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12 | **Anarchism** is a political philosophy and movement that seeks to abolish all institutions that perpetuate authority, coercion, or hierarchy, primarily targeting the state and capitalism. Anarchism advocates for the replacement of the state with stateless societies and voluntary free associations. A historically left-... | 673 | Anarchism | 0 |
12 |
## History
### Pre-modern era {#pre_modern_era}
thumb\|upright=.7\|Zeno of Citium (c. 334), whose *Republic* inspired Peter Kropotkin The most notable precursors to anarchism in the ancient world were in China and Greece. In China, philosophical anarchism (the discussion on the legitimacy of the state) was delineate... | 1,497 | Anarchism | 1 |
12 |
## Schools of thought {#schools_of_thought}
Anarchist schools of thought have been generally grouped into two main historical traditions, social anarchism and individualist anarchism, owing to their different origins, values and evolution. The individualist current emphasises negative liberty in opposing restraints ... | 397 | Anarchism | 2 |
12 | ## Schools of thought {#schools_of_thought}
### Classical
*Main article: Individualist anarchism, Mutualism (economic theory), Collectivist anarchism, Anarchist communism, Anarcho-syndicalism*
Inceptive currents among classical anarchist currents were mutualism and individualism. They were followed by the major cur... | 618 | Anarchism | 3 |
12 |
## Tactics
Anarchists\' tactics take various forms but in general serve two major goals, namely, to first oppose the Establishment and secondly to promote anarchist ethics and reflect an anarchist vision of society, illustrating the unity of means and ends. A broad categorisation can be made between aims to destroy o... | 592 | Anarchism | 4 |
12 | ## Tactics
### Evolutionary
Anarchists commonly employ direct action. This can take the form of disrupting and protesting against unjust hierarchy, or the form of self-managing their lives through the creation of counter-institutions such as communes and non-hierarchical collectives. Decision-making is often handled ... | 526 | Anarchism | 5 |
12 |
## Key issues {#key_issues}
As anarchism is a philosophy that embodies many diverse attitudes, tendencies, and schools of thought, disagreement over questions of values, ideology, and tactics is common. Its diversity has led to widely different uses of identical terms among different anarchist traditions which has cr... | 357 | Anarchism | 6 |
12 | ## Key issues {#key_issues}
### Gender, sexuality, and free love {#gender_sexuality_and_free_love}
As gender and sexuality carry along them dynamics of hierarchy, many anarchists address, analyse, and oppose the suppression of one\'s autonomy imposed by gender roles.
thumb\|upright=1.2\|Collection of anarcha-feminis... | 366 | Anarchism | 7 |
12 | ## Key issues {#key_issues}
### Education
Anarchist education State education
------------ ------------------------------------ --------------------------------------
Concept Education as self-mastery Education as service
Management Community based ... | 789 | Anarchism | 8 |
12 |
## Criticism
The most common critique of anarchism is the assertion that humans cannot self-govern and so a state is necessary for human survival. Philosopher Bertrand Russell supported this critique, stating that \"\[p\]eace and war, tariffs, regulations of sanitary conditions and the sale of noxious drugs, the pres... | 745 | Anarchism | 9 |
39 | **Albedo** (`{{IPAc-en|æ|l|ˈ|b|iː|d|oʊ|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-albedo.wav}}`{=mediawiki} `{{respell|al|BEE|doh}}`{=mediawiki}; `{{etymology|la|albedo|whiteness}}`{=mediawiki}) is the fraction of sunlight that is diffusely reflected by a body. It is measured on a scale from 0 (corr... | 315 | Albedo | 0 |
39 |
## Terrestrial albedo {#terrestrial_albedo}
+------------------+---------------------+
| Surface | Typical\ |
| | albedo |
+==================+=====================+
| Fresh asphalt | 0.04{{cite web |
+------------------+---------------------+
| Open ocean ... | 877 | Albedo | 1 |
39 |
## Examples of terrestrial albedo effects {#examples_of_terrestrial_albedo_effects}
thumb\|upright=1.3\|The percentage of diffusely reflected sunlight relative to various surface conditions
### Illumination
Albedo is not directly dependent on the illumination because changing the amount of incoming light proportion... | 900 | Albedo | 2 |
39 | ## Examples of terrestrial albedo effects {#examples_of_terrestrial_albedo_effects}
### Solar photovoltaic effects {#solar_photovoltaic_effects}
Albedo can affect the electrical energy output of solar photovoltaic devices. For example, the effects of a spectrally responsive albedo are illustrated by the differences b... | 948 | Albedo | 3 |
39 | ## Examples of terrestrial albedo effects {#examples_of_terrestrial_albedo_effects}
### Aerosol effects {#aerosol_effects}
Aerosols (very fine particles/droplets in the atmosphere) have both direct and indirect effects on Earth\'s radiative balance. The direct (albedo) effect is generally to cool the planet; the indi... | 141 | Albedo | 4 |
39 |
## Astronomical albedo {#astronomical_albedo}
thumb\|upright=1.2\|The moon Titan is darker than Saturn even though they receive the same amount of sunlight. This is due to a difference in albedo (0.22 versus 0.499 in geometric albedo).In astronomy, the term **albedo** can be defined in several different ways, dependi... | 518 | Albedo | 5 |
39 | ## Astronomical albedo {#astronomical_albedo}
### Radar albedo {#radar_albedo}
In planetary radar astronomy, a microwave (or radar) pulse is transmitted toward a planetary target (e.g. Moon, asteroid, etc.) and the echo from the target is measured. In most instances, the transmitted pulse is circularly polarized and ... | 432 | Albedo | 6 |
290 | A-sharp}} `{{pp-semi|small=yes}}`{=mediawiki} `{{CS1 config|mode=}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Infobox grapheme
| letter = A a
| script = [[Latin script]]
| type = [[Alphabet]]
| typedesc = ic
| language = [[Latin language]]
| phonemes = {{flex list|width=2em|[{{IPAlink|a}}]|[{{I... | 414 | A | 0 |
290 |
## History
The earliest known ancestor of A is *aleph*---the first letter of the Phoenician alphabet---where it represented a glottal stop `{{IPA|[ʔ]}}`{=mediawiki}, as Phoenician only used consonantal letters. In turn, the ancestor of aleph may have been a pictogram of an ox head in proto-Sinaitic script influenced ... | 700 | A | 1 |
290 |
## Use in writing systems {#use_in_writing_systems}
Orthography Phonemes
------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(pinyin)
English , `{... | 518 | A | 2 |
290 |
## Other uses {#other_uses}
- When using base-16 notation, A or a is the conventional numeral corresponding to the number 10.
- In algebra, the letter *a* along with various other letters of the alphabet is often used to denote a variable, with various conventional meanings in different areas of mathematics. In 1... | 717 | A | 3 |
303 | *Pandoc failed*: ```
Error at (line 330, column 46):
unexpected ';'
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" ; text-align:right; font-size:80%;"
^
`` | 20 | Alabama | 0 |
305 | In Greek mythology, **Achilles** (`{{IPAc-en|ə|ˈ|k|ɪ|l|iː|z|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Naomi Persephone Amethyst (NaomiAmethyst)-Achilles.wav}}`{=mediawiki} `{{respell|ə|KIL|eez}}`{=mediawiki}) or **Achilleus** (*Achilleús*) was a hero of the Trojan War who was known as being the greatest of all the Greek warriors. The centr... | 831 | Achilles | 0 |
305 |
## Birth and early years {#birth_and_early_years}
thumb\|left\|upright=1.2\|*Thetis Dipping the Infant Achilles into the River Styx* by Peter Paul Rubens (c. 1625; Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen, Rotterdam)
Achilles was the son of Thetis---a Nereid and daughter of the Old Man of the Sea---and Peleus, the king of the ... | 948 | Achilles | 1 |
305 |
## In the Trojan War {#in_the_trojan_war}
thumb\|upright=1.3\|A marble representation of Achilles at the court of King Lycomedes, c. 240 CE
According to the *Iliad*, Achilles arrived at Troy with 50 ships, each carrying 50 Myrmidons. He appointed five leaders (each leader commanding 500 Myrmidons): Menesthius, Eudor... | 504 | Achilles | 2 |
305 | ## In the Trojan War {#in_the_trojan_war}
### In the *Iliad* {#in_the_iliad}
Homer\'s *Iliad* is the most famous narrative of Achilles\' deeds in the Trojan War. Achilles\' wrath (*μῆνις Ἀχιλλέως*, *mênis Achilléōs*) is the central theme of the poem. The first two lines of the *Iliad* read:
+------------------------... | 1,217 | Achilles | 3 |
305 | ## In the Trojan War {#in_the_trojan_war}
### Achilles and Patroclus {#achilles_and_patroclus}
The exact nature of Achilles\' relationship with Patroclus has been a subject of dispute in both the classical period and modern times. In the *Iliad*, it appears to be the model of a deep and loyal friendship. Homer does n... | 1,030 | Achilles | 4 |
305 |
## Worship and heroic cult {#worship_and_heroic_cult}
The tomb of Achilles, extant throughout antiquity in the Troad, was venerated by Thessalians, but also by Persian expeditionary forces, as well as by Alexander the Great and the Roman emperor Caracalla. Achilles\' cult was also to be found at other places, e. g. o... | 1,277 | Achilles | 5 |
305 |
## Reception during antiquity {#reception_during_antiquity}
### In Greek tragedy {#in_greek_tragedy}
The Greek tragedian Aeschylus wrote a trilogy of plays about Achilles, given the title *Achilleis* by modern scholars. The tragedies relate the deeds of Achilles during the Trojan War, including his defeat of Hector ... | 654 | Achilles | 6 |
305 |
## In modern literature and arts {#in_modern_literature_and_arts}
thumb\|upright=1.3\|Achilles and Agamemnon by Gottlieb Schick (1801)
### Literature
- Achilles appears in Dante\'s *Inferno* (composed 1308--1320). He is seen in Hell\'s second circle, that of lust.
- Achilles is portrayed as a former hero who ha... | 1,089 | Achilles | 7 |
305 | ## In modern literature and arts {#in_modern_literature_and_arts}
### Architecture
- In 1890, Elisabeth of Bavaria, Empress of Austria, had a summer palace built in Corfu. The building is named the Achilleion, after Achilles. Its paintings and statuary depict scenes from the Trojan War, with particular focus on Ach... | 86 | Achilles | 8 |
305 |
## Namesakes
- The name of Achilles has been used for at least nine Royal Navy warships since 1744---both as `{{HMS|Achilles}}`{=mediawiki} and with the French spelling `{{HMS|Achille}}`{=mediawiki}. A 60-gun ship of that name served at the Battle of Belleisle in 1761 while a 74-gun ship served at the Battle of Tra... | 332 | Achilles | 9 |
307 | USS *President Lincoln*}} `{{Good article}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Pp|small=yes}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Pp-move}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Use American English|date=November 2024}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2024}}`{=mediawiki} **Abraham Lincoln** (February 12, 1809 -- April 15, 1865) was the 16th president of the United St... | 407 | Abraham Lincoln | 0 |
307 |
## Family and childhood {#family_and_childhood}
### Early life {#early_life}
Abraham Lincoln was born on February 12, 1809, in a log cabin on Sinking Spring Farm near Hodgenville, Kentucky. The second child of Thomas Lincoln and Nancy Hanks Lincoln, he was a descendant of Samuel Lincoln, an Englishman who migrated f... | 515 | Abraham Lincoln | 1 |
307 | ## Family and childhood {#family_and_childhood}
### Marriage and children {#marriage_and_children}
Some historians, such as Michael Burlingame, identify Lincoln\'s first romantic interest as Ann Rutledge, a young woman also from Kentucky whom he met when he moved to New Salem, Illinois. Lewis Gannett, however, disput... | 686 | Abraham Lincoln | 2 |
307 |
## Early political offices and prairie lawyer {#early_political_offices_and_prairie_lawyer}
### Illinois state legislature (1834--1842) {#illinois_state_legislature_18341842}
In Lincoln\'s second state house campaign in 1834, this time as a Whig and supporter of Whig leader Henry Clay, he finished second among thirt... | 930 | Abraham Lincoln | 3 |
307 |
## Republican politics (1854--1860) {#republican_politics_18541860}
### Emergence as Republican leader {#emergence_as_republican_leader}
The Compromise of 1850 failed to alleviate tensions over slavery between the slave-holding South and the free North. As the slavery debate in the Nebraska and Kansas territories be... | 690 | Abraham Lincoln | 4 |
307 | ## Republican politics (1854--1860) {#republican_politics_18541860}
### Lincoln--Douglas debates and Cooper Union speech {#lincolndouglas_debates_and_cooper_union_speech}
Further information: Lincoln--Douglas debates, Cooper Union speech
In 1858, Douglas was up for re-election in the U.S. Senate, and Lincoln hoped t... | 541 | Abraham Lincoln | 5 |
307 | ## Republican politics (1854--1860) {#republican_politics_18541860}
### 1860 presidential election {#presidential_election}
On May 9--10, 1860, the Illinois Republican State Convention was held in Decatur. Exploiting his embellished frontier legend of clearing land and splitting fence rails, Lincoln\'s supporters ado... | 391 | Abraham Lincoln | 6 |
307 |
## Presidency (1861--1865) {#presidency_18611865}
### First term {#first_term}
#### Secession and inauguration {#secession_and_inauguration}
The South was outraged by Lincoln\'s election, and secessionists implemented plans to leave the Union before he took office in March 1861. On December 20, 1860, South Carolina... | 1,082 | Abraham Lincoln | 7 |
307 | ## Presidency (1861--1865) {#presidency_18611865}
### First term {#first_term}
#### Early Union military strategy {#early_union_military_strategy}
Lincoln took executive control of the war and shaped the Union military strategy. He responded to the unprecedented political and military crisis as commander-in-chief by ... | 544 | Abraham Lincoln | 8 |
307 | ## Presidency (1861--1865) {#presidency_18611865}
### First term {#first_term}
#### McClellan
*Main article: George B. McClellan*
After the Union rout at Bull Run and Winfield Scott\'s retirement, Lincoln appointed George B. McClellan general-in-chief. Early in the war, McClellan created defenses for Washington that... | 1,298 | Abraham Lincoln | 9 |
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