaluate the bacterial conditions in foam created from the air in outpatient and opera... | There is no increased risk of infection when using foam sclerotherapy in outpatient rooms compared with using foam created under sterile operating-room conditions. | pubmedqa/train_pqa_unlabeled.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre",
"bacteria",
"infection"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Does selective ablation of glucocorticoid receptors in the noradrenergic system affect evening corticosterone levels in a sex-dependent manner? | The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, which is involved in the release of corticosterone in response to stress, exhibits large circadian variations in its activity that can also be regulated by the noradrenergic system, thereby contributing to the pathophysiology of depression. We have recently shown that mice... | Our results provide evidence of the involvement of the noradrenergic system in the regulation of the sexually dimorphic circadian activity of the HPA axis.
结论: yes | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre",
"uti"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Does tCF/beta-catenin play an important role in HCCR-1 oncogene expression? | Oncogene HCCR-1 functions as a negative regulator of the p53 and contributes to tumorigenesis of various human tissues. However, it is unknown how HCCR-1 contributes to the cellular and biochemical mechanisms of human tumorigenesis. In this study, we showed how the expression of HCCR-1 is modulated. The luciferase acti... | These findings suggest that the Tcf1 site on the HCCR-1 promoter is a major element regulating HCCR-1 expression and abnormal stimulation of this site may induce various human cancers.
结论: yes | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
我曾听说有些人在核酸检测阴性后又出现了症状，这是怎么回事？ | 对话历史:
问: 最近我听说有些人第二次新冠复阳的时间可能长达数月，这是真的吗？
答: 是的，新冠病毒的二次复阳是指患者在一次核酸检测阴性后，一段时间内再次检测出阳性结果的情况。不同国家和地区的研究结果有所不同，一些研究表明，新冠病毒的二次复阳时间可能长达数周甚至数月。
问: 那么，这些患者在二次复阳期间是否具有传染性呢？
答: 对于这个问题，需要综合考虑多种因素。尽管这些患者出现了二次复阳，但并不意味着他们仍然能够传播病毒。目前还没有确切的证据显示二次复阳患者是否具有传染性，但为了防止病毒传播，我们仍然建议他们加强隔离和检测。
问: 如果我曾经有一次核酸检测阳性，然后转阴性，是否意味着我已经康复了？
答: 一次核酸检测阴性并不代表... | 是的，确实有些人在核酸检测阴性后仍然出现了症状。这可能与个体免疫系统的反应有关，有些人的免疫系统可能在抗击病毒方面的能力较弱，因此即使核酸检测结果为阴性，仍有可能出现症状。如果您在阴性结果后有任何不适症状，建议您及时就医咨询，以确保您的健康。 | cmtmedqa/train.jsonl | chinese_medical_qa_内科 | [
"病毒",
"新冠病毒",
"感染"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Is the disulfide isomerase ERp57 required for fibrin deposition in vivo? | ERp57 is required for platelet function; however, whether ERp57 contributes to fibrin generation is unknown. Using an inhibitory anti-ERp57 antibody (mAb1), Pf4-Cre/ERp57(fl/fl) mice, Tie2-Cre/ERp57(fl/fl) mice, and mutants of ERp57, we analyzed the function of ERp57 in laser-induced thrombosis. Fibrin deposition was d... | ERp57 regulates thrombosis via multiple targets.
结论: yes | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre",
"uti"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
A 12-year-old African American is exposed to pollen while playing outside. The allergen stimulates TH2 cells of his immune system to secrete a factor that leads to B-cell class switching to IgE. What factor is secreted by the TH2 cell? | A. IFN-gamma
B. IL-4
C. IL-17
D. TGF-beta | 正确答案: B. IL-4 | medqa/train.jsonl | med_exam_qa | [
"cre"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
谢谢医生的建议，我会让我爸爸注意这些方法，并且带他去医院做相应的检查。感谢您的帮助！ | 对话历史:
问: 医生，请问一下，老年人流口水需要吃什么药呢？
答: 您好，针对老年人流口水的情况，一般可以从以下几个方面考虑。首先要了解流口水的原因，有可能是因为消化不良、口腔问题、唾液腺问题等引起的。因此，在选择药物前最好先到相关科室做进一步检查。建议您到口腔科进行初步检查，以确定具体原因。
问: 好的，我知道了。那我爸爸还需要做其他检查吗？
答: 是的，如果初步的口腔检查没有发现明显问题，可以进一步到消化内科检查。有时候老年人口腔中的唾液问题是由消化系统问题引起的。消化内科医生会从消化功能、消化道疾病等方面进行进一步评估，并根据具体情况推荐进一步的检查。
问: 明白了，我会带爸爸去口腔科和消化内科做相应检查。那还有什么药物可以... | 不客气，希望您爸爸早日康复。如果还有其他问题，随时向我提问。祝您和您的爸爸健康！ | cmtmedqa/train.jsonl | chinese_medical_qa_家居健康 | [
"细菌"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
基孔肯雅病毒的典型临床三联征是什么？其妊娠期感染有何风险？ | 基孔肯雅病毒（Chikungunya virus）的典型临床三联征为发热、皮疹和关节炎。发热常为急性起病，伴有剧烈关节痛（尤其是手足小关节），可持续数周至数月，部分患者出现对称性多关节炎。皮疹多为斑丘疹，常见于躯干和四肢。妊娠期感染尤其在妊娠早期（1–2个月）可能导致母婴垂直传播，新生儿出生后可出现发热、皮疹、血小板减少及神经系统并发症，增加围生期疾病风险。 | medllm-dataset-md-ocr/临床微生物学手册_下/临床微生物学手册_下.md | 概念解释 | null | llm_textbook | null | null | null | null | null | |
Does cRF induce intestinal epithelial barrier injury via the release of mast cell proteases and TNF-α? | Psychological stress is a predisposing factor in the onset and exacerbation of important gastrointestinal diseases including irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and the inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). The pathophysiology of stress-induced intestinal disturbances is known to be mediated by corticotropin releasing factor (... | These data demonstrate that CRF triggers increases in intestinal paracellular permeability via mast cell dependent release of TNF-α and proteases. Furthermore, CRF-mast cell signaling pathways and increases in intestinal permeability require critical input from the enteric nervous system. Therefore, blocking the delete... | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre",
"resistance",
"uti"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
All of the following are absolute C/I to uterine artery embolization except. | A. Pregnancy
B. Uterine infection
C. Endometrial cancer
D. Age of patient >=50 years | 正确答案: C. Endometrial cancer
解释: Ans. is d, i.e. Age of patient >=50 years(Ref: Williams Gynae 3rd/ed, p210 Table 9-2)Absolute C/I to uterine artery embolization* Pregnancy* Active uterine or adnexal infection* Suspected reproductive tracts malignancy.Relative C/I:* Coagulopathy* Renal impairment* Desire for future fer... | medmcqa/train.jsonl | med_exam_qa | [
"infection"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Does intranasal mucosal boosting with an adenovirus-vectored vaccine markedly enhance the protection of BCG-primed guinea pigs against pulmonary tuberculosis? | Recombinant adenovirus-vectored (Ad) tuberculosis (TB) vaccine platform has demonstrated great potential to be used either as a stand-alone or a boost vaccine in murine models. However, Ad TB vaccine remains to be evaluated in a more relevant and sensitive guinea pig model of pulmonary TB. Many vaccine candidates shown... | Boosting, particularly via the intranasal mucosal route, with AdAg85A vaccine is able to significantly enhance the long-term survival of BCG-primed guinea pigs following pulmonary M.tb challenge. Our results thus support further evaluation of this viral-vectored TB vaccine in clinical trials.
结论: yes | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"infection",
"virus",
"candida"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Do cenesthesias and body image aberration characterize a subgroup in schizophrenia? | To identify and characterize a subgroup of schizophrenia patients with marked and dominating bodily sensations (cenesthesias and body image aberration). We assessed cenesthesias and different aspects of body image aberration systematically along with common (general, positive and negative symptoms) and ego-psychopathol... | The findings from the present study suggest that cenesthesias and body image aberration might represent an additional dimension of psychopathology that might be used for defining a nosological subtype of schizophrenia. | pubmedqa/train_pqa_unlabeled.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"uti"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
百日咳博德特氏菌的营养需求有何特点？为什么它不能在简单培养基上生长？ | 百日咳博德特氏菌对营养的要求最为复杂，不能在简单的基础培养基上生长。它需要多种补充物质，包括烟酰胺、有机硫（如半胱氨酸）和有机氮（如氨基酸）。此外，该菌对不饱和脂肪酸、金属离子、胶体硫化物和过氧化物等成分敏感，因此在分离培养时必须添加保护性物质，如淀粉、木炭、清蛋白、血液、环糊精等以中和抑制因子并提供必要的营养支持。例如，它可在添加5%马血的Mueller-Hinton琼脂上生长，这为其提供了必需的生长因子和保护作用。 | medllm-dataset-md-ocr/临床微生物学手册_上/临床微生物学手册_上.md | 概念解释 | null | llm_textbook | null | null | null | null | null | |
Is neutrophil extracellular trap formation associated with IL-1β and autophagy-related signaling in gout? | Gout is a prevalent inflammatory arthritis affecting 1-2% of adults characterized by activation of innate immune cells by monosodium urate (MSU) crystals resulting in the secretion of interleukin-1β (IL-1β). Since neutrophils play a major role in gout we sought to determine whether their activation may involve the form... | These findings document for the first time that activation of neutrophils in gout is associated with the formation of proinflammatory NETs and links this process to both autophagy and IL-1β. Modulation of the autophagic machinery may represent an additional therapeutic study in crystalline arthritides.
结论: yes | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre",
"uti"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Crystallization and storage of insulin requires - | A. Mn++
B. Zn++
C. Cu++
D. Ca++ | 正确答案: A. Mn++
解释: Ans. is 'b' i.e., Zn++ o Zinc ions are essential for the formation of hexameric insulin and hormone crystallization.o Following the synthesis of proinsulin, zinc promotes the formation of proinsulin hexamers and increases its solubility before conversion to insulin.o Proinsulin binds 30 zinc ions, of... | medmcqa/train.jsonl | med_exam_qa | [
"cre"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Prevention of early-onset neonatal group B streptococcal infection: is universal screening by culture universally applicable? | Previous assessments of maternal group B Streptococcus carrier rates in women delivering at Shaare Zedek Medical Center ranged between 3.5 and 11% with neonatal sepsis rates of 0.2-0.9/1000 live births. Because of low colonization and disease rates, routine prenatal cultures of GBS were not recommended and intrapartum ... | An increased neonatal disease rate was observed in a population with a higher colonization rate than previously seen. In view of the higher carrier rates, we now recommend routine prenatal screening for GBS in our perinatal population. | pubmedqa/train_pqa_unlabeled.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre",
"infection",
"uti"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Does bilateral sequential lung transplantation without sternal division eliminate posttransplantation sternal complications? | The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy and safety of an alternative surgical incision for bilateral sequential lung transplantation. The vast majority of these operations worldwide have been performed through an anterolateral thoracosternotomy known as the "clamshell" incision. Recently, we have underta... | We conclude that bilateral anterolateral thoracotomy without sternal division is a safe approach that allows adequate exposure without the risk of commonly observed problems with sternal healing.
结论: yes | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"uti",
"osteomyelitis"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Thoracoscopy in children: is a chest tube necessary? | Historically, a chest tube or drain has been left following a thoracic operation to allow drainage of air or fluid in the postoperative period. However, in patients undergoing thoracoscopy, the tube is often the greatest source of postoperative pain. We began excluding chest tubes several years ago and therefore are re... | The use of routine chest tubes following thoracoscopy in children appears to be unnecessary as the absence of a chest tube in our series resulted in an intervention in one patient (0.3%). Elimination of the chest tube will allow for a much more tolerable postoperative course in most children. | pubmedqa/train_pqa_unlabeled.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"uti"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Does [ Retinoic acid protect neonatal rats from hyperoxia-induced lung injury through down-regulating connective tissue growth factor ]? | To explore the mechanism of retinoic acid (RA) protection against hyperoxia-induced lung injury. Ninety Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned into three groups (n=30 each): air control group (exposed to air) and hyperoxia groups (exposed to 85% oxygen) with and without RA treatment. The RA-treated hyperoxia group ... | The expression of CTGF mRNA and protein increases in neonatal rats with hyperoxia-induced lung injury. RA may provide protections against the lung injury possibly through down-regulating CTGF expression.
结论: yes | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"PCR",
"cre",
"pcr"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
淋菌性尿道炎可能引发哪些局部并发症？哪些人群更易发生龟头炎？ | 淋菌性尿道炎的局部并发症虽然少见，但包括附睾炎（现已罕见）、淋菌性前列腺炎（极少见）、阴茎背部淋巴管炎或血栓性静脉炎导致的阴茎水肿、黏膜下尿道壁炎性‘软’浸润、尿道周围脓肿或瘘、尿道球腺炎症或脓肿以及精囊炎。此外，未行包皮环切术的男性更容易发生龟头炎，因其解剖结构更易积聚分泌物和病原体，增加局部炎症风险。 | medllm-dataset-md-ocr/哈里森感染病学/哈里森感染病学.md | 并发症 | null | llm_textbook | null | null | null | null | null | |
A young male met with a road traffic accident and came to the emergency department, he was evaluated found to have BP-130/80 mm HG, pulse rate - 88/min, RR -22/min. On auscultation there was decreased air entry on one side with absent breath sounds. X-ray chest is given below. Your most probable diagnosis is | A. Tension pneumothorax
B. Rupture of esophagus and compressing the pericardium
C. Flail chest due to fracture of ribs 5,6,7,8 ribs
D. Normal CXR | 正确答案: A. Tension pneumothorax
解释: Ans. (b) Rupture of esophagus and compressing the pericardium* This image shows Pneumo mediastinum which is a feature of Esophageal rupture.* Decreased air entry implies collection of esophageal contents and pleural effusion on that side.* Naclerio's V sign- Presence of V shaped Gas s... | medmcqa/train.jsonl | med_exam_qa | [
"cre"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
请分析样本 450 的微生物检测结果概况。 | 样本ID: 450 | 根据样本 450 的微生物检测结果分析：
**一、样本基本信息**
- 总测序读数：2,631,776
- 检出物种数：846
- Shannon多样性指数：2.711
- Simpson多样性指数：0.764
**二、优势菌群**
- Bacteroides fragilis (46.0%)
- [Ruminococcus] gnavus (12.1%)
- Blautia massiliensis (8.7%)
- Bifidobacterium bifidum (1.7%)
- Thomasclavelia ramosa (1.4%)
**三、检出病原体情况**
未检出明显致病菌
**四、总体评估**
菌群多样性处于正... | null | null | null | csv_analysis | 450 | overview | basic | [
"Bacteroides fragilis (46.0%)",
"[Ruminococcus] gnavus (12.1%)",
"Blautia massiliensis (8.7%)"
] | null |
Is stomatin-like protein 2 overexpressed in cancer and involved in regulating cell growth and cell adhesion in human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma? | Stomatin-like protein 2 (SLP-2) is a novel and unusual stomatin homologue of unknown functions. It has been implicated in interaction with erythrocyte cytoskeleton and presumably other integral membrane proteins, but not directly with the membrane bilayer. We show here the involvement of SLP-2 in human esophageal squam... | SLP-2 was first identified as a novel cancer-related gene overexpressed in human ESCC, lung cancer, laryngeal cancer, and endometrial adenocarcinoma. Decreased cell growth, cell adhesion, and tumorigenesis in the antisense transfectants revealed that SLP-2 may be important in tumorigenesis.
结论: yes | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"PCR",
"cre",
"sequencing"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Intrauterine device insertion-related complications: can they be predicted? | To determine risk factors affecting the incidence of intrauterine device (IUD) insertion-related complications and failures and, in particular, whether postcoital IUD insertions have a higher incidence of complications than routine IUD insertions. Retrospective case notes analysis. The study examined 545 case notes of ... | Of the potential risk factors, nulliparity was the most important. IUD insertion failures and complications were no more common in postcoital than routine IUD insertions. In general, complications were unpredictable, indicating the need for constant vigilance and the inserting doctor being trained and prepared to deal ... | pubmedqa/train_pqa_unlabeled.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre",
"uti"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Does [ TNF-β genetic variant contribute to the risk of non-small cell lung cancer ]? | To investigate the association of TNF-β 252A >G variant with the risk of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Total 956 patients with NSCLC were recruited between January 2000 and December 2008 at Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science as the case group, and 994 frequency-matched controls were randomly sele... | TNF-β genetic variant may interact with environment factor to contribute to the susceptibility to NSCLC.
结论: yes | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"PCR",
"cre",
"susceptibility"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Do enhanced patient support services improve patient persistence with multiple sclerosis treatment? | Subcutaneous interferon beta-1a (sc IFN β-1a) therapy (44 µg or 22 µg, three times weekly) improves relapse rates and disability progression in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis (MS). While early treatment with disease-modifying drugs may maximize therapeutic benefit, patients with low adherence or long treatm... | A personalized support program, utilizing one-to-one nursing support and additional support materials, can increase the probability of patients with MS remaining on disease-modifying drug treatment.
结论: yes | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre",
"uti"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Geriatrics and rehabiliation: role of the hospital in healthcare networks? | There is no accepted definition of geriatric post-acute or rehabilitation care. The exact role within the healthcare network and the function of units providing such care remain to be clarified. We describe the activity of geriatric post-acute or rehabilitation care units in four French hospitals to identify common fea... | Geriatric post-acute or rehabilitation units meet the requirements proposed in French legislation and in addition provide social counseling and acute care services, which is evidence of the deficiencies in the healthcare network in the field of elderly patient care. | pubmedqa/train_pqa_unlabeled.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"uti"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Could you please reduce your seclusion rates? | Creating a safe treatment environment with a minimum use of seclusion at a ward for intensive psychiatric care is a complex process involving many actors. Although s/he is accountable for the use of seclusion, the psychiatrist's influence on actual seclusion practices is limited. The methodical work approach (MWA) to p... | By helping to limit the use of seclusion, possibly due to enhanced interdisciplinary collaboration and professionalisation, the MWA offers new horizons for mental health care professionals and their patients. | pubmedqa/train_pqa_unlabeled.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Is proliferation of ovarian theca-interstitial cells modulated by antioxidants and oxidative stress? | Maintenance of ovarian homeostasis requires precise regulation of proliferation of thecal- interstitial (T-I) cells. Recent evidence indicates that oxidative stress and antioxidants modulate proliferation of various tissues under both physiological and pathological conditions. This study evaluated the effects of oxidat... | Reactive oxygen species may play a role in the regulation of growth of ovarian mesenchyme. Under pathological conditions, such as those encountered in polycystic ovary syndrome, excessive oxidative stress and depletion of antioxidants may contribute to ovarian mesenchymal hyperplasia.
结论: yes | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre",
"culture"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
A vitreous aspirate from a case of metastatic endophthalmitis on culture yields Gram-positive round to oval cells, 12-14 mm in size. The aspirate on Gram staining shows the presence of pseudohyphae. Which of the following is the most likely aetiological agent? | A. Aspergillus
B. Rhizopus
C. Candida
D. Fusarium | 正确答案: B. Rhizopus
解释: In smears of exudates Candida appears as gram positive oval cells and pseudohyphae. Aspergillus, Rhizopus andfusarium are filamentous fungi forming true mycelia (and not pseudohyphae). Ref: Textbook of Microbiology By Ananthanarayan and Panicker, 7th Edition, Pages 610, 624-25; Jawetz, Melnick an... | medmcqa/train.jsonl | med_exam_qa | [
"fungi",
"aspergillus",
"gram stain"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
万古霉素用于感染性心内膜炎治疗时，如何进行剂量调整和疗效监测？ | 万古霉素治疗感染性心内膜炎时，推荐剂量为15~20mg/kg每12小时一次静脉给药，目标AUC₂₄为400–600 µg·h/ml。应通过监测血清谷浓度（通常在第三次剂量前采血）来调整剂量，确保有效且减少肾毒性风险。对于严重感染如心内膜炎，需个体化药代动力学监测以优化暴露量。 | medllm-dataset-md-ocr/热病桑福德抗微生物治疗指南/热病桑福德抗微生物治疗指南.md | 临床应用 | null | llm_textbook | null | null | null | null | null | |
Can the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale - self-report version be used to differentiate clinical and non-clinical SAD groups among Brazilians? | The Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS) was the first evaluation instrument developed for screening for the signs and symptoms of Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) and is currently still the most used worldwide. The aim of this study is to evaluate the ability of the LSAS - self-report version (LSAS-SR) to discriminate d... | Despite the specific sample used in this study being composed only of university students, the use of the LSAS-SR can be indicated, in the Brazilian setting, for SAD screening in both clinical and research contexts. | pubmedqa/train_pqa_unlabeled.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Do symbiotic legume nodules employ both rhizobial exo- and endo-hydrogenases to recycle hydrogen produced by nitrogen fixation? | In symbiotic legume nodules, endosymbiotic rhizobia (bacteroids) fix atmospheric N(2), an ATP-dependent catalytic process yielding stoichiometric ammonium and hydrogen gas (H(2)). While in most legume nodules this H(2) is quantitatively evolved, which loss drains metabolic energy, certain bacteroid strains employ uptak... | In symbiotic S. rostrata nodules, A. caulinodans bacteroids can use either respiratory hydrogenase to recycle endogenous H(2) produced by N(2) fixation. Thus, H(2) recycling by symbiotic legume nodules may involve multiple respiratory hydrogenases.
结论: yes | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
巴拉缪塞阿米巴引起肉芽肿性阿米巴脑炎（GAE）的致病机制与棘阿米巴有何异同？ | 巴拉缪塞阿米巴和棘阿米巴引起的GAE在病理学和致病机制上相似，均可在中枢神经系统组织中形成滋养体和包囊，导致慢性进行性脑炎，最终可致死。两者在光镜下形态相似，大小相近，均难以区分。但在某些情况下，可通过核仁数量进行鉴别：巴拉缪塞阿米巴滋养体的细胞核常含多个核仁，而棘阿米巴仅有单个核仁。此外，两者的抗原性明显不同，免疫学检测如间接荧光抗体试验可有效区分。超微结构方面，巴拉缪塞阿米巴包囊具有三层囊壁（外层皱缩、中层无结构、内层较薄），而棘阿米巴的囊壁结构不同。 | medllm-dataset-md-ocr/临床微生物学手册_下/临床微生物学手册_下.md | 机制原理 | null | llm_textbook | null | null | null | null | null | |
Is red cell transfusion associated with an increased risk for postoperative atrial fibrillation? | Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a common complication after cardiac surgery and is associated with increased resource utilization. Recent evidence supports a role of inflammation in the development of AF. It is also known that red blood cell transfusion modulates inflammation by increasing plasma levels of inflammatory mar... | Intensive care unit red blood cell transfusion is associated with increased occurrence of postoperative AF after cardiac surgery. This factor should be considered in identifying patients who might benefit from prophylaxis to prevent this common postoperative complication.
结论: yes | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre",
"uti"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
该样本的菌群多样性结果意味着什么？能否判断存在菌群紊乱？ | 样本ID: 419 | 菌群多样性分析：
**多样性指标解读：**
- Shannon指数：2.763
多样性良好，菌群结构相对平衡
- Simpson指数：0.83
均匀度高，物种分布较为均衡
- 物种丰富度：187种
**菌群平衡状态评估：**
菌群状态基本正常，持续监测即可。
**可能原因分析：**
- 当前无明显异常因素 | null | null | null | csv_analysis | 419 | interpretation | intermediate | [] | 该样本的菌群多样性指标表明什么？是否存在菌群失调？ |
Does a novel urinary long non-coding RNA transcript improve diagnostic accuracy in patients undergoing prostate biopsy? | Long non-coding RNA (LncRNA) PCA3 has been a well-established urine biomarker for the detection of prostate cancer (PCa). Our previous study showed a novel LncRNA FR0348383 is up-regulated in over 70% of PCa compared with matched benign tissues. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic value of urinary FR03... | FR0348383 transcript in post-DRE urine may be a novel biomarker for detection of PCa with great diagnostic value, especially in the grey zone cohort. The application of FR0348383 score in clinical practice might avoid unnecessary prostate biopsies and increase the specificity of PCa diagnosis.
结论: yes | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Does the mitotic arrest deficient protein MAD2B interact with the clathrin light chain A during mitosis? | Although the mitotic arrest deficient protein MAD2B (MAD2L2) is thought to inhibit the anaphase promoting complex (APC) by binding to CDC20 and/or CDH1 (FZR1), its exact role in cell cycle control still remains to be established. Using a yeast two-hybrid interaction trap we identified the human clathrin light chain A (... | Previously, we identified MAD2B as an interactor of the renal cell carcinoma (RCC)-associated protein PRCC. In addition, we found that fusion of PRCC with the transcription factor TFE3 in t(X;1)(p11;q21)-positive RCCs results in an impairment of this interaction and a concomitant failure to shuttle MAD2B to the nucleus... | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre",
"uti"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Are deodorants the leading cause of allergic contact dermatitis to fragrance ingredients? | Fragrances frequently cause contact allergy, and cosmetic products are the main causes of fragrance contact allergy. As the various products have distinctive forms of application and composition of ingredients, some product groups are potentially more likely to play a part in allergic reactions than others. To determin... | Deodorants were the leading causes of fragrance allergy, especially among men. Seemingly, deodorants have an 'unhealthy' composition of the fragrance chemicals present in FM II.
结论: yes | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"uti"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Is daytime sleepiness associated with hyperhomocysteinemia in rural area of China : A cross-sectional study? | To ascertain whether sleep abnormalities including daytime sleepiness, snoring, apnea, sleep disruption and sleep duration abnormity are significantly associated with hyperhomocysteinemia (Hhcy). A total of 5992 participants were involved in the cross-sectional study. Sleep abnormalities were evaluated by a structured ... | Daytime sleepiness, but not sleep duration abnormity, snoring, apnea and sleep disruption was an independent risk factor for Hhcy.
结论: yes | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
我在康复期间经常感到焦虑和压力很大，有没有什么方法可以缓解一下？ | 对话历史:
问: 我最近康复了新冠病毒感染，但是最近又出现了一些症状，我应该怎么处理呢？
答: 您好，能够康复是件好事，但是出现症状需要引起重视。请告诉我一下您出现了哪些症状呢？
问: 我最近咳嗽得比较严重，而且有时候会感到胸闷。我应该怎么办？
答: 对于咳嗽和胸闷的症状，我建议您尽快就医。这可能是身体还未完全康复，或者是其他原因导致的，需要通过进一步的检查来确诊病因。您可以去当地的医院或者发热门诊咨询医生，他们会根据您的具体情况给予相应的治疗建议。
问: 好的，谢谢医生的建议。另外，我想知道一下我现在还需要继续隔离吗？
答: 如果您出现了新的症状，这可能意味着您的身体还没有完全康复，可能存在再次感染的风险。建议您继续进行自我隔离，... | 在康复期间，保持良好的心理状态非常重要。您可以尝试一些方法来缓解焦虑和压力，比如适量的运动、放松训练、听音乐等。此外，与家人、朋友进行交流，分享自己的情绪和体验也能起到一定的缓解作用。如果情绪问题严重，建议咨询专业的心理咨询师或心理医生寻求帮助。
医生主动提问：除了咳嗽和胸闷，您还有其他不适的症状吗？是否有其他需要我帮助的问题？ | cmtmedqa/train.jsonl | chinese_medical_qa_内科 | [
"病毒",
"新冠病毒",
"感染"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Does c-Myc-mediated epigenetic silencing of MicroRNA-101 contribute to dysregulation of multiple pathways in hepatocellular carcinoma? | The MYC oncogene is overexpressed in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and has been associated with widespread microRNA (miRNA) repression; however, the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. Here, we report that the c-Myc oncogenic transcription factor physically interacts with enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), a c... | c-Myc collaborates with EZH2-containing PRC2 complex in silencing tumor-suppressive miRNAs during hepatocarcinogenesis and provides promising therapeutic candidates for human HCC.
结论: yes | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre",
"candida",
"uti"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
好的，我会按照您的建议尝试使用达克宁软膏，并且保持好阴部卫生。再次感谢您的帮助！ | 对话历史:
问: 医生您好！我最近刚做完包皮手术，但是现在龟头非常敏感，有什么办法能解决吗？
答: 你好！听说你最近做完包皮手术后龟头非常敏感，对吗？根据我的医学知识，这种情况是比较常见的。不用担心，我可以给你一些建议来帮助你减缓龟头敏感度。
问: 非常感谢医生的帮助！请问有什么具体的建议呢？
答: 首先，你可以尝试涂抹达克宁软膏来降低龟头敏感度。这种软膏有一定的镇静作用，可以起到一定的缓解作用。另外，保持阴部的清洁卫生也非常重要，可以避免细菌感染引起的过度敏感。此外，在进行性生活的时候可以使用避孕套，这样可以降低龟头的直接刺激，减缓敏感度。希望这些建议对你有帮助。 | 不客气！希望我的建议能对你的情况有所帮助。如果你还有其他问题或者需要进一步的咨询，随时都可以向我提问。祝你早日恢复健康！ | cmtmedqa/train.jsonl | chinese_medical_qa_男科 | [
"感染",
"细菌"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
霍乱弧菌的O1群血清型是如何根据O因子进行分类的？ | 霍乱弧菌O1群根据次级O抗原（O因子A、B和C）分为不同的血清型：产生O因子A和B的菌株称为小川型；产生O因子A和C的称为稻叶型；同时产生O因子A、B和C的称为彦岛型。其中，彦岛型较为罕见且不稳定，部分文献仅确认小川型和稻叶型的存在。 | medllm-dataset-md-ocr/临床微生物学手册_上/临床微生物学手册_上.md | 概念解释 | null | llm_textbook | null | null | null | null | null | |
感谢医生的建议，我会尽量不去挤压粉刺，并注意护肤品的选择。 | 对话历史:
问: 医生，我听说粉刺不挤会自己好，这是真的吗？
答: 嗨，您好！对于这个问题，我可以给您一些建议。通常情况下，粉刺不挤是有助于减轻粉刺症状和预防感染的。但是，是否会自愈还是要看具体情况。挤压粉刺可能引起细菌感染、炎症扩散以及更严重的疤痕形成。因此，我建议您尽量不要挤压粉刺，尽量保持面部清洁，使用一些温和的护肤品来控制油脂分泌和改善皮肤。
问: 那我应该怎么处理那些顽固的粉刺呢？
答: 如果您遇到顽固的粉刺，我推荐您去看一位皮肤科医生进行专业的检查和治疗。皮肤科医生会根据您的具体情况，可能会采用外用药物、口服药物或局部护理等方法来处理顽固的粉刺。同时，您也可以适当改变生活习惯，保持良好的饮食习惯，多喝水，避免暴晒和过度的... | 不客气，希望我的建议对您有所帮助。如果您有其他问题或者需要进一步了解，都可以随时再来咨询我。祝您皮肤健康！ | cmtmedqa/train.jsonl | chinese_medical_qa_整形美容 | [
"感染",
"细菌"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Do catheter dwell time and diameter affect the recurrence rates after internal urethrotomy? | Cold-knife direct vision internal urethrotomy (DVIU) is frequently used as the first-line treatment for urethral stricture disease. Although the steps of the procedure are defined in detail, the duration of catheterization and the diameter of the catheter to be used after the operation are not clearly defined. The aim ... | Shortening the postoperative duration of catheterization and decreasing the catheter size may result in improved recurrence rates after DVIU. Further prospective randomized trials are necessary to confirm these findings.
结论: yes | pubmedqa/train_pqa_artificial.jsonl | pubmed_qa | [
"cre",
"uti"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
The infectivity of chicken pox lasts for | A. Till the last scab falls
B. 6 days after onset of rash
C. 3 days after onset of rash
D. Till the fever subsides | 正确答案: A. Till the last scab falls
解释: Period of communicability: Chicken pox: 1-2 days before to 4-5 days after appearance of rash. Measles: 4 days before to 5 days after appearance of rash. Diphtheria: 14-28 days from disease onset Poliomyelitis: 7-10 days before and after onset of symptoms. CHICKEN POX: Also known a... | medmcqa/train.jsonl | med_exam_qa | [
"virus",
"uti"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
Triad following massive blood transfusion includes: March 2012 | A. Acidosis, hypehermia, hyperkalemia
B. Acidosis, hypothermia, hyperkalemia
C. Alkalosis, hypothermia, hyperkalemia
D. Alkalosis, hypehermia, hyperkalemia | 正确答案: B. Acidosis, hypothermia, hyperkalemia
解释: Ans: C i.e. Alkalosis, hypothermia, hyperkalemia The complications usually seen with massive blood transfusion are: i) hyperkalemia, ii) Hypocalcemia, iii) Hyperammonemia, iv) Hypothermia, v) Metabolic alkalosis, vi) Dilutional coagulopathies, DIC & vii) ARDS. | medmcqa/train.jsonl | med_exam_qa | [
"uti"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
好的，谢谢您的建议。 | 对话历史:
问: 我产后乳房胀痛且有硬块怎么办？我感觉很难受。
答: 产后乳房胀痛且有硬块是非常常见的问题，不要太担心。有一些方法可以缓解你的症状。首先，鼓励你的宝宝多次吸吮乳房，这会帮助打通乳腺管，促进乳汁分泌，减轻乳房胀痛。另外，在宝宝吸吮之前，你可以使用温热的湿毛巾敷在乳房上，以缓解不适感。
问: 还有其他方法吗？我担心宝宝吸不够。
答: 如果宝宝吸吮后乳腺仍然有大量残余奶，你可以使用吸奶器等设备将残留的乳汁吸空，这样可以防止乳房肿胀。另外，要注意保持乳房清洁干燥，在喂奶之前用干净的毛巾轻擦乳房，避免细菌滋生。同时，你的饮食也很重要，多食用富含蛋白质和维生素的食物，这有助于促进乳汁分泌。
问: 我听说按摩可以帮助减轻乳房胀痛，... | 不客气，祝你早日恢复健康。如果有其他疑问，随时咨询我。 | cmtmedqa/train.jsonl | chinese_medical_qa_外科 | [
"细菌"
] | opensource | null | null | null | null | null |
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🦠 微生物医学QA完整数据集 v2.1 (增强版)
📊 数据集概览
| 指标 | 数值 |
|---|---|
| 总数据量 | 308,971 条 |
| 训练集 | 278,073 条 |
| 验证集 | 15,448 条 |
| 测试集 | 15,450 条 |
| 文件大小 | ~330 MB |
📁 数据来源
1. LLM生成的教科书QA (15,487条)
高质量专业医学问答，使用Qwen-Plus从权威医学教材中提取：
- 热病桑福德抗微生物治疗指南: 3,350条
- 临床微生物学手册(上): 3,789条
- 临床微生物学手册(下): 3,876条
- 哈里森感染病学: 4,472条
2. CSV微生物报告分析QA (22,842条) ✨增强版
来自9,990份真实微生物检测报告：
- 物种鉴定与丰度分析
- 病原体检测与临床建议
- 菌群多样性评估
- 增强处理: 去重1,183条 + 问题多样化(Qwen-Plus生成5种表述变体)
3. 过滤的开源医学数据 (270,642条)
从546K条开源数据中筛选微生物相关内容：
- PubMedQA: 187,403条 (英文生物医学问答)
- MedMCQA: 49,226条 (医学选择题)
- CMtMedQA: 27,377条 (中文医患对话)
- MedQA: 6,637条 (医学考试题)
🔤 数据格式
{
"instruction": "问题/指令",
"input": "可选的上下文/选项",
"output": "答案/回复",
"source": "数据来源",
"category": "分类标签",
"data_source": "llm_textbook/csv_analysis/opensource"
}
🎯 覆盖主题
- 病原微生物: 细菌、病毒、真菌、寄生虫
- 感染性疾病: 肺炎、败血症、尿路感染等
- 抗微生物治疗: 抗生素、抗病毒药、抗真菌药
- 耐药性: MRSA、VRE、CRE、ESBL等
- 诊断技术: 培养、PCR、mNGS、质谱
- 微生物组: 肠道菌群、菌群失调
📦 使用方式
from datasets import load_dataset
dataset = load_dataset('json', data_files={
'train': 'train.jsonl',
'validation': 'validation.jsonl',
'test': 'test.jsonl'
})
print(f"训练集: {len(dataset['train']):,} 条")
# 输出: 训练集: 279,138 条
🔧 生成方法
- LLM智能提取: 使用Qwen-Plus对医学教材进行智能分片(500-2500字符)，自动生成高质量QA
- 结构化分析: 解析微生物检测CSV报告，生成专业分析QA
- 关键词过滤: 使用272个中英文微生物领域关键词过滤开源数据
📅 版本信息
- 版本: 2.1 (增强版)
- 生成日期: 2024-12-02
- 项目: DeepMicroPath
🔄 v2.1 更新内容
- CSV数据去重：移除1,183条完全重复的QA对
- 问题多样化：使用Qwen-Plus为2个高频问题生成5种不同表述变体
- 问题复用率从76.9%降低，提高了数据多样性
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