cpt-fr-large

Table of Contents

1. Model Summary
2. Usage
3. Training
4. Evaluation
5. License
6. Citation

Model Summary

cpt-fr-large is the Large variant of our French biomedical encoder, built by continued pretraining of ModernCamemBERT-large using a CLM detour recipe. Instead of standard MLM continued pretraining, we temporarily switch to causal language modeling (CLM) before returning to MLM. This produces lasting representational changes that improve downstream biomedical performance by +1.1pp across 8 French biomedical tasks, winning all 8.

Architecture	ModernBERT
Parameters	350M
Layers	28
Hidden size	1024
Attention heads	16
Context length	8,192 tokens
Language	French
Base model	almanach/moderncamembert-large

Usage

You can use this model with the transformers library (v4.48.0+):

pip install -U transformers>=4.48.0

If your GPU supports it, install Flash Attention for best efficiency:

pip install flash-attn

Masked Language Modeling

from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModelForMaskedLM

model_id = "rntc/cpt-fr-large"
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(model_id)
model = AutoModelForMaskedLM.from_pretrained(model_id)

text = "Le patient présente une <mask> aiguë du myocarde."
inputs = tokenizer(text, return_tensors="pt")
outputs = model(**inputs)

masked_index = inputs["input_ids"][0].tolist().index(tokenizer.mask_token_id)
predicted_token_id = outputs.logits[0, masked_index].argmax(axis=-1)
predicted_token = tokenizer.decode(predicted_token_id)
print("Predicted token:", predicted_token)

Fine-tuning (Classification, NER, etc.)

from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModel

model_id = "rntc/cpt-fr-large"
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(model_id)
model = AutoModel.from_pretrained(model_id)

text = "Compte rendu d'hospitalisation du patient admis pour décompensation cardiaque."
inputs = tokenizer(text, return_tensors="pt", max_length=8192, truncation=True)
outputs = model(**inputs)
# outputs.last_hidden_state: [batch, seq_len, 1024]

Note: cpt-fr-large does not use token type IDs. You can omit the token_type_ids parameter.

Training

Data

Corpus	Tokens	Description
MC-Bio	7B	Quality-filtered French biomedical text (scientific articles, drug leaflets, clinical guidelines)
MCQA	2B	Medical question-answer pairs
E3C	400M	Clinical cases from journals and theses
EMEA	600M	Pharmaceutical documents (European Medicines Agency)
Total	10B

Methodology

cpt-fr-large is trained in two phases, initialized from ModernCamemBERT-large:

• Phase 1 — CLM detour (25B tokens): The bidirectional attention mask is replaced with a causal mask, and the model is trained with next-token prediction. This dense training signal (100% of positions) deeply modifies early transformer layers for domain adaptation.
• Phase 2 — MLM decay (2.5B tokens): Bidirectional attention is restored, and the model is trained with masked language modeling at 15% masking. The learning rate decays from peak to 10% following a 1-sqrt schedule.

Both phases use the same data mix. Training used AdamW (lr=2e-4, beta1=0.9, beta2=0.98), bf16 mixed precision, global batch size of 384 sequences (~3.1M tokens), on 4x H100 GPUs with Composer.

Why a CLM Detour?

CLM supervises every token position, producing dense gradient updates that deeply modify early transformer layers. These changes persist through the MLM decay phase — a phenomenon we call computational hysteresis. The Large model retains 67.2% CKA divergence from its MLM counterpart, compared to 56.5% for Base, showing that hysteresis scales with model capacity. See our paper for the full mechanistic analysis.

Evaluation

French biomedical benchmark results (8 tasks, 9 seeds per model, macro-averaged F1):

Model	Ctx	FrACCO-30	FrACCO-100	CANTEMIST	DISTEMIST	MedDialog	DiaMed	EMEA	Medline	Avg
cpt-fr-large	8192	80.7	65.4	74.4	30.4	64.5	64.8	67.0	59.5	63.3
MLM baseline Large (ours)	8192	79.4	63.3	72.6	29.1	64.5	64.8	66.1	58.0	62.2
cpt-fr-base	8192	74.8	60.1	71.0	25.5	63.6	67.4	65.9	58.2	60.8
ModernCamemBERT	8192	70.1	55.3	63.3	20.2	60.6	56.4	63.4	55.3	55.6
DrBERT	512	53.0	35.6	37.9	21.4	63.6	57.0	68.0	62.3	49.9

cpt-fr-large achieves 63.3% average F1, the highest score among French biomedical models (+1.1pp over MLM Large, +2.5pp over Base CLM, 8/8 task wins).

Intended Use

This model is designed for French biomedical and clinical NLP tasks:

• Named entity recognition (diseases, chemicals, procedures)
• Document classification (clinical specialties, ICD coding)
• Multilabel classification on long clinical documents
• Information extraction from clinical reports, drug leaflets, and scientific articles

The 8,192-token context is critical for long clinical documents (discharge summaries, oncology reports) that are truncated by 512-token models. The Large size provides improved performance over Base at the cost of higher compute requirements.

Limitations

• Trained on French biomedical text; not suitable for other languages without further adaptation.
• Encoder model: produces contextualized representations, does not generate text.
• Clinical text may contain sensitive patterns; users are responsible for compliance with applicable regulations.

License

Apache 2.0

Citation

@inproceedings{anonymous2026clm,
  title={Under review},
  author={Anonymous},
  booktitle={Under review},
  year={2026}
}

Acknowledgments