cpt-en-base

Table of Contents

1. Model Summary
2. Usage
3. Training
4. Evaluation
5. License
6. Citation

Model Summary

cpt-en-base is an English biomedical encoder built by continued pretraining of ModernBERT using a CLM detour recipe. Instead of standard MLM continued pretraining, we temporarily switch to causal language modeling (CLM) before returning to MLM. This produces lasting representational changes in early transformer layers that improve downstream biomedical performance.

cpt-en-base achieves 78.0% average F1 across 11 English biomedical benchmarks (5 Clinical + 6 BigBIO), the highest balanced score across both task families.

Architecture	ModernBERT (FlashAttention, RoPE, alternating local/global attention, unpadding)
Parameters	149M
Layers	22
Hidden size	768
Attention heads	12
Context length	8,192 tokens
Language	English
Base model	answerdotai/ModernBERT-base

Usage

You can use this model with the transformers library (v4.48.0+):

pip install -U transformers>=4.48.0

If your GPU supports it, install Flash Attention for best efficiency:

pip install flash-attn

Masked Language Modeling

from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModelForMaskedLM

model_id = "rntc/cpt-en-base"
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(model_id)
model = AutoModelForMaskedLM.from_pretrained(model_id)

text = "The patient was diagnosed with [MASK] and started on antibiotics."
inputs = tokenizer(text, return_tensors="pt")
outputs = model(**inputs)

masked_index = inputs["input_ids"][0].tolist().index(tokenizer.mask_token_id)
predicted_token_id = outputs.logits[0, masked_index].argmax(axis=-1)
predicted_token = tokenizer.decode(predicted_token_id)
print("Predicted token:", predicted_token)

Fine-tuning (Classification, NER, etc.)

from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModel

model_id = "rntc/cpt-en-base"
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(model_id)
model = AutoModel.from_pretrained(model_id)

text = "The patient presented with acute myocardial infarction and was treated with percutaneous coronary intervention."
inputs = tokenizer(text, return_tensors="pt", max_length=8192, truncation=True)
outputs = model(**inputs)
# outputs.last_hidden_state: [batch, seq_len, 768]

Note: cpt-en-base does not use token type IDs. You can omit the token_type_ids parameter.

Training

Data

Corpus	Proportion	Description
PubMed	60%	Biomedical abstracts
Med-Inst	20%	Medical instructions
MIMIC	20%	Clinical notes
Total	50B tokens	Single epoch

Methodology

cpt-en-base is trained in two phases, initialized from ModernBERT-base:

• Phase 1 — CLM detour (50B tokens): The bidirectional attention mask is replaced with a causal mask, and the model is trained with next-token prediction. This dense training signal (100% of positions) deeply modifies early transformer layers for domain adaptation.
• Phase 2 — MLM decay (5B tokens): Bidirectional attention is restored, and the model is trained with masked language modeling at 15% masking. The learning rate decays from peak to 10% following a 1-sqrt schedule.

Both phases use the same data mix. Training used AdamW (lr=2e-4, beta1=0.9, beta2=0.98), bf16 mixed precision, global batch size of 384 sequences (~3.1M tokens), on 4x H100 GPUs with Composer.

Why a CLM Detour?

CLM supervises every token position, producing dense gradient updates that deeply modify early transformer layers (layers 0-7). These changes persist through the MLM decay phase — a phenomenon we call computational hysteresis. We provide causal evidence through freeze interventions showing that early-layer modification is both necessary and sufficient for the CLM benefit (double dissociation). See our paper for the full mechanistic analysis.

Evaluation

English biomedical benchmark results (11 tasks, 5 seeds per model):

Clinical Tasks

Model	Ctx	ChemProt	Phenotype	COS	Social Hist.	DEID	Avg
cpt-en-base	8192	90.1	61.9	95.2	54.2	83.2	76.9
BioClinical-ModernBERT	8192	90.0	60.7	94.8	56.0	81.8	76.7
PubMedBERT	512	90.2	52.0	95.0	48.7	80.4	73.3
ModernBERT-base	8192	89.5	48.4	94.0	53.1	78.3	72.7

BigBIO Tasks

Model	Ctx	AnatEM	BC5CDR	JNLPBA	NCBI	GAD	HoC	Avg
cpt-en-base	8192	81.0	89.1	74.5	80.1	78.8	70.0	78.9
BioClinical-ModernBERT	8192	79.2	88.7	74.8	78.7	75.8	67.0	77.4
PubMedBERT	512	83.3	89.7	74.9	82.1	79.3	71.0	80.1
ModernBERT-base	8192	77.2	87.9	74.3	77.7	76.8	66.6	76.8

Overall

Model	Clinical	BigBIO	Overall
cpt-en-base	76.9	78.9	78.0
BioClinical-ModernBERT	76.7	77.4	77.0
PubMedBERT	73.3	80.1	77.0
ModernBERT-base	72.7	76.8	74.9

cpt-en-base achieves the highest balanced score (78.0%) across both Clinical and BigBIO task families. PubMedBERT scores higher on short-context BigBIO NER tasks but falls behind on long-context tasks (Phenotype: 52.0% vs 61.9%).

Intended Use

This model is designed for English biomedical and clinical NLP tasks:

• Named entity recognition (diseases, chemicals, genes, anatomy)
• Document classification (clinical phenotyping, relation extraction)
• De-identification of clinical notes
• Information extraction from PubMed abstracts and clinical reports

The 8,192-token context is important for long clinical documents (discharge summaries, pathology reports) that are truncated by 512-token models.

Limitations

• Trained on English biomedical text; not suitable for other languages without further adaptation. See cpt-fr-base for French.
• Encoder model: produces contextualized representations, does not generate text.
• Clinical text may contain sensitive patterns; users are responsible for compliance with applicable regulations (HIPAA, etc.).
• The English CLM-MLM improvement (+0.3pp at Base scale) is smaller than in French (+2.9pp) and not statistically significant at Base scale (binomial p=0.27). The practical benefit is clearest at Large scale (+0.8pp) and on long-context tasks.

License

Apache 2.0

Citation

@inproceedings{anonymous2026clm,
  title={Under review},
  author={Anonymous},
  booktitle={Under review},
  year={2026}
}

Acknowledgments